- It is the longest period in the history of science

STS REVIEWER CHAPTER 1 and technology spanning over 3.4 million years,
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY and ended between 8700 BCE and 2000 BCE.

IN THE WORLD - It is the longest period in the history of

science and technology spanning over 3.4
million years, and ended between 8700 BCE
THREE-AGE SYSTEM - A system of classifying and 2000 BCE.
ancient ages into groups based on tool
- Stone Age, prehistoric cultural stage, or level
developmental stages.
of human development, characterized by the
creation and use of stone tools.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION - A period of great
scientific intellectual achievements that - It is the period of weapons made of stone,
contributed to essential changes in scientific wood, bone or some other materials aside from
investigations. metals.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - A period of - It is usually divided into three separate

complex technological inventions that periods—Paleolithic Period, Mesolithic Period,
eventually replaced human and animal forces. and Neolithic Period—based on the degree of
sophistication in the fashioning and use of tools.
INFORMATION AGE - or digital age; the period
characterized by the change from traditional
industry to an economy that is founded on PALEOLITHIC (“OLD STONE”) PERIOD
computerized of information.
- It is known to be the longest phase of human
ANCIENT AGE: THREE-AGE SYSTEM history which began approximately two million
years ago and ended between 40,000 to 10,000
- The Three Age System is widely considered years ago.
archaeology's first paradigm: a convention - Throughout the Paleolithic, humans were
established in the early 19th century that said food gatherers, depending for their subsistence
prehistory could be subdivided into three parts, on hunting wild animals and birds, fishing, and
based on technological advances in weaponry collecting wild fruits, nuts, and berries.
and tools.
- Paleolithic archaeology is concerned with the
- The Three Age system was first fully origins and development of early human
introduced in 1837, by Christian Jürgensen culture between the first appearance of human
Thomsen. beings as tool-using mammals

STONE AGE (2.5 MYA – 3000 BC) THE HUMAN LINEAGE

- Australopithecus afarensis
- The Stone Age was a broad prehistoric period - Homo Habilis
during which stone was widely used to make - Homo erectus
tools with an edge, a point or a percussion - Homo neanderthalensis
surface. - Homo sapiens
THREE SUCCESSIVE DIVISIONS OF
PALEOLITHIC PERIOD - The Upper Paleolithic (40,000-10,000 years
BP) was a period of great transition in the
LOWER PALEOLITHIC PERIOD world. The Neanderthals in Europe became
edged out and disappeared by 33,000 years
- The behavioral changes seen during the Lower ago, and modern humans began to have the
Paleolithic are ascribed to the evolution of the world to themselves. While the notion of a
hominin ancestors of human beings, including "creative explosion" has given way to a
Australopithecus, and especially Homo recognition of a long history of the
erectus / Homo ergaster development of human behaviors long before
we humans left Africa, there is no doubt that
- Stone tools of the Paleolithic include things really got cooking during the UP.
Acheulean handaxes and cleavers; these
suggest that most humans of the earliest period MESOLITHIC (“MIDDLE STONE”) PERIOD
were scavengers rather than hunters. Lower
Paleolithic sites are also characterized by the - The Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age is an
presence of extinct animal types dated to the archaeological term used to describe specific
Early or Middle Pleistocene. Evidence seems to cultures that fall between the Paleolithic and
suggest that the controlled use of fire was the Neolithic Periods.
figured out sometime during the LP.
- The use of small chipped stone tools called
MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD MICROLITHS and retouched bladelets are the
key factor to identify the Mesolithic as a
- The Middle Paleolithic period (ca 200,000 to prehistoric period.
45,000 years ago or so) is the period during
- Mesolithic people likely continued the art
which Archaic humans including Homo sapiens
forms developed during the Upper Paleolithic
neanderthalensis appeared and flourished all
Period, including cave paintings and
over the world. Handaxes continued in use, but
engravings, small sculptural artifacts, and early
a new kind of stone tool kit was created--called
megalithic architecture.
the MOUSTERIAN, it included purposefully
prepared cores and specialized flake tools
- The most extensive collection of Mesolithic
rock art has been found on the Mediterranean
- The living method in the Middle Paleolithic for
coast of Spain. These paintings consist of
both Homo sapiens and our Neanderthal
human and animal figures in scenes of hunting
cousins included SCAVENGING, but there is also
and early agricultural activities, such as
clear evidence of hunting and gathering
collecting honey.
activities. Deliberate human burials, with some
evidence (if somewhat controversial) of ritual - A Mesolithic pendant excavated in England
behavior, are found at a handful of sites such as bears striking similarities with contemporary
La Ferrassie and Shanidar Cave pendants produced in Denmark. Whether this
points to intercultural contact or travel across
vast expanses is unclear.

