Physics II Laboratory Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University

Report for Experiment PhyII-04:

Image Formation by Thin-Lens System

Student name_Nwachukwu Ngozika ______________________ CRN__11007_________

Date__17/07/2023_________

One lens with focal length, f = 0.075m_______

do, mm di, mm h0 hi Mh Md
Experiment 0.2m 0.11m 0.02m 0.0125m 0.625m -0.55m

Calculations 0.2m 0.12m 0.02m 0.0125m 0.625m -0.6m

Ray diagram 0.2m 0.177m 0.038m 0.024m 0.63m -0.885m

Changing d0

di, mm h0 hi Mh Md
do, mm
Measured Calculated Measured Measured Calculated

0.1 0.2m 0.3m 0.02m 0.04m 2m -2m -3m

0.15 0.15m 0.15m 0.02m 0.03m 1.5m -1m -1m

0.165 0.135m 0.1375m 0.02m 0.025m 0.125m -0.8181m -0.8333m

0.185 0.115m 0.126m 0.02m 0.02m 1m -0.622m -0.681m

0.125 0.175m 0.187m 0.02m 0.034m 1.7m -1.4m -1.5m

do= 0.13m

d=0.155m

di’ =0.035m

di=do.f1/do-f1 So di = 0.177m

do’=d-di so do’=-0.022m

Md= -1.192

Md’= 1.591

Report for Experiment PhyII – 04: Thin Lenses Page 1 of 9

Physics II Laboratory Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University

m=MM’ so m= -1.896472<0 so image is inverted

hi’ =0.0325

Two-lens Systems

Intermediate image between two lenses

DIAGRAM A: The image formed was virtual and reduced in size as seen

Report for Experiment PhyII – 04: Thin Lenses Page 2 of 9

Physics II Laboratory Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University

Intermediate image beyond the second lens

DIAGRAM B: This image was a joined one from the one above(like a continuation as was
explained to me) but this is formed beyond the lens I presume. This is basically a 2 part picture.
From the image that was formed above(that was reduced in size and virtual) formed the image
beyond the lens.

Report for Experiment PhyII – 04: Thin Lenses Page 3 of 9

Physics II Laboratory Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University

DIAGRAM C: This image was not up to scale unfortunately. This is all that we were able to come
up with because the lab was a big difficult for us. This is the two lens system image. Which

formed upside down and reduced.

Report for Experiment PhyII – 04: Thin Lenses Page 4 of 9

Physics II Laboratory Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University

(I labeled the diagrams with little explanations this time)

Conclusion

This is the experiment on thin lenses.

The purpose of this experiment is to theoretically and experimentally
explore the behavior of simple optical devices: lenses. We are going to
use the geometric optics approximation (ray diagrams and thin-lens
equation) in order to determine the location, orientation, and
magnification of the image produced by the system of two lenses acting
together and then to compare the theoretical results with the
experimental data. The image after the first lens was reduced in size and
virtual, hopefully the first image above should explain that.  In a one-lens
optical system (a simple lens), the image distance and magnification
depend on the object distance according to the lens equation and the
magnificat  ion formula.
Lens Equation:
1/f = 1/v – 1/u

2. Magnification Formula:
m = h’/h = v/u
where:
v is the image distance (distance from the lens to the image formed).
u is the object distance (distance from the lens to the object).
f is the focal length of the lens.
h' is the height of the image.
h is the height of the object.
Now, how the image distance and magnification depend on the object
distance:
1. Image Distance (v):
As the object distance (u) changes, the image distance (v) will also
change according to the lens equation. When the object distance is
greater than the focal length (u > f), the image distance will be positive,
and the image will be formed on the opposite side of the lens from the
object. This results in a real image.
Conversely, when the object distance is less than the focal length (u < f),
the image distance will be negative, and the image will be formed on the
same side as the object. This results in a virtual image.
2. Magnification (m):
The magnification is directly proportional to the image distance (v)  and
inversely proportional to the object distance (u). As the object distance
changes, the magnification of the image formed will also change. When

