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Module 4

PHP is a widely used open source scripting language used for web development. PHP code is executed on the server and returns HTML to the browser. PHP files have a .php extension and contain text, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and PHP code. Basic PHP syntax starts with <?php and ends with ?> tags. Variables in PHP start with a $ sign and can be strings, integers, floats, booleans, arrays, objects or NULL.

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MD HOSSAIN
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27 views

Module 4

PHP is a widely used open source scripting language used for web development. PHP code is executed on the server and returns HTML to the browser. PHP files have a .php extension and contain text, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and PHP code. Basic PHP syntax starts with <?php and ends with ?> tags. Variables in PHP start with a $ sign and can be strings, integers, floats, booleans, arrays, objects or NULL.

Uploaded by

MD HOSSAIN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE 4: PHP

MISS NOR ATHIRA AZLAN


[email protected]

1
What is PHP?
• PHP is an acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor"
• PHP is a widely-used, open source scripting language
• PHP is free to download and use
What is a PHP File?
• PHP files can contain text, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and PHP code
• PHP code are executed on the server, and the result is returned to
the browser as plain HTML
• PHP files have extension ".php"
Basic PHP Syntax
• A PHP script starts with <?php and ends with ?>:

<?php
// PHP code goes here
?>
RUN FIRST PHP CODE
<html>
<body>

<h1>My first PHP page</h1>

<?php
echo "Hello World!";
?>

</body>
</html>
Comments in PHP
• Comments can be used to:
• Let others understand what you are doing
• Remind yourself of what you did - Most programmers have
experienced coming back to their own work a year or two later and
having to re-figure out what they did. Comments can remind you of
what you were thinking when you wrote the code
• PHP supports several ways of commenting:
<html>
<body>

<?php
// This is a single-line comment

# This is also a single-line comment

/*
This is a multiple-lines comment block
that spans over multiple
lines
*/

// You can also use comments to leave out parts of a code line
$x = 5 /* + 15 */ + 5;
echo $x;
?>

</body>
</html>
PHP Case Sensitivity
• In PHP, all keywords (e.g. if, else, while, echo, etc.), classes,
functions, and user-defined functions are NOT case-sensitive.
• <html>
<body>

<?php
ECHO "Hello World!<br>";
echo "Hello World!<br>";
EcHo "Hello World!<br>";
?>

</body>
</html>
• However; all variable names are case-sensitive.
• In the example below, only the first statement will display the value
of the $color variable (this is because $color, $COLOR, and $coLOR
are treated as three different variables):
<html>
<body>

<?php
$color = "red";
echo "My car is " . $color . "<br>";
echo "My house is " . $COLOR . "<br>";
echo "My boat is " . $coLOR . "<br>";
?>

</body>
</html>
VARIABLES
• Variables are "containers" for storing information.
• In PHP, a variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the
variable:
<?php
$txt = "Hello world!";
$x = 5;
$y = 10.5;
?>
Rules for PHP variables:
Rules for PHP variables:
• A variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable
• A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character
• A variable name cannot start with a number
• A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and
underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
• Variable names are case-sensitive ($age and $AGE are two
different variables)
• Remember that PHP variable names are case-sensitive!
Output Variables
Examples
• <?php
$txt = "W3Schools.com";
echo "I love $txt!";
?>
• <?php
$txt = "W3Schools.com";
echo "I love " . $txt . "!";
?>
• <?php
$x = 5;
$y = 4;
echo $x + $y;
?>
PHP Variables Scope
• In PHP, variables can be declared anywhere in the script.
• The scope of a variable is the part of the script where the variable
can be referenced/used.
• PHP has three different variable scopes:
– local
– global
– static
Global and Local Scope
• A variable declared outside a function has a GLOBAL SCOPE and
can only be accessed outside a function:
• Example
• <?php
$x = 5; // global scope

function myTest() {
// using x inside this function will generate an error
echo "<p>Variable x inside function is: $x</p>";
}
myTest();

echo "<p>Variable x outside function is: $x</p>";


?>
• A variable declared within a function has a LOCAL SCOPE and can
only be accessed within that function:
• Example
• <?php
function myTest() {
$x = 5; // local scope
echo "<p>Variable x inside function is: $x</p>";
}
myTest();

// using x outside the function will generate an error


echo "<p>Variable x outside function is: $x</p>";
?>
PHP The global Keyword
• The global keyword is used to access a global variable from within a
function.
• To do this, use the global keyword before the variables (inside the
function):
• <?php
$x = 5;
$y = 10;

function myTest() {
global $x, $y;
$y = $x + $y;
}

myTest();
echo $y; // outputs 15
?>
PHP The static Keyword
• Normally, when a function is completed/executed, all of its variables are
deleted. However, sometimes we want a local variable NOT to be
deleted. We need it for a further job.
• To do this, use the static keyword when you first declare the variable:
Example
• <?php
function myTest() {
static $x = 0;
echo $x;
$x++;
}

myTest();
myTest();
myTest();
?>
PHP echo and print Statements
• Echo and print are more or less the same. They are both used to
output data to the screen.
The PHP echo Statement
• The echo statement can be used with or without parentheses: echo
or echo().
• <?php
echo "<h2>PHP is Fun!</h2>";
echo "Hello world!<br>";
echo "I'm about to learn PHP!<br>";
echo "This ", "string ", "was ", "made ", "with multiple parameters.";
?>
The PHP print Statement
• The print statement can be used with or without parentheses: print or
print().
• <?php
print "<h2>PHP is Fun!</h2>";
print "Hello world!<br>";
print "I'm about to learn PHP!";
?>
• <?php
$txt1 = "Learn PHP";
$txt2 = "W3Schools.com";
$x = 5;
$y = 4;
print "<h2>$txt1</h2>";
print "Study PHP at $txt2<br>";
print $x + $y;
?>
PHP Data Types
• Variables can store data of different types, and different data types
can do different things.
• PHP supports the following data types:
– String
– Integer
– Float (floating point numbers - also called double)
– Boolean
– Array
– Object
– NULL
PHP String
• A string is a sequence of characters, like "Hello world!".
• A string can be any text inside quotes. You can use single or double
quotes:
• <?php
$x = "Hello world!";
$y = 'Hello world!';

echo $x;
echo "<br>";
echo $y;
?>
PHP Integer
• An integer data type is a non-decimal number between -
2,147,483,648 and 2,147,483,647.
• Rules for integers:
• An integer must have at least one digit
• An integer must not have a decimal point
• An integer can be either positive or negative
• In the following example $x is an integer. The PHP var_dump()
function returns the data type and value:
• Example
• <?php
$x = 5985;
var_dump($x);
?>
PHP Float
• A float (floating point number) is a number with a decimal point or a
number in exponential form.
• In the following example $x is a float. The PHP var_dump() function
returns the data type and value:
• Example
• <?php
$x = 10.365;
var_dump($x);
?>
PHP Boolean
• A Boolean represents two possible states: TRUE or FALSE.
• $x = true;
$y = false;
• Booleans are often used in conditional testing. You will learn more
about conditional testing in a later chapter.
PHP Array
• An array stores multiple values in one single variable.
• In the following example $cars is an array. The PHP var_dump()
function returns the data type and value:
• Example
• <?php
$cars = array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota");
var_dump($cars);
?>
PHP Object
• An object is a data type which stores data and information on how to
process that data.
• In PHP, an object must be explicitly declared.
• First we must declare a class of object. For this, we use the class
keyword. A class is a structure that can contain properties and
methods:
• <?php
class Car {
function Car() {
$this->model = "VW";
}
}

// create an object
$herbie = new Car();

// show object properties


echo $herbie->model;
?>
• Run example »
•
PHP NULL Value
• Null is a special data type which can have only one value: NULL.
• A variable of data type NULL is a variable that has no value
assigned to it.
• Tip: If a variable is created without a value, it is automatically
assigned a value of NULL.
• Variables can also be emptied by setting the value to NULL:
• <?php
$x = "Hello world!";
$x = null;
var_dump($x);
?>
PHP String Functions
Get The Length of a String
• The PHP strlen() function returns the length of a string.
• The example below returns the length of the string "Hello world!":
• <?php
echo strlen("Hello world!"); // outputs 12
?>
Count The Number of Words in a String
• The PHP str_word_count() function counts the number of words in a
string:
• Example
• <?php
echo str_word_count("Hello world!"); // outputs 2
?>
Reverse a String
• The PHP strrev() function reverses a string:
• Example
• <?php
echo strrev("Hello world!"); // outputs !dlrow olleH
?>
Replace Text Within a String
• The PHP str_replace() function replaces some characters with some
other characters in a string.
• The example below replaces the text "world" with "Dolly":
• <?php
echo str_replace("world", "Dolly", "Hello world!"); // outputs Hello
Dolly!
?>
PHP 5 Constants
• Constants are like variables except that once they are defined they
cannot be changed or undefined.
• To create a constant, use the define() function.
• <?php
define("GREETING", "Welcome to W3Schools.com!");
echo GREETING;
?>
Constants are Global
• Constants are automatically global and can be used across the
entire script.
• The example below uses a constant inside a function, even if it is
defined outside the function:
• Example
• <?php
define("GREETING", "Welcome to W3Schools.com!");

