Introduction

Global Tourism

Tourism is one of the leading and top growing industries in the world It contributed US$7.2

trillion to world GDP i.e. 9.8% of the global GDP and provided 284 million jobs or 1 in 11

jobs in the world, It begins with a thorough understanding about tourism and the benefits it

gives to the global economy. Thereafter it explains about the prospects of tourism in the rural

areas. And, the growth and development, it can bring to the rural and peripheral areas by

creating new opportunities. And, thus bringing economic, socio-cultural and ecological

benefits to the countryside areas which are away from the urban areas. Further, the chapter

explains about the rural tourism in global context, Indian context and the study area Himachal

Pradesh context. The chapter also gives justification about the research topic that is rural

tourism and its impact on local community development. International tourist arrivals growth

rate is progressive and it was 4.4% 1,184 million tourists. Tourism accounts to 5.4 % of the

world’s exports amounting to US$ 1.3 trillion. In over 150 countries, tourism is one of the

five top export earners, and in 60 countries it is the number one export. It too, is the main

source of foreign exchange for one – third of developing countries and one - half of each

Least Developed Countries (LDCs), where it accounts for up to 40% of their GDP

As an exceedingly labour exhaustive activity, tourism and tourism support activities generate

an elevated fraction of employment and career opportunities for low-skilled and semi-skilled

workers, principally for poor, female and young workers. Women make up 70% of the labour

force in tourism sector and half of all tourism workers are 25 years or under According to

World Travel and Tourism Council the tourism industry will surpass the global economy

during the succeeding decade, increasing by 4% on the average per annum over the next ten

years
Indian tourism

In India, Tourism too, is a roaring industry. it contributed 6.23% (₹8.31 lakh crore) to the

national GDP and provides 8.7% of the total employment in India. It contributes to Forex

earnings, generates revenue and brings benefits to the country. The Foreign Tourist Arrivals

in India were 8.02 million with estimated foreign exchange earnings of US$ 21.06 billion

Also, the outbound traffic from India was 18.3 million and possibly it touched a 20.0 million

mark The domestic tourist visits to all states/UT was 1281.95 million. Today, it is one of the

most vibrant tertiary sector and stronghold of the Indian economy. According to WTTC, the

growth rate of tourism in India is very bright and it is predicted that India will position itself

in the pinnacle 10 positions i.e., from present 12th position to 7th by 2026 in terms of total

GDP. Tourism is witnessing massive growth in India due to increasing outbound tourism by

the Indian middle class; increase foreign visits and phenomenal increase in the domestic

tourism. All these developments have resulted possibly due to increased awareness w.r.t

travel; break from the daily monotonous routine; individual pursuits on account of traveller

needs and improvements in transport and communication aspects. According to the World

Tourism Organization, by the year 2020, it is expected that India will become the leader in

the tourism industry in South Asia, with about 8.9 million arrivals. Tourism along with

progress passes on the economic, socio-cultural and ecological benefits to the economy. And,

all these benefits have forced planners, developers and economy policy makers to use it as a

tool for rural development. About 75% of the world poor live in rural areas Surely, the

benefits of tourism could be passed on to the rural masses by providing constructive platform

and an array of livelihood opportunities. Rural India offers much more than the scope of

Agriculture. In India, every one million invested in Tourism industry creates 47.5 jobs

directly and 85-90 jobs indirectly. In comparison to other sectors of economy such as

Agriculture which generates 44.6 jobs directly and manufacturing creates 12.6 jobs, tourism
generates more job opportunities. The tourism industry too, ranks third in terms of foreign

exchange earner after gems jewellery and readymade Garments Therefore, the industry can

surely act as a source of supplementary income for the rural masses. When, the tourism

started it was seen as an eternal developmental means for the regions bestowed with natural

and cultural possessions, but in the present days it is seen as a alternative option for the rural

regions, which lacks significant wealth-producing resources

World Rural tourism

Rural tourism is a type of tourism which occurs in the countryside It provides serene

surroundings, typical village or rural appeal and opportunity to participate in outdoor

activities in open spaces the attributes of rural tourism are- that they are located in rural areas;

based on small scale and traditional activities; rural in scale relating to small building &

settlements; relies on traditional attributes of countryside and has complex rural environments

& several forms. Rural tourism constructs unusual appeal and tourists enjoy the remoteness &

solitude; nature; environment; biodiversity; experience of local communities, culture and

their way of life and freeness from urban life

But, apart, for being a rewarding experience for the tourist, it is equally a pleasing experience

for the local community. It is related to native development through job creation;

infrastructure development; culture restoration; environment protection and universal

fraternity through promotion of understandings. The tourism flows in rural areas help in

achieving diverse goals such as to maintain & create local incomes, help in building

economic and social infrastructure, improve local amenities and further helps in protection of

ecological and cultural resources. The review of literature of rural tourism clearly states that

the aim of tourism in the rural areas is to provide opportunities for local community

development. Local community development refers to benefits w.r.t economic, socio-cultural

and ecological aspects. Though the development can have both negative & positive sides
Rural tourism in Indian Perspective

In India, very few studies have been done to see the impact of rural tourism on local

community development. In the state of Himachal pradesh too, very less researchers have

focussed on this area. The present study is a effort in this regard, which focusses on the

impact of rural tourism on the local community development in Himachal Pradesh. And for

this, six rural tourism villages have been selected in Himachal Pradesh i.e. Naggar in Kullu,

Baggi in Mandi, Pragpur in Kangra, Brua in Kinnaur, Hewan in Shimla and Udaipur in

Lahaul & Spit Rural tourism is an upcoming niche of tourism. It is an alternative form of

tourism which has developed throughout the world to support the rural economies through

the growth of Tourism. It is seen as a great force of economic change throughout the world

by stimulating job opportunities, investment opportunities and building of infrastructure at

the rural level. In India, 74% of the population lives in its 7 million villages and the rural

tourism can act as a catalyst of development in the rural economy. It can benefit them

socioeconomically as well as provide an enriching experience to the tourists. It is a type of

tourist niche which displays the rural society in terms of its lifestyle, art & craft, culture,

traditions, customs, folklores, cuisines, heritage etc. present at rural locations to the tourists.