UPPER PALAEOLITHIC PERIOD

NEOLITHIC (“NEW STONE”) PERIOD that followed the Bronze and Stone Ages.
During this Age people across much of Europe,
- The term Neolithic or New Stone Age is most Asia and parts of Africa began making tools and
frequently used in connection with agriculture, weapons from iron and steel
which is the time when cereal cultivation and
animal domestication was introduced. Because - It is started between 1200 B.C. and 600
agriculture developed at different times in B.C., depending on the region. For some
different regions of the world, there is no single societies, including Ancient Greece, the
date for the beginning of the Neolithic. start of the Iron Age was accompanied by a
Pottery is another element that makes the period of cultural decline.
dating of the Neolithic problematic. In some
regions, the appearance of pottery is MIDDLE AGE
considered a symbol of the Neolithic, but this
notion makes the term Neolithic even more - This period in history began in 450 A.D. and
ambiguous, since the use of pottery does not lasted until 1450 A.D. It is subdivided into two
always occur after agriculture: in Japan, pottery smaller ages:
appears before agriculture, while in the Near
East agriculture pre-dates pottery production - Dark Middle Age (450-1000 A.D.)
- High Middle Age (1000-1450 A.D.)
BRONZE AGE
DARK MIDDLE AGE
- Bronze Age, third phase in the development of - The DARK AGES is a term often used
material culture among the ancient peoples of synonymously with the Middle Ages.
Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, following the
- It refers to the period of time between the fall
Paleolithic and Neolithic periods (Old Stone Age
of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the
and New Stone Age, respectively). The term
Italian Renaissance and the Age of Discovery
also denotes the first period in which metal was
used. The date at which the age began varied
with regions; in Greece and China, for instance, HIGH MIDDLE AGE
the Bronze Age began before 3000 BCE, - The HIGH MIDDLE AGES were a time of
whereas in Britain it did not start until about tremendous growth in Europe. The foundations
1900 BCE. of Europe as it is known today were set.
- Bronze Age, period in the development of
technology when metals were first used
regularly in the manufacture of tools and
weapons. Pure copper and bronze, an alloy of
copper and tin, were used indiscriminately at
first; this early period is sometimes called the
COPPER AGE.

IRON AGE

- The Iron Age was a period in human history

MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS IN SCIENCE AND 9. Printing press
TECHNOLOGY IN SOME PARTS OF THE
10. Magnetic compass and stern-post
WORLD DURING THIS PERIOD
rudder
EUROPE
CHINA
Economy
Agriculture and Economy
- Feudal system fully developed in Europe and
- Farming largely began in Huang Ho and
had defined its economic history. It depended
Yangtze Rivers.
on local agricultural and handicraft production
- Large-scale silk production started. Bronze
and was characterize by having the following
production became more sophisticated
hierarchical ranks in the society:
Astronomy
- Peasant
- Calendars with 365 and ¼ days in a year were
- Lord
developed.
- Lay or clerical
- Circle was divided into 365 and ¼ degrees.
- Overloads
- Stars, planets, comets, meteors, and eclipses
- Kings and bishops
were catalogued and described.
- Pope or emperor
- Various models of the universe were
presented. Education
- Cathedral schools, which then became
Mathematics universities, were established to address the
- Numbers were expressed in decimals. societal need for intellectual advancement.
- Knowledge on determining square roots was Some of these universities arose in the
introduced. following Europe areas:
- Sliding calipers were widely used in artisan
• - Paris (1160)
works solutions on cubic, quadratic, and
- Oxford (1170)
intermediate equations were presented.
- Cambridge (1209)
MAJOR CHINESE TECHNOLOGICAL - Padua (1221)
ADVANCEMENT DURING THE MIDDLE - St. Andrew (1410)
AGES: - Napples (1224)
- Salamanca (1227)
1. Paper - Prague (1347)
- Vienna (1367)
2. Seismograph
Medicine
3. Animal harness - Superstition and dogmatism
flourished.
4. Water-power - Diagnosis was generally limited of
urine inspection.
5. Mechanical clock
- Medical therapy involved magic,
6. Hydraulic engineering works prayer, charms, faith healing and the
use of different herbs.
7. Wheel barrow - There was poor hygiene and sanitation
8. Gun powder, guns and cannon in general
 Economy
MAJOR DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS IN
- Cocoa beans were used as monetary units
EUROPE DURING THE MIDDLE AGES:
Astronomy
1. Horse-collar
- Mayans used decimal notations with zero
2. Clock/watch
represented by an oval shape, while other
3. Magnetic compass numbers with dots and dashes.

4. water-mill and windmill - Mayan solar calendar was developed

consisting of 365 days in a year, comprising 18
5. Lenses with spectacles
months of 20 days.
6. Gunpowder and cannon
- Positions of different heavenly bodies were
7. Paper and printing observed and recorded.