function myTest() {
echo GREETING;
}

myTest();
?>
PHP 5 Operators
PHP Operators
• Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.
• PHP divides the operators in the following groups:
• Arithmetic operators
• Assignment operators
• Comparison operators
• Increment/Decrement operators
• Logical operators
• String operators
• Array operators
PHP Arithmetic Operators
• The PHP arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to
perform common arithmetical operations, such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication etc.
PHP Assignment Operators
• The PHP assignment operators are used with numeric values to
write a value to a variable.
• The basic assignment operator in PHP is "=". It means that the left
operand gets set to the value of the assignment expression on the
right.
PHP Comparison Operators
• The PHP comparison operators are used to compare two values
(number or string):
PHP Logical Operators
• The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional
statements.
PHP String Operators
• PHP has two operators that are specially designed for strings.
PHP Array Operators
• The PHP array operators are used to compare arrays.
PHP 5 if...else...elseif Statements
• Very often when you write code, you want to perform different
actions for different conditions. You can use conditional statements
in your code to do this.
• In PHP we have the following conditional statements:
• if statement - executes some code if one condition is true
• if...else statement - executes some code if a condition is true and
another code if that condition is false
• if...elseif....else statement - executes different codes for more than
two conditions
• switch statement - selects one of many blocks of code to be
executed
PHP - The if Statement
• The if statement executes some code if one condition is true.
• Syntax
• if (condition) {
code to be executed if condition is true;
}
• The example below will output "Have a good day!" if the current time
(HOUR) is less than 20:
• Example
• <?php
$t = date("H");

if ($t < "20") {


echo "Have a good day!";
}
?>
PHP - The if...else Statement
• The if....else statement executes some code if a condition is true
and another code if that condition is false.
Syntax
• if (condition) {
code to be executed if condition is true;
} else {
code to be executed if condition is false;
}
• The example below will output "Have a good day!" if the current time
is less than 20, and "Have a good night!" otherwise:
• Example
• <?php
$t = date("H");

if ($t < "20") {


echo "Have a good day!";
} else {
echo "Have a good night!";
}
?>
PHP - The if...elseif....else Statement
• The if....elseif...else statement executes different codes for more
than two conditions.
Syntax
• if (condition) {
code to be executed if this condition is true;
} elseif (condition) {
code to be executed if this condition is true;
} else {
code to be executed if all conditions are false;
}
• The example below will output "Have a good morning!" if the current
time is less than 10, and "Have a good day!" if the current time is
less than 20. Otherwise it will output "Have a good night!":
• Example
• <?php
$t = date("H");

if ($t < "10") {


echo "Have a good morning!";
} elseif ($t < "20") {
echo "Have a good day!";
} else {
echo "Have a good night!";
}
?>
PHP 5 switch Statement
• The switch statement is used to perform different actions based on different
conditions.
• Use the switch statement to select one of many blocks of code to be
executed.
• Syntax
• switch (n) {
case label1:
code to be executed if n=label1;
break;
case label2:
code to be executed if n=label2;
break;
case label3:
code to be executed if n=label3;
break;
...
default:
code to be executed if n is different from all labels;
}

51
• This is how it works: First we have a single expression n (most often
a variable), that is evaluated once. The value of the expression is
then compared with the values for each case in the structure. If
there is a match, the block of code associated with that case is
executed. Use break to prevent the code from running into the next
case automatically. The default statement is used if no match is
found.

52
EXAMPLE

53
PHP while Loops
• PHP while loops execute a block of code while the specified
condition is true.
PHP Loops
• Often when you write code, you want the same block of code to run
over and over again in a row. Instead of adding several almost equal
code-lines in a script, we can use loops to perform a task like this.
• In PHP, we have the following looping statements:
• while - loops through a block of code as long as the specified
condition is true
• do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then repeats
the loop as long as the specified condition is true
• for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times
• foreach - loops through a block of code for each element in an array
54
• The while loop executes a block of code as long as the specified
condition is true.
• Syntax
• while (condition is true) {
code to be executed;
}