And facilitates interface between tourists and local populace for a mutually enriching

experience. It provides authentic experience to the visitors, where they can feel and even

participate in rural way of life. The various aspects related to rural tourism are native

development, employment generation, infrastructure development, employment generation,

restoration of culture, environmental preservation and promotion of harmony and

understanding. In India, the Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007) mentioned rural tourism for

the first time with an objective to provide authentic offbeat experience to the tourists and

benefit the local community in terms of employment and income. The Ministry of Tourism in

association with United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) also, carried out an
endogenous project in 2003 to promote sustainable livelihood in rural areas with the

involvement of local community and rural tourism. The Eleventh Five Year (2007-2012)

emphasized on rural tourism. Under which, the villages were selected on the basis of their

tourism potential and infrastructure developed through convergence committee headed by

District Collector. The Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017) further gave importance to rural

tourism through Rural Tourism Cluster Approach which involved Participatory Rural

Appraisal (PRA), Detailed Project Report (DPR) and developing tourism in cluster of

villages with prospective of tourism. Till January 2012, 183 rural sites have been recognized

with their USP’s and 52 sites commissioned as Rural Tourism sites. Also, the Indian rural

tourism has won many accolades in the International arena since the launch of the scheme in

the Tenth five Year Plan. The village Hodka in Kutch district of Gujarat has won Heritage

category award from PATA in 2010 and village Naggar in Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh

has won PATA award in 2008 for demonstrating women empowerment at its best.

Rural tourism and community development

Rural Tourism has become a popular subject in developed, developing and poor nations. But,

the nature, type and motive of rural tourism vary from one place to other. Also, the definition

of rural tourism as well as rurality differs from one place to another. According to the

Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, rural tourism can be defined as “Any form of

tourism that showcases the rural life, art, culture and heritage at rural locations, thereby

benefiting the local community economically and socially as well as enabling interaction

between the tourists and the locals for a more enriching tourism experience can be termed as

rural tourism” The overall global literature on rural tourism primarily emphasizes on two

aspects. The first aspect was to give unique and spectacular natural, cultural, heritage etc

experience to the tourists. And second was to provide economic diversification opportunities

to declining rural economies and communities

Rural tourism and community participation in Himachal Pradesh

Rural Tourism may be defined as tourism phenomenon which occurs in rural areas, involves

complex multifaceted experience (farm & non-farm), multi-actor approach primarily to

benefit local community and provide variable, individualized & enriching experience to the

tourists through planning, management & sustainable development done at local level Rural

tourism has got rural tourism and it has also great prospects in Himachal Pradesh. Though

the state is

renowned throughout the globe for its natural beauty and is an established tourist destination

for all reasons & all seasons. The state is too known for its culture, customs, traditions,

festivities, folklores, art & craft, ancient history and exhibits the unique rural blend of culture.

The real culture of Himachal Pradesh dwells in the villages, whether it is Naggar famous for

art &craft, Garli-Paragpur for heritage or Baroh for Gurukul culture. But, still there are many

rural sites in Himachal which have great latent tourism potential. In order to augment tourism

in these rural areas, Home stay scheme was launched in Himachal Pradesh in 2008, so that

tourists were able to experience tourism in the rural areas. But in true spirit the scheme of

rural tourism i.e. “HarGaon Ki Kahani” was launched in 2010 by Government of Himachal

Pradesh. As such one village in every district was selected & fascinating tales, folklores and

anecdotes related to these countryside‟s were used to entice tourists. This scheme

endeavoured to develop villages of historical significance by providing basic amenities & a

glimpse of the rural life in the mountain state.The total outlay of Rs 20243.92 crore was

declared for this purpose. As per the scheme Shamsher in Kullu, Salasi in Bilaspur, Bela in

Hamirpur, Sangrah in Sirmour, Baggi in Mandi, Saho in Chamba, Nerti in Kangra, Udaipur

in Lahaul & Spiti, Brua in Kinnaur, Baniya Devi in Solan, Hewan in Shimla and Nari in Una

have been selected.

The 89.97 percent of the total population of the state lives in the villages (Census of India,

2011). Also, the economy of the state is largely dependent on farming, horticulture, forests,

and hydropower. The state has got huge market for its art & handicraft. A large number of

rural locations in the state still remain untapped & have huge potential. This clearly

underlines the fact that the state has great prospects for rural tourism and certainly more

benefits could be passed on to the rural populace. The rank of the state is 13, in terms of

visiting tourists and rural tourism further offers great scope to improve this figure through

sustainable development. In Himachal Pradesh, tourism sector contributes about 7.2% to the

state GDP, which is fairly noteworthy. Owing to the rich natural and cultural resources, the

state has tremendous potential and scope for further growth in Tourism The government is

also giving high priority to tourism industry and backing up infrastructure development in the

state to facilitate tourism development. This comprises improvement in public utility

services, transportation, communication, airports and other public amenities.