INDIA AZTEC (pre-Columbian Indians of Mexico)

Civilization
Science
- Information on diseases and drugs, and Infrastructure
astronomical bodies were gathered. - High temples were built for their deities
- A year was divided into 12 months with a total Astronomy
of 360 days.
- Decimal notations were used, in which zero
- Knowledge on solving square root and linear was similarly represented by an oval shape and
equations and the use of zero and decimal place other numbers by dots and dashes.
values was practiced.
- A social calendar was developed with 365 days
- Medicine was naturally based and not for a total of 18 months.
supernatural, in which diagnoses were based on
symptoms and appearances. INCAS (pre-Columbian of Peru) Civilization

- Metallurgy was developed. Agriculture

PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA - Farming was practiced in terraced field with

canals for irrigation.
MAYAN (Ancient natAmerica) Civilizationives
of central - Chili and avocado were widely cultivated.

- Clothes from Ilama and alpaca wools were

Infrastracture
made.
- Pyramids made of limestone were built by the
Mayans. Astronomy
- Mayan houses were made of poles and leaves
- Decimal system of counting was used.
of palms.
- Large sculptures served for recording of - A calendar of 365 days was developed.
significant Mayan events.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION (1440-1690 AD) WILLIAM HARVEY (1578–1657)
- Dissected a bunch of animal bodies and
- The Scientific Revolution was a series of obsesses over the heart as an important
events that marked the emergence of modern physical and spiritual centerpiece of the body
science during the early modern period, when -Discovers how the heart works like a pump,
developments in mathematics, physics, sending blood throughout the body with valves
astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and heartbeats
and chemistry transformed the views of society
about nature. ROBERT BOYLE (1627–1691)
- 'Scientific Revolution' refers to the period - Called the “Father of Modern Chemistry” due
between Copernicus and Newton. to his advanced experiments and use of
experimental method
TOP 13 IMPORTANT THINKERS IN THE - Discovers Boyle’s Gas Law about gas
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION pressures and volumes and believes in the
ANDREAS VESALIUS (1514–1564) existence of atoms
- Spent years dissecting corpses and drawing PARACELSUS (1493–1541)
detailed illustrations of the human body - A doctor who has the crazy idea not to treat
people’s “imbalance in the humors” with
- Contributed a lot to the study of human
leeches and traditional remedies, he instead
anatomy, but eventually got grossed out by all
looks at the chemical causes behind sicknesses
the dead bodies and just became the personal
to treat patients
doctor to Charles V, king of the Holy Roman
Empire - Big supporter of Hermetic Doctrine, and also
studies stuff like alchemy and other ways of
GIORDANO BRUNO (1548–1600) getting closer to God through science.
- An Italian Monk who spread Copernicus’
TYCHO BRAHE (1546–1601)
beliefs about a heliocentric universe governed
- Was the one major Scientific Revolution
by science
physicist who believed in a geocentric
- He was burned at the stake by Catholic universe, rejecting Copernicus’ idea that the
authorities for spreading heresy Earth revolved around the Sun

ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632–1723) - Had the king of Denmark build him a really sick
- Father of Microbiology” who discovers laboratory that he used to make 20 years of
bacteria because he loves playing with detailed observations, proving that the stars in
microscopes the sky were not fixed.

- Observes bacteria as “little animals or

animalcules…This was for me, among all
marvels that I have discovered in nature,
the most marvelous of all”
JOHANNES KEPLER (1571–1630) - Even though he had his book approved by the
- Tycho Brahe’s assistant, who used his church, Galileo was ultimately forced to
master’s data to confirm that the earth renounce his scientific discoveries in the Roman
revolved around the sun Inquisition.

- Used his master’s data to develop the 3 Laws RENÉ DESCARTES (1596–1650)
of Planetary Motion - Mathematician and Philosopher who wrote
Discourse on Method (in French, rather than
1. planets rotate in ellipses, not perfectly divine
Latin so that more people could read it), where
circles, around the sun
he promoted the practice of deductive
2. how fast the planets are moving depends on reasoning.
how far they are from the sun
- Descartes thought we shouldn’t assume
3. proved that the orbits of planets can be anything unless it could be proven through a
calculated mathematically (more info here) chain of reasoning and the scientific method.

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473–1543) - Famously said, “I think, therefore I am” which

- The first guy to prove that the earth was not meant that because Descartes was able to
stationary in space and revolved around the think, he knew he existed, but he was hesitant
sun. to assume anything else.

-Was a member of the church and waited until ISAAC NEWTON (1642–1726)
the year of his death to publish his findings, - Discovered calculus and 3 Laws of Physics
which started the so-called Copernican
Revolution. 1. INERTIA (An object in motion will stay in
motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced,
FRANCIS BACON (1561–1626) outside force)
- An English Politician who had an influential
2. FORCE = mass x acceleration
philosophy that rejected reliance on authority
in favor of developing one’s world view based 3. ACTION & REACTION: Every action has an
on one’s own concrete observations. equal and opposