UNIT 4 BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY 2.

Mores are special folkways with moral and ethical values which are
LESSON 1: ENCULTURATION AND SOCIALIZATION strongly held and emphasized. These include customs, values, and
LEARNING CONTENT: behaviors that are accepted by a particular group, culture, etc.

WHAT IS ENCULTURATION? WHAT IS SOCIALIZATION? 3. Laws are formalized norms enacted by people vested with authority.
These laws reinforce the mores.

Enculturation is the process by which individuals acquire the

knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values that enable them to 4. Sanctions are penalties or other means of enforcement used
become functioning members of their societies. to provide incentives for obedience with the law, or with rules and
regulations. To ensure that individuals conform to the norms or behave
Socialization, on the other hand, is the process whereby the in ways prescribed within society, sanctions are applied to attain the
individual‘s behavior is modified to conform to the expectation of the individual’s conformity and acceptance of its norms.
group.

FORMS OF SANCTIONS
THREE LEVELS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT a. Informal sanctions come in unfavorable or favorable public opinion,
The vegetative level refers to embryo and early infancy. This is giving
characterized by preoccupation with food. The infant grabs things and or withdrawing of support, or gossip.
brings them directly to the mouth. The main thought of the infant is b. Formal sanctions may be in the nature of getting high academic
survival. ratings, awards in school, promotion or salary increase for employees,
The animal level is characterized by desires for sex and reproduction. medals or plaques of honor, certifications of merit or other citations fort
At this stage man is no different from animals in their need for food and achievement.
sex. At this stage, the socialization of man is incomplete.
The human level is considered the attainment of human of a
personality. This implies the assimilation of behavior, attitudes, and APPLICATION OF SANCTIONS
values the society considers necessary and important to the well- a. Physical sanctions: bring physical pain or pleasure.
being of the group.
Ex: Having it brings pleasure, losing it brings pain.

SOCIAL NORMS AND SOCIAL VALUES

Social norms are standards of behavior which tell whether an action is b. Psychological sanctions: address the feelings and emotions of a
right or wrong; appropriate or not. They represent standardized person. They can make one feel good or bad. Positive psychological
generalizations concerning expected modes of behavior. Among the sanctions are found in compliments ribbons, badges and awards.
norms observed by society include folkways, mores and laws. Negative psychological sanctions are found in insults and rejection.
Social values are cultural standards that indicate the general good
deemed desirable for organized social life. These are assumptions of
1. Folkways are customary ways of doing things which are fairly weak what is right and important for society.
forms of norms, whose violation is generally not considered serious
within a particular culture. They are the habits, customs, and repetitive STATUS AND ROLE
patterns of behavior. Status refers to one’s position or place in a social group. It can be
ascribed, a status that is assigned to an individual from birth; or
achieved, that which one acquires either by choice or by force or
EXAMPLES OF FILIPINO FOLKWAYS through some form of competition and individual effort.
• Mano Po (Blessing of the hand/ means "right" [opposite of "left"] and
po is a word you say to show respect. Usually, it's the kids who Role refers to the functional and dynamic aspect of the status. It is the
execute the "Mano Po" although adults will also do this especially totality of cultural patterns and behavior expected of a particular status.
when visiting their parents or other elders.

• Po and Opo. It is a kind of respect you use among elders in the FORMS OF ROLES
Filipino culture. It’s also a custom provided in the Philippines to mean a. Role as Expectation refers to the rights, duties and obligations an
respect for older people. individual has while occupying a status.
b. Role as Performance refers to how the individual actually behaves
while occupying the status.
• Bayanihan. It is a Filipino term taken from the word bayan referring c. Role Conflict arises when an individual encounters conflicting
to a nation, town or community. The whole term bayanihan refers to a demands from his two or more statuses. This happens when in his
spirit of communal unity or effort to achieve a particular objective. performance of one role; such would run counter to another role.
d. Role Set refers to the individual’s repertoire (list) of performances
towards variety of others while he/she occupies a given status.
• Harana. It is an old Filipino courtship tradition of serenading women,
probably a Spanish influence. It has been practiced mostly in rural
areas and small towns. The man goes to the house of the woman he is SOCIALIZATION FOR SEX ROLES
courting and sings love songs to her. Societies categorize their members into males and females and each
is viewed as a distinct sex or gender. Gender differences are a function
of cultural patterns which prescribe the different expectations and
• Pamamanhikan - From the word panhik [which means to ascend
norms of behavior for boys and girls.
stairs], is "the asking for the girl’s parents’ permission to wed the
affianced pair." The custom symbolizes honor and respect for the
parents, seeking their blessing and approval
before getting married.
UNIT 4 BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY INCLUSIVE CITIZENSHIP
LESSON 3: HUMAN DIGNITY, RIGHTS, AND THE COMMON GOOD As citizens we always think of the promotion of the common good or
general welfare.
A responsible citizen promotes the common good by obeying the law,
MAN AS A MEMBER OF A POLITICAL COMMUNITY paying taxes honestly, informing himself about important political
A member of a political community must be able to internalize the issues, volunteering in the community and respecting the rights and
Preamble of the Constitution by heart. opinions of others.
The Preamble of the 1987 Philippine Constitution states:
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in
order to build a just and humane society, and establish a Government
that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common A responsible citizen is willing to sacrifice his individual interests
good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to for the collective good of the nation. He remembers his civic duties
ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of independence and and serves his country despite any discomfort such a course might
democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, bring.
freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this
Responsible citizens obey the law. A harmonious society has order.
Constitution. Every individual is a member of the society that
Every citizen implicitly consents to maintaining social order by
essentially establishes a body politic called state or government which
upholding the law even when he does not like it. If he believes that
guarantees the rights and duties to its citizens as
a law is unfair, he resorts to the political process to change the law in
enshrined in the Constitution.
the manner society prescribes.