Tourist arrival (in Lakhs) in Himachal Pradesh

S.No. Year Indian Foreigners Total

1. 2010 69.28 2.08 71.36

2. 2011 76.72 2.81 79.53

3. 2012 84.82 3.39 88.21

4. 2013 93.73 3.77 97.50

5. 2014 110.37 4.01 114.38

6. 2016 128.12 4.54 132.66

7. 2017 146.05 4.84 150.89

8. 2018 156.46 5.00 161.46

9. 2019 147.16 4.14 151.30

10. 2020 159.25 3.90 163.15

Rural tourism is doing fairly well in the state. And it has got great potential owing to the rich

culture (traditions, cuisines, festivities, folklores, art & craft, heritage) and the natural beauty

which still remains untapped. It is also, one of the few activities, which can serve as a lifeline

to the economic, social and ecological concerns of the rural areas. In the present time of

globalization, capitalization, urbanization and economic restructuring the nations and various

regions are struggling to redefine and erect their economies. Tourism is a good opportunity to

provide socio-economic benefits to the rural people apart from maintaining the sustainability

of the place. But at the same time the negative impacts of tourism (in terms of economic,

social and ecological aspects) can also not be ignored. And this demands research which

helps us to understand tourism phenomenon holistically to prevent unwarranted optimism and

excessive negativism among people. The rural tourism focuses on sustainability and to

develop and conserve the rural areas by developing tourism which has regard for local

community. It focuses on its culture; minimizing negative impacts (economic, sociocultural

and ecological); enhancing local participation in plan making & decision making process;

keeping check on visitor carrying capacities; employing selective marketing strategy;

encouraging local businesses; maintaining quality of tourism product & enhancing customer

satisfaction; supporting agriculture & rural economy and focuses on long term goals (Lane,

2005). The power of tourism can be used to pull rural regions in decline. And to provide

employment, income and capital flows to materially assist rural development But rural

tourism also has many challenges associated with it. The quality of tourism product,

infrastructure, accessibility, skilled manpower, the involvement & support of local people,

interest of investors too affect the rural destination. The challenges may further become

complex owing to political and institutional hurdles especially in developing and less

developed nation
Rural tourism is also a form of alternative tourism which adopts sustainable development

And, it developed throughout the world to support the rural economies which were far off,

inaccessible, non-industrialized and agrarian. This novel tourism started for different reasons

in developed & developing countries. In developing countries emphasis was to give travellers

an option to have “country experience” and to manage the visitor flow to rural locations.

While in developing and least developed countries (LDC‟s) emphasis was to develop the

rural economies which had poor socio- economic development, though had potential to be

developed as tourism destinations. Here, the emphasis was to stimulate rural growth, jobs and

income through rural tourism (Wolfgang & Servoz, 2011). Agriculture is a main stay activity

for majority of the population in the rural areas. But, agriculture sector throughout the world

suffer from continous slowdown.

Review of literature

Lankford and Howard (1994), developed a tourism impact attitude scale by conducting study

in Columbia River Gorge (USA). They made a multipleitem attitude scale to estimate the

resident attitude for tourism. And, to know the effect caused by independent variables on

resident attitude (such as length of residence, economic dependence on tourism, distance of

tourism center from respondent's residence, involvement of local community in tourism

management, birthplace, level of knowledge, level of interface with visitors, demographic

profile, influence of tourism on outdoor recreation opportunities of residents and amount of

community growth). A five point likert scale was used to know the opinion of respondent's

toward tourism development. Purposive sampling was used. A 27 item two dimensional

Tourism Impact Attitude Scale (TIAS) was used to assess resident attitude toward tourism.

The results of the study showed that the opinion of residents varies and depends on the

complexity of factors that affect them positively or negatively. In general the respondents

who are benefitted have positive feedback for tourism & vice-versa. Also, while developing

tourism, the tourism and government officials should give value to local community by

involving them. Further the emphasis should also be to develop public amenities, services

and environment. The tourism should have positive economic, sociocultural and ecological

impact from residents point of view, then only tourism will bring desired results for host as

well as guests.

Ritchie and Goeldner (1994), assessed the impacts of travel and tourism and gave account of

the methods used to estimate the economic Impact caused by travel & tourism. The study
carried a literature review of various methods used to calculate or estimate economic impacts.

According to the inferences drawn, the economic impact should include both primary &

secondary benefits. The four methods used to calculate it are observation, experiments,

analysis based on assumptions and statistical analysis. Though each method has its own

limitations & strengths.

Chattopadhyay (1995), studied the economic part of tourism development in Indian

perspective, third world countries and developed countries. It gave an exhaustive view about

tourism development in third world countries. In his study, he gave various examples

throughout the world to justify his view. He explained tourism development through case

studies and gave an empirical model on the international tourism demand for India.

Kumar (1996), studied the role of tourism in economic development of Himachal Pradesh.

The study indicated that Himachal Pradesh has got variety of tourism products for every

tourist. But, the state have not been able to achieve the targets. There are some problems &

challenges related to tourism in terms of infrastructure, accessibility, transportation and

loopholes in tourism policy of the state. That‟s why the state government and tourism

corporation have not been able to exploit the potential of the state.

Lindberg and Johnson (1997), studied the resident attitudes towards tourism in U.S.A. The

study assessed the basic factors which affect attitude towards tourism to guide management

priorties and attitudes .Various social psychological theories and principles were given in the

study. The value-attitude model given in the study suggested that economic gains better

signify attitude than values. Also, economic congestion impact affects opinion of residents

more than crime & aesthetic impacts. Also, demographic aspects affect attitudes not directly

but via values

Brunt & Courtney (1999), studied the host perceptions of socio-cultural impacts in South

Devon, United Kingdom. The study gave a review of literature and was primarily a

exploratory case study. The review of literature pointed to three main areas i.e. tourism

development, tourist host interaction and culture to access sociocultural impact of tourism. A

qualitative exploratory survey with local community of South Devon revealed that tourism

has changed the structure of towns community with major effect seen on the attitude of the

community. Both positive and negative attitude have been noticed. Also, the hotel based

accommodation changed to self catering and tourism development has caused changes in the

life style of people.