55
EXAMPLE
• The example below first sets a variable $x to 1 ($x = 1). Then, the
while loop will continue to run as long as $x is less than, or equal to
5 ($x <= 5). $x will increase by 1 each time the loop runs ($x++):
• Example
• <?php
$x = 1;

while($x <= 5) {
echo "The number is: $x <br>";
$x++;
}
?>

56
The PHP do...while Loop
• The do...while loop will always execute the block of code once, it will
then check the condition, and repeat the loop while the specified
condition is true.
Syntax
• do {
code to be executed;
} while (condition is true);

57
EXAMPLE
• The example below first sets a variable $x to 1 ($x = 1). Then, the do
while loop will write some output, and then increment the variable $x
with 1. Then the condition is checked (is $x less than, or equal to 5?),
and the loop will continue to run as long as $x is less than, or equal to
5:
Example
• <?php
$x = 1;
do {
echo "The number is: $x <br>";
$x++;
} while ($x <= 5);
?>
• Notice that in a do while loop the condition is tested AFTER executing
the statements within the loop. This means that the do while loop would
execute its statements at least once, even if the condition is false the
first time.

58
EXAMPLE
• The example below sets the $x variable to 6, then it runs the loop,
and then the condition is checked:
• Example
• <?php
$x = 6;

do {
echo "The number is: $x <br>";
$x++;
} while ($x <= 5);
?>

59
PHP for Loops
The PHP for Loop
• The for loop is used when you know in advance how many times the
script should run.
Syntax
• for (init counter; test counter; increment counter) {
code to be executed;
}

60
Parameters:
• init counter: Initialize the loop counter value
• test counter: Evaluated for each loop iteration. If it evaluates to
TRUE, the loop continues. If it evaluates to FALSE, the loop ends.
• increment counter: Increases the loop counter value
• The example below displays the numbers from 0 to 10:

61
EXAMPLE
• Example
• <?php
for ($x = 0; $x <= 10; $x++) {
echo "The number is: $x <br>";
}
?>

62
PHP Functions
• The real power of PHP comes from its functions; it has more than
1000 built-in functions.
PHP User Defined Functions
• Besides the built-in PHP functions, we can create our own functions.
• A function is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly in a
program.
• A function will not execute immediately when a page loads.
• A function will be executed by a call to the function.

63
Create a User Defined
Function in PHP
• A user defined function declaration starts with the word "function":
Syntax
• function functionName() {
code to be executed;
}
• Note: A function name can start with a letter or underscore (not a
number).
• Tip: Give the function a name that reflects what the function does!
• Function names are NOT case-sensitive.

64
EXAMPLE
• In the example below, we create a function named "writeMsg()". The
opening curly brace ( { ) indicates the beginning of the function code
and the closing curly brace ( } ) indicates the end of the function.
The function outputs "Hello world!". To call the function, just write its
name:
Example
• <?php
function writeMsg() {
echo "Hello world!";
}

writeMsg(); // call the function


?>

65
PHP Function Arguments
• Information can be passed to functions through arguments. An
argument is just like a variable.
• Arguments are specified after the function name, inside the
parentheses. You can add as many arguments as you want, just
separate them with a comma.

66
EXAMPLE
• The following example has a function with one argument ($fname).
When the familyName() function is called, we also pass along a name
(e.g. Jani), and the name is used inside the function, which outputs
several different first names, but an equal last name:
Example
• <?php
function familyName($fname) {
echo "$fname Refsnes.<br>";
}

familyName("Jani");
familyName("Hege");
familyName("Stale");
familyName("Kai Jim");
familyName("Borge");
?>

67
EXAMPLE
• The following example has a function with one argument ($fname).
When the familyName() function is called, we also pass along a name
(e.g. Jani), and the name is used inside the function, which outputs
several different first names, but an equal last name:
Example
• <?php
function familyName($fname) {
echo "$fname Refsnes.<br>";
}

familyName("Jani");
familyName("Hege");
familyName("Stale");
familyName("Kai Jim");
familyName("Borge");
?>

68
PHP Default Argument Value
• The following example shows how to use a default parameter. If we
call the function setHeight() without arguments it takes the default
value as argument:
• Example
• <?php
function setHeight($minheight = 50) {
echo "The height is : $minheight <br>";
}

setHeight(350);
setHeight(); // will use the default value of 50
setHeight(135);
setHeight(80);
?>
69
PHP Functions - Returning
values
• to let a function return a value, use the return statement:
• Example
• <?php
function sum($x, $y) {
$z = $x + $y;
return $z;
}

echo "5 + 10 = " . sum(5, 10) . "<br>";


echo "7 + 13 = " . sum(7, 13) . "<br>";
echo "2 + 4 = " . sum(2, 4);
?>

70
PHP Arrays
• An array stores multiple values in one single variable:
• Example
• <?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
echo "I like " . $cars[0] . ", " . $cars[1] . " and " . $cars[2] . ".";
?>