Report for Experiment PhyII – 04: Thin Lenses Page 5 of 9

Physics II Laboratory Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University

the object is placed closer to the lens (u decreases), the magnification

increases, and the image appears larger than the object. Conversely,
when the object is placed farther from the lens (u increases), the
magnification decreases, and the image appears smaller than the object.
In a nutshell, for a one-lens optical system.
-As the object distance increases, the image distance may change its
sign (real to virtual or vice versa).
- As the object distance decreases, the magnification increases, making
the image appear larger.
- As the object distance increases, the magnification decreases, making
the image appear smaller. 
 When the object distance (do) is greater than the focal length (f) of
the lens (do > f), the image distance (di) is positive, and the image
is real and inverted. The magnification (M) is negative, indicating
that the image is smaller than the object (reduced in size).
 When the object distance (do) is less than the focal length (f) of the
lens (do < f), the image distance (di) is negative, and the image is
virtual and upright. The magnification (M) is positive, indicating that
the image is larger than the object (enlarged).
 The rays that were used to draw the ray diagram I am ASSUMING it
is; focal ray, parallel ray, center ray. (That is what I understood from
the question it might not be right). In detail: To draw a ray diagram,
three principal rays were used:
 Ray 1: A ray starting from the top of the object and passing through
the lens's center without any deviation.
 Ray 2: A ray starting from the top of the object and passing through
the focal point on the left side of the lens.
 Ray 3: A ray starting from the top of the object and traveling parallel
to the optical axis before passing through the lens and appearing to
pass through the focal point on the right side of the lens.
The image formed after the second lens was as well virtual, reduced in
size. The image before the second lens was upright and enlarged.
I obtained the image distance for the first lens theoretically by using the
thin lens equation: 1/f = 1/di – 1/ do(obviously by rearranging the
equation to make it easier)
During the experiment, the image distance (di) for the first lens was
obtained by sliding the viewing screen on the optics bench until a sharp,
focused image of the target was seen on the screen. The measured value
of the image distance was recorded in the data table.
Percentage difference between the measured and theoretical value:
(0.12-0.11/0.12).100% = 1/12. Yes they are similar.

Report for Experiment PhyII – 04: Thin Lenses Page 6 of 9

Physics II Laboratory Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University

The image distance for the second lens (di') was obtained theoretically
using the thin-lens equation (Equation 2) with the object distance (do') as
follows:
1/f2 = 1/di’ – 1/do’.
During the experiment, the image distance (di') for the second lens was
obtained by finding where a sharp image was formed after the second
lens when the intermediate image was between the two lenses. The
measured value of the image distance was recorded in the data table. Yes
their values are similar.

The object distance for the second lens (do') was obtained theoretically
using the thin-lens equation (Equation 2) with the image distance (di) of
the first lens as follows:
1/f2 = 1/do’ – 1/ di(obviously be re-arranging and plugging in values).
During the experiment, the magnification of the first lens (Mh) was
obtained by measuring the heights of the object (ho) and the image (hi)
and using the formula:
Mh = hi/ho Additionally, the magnification of the first lens (Md) can be
obtained by calculating it from the measured object and image distances
using the formula: 
Md = -di/do
The percentage difference between them: Mh: (0.625-0.625/0.625).100%
= 0. They were very similar. Md: (-0.6-(-0.55)/-0.6).100% = 1/12. They are
quite similar yes.

During the experiment, the magnification of the second lens (Mh') was
obtained by measuring the heights of the intermediate image (hi') and
the object (ho) and using the formula: Mh’ = hi’/ho’, Additionally, the
magnification of the second lens (Md') can be obtained by calculating it
from the measured object and image distances using the formula: Md’ =-
di’/do’.
The results were similar, as seen from the table.
During the experiment, the magnification of the two-lens system (m) was
obtained by calculating the product of the magnifications of each lens (M
and M') using the formula: m = MM’. so m= -1.896472<0 so image is inverted
As I already wrote above.

I have answered the conclusion questions to the best of my ability, I was

having a lot of issues with this experiment, and I found it a bit difficult. I
hope this conclusion will be enough to get a close to decent score . But I
think that the purpose of thin lens experiment has been fulfilled.

Report for Experiment PhyII – 04: Thin Lenses Page 7 of 9

Physics II Laboratory Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University

Report for Experiment PhyII – 04: Thin Lenses Page 8 of 9

Physics II Laboratory Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University

Report for Experiment PhyII – 04: Thin Lenses Page 9 of 9