Ashley (2000), observed the impacts of tourism on rural livelihoods in Namibia. The

researcher analysed that the local community development due to rural tourism should not

merely be seen in terms of jobs or cash. And, that the local people have multifaceted living

approaches based on multiple land-uses and are also influenced by tourism activity. The need

is to understand the rural area & all players related to it. Then sound principles of rural

tourism suiting the village/rural environment should be developed where every stakeholder in

the tourism economy has a role.

Blom (2000), too studied the tourism development at Lake Balaton, Hungary and the role of

Sustainable Tourism Management. This paper examined the potential of tourism revenue to

contribute to the long-term management of the Dzanga-Sangha protected area complex, as

well as its direct impact on the local economy. The study discusses how the residents „and

the tourists‟ perceptions of the physical impacts of tourism development affect the

sustainability of tourism in the region.

Bansal (2001), studied the tourism development and its impact in Himachal Pradesh. It

inspected the impact of tourism on local community and to assess the profile of local
community, tourist and various stakeholders. Other inferences drawn from study was that the

concept of tourism in Himachal Pradesh is not a neo-concept. And, it has been attracting

tourists. Though HPTDC was formed in 1972, it has gone a long way. also, tourism causes

economic, socio-cultural and ecological impacts. And, the statistics show that tourism have

caused a lot of growth in the state.

Knowd (2001), studied rural tourism as Pancea or Pardox. It explored the phenomenon of

rural tourism and tourism's interaction with host rural communities in the post industrial

developed world. The study stated that rural tourism is the most difficult form of tourism

which backs tourism industry on one hand and traditional economies of agriculture on other

hand. It involves balancing values of traditions and demand of present. It involves core,

auxiliary and augmented product. Rural tourism can be Touri-agriculture, countryside

Tourism and Agri-Tourism.

Kim (2002), observed the effects of tourism impacts upon quality of life of residents in

Virginia. The study affirmed that the residents generally get satisfaction from the fulfilment

of life domains such as material well being, community well being, emotional well being and

health & safety domains. And, surely perception of tourism impacts affects the satisfaction

level of residents for a particular life domain. It was also seen that the relationship between

economic impact & material well being and social impact & community well being was

strongest in maturity stage.

Bansal and Garg (2002), studied the socio-cultural impact of tourism in Himachal Pradesh as

felt by tourists & local community. The study also suggested measures to get greatest positive

benefits & minimize the negatives. The study stressed that the tourists should be given

awareness about the local customs prior to their visit to the state through a published tourist

behaviour code. And, the government while framing policy for cultural tourism should
examine priorties for development, infrastructure, marketing, promotion, conservation and

preservation.

Scott (2002) studied structural adjustment, rural livelihoods and sustainable development in

Zambia. The paper gave information about inspiration, actions, finding, suggestions and

results of the Zambian component of the „macroeconomic reform and sustainable

development in southern Africa‟ project. And that the sectoral approach on tourism &

agriculture can help in sustainable development in Zambia. Also, a large number of licenses

have been granted for gaming. Also, the local community should be involved in tourism.

Holland and Dixey (2003) conducted study on how to develop sustainable rural tourism in

Uganda & Czech. They analysed the challenges and motivations of rural tourism. Both

countries Uganda & Czech want to develop rural tourism. In Uganda, government is giving

good support from start of project while in Czech, it is vice versa. But, the wider implication

which came out of the study was that use of trail concept in packaging an array of attractions

to the tourists can be useful. And ensuring product quality is important, as it was problem in

Uganda but not in Czech Republic. Also, the local entrepreneurs & even new entrepreneurs

were encouraged in Czech, while in Uganda community institutions were developed. The

Czech project was resisted by their tourism board but in case of Uganda policy backing was

from start. Internationally, the Uganda product did not received any recognition due to

insecurity perceptions in the country. In both the countries, the project were in nascent stage

& not much said regarding what success they achieved or whether they would be helpful in

removing poverty.

Spenceley (2003) carried out study in tourism, local livelihoods, and the private sector in

South Africa. The case studies on the growing role of the private sector in natural resources

management in Africa were discussed. Also, assessment of the shifting institutional

arrangements and policies which influenced the living of the poor people and access to

natural resources in Africa was done. The study also told about the role of government, NGO,

private sector and local community. The seventeen studies of zimbawe, south Africa &

Mozambique were used to explain the change in institutional shift. Due to non-apartheid

policies and follow up of global culture, there has been great shift in policies. The emphasis is

two fold- first to encourage country at a worldwide stage; and encourage investment & do

business. Also, the roles of government, local community and market have changed.

Thermil (2004) described the perceptions of Haitians toward tourism development in rural

Haiti. The assessment was done regarding the opinions of local community regarding the

impacts of tourism in rural areas. The Perception of locals varied with the flow of tourists. It

had positive economic & negative ecological impact.

Lepp (2004) conducted research study in a rural Ugandan village, Bigodi on outskirt of

Kibale National Park with regard to the impacts, meaning and implications due to tourism.

The research was done on qualitative basis by means of formal interviews to know the impact

of tourism on life of peasants working in national parks. The results of the study showed that

tourism is causing lot of positive benefits such as money, other community benefits,

improved agricultural market etc. But, these changes are not just due to tourism. But, also

they have a perceived external locus of control i.e. they have little control on their lives. And

the reason for it is the historical, political & economic factors which have been present in

their country.