71
What is an Array?
• An array is a special variable, which can hold more than one value
at a time.
• If you have a list of items (a list of car names, for example), storing
the cars in single variables could look like this:
• $cars1 = "Volvo";
$cars2 = "BMW";
$cars3 = "Toyota";
• However, what if you want to loop through the cars and find a
specific one? And what if you had not 3 cars, but 300?
• The solution is to create an array!
• An array can hold many values under a single name, and you can
access the values by referring to an index number.

72
Create an Array in PHP
• In PHP, the array() function is used to create an array:
• array();
• In PHP, there are three types of arrays:
• Indexed arrays - Arrays with a numeric index
• Associative arrays - Arrays with named keys
• Multidimensional arrays - Arrays containing one or more arrays

73
PHP Indexed Arrays
• There are two ways to create indexed arrays:
• The index can be assigned automatically (index always starts at 0),
like this:
• $cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
• or the index can be assigned manually:
• $cars[0] = "Volvo";
$cars[1] = "BMW";
$cars[2] = "Toyota";

74
example
• The following example creates an indexed array named $cars,
assigns three elements to it, and then prints a text containing the
array values:
• Example
• <?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
echo "I like " . $cars[0] . ", " . $cars[1] . " and " . $cars[2] . ".";
?>

75
Loop Through an Indexed
Array
• To loop through and print all the values of an indexed array, you
could use a for loop, like this:
• Example
• <?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
$arrlength = count($cars);

for($x = 0; $x < $arrlength; $x++) {


echo $cars[$x];
echo "<br>";
}
?>

76
PHP Associative Arrays
• Associative arrays are arrays that use named keys that you assign
to them.
• There are two ways to create an associative array:
• $age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
• or:
• $age['Peter'] = "35";
$age['Ben'] = "37";
$age['Joe'] = "43";
• The named keys can then be used in a script:
• Example
• <?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
echo "Peter is " . $age['Peter'] . " years old.";
?>

77
Loop Through an Associative
Array
• To loop through and print all the values of an associative array, you
could use a foreach loop, like this:
• Example
• <?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");

foreach($age as $x => $x_value) {


echo "Key=" . $x . ", Value=" . $x_value;
echo "<br>";
}
?>

78
PHP Sorting Arrays
• The elements in an array can be sorted in alphabetical or numerical
order, descending or ascending.
PHP - Sort Functions For Arrays
• In this chapter, we will go through the following PHP array sort
functions:
• sort() - sort arrays in ascending order
• rsort() - sort arrays in descending order
• asort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the
value
• ksort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the key
• arsort() - sort associative arrays in descending order, according to the
value
• krsort() - sort associative arrays in descending order, according to the
key

79
Sort Array in Ascending Order
- sort()
• The following example sorts the elements of the $cars array in
ascending alphabetical order:
• Example
• <?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
sort($cars);
?>

80
• The following example sorts the elements of the $numbers array in
ascending numerical order:
• Example
• <?php
$numbers = array(4, 6, 2, 22, 11);
sort($numbers);
?>

81
Sort Array in Descending
Order - rsort()
• The following example sorts the elements of the $cars array in
descending alphabetical order:
• Example
• <?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
rsort($cars);
?>

82
• The following example sorts the elements of the $numbers array in
descending numerical order:
• Example
• <?php
$numbers = array(4, 6, 2, 22, 11);
rsort($numbers);
?>

83
Sort Array (Ascending Order),
According to Value - asort()
• The following example sorts an associative array in ascending order,
according to the value:
• Example
• <?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
asort($age);
?>

84
Sort Array (Ascending Order),
According to Key - ksort()
• The following example sorts an associative array in ascending order,
according to the key:
• Example
• <?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
ksort($age);
?>

85
Sort Array (Descending
Order), According to Value -
•
arsort()
The following example sorts an associative array in descending
order, according to the value:
• Example
• <?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
arsort($age);
?>

86
Sort Array (Descending
Order), According to Key -
•
krsort()
The following example sorts an associative array in descending
order, according to the key:
• Example
• <?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
krsort($age);
?>

87
THANK YOU

88

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