CITIZENSHIP
Good citizens are familiar with politics and keep the government
Citizenship has been defined as “membership in a political
accountable by staying on top of its latest proceedings. They wisely
community which is personal and more or less permanent in
exercise their right vote so that able, honest men are elected to seats
character.” It is the status or character of being a citizen. And a citizen
in government.
of a given state or country is one who owes it permanent allegiance
and is entitled to its protection on the basis of the legal and political
conception of citizenship. Thus, being a citizen necessarily entails
assertion of one’s rights and privileges and conversely and unwavering Responsible citizens volunteer in the community and when they see a
performance of his duties and obligations to the government. need, they do not idly wait for someone else (like the government) to
address it. They lend a hand, selflessly offering their time, effort and
resources.
The Constitution recognizes the human rights of every citizen as Responsible citizens respect the rights and opinions of others and do
enumerated in the Bill of Rights. These include natural rights, civil not use force or abuse government to silence people who have
rights, political rights, economic rights as well as rights of the accused different views because such actions subvert a free society.
before, during and after trial. Responsible citizens listen to others with sincerity and work with fellow
citizens to find the best solution to problems.

Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our
nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color,
religion, language, or any other status. We are all equally entitled to
our human rights without discrimination. These rights are all
interrelated, interdependent and indivisible.

Universal human rights are often expressed and guaranteed by law, in

the forms of treaties, customary international law, general principles
and other sources of international law. International human rights law
lays down obligations of Governments to act in certain ways or to
refrain from certain acts, in order to promote and protect human rights
and fundamental freedoms of individuals or groups. Every member of
the society deserves human dignity.

Human dignity refers to an individual or group's sense of self-respect

and self-worth, physical and psychological integrity and empowerment.
Moral, ethical, legal, and political discussions use the concept of
dignity to express the idea that every person has an innate right
to be valued, respected, and to receive ethical treatment.
UNIT 4 BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY
LESSON 2: CONFORMITY AND DEVIANCE

TYPES OF SOCIAL CONTROL

Direct control is exercised by the primary groups like family, peer group,
who praise or condemn the behavior of an individual. Indirect control is
exercised by the secondary groups like traditions, customs, institutions, etc.

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE MEANS

The positive means of social control is through praise, prizes, fame,
respect and promotion. The negative means include criticism, gossip,
punishment and ostracism.

FORMAL AND INFORMAL CONTROL

Formal control is designed and regulated by some authority like the
government which makes laws to control order. Informal control is the
unwritten rules and regulation characterized by informal authority like
criticism, sociability, and public opinion.

DEVIANCE
Deviance is defined as the recognized violation of cultural norms. When
most of us think of deviant behavior, we think of someone who is breaking
the law or acting out in a negative manner. Deviancy, however, must not be
construed in as always negative. This may be tolerated, approved or
disapproved.

EXPLANATIONS FOR DEVIANT BEHAVIORS

PATHOLOGY

Social Pathology considers deviant behavior as the result of a societal

disease which must be isolated, contained and treated. Biological pathology
maintains that deviance results from actual physical illness, malfunctions or
deformities.

SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION
Cultural conflict suggests that deviant and criminal behavior results
when two normative systems come into contact. Member expectations
in one system differ from those of the other, thus, actions outside the
dominant normative system appear deviant. Social disorganization can also
occur when adherence to cultural expectations do not yield anticipated
consequences. When the normative system does not function, an obvious
solution is to work outside the system.

LABELING
The labeling theory of deviant behavior suggests that what defines
deviance is the action of others or by the actors themselves. The crucial
variable here is the power of the labeler. If the individual or group is not
powerful enough to effectively affix the deviant label on a person displaying
out-of-the-ordinary behavior, then no consequence will likely to follow.

VALUE CONFLICT
This theory holds that acts are considered criminal or deviant because
they are at variance with a group’s values. There is also an assumption
that what is valued by one group is not valued by another. The ultimate
determinant then of whether an act is deviant or criminal is the orientation
or interest of a group that is offering the definition.