Lane (2005) studied the sustainable rural tourism strategies which could act as a tool for

development and conservation. The study also discussed the importance of sustainability

principles in rural tourism. And, that for rural tourism small scale markets should be

developed. Also, tourism management and conservation should be the first priority followed
by job retention & creation. A tourist interpretation centre should be there in rural tourist

areas to satisfy the demand of tourists as well as to pass on important information to the

tourists. Local groups should be made to see the tourism development at grassroots level.

Mathew (2005) described the eco-rural tourism and sustainable development in Kerala

(India). According to the findings of the study, the development of tourism has to be done on

substainable basis. And, the development of rural tourism strategies should highlight the need

of macro (national/state) and micro (local community) initiatives to get social, economic,

cultural and environmental sustainability.

Andereck (2005) did study of the residents' perceptions of community tourism impacts in

Arizona (U.S.A). They assessed the various impacts perceived by the local community by

using social exchange theory. The Local community also appreciated the way tourism

enriches the community fabric & bring other economic benefits. But, negatives such as

congestion, traffic, increase in crime, pollution, littering can be seen more frequently. Social

exchange theory results say that if local community receive more benefits from tourists.

Then, more engagement with tourists creates more benefits & vice versa.

Ibery, Gunjan Saxena and Moya Kneafsey (2007) described exploring tourists and

gatekeepers' attitudes towards integrated rural tourism in the England-Wales Border Region.

This paper investigated the perceptions of tourists and gatekeepers (such as tour operators

and destination marketing organizations) on integrated rural tourism (IRT), noting their role

in consuming and marketing. The more recently acknowledged qualities of rurality, such as

food processing, creativity and the arts, heritage and outdoor recreation. It took into account

the process of moving towards sustainability and greater integration between tourism actors,

activities and resources, as well as the effects and complexity of such changes. The emphasis

here is on both social and economic facets of tourism, along with production characteristics
that are being shaped by „new localisms‟ of post-modern society. Increasingly, research is

considering not only motivations that impel tourists to make travelling decisions, but also the

combination of social, political and economic relationships that shape a „destination‟ and

influence tourist decisions.

Bansal & Gautam (2007a) studied sustainable tourism development in Himalayan sites of

Himachal Pradesh. In the study, various case studies in Himachal Pradesh were undertaken

and the key issues & problem areas in sustainable development were identified based on

opinion survey. The study suggests that Himachal Pradesh is different from tourism centres

because of the fragile ecosystem. Hence, precaution has to be taken inexploiting the resources

of the state. But conservation, preservation and sustainable development have to be the key.

Zoning and visitor management are the two pillars on which tourism policy of Himachal

Pradesh stands.

Clark & Chabrel (2007) measured integrated rural tourism in European Union . The

emphasis was to develop a methodology to assess value of tourism by different stakeholder's

and to integrate rural tourism into local/regional economies. The seven dimensions used to

assess economic, social, environmental, cultural and political effects of tourism are

networking, scale, Endogeneity, sustainability, embeddedness, complementarity and

empowerment. These 7 dimensions explored for six actor groups i.e. tourists, gatekeeper's,

Businesses, resource controllers and host communities institutions.

Saxena (2007) conceptualized integrated rural tourism in case of European Union . And

explanation of concept of rural tourism i.e. IRT integrated Rural Tourism was given in

context to SPRITE i.e. EU's fifth project. The study described the role of local actors as very

vital and noteworthy for a rural area (in terms of culture, geography and population). The IRT

involves spatial integration, HR integration, institutional integration, innovative integration,

economic integration, social integration, policy integration, temporal integration and

community integration. Also, the potential benefits arising from IRT are Direct economic,

experiential, conservation, developmental and synergistic. The equations (2008) studied the

community based rural tourism in India w.r.t the “Endogenous Tourism Project- Rural

Tourism Scheme (ETP-RTS)”carried by Ministry of Tourism (MoT), Government of India

and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 2003 & implemented in 36 sites in

India. The purpose of project was encouraging sustainable development through tourism,

gender equality, women empowerment, youth involvement and benefits to all sections of

society. And according to observations made in the project, the overall perspective of rural

tourism was to empower the rural community sustainably through equity, development,

business organization & management perspectives. For the rural tourism project, the sites

were chosen on basis of their tourism prospective & also consent of local people was taken. It

involved local institutions and people to realize rural tourism. It also involved regular

monitoring of projects at constant & fixed intervals.

Cawley and Gillmor (2008) conducted the study on integated rural tourism and its concepts &

practices in Western Ireland. According to the study, the application of IRT model was done

in Ireland to assess value added or removed by change in tourism between 1992 to 2002 in

western Ireland through qualitative research. For the study six key stakeholders along with

seven dimension of integration were identified. The study supported multidimensional

approach supported by all actors in the study area. Also, the entrepreneurs and host

community should be involved in tourism policy & planning. And, resource controllers and

institutions should incorporate sustainable development locally. Further, apt planning,

organization, management and control are required to prevent conflicts due to resources,

tourism and residents.

Cawley and Gillmor (2008) conducted the study on integated rural tourism and its concepts &

practices in Western Ireland. According to the study, the application of IRT model was done

in Ireland to assess value added or removed by change in tourism between 1992 to 2002 in

western Ireland through qualitative research. For the study six key stakeholders along with

seven dimension of integration were identified. The study supported multidimensional

approach supported by all actors in the study area. Also, the entrepreneurs and host

community should be involved in tourism policy & planning. And, resource controllers and

institutions should incorporate sustainable development locally. Further, apt planning,

organization, management and control are required to prevent conflicts due to resources,

tourism and residents.

Fotiadis (2009) identified the role of tourism in rural development through a comparative

analysis of a Greek and a Hungarian rural tourism area. The motive of the study was to

understand rural tourism in general & identify relationship between rural destinations in

Greece & Hungary. The inferences drawn from the study were that rural tourism cannot be

same throughout the Europe owing to difference in climate, landscape, history and population

distribution etc. No doubt, Hungary has less ancient history than Greece, but it has rich

accounts of history related to middle ages. The vernacular structure of both places is

different- Macedonian style (Greece) & 1960 structured style (Hungary). Also,

geographically Hungary has a large plain, while Greece has sea, mountain & plains. The

hosts in both countries don't include meals in room rent. Greece offers a more village based

product while, Hungary presents a Farm based product. Greece primarily addresses the

demand of foreign tourists from nearby countries, while Greece addresses the demand of

Greek tourists.

Seema Bhatt of Equations (2009) conducted a case study of the pot bellied female cat of the

Manas Maozigendi Jungle Camp in Manas national park, Assam. The study drew results
from the ecotourism initiative of MMES (Manas Maozigendi Ecotourism Society) which was

a smaller subset of larger set of conservation. It also addressed the negative aspects which the

area suffered earlier of terrorism, poaching & political conflict. It further told that now the

atmosphere in the study area is becoming positive where local community is getting involved

in conservation and preservation in manas national park.

Equations (2009) accomplished a case study of the Himalayan home stays in Ladakh. In

order to save snow leopards and create opportunities for local community in the village of

Hemis National Park, a snow leopard Conservancy-India Trust was made. The emphasis was

to protect snow leopard which attacked the livestock of the local people and at the same time

to create additional opportunities for locals, so that they support the cause. The results of the

study was also that in order to understand the need of tourists and to ensure their flow, role of

travel agencies is important. Also, the sustainable development has to be followed and

carrying capacity of tourists to be decided to ensure long term growth. Morever, it has to be

seen that tourism increases economic benefits, but at the same time traditional agriculture

practices are taken care of.

Irshad (2010) gave an overview of rural tourism in Canada. The objective of the research was

to know about rural tourism; its types; overview of driving forces & benefits of rural tourism

and rural tourism development in Canada. Also, description of the best rural tourism sites in

the world was given and aspects related to their success was also discussed. The study

underlined that rural tourism is truly the country experience, rural in scale and traditional in

character. It is REAL (Rewarding, enriches the spirit, provides adventure & learning)

experience. Agritourism is popular rural tourism in Canadian provinces such as Alberta,

Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. And Best practice sites of rural tourism in the

world are Ballyhoura (Ireland), Basilicata (Italy), Lungau (Austria) and Trossachs (Scotland)

due to setting up of some standards such as marketing co-operative initiatives, setting up of

visitor centres, constructing tourism trails, making local trademarks, reduction in pollution

levels by promoting public transport etc.

Chandralal (2010) conducted study on impacts of tourism and community attitude towards

tourism in Sri-Lanka. The purpose of the study was to analyse the background of Kandalama

Hotel and the perception of local community on the impacts of tourism in peripheral rural

areas. The study was done in two phases i.e. literature review & exploratory and then

measurement of the other constructs through a field survey. The findings of the study were

that the support of local community is fundamental to tourism development. And that wrong

notations and perceptions, both affect the tourism projects. Hence, sustainable development

initiatives and local community perspective in hotel projects can bring good results for

tourism. Also, there should be consideration of TBL approach that involves economic, social

and ecological aspects.

Norsat & Pour (2010) studied the challenges and guidelines required for rural tourism

development in rural Semnan province (Iran). The study was done to enhance the flow of

tourists in rural location and giving importance to rural tourism in the province. The results

stressed training of the locals for service, entrepreneurship initiatives and increasing the

opportunities for the tourists. The study also emphasized the great tourism potential of

Semnan at local & global level due by developing the 5 A's of tourism. But, preserving

culture, heritage, rural life and environment should be the key to long term tourism

development

Saha (2010) conducted a case study on pro-poor tourism as an approach towards community

development in Cooch Behar District (West Bengal). The objective of the research was to

understand pro-poor tourism, highlight tourist attractions of the area, show poverty & human

index of place and use economic opportunities for community development through pro-poor
tourism. The findings of the study suggested that there is a need to fully understand the rural

locations, use resource base of the place, explore opportunities through participation of local

community, self help groups and private initiatives.

Aparna (2011) studied the endogenous rural tourism project in Pochampalli (Andhra

Pradesh). The assessment of the Pochampalli handloom & how it has helped to improve

economic & social well being of artisians was done. Pochampalli is a name in Ikkat weaving.

It was part of endogenous project to equip artisians through creative artistic products;

encourage product diversification, marketing platform, credit facilities, skill building,

capacity building, new business opportunities etc. The rural tourism scheme was based on

sustainable development standards and giving emphasis on local community development

through their involvement, tourism related entrepreneurship and policy making in rural

tourism.

Lundberg (2011) evaluated tourism impacts for sustainable development perspective in

Sweden. A case study of Kiruna and Jukkasjärvi (site of the Ice hotel) in Northern Sweden

was done to assess Tourism impacts from a sustainable viewpoint. The research study used a

TBL approach. The results of the study indicated that the importance does not lie that which

impact is vital, but the thing which is important is that all stakeholder's have different

priorties for environmental, economic and sociocultural impacts.

Hernandez & Casimiro (2011) conducted a simulation model for a joint mass/ rural tourism

system in Spain. In the study, the interface between a mass tourism resort and a rural

destination was examined. The inferences drawn from the study were that tourists at both

locations were attracted due to environmental factors of destinations. Hence, emphasis has to

be to regulate construction and then to reduce building costs. If both areas are promoted as
one destination, then the traditional area will receive visitors, but at same time instance pose

threat to rural tourism.

Sharpley & Jepson (2011) studied rural tourism as a spiritual experience in Lake District

(England). The objective of the study was to examine the degree to which the visitors involve

in nature based tourism in rural areas to experience intentionally or otherwise spiritual

experience. The experiences of focus member were individualistic, subjective and private

rather than institutionalized. The lake district had a artistic appeal, physical environment such

as mountains and engagement with the physical environment such as climbing giving a

spiritual feeling to the visitors. In all there was great complex emotional familiarity of lake

district from point of view of focus groups.

Kunasekaran and Gill (2012) conducted study on local communities' perception on rural

tourism through the review of literature. The study indicated that generally five attributes

were used by researchers to study the perception of residents i.e. gender, economical, social,

cultural, developmental and environmental.

Mohinder Chand & vivek (2012) carried out study on residents‟ perceptions towards

sustainable tourism development in Manali Region (Himachal Pradesh). The assessment of

the resident's perception w.r.t sustainable tourism development in Manali was done. Also, it

was observed that perception of the resident‟s w.r.t economic impacts is positive, but there is

negative perception regarding socio-cultural impacts. Also, Strong & positive association

were seen between age, occupation & education. While strong & negative association was

seen between sex, marital status and most attributes of sustainable development criterion.

Domenico and Miller (2012) studied farming & tourism enterprise and experiential

authencity in the diversification of independent small- scale family farming in Yorkshire and

East Anglia (UK). The study examined the business choice by independent farming families
from traditional agricultural practise to farm base tourism. The farming families phase lot of

dilemmas when they diversify into tourism. They provide authentic experience and protect

valuable backstage location from infringement. The farmer diversifies to tourism activities

due to monetary pressure and falling income level due to agriculture.

Nunkoo & Gursoy (2012) studied the resident's support for tourism as an identity Perspective

in Mauritius. The study examined the support of the local community by examination of

social exchange theory (SET) and identity theory. The results of study were that the local

community's willingness to support tourism is based on the probable benefits they will get

and what would be the cost of the growth. And that their self identity influences attitude of

respondents as they are not scattered independent units, rather related and deep-rooted in a

social structure. Also, the SET & identity factors may also help us in knowing the opinion of

the local community to support tourism.

Wang, (2013) conducted study on rural tourism development in China; the principles, models

involved and its future. The study examined the rural tourism development in China and its

evolution. The paper was a review article of Rural tourism in China. This type of tourism has

raised the income level of the farmers and led to conservation of cultural and natural

resources. The china's rural tourism development can be explained by five models based on

its resources, products, market, promotion and policies. But, some challenges have also

become visible such as fading of rurality; presence of uniform product has led to deficiency

of competitiveness and ruining of ecology.

Brouder (2013) carried out study on tourism development in peripheral areas in Northern

Sweden and the Processes of local innovation and change involved due to tourism. The

objectives of the study were to evaluate tourism innovation among local stakeholders; to

know survival pattern and economic benefits led by tourism firms; to estimate market reach;
to evaluate intra regional climate vulnerability and to know changes in economic geography

due to tourism. The results stressed tourism innovation for sustainable development. And,

symbiotic relationship should be developed between local organisation and tourism firms.

Apart, from economic benefits emphasis should also be given on cultural and natural

recourses. The local authorities should also be involved in community development through

entrepreneurship creation and support. Apart from tourism benefits, the impetus should also

be to closely work with cultural and natural resources. The unique characteristics of a

destination greatly influence the visit of the tourists and should be included by tourism

entrepreneur. Also, the development of tourism entrepreneurship brings great benefits to the

local community.

chand (2013) conducted study on the residents' perceived benefit‟s of heritage and support

for tourism development in Pragpur, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh (India). Assessment was

done of the residents perceived benefits of heritage and to measure the residents' support for

sustainable heritage tourism development. The inferences drawn from study were that the

most common benefits attached to the Pragpur village by resident were cultural benefits

followed by heritage diversity benefits. Though the community is heterogeneous in their

attitudes towards environmental, cultural, heritage & economic benefits.

Musasa and Mago (2014) carried out a qualitative research to examine the challenges of rural

tourism development in Masvingo district of Zimbawe. The data was collected by face to

face interviews and group discussions (focus approach). The sampling was purposive &

convenient. The study suggested the implementation of effective rural tourism policy and

helped to understand the socio-economic dynamics of the rural people.

Olusola (2016) explored economic implications of sustainable rural tourism for local

community in Nigeria. The study examined sustainable rural tourism and its economic
inference for local community in Nigeria. The results indicated that sustainable development

of rural tourism is a good option for a developing country like Nigeria. And, to achieve

maximum gains, the role of local community is very important. The role of other stakeholders

also needs to be considered and equally important is the role of political leadership which

helps in consensus building

Findings and suggestions

A high number of visitors have been noticed visiting Himachal Pradesh for tourism purposes.

This is supported by the fact that the number of tourists in the data has risen year after year.

Himachal Pradesh also has a lot of potential when it comes to culture, religion, adventure,

and wildlife. Whether it's the shikhara style temples in Chamba; Kinnaur or Lahaul Spiti's

unique tribal culture; Kangra's tea plantations; Shimla's fruit orchards; Kuthar fort in Solan;

religious sites in Hamirpur, Bilaspur, and Una; or Sirmaur's Habban valley. All of these

factors support the state's tapped and untapped potential. Natural, cultural, and

anthropological diversity characterise the state. And has cemented its reputation as a natural
and cultural marvel. Apart from the state's traditional products, people are flocking to

Himachal Pradesh for adventure, ecotourism, rural tourism, wildlife tourism, and other sorts

of tourism. Rural tourism is a specialised kind of tourism that has exploded in popularity in

the state. The state government and its tourist agency have also reacted favourably. To

leverage this potential, they've established programmes like Home-stay and Har Gaon ki

Kahani. Tourists visit the state's villages to enjoy nature, culture, and, most importantly,

peace of mind and quiet. They want to feel revitalised and energised before returning to their

mundane routine. However, it is equally necessary to consider the impact of tourism on the

local population for proper development of tourism in any location.

The local community not only provides a solid framework for tourism growth, but also

nourishes it so that tourists benefit economically, socioculturally, and environmentally. And,

if the advantages are not beneficial to the growth of the local community, the whole tourist

process will be hampered. As a result, in order to grow tourism in rural and peripheral

regions, it's critical to consider the interests of all stakeholders, including the local

population, in order to make rural tourism projects more successful. Following a thorough

examination of the literature on rural tourism, the researcher decided it was critical to

examine the effects of rural tourism on the local community. The purpose of this study was to

examine how rural tourism affects local community development in Himachal Pradesh. The

study looked at the effects of rural tourism on the local community from three angles:

economic, sociocultural, and environmental. The profile of rural visitors was examined, as

well as their travel preferences and level of satisfaction with destination qualities. The

evaluation also took into account the constraints of rural tourism and suggested appropriate

strategies for the study area's long-term growth.

The tourism destination is an important part of the overall tourism system. It not only serves

as a hub for tourism activities, but its profile also attracts visitors. The sort of tourists
attracted to a location is undoubtedly determined by the tourism 5A's. As a result, the need of

planning, administration, and development is critical. All of these factors are as important in

rural destinations. The difference is that tourism is not as prevalent here. The emphasis is on

careful, cautious, long-term, and sustainable tourist development. However, wherever tourism

happens, it has both positive and negative consequencesWhen tourism takes place in rural

regions, it has an influence on the rural and peripheral areas, which can be positive or

negative. However, correctly measuring these consequences or repercussions is quite

challenging. Tourism is intertwined with other industries such as transportation,

telecommunications, retail, and media. The sub-sectors within this sector, such as tour

operators, airlines, hospitality, vehicle rental, and so on, further complicate and expose the

issue.

Rural visitors have a variety of travel options and reasons while visiting rural places. Tourists

visiting rural regions are most likely to go with friends, followed by groups, families, and

singles. The bulk of visitors visit rural regions to enjoy environment and climate, followed by

rural culture, other reasons, and community service. This demonstrates that packages for

children, families, and individuals may be created, with nature and rural culture as the major

tourist product. The bulk of visitors are first-time visitors who are only staying for one day.

Tourists' duration of stay should be extended by creating appropriate tourism circuits that

include all local products that, while available, are not highlighted. As a result, a full

inventory of tourist resources, as well as tourism facilities, should be conducted, followed by

surveys of the local population and visitors. This needs the expansion of all modes of

transportation, particularly public transit.

The most popular lodging option is a hotel, followed by a home stay, a camp site, a guest

house, and any other option. In rural locations, house stays and other types of lodging should
be improved to give a high-quality rural experience. Rural tourism could be better organised

while maintaining the area's rurality. Tourism in rural regions should be activity-based,

including adventure and other activities appropriate to the locality. Accessibility and the road

system should be addressed as well. Minor infrastructure, such as restrooms and street lights,

can help to improve the rural tourism atmosphere for visitors. Tourism information centres in

rural or village locations can help boost tourism. Waste and sewage management should be

done to prevent pollution level. Local cuisine eating facility, fair charged shops for souvenirs

can further help the tourism. The cultural attributes of the rural places kept intact and more

home stay facilities should be encouraged to provide accommodation facilities to the tourists.

conclusion

The research study's ultimate goal was to look into the influence of rural tourism on local

community development in Himachal Pradesh. Six objectives were established in order to

achieve this basic purpose. The first three goals stressed assessing the economic, socio-

cultural, and ecological elements of local community development through rural tourism.

Tourism has both bad and good benefits, according to the report. In addition, the numerous

variables of each effect were split into broad categories in order to investigate them, and their
connection with rural tourism was assessed using chi-square. Apart from the opinions of the

local people, visitors' opinions were sought to learn about their profile, travel preferences,

and level of satisfaction with the destination's 5 A's. A detailed resource inventory survey was

also conducted to determine the various aspects of the rural tourism settlements. The study

also assessed the problems of rural tourism in Himachal Pradesh and proposed relevant

methods for its long-term growth. The study was useful in highlighting the important

characteristics of rural tourism in Himachal Pradesh. And the critical role that the local

community plays in the creation, growth, and future of rural tourism. At the same time,

however, carrying capacity and long-term development are critical. Tourist taxes and

economic advantages are welcomed by the local community in order to sustain local

attractions and infrastructure. However, if tourists are unable to enjoy or utilise local

resources, they will be in direct confrontation with them. As a result, during the social stage

of the host-guest contact, individual perception is critical. It is critical to regulate individual

beliefs via planning, management, and community research. Although the aims and agenda of

the local people differ from those of visitors, their contentment and favourable attitude

toward tourism is extremely beneficial to the tourism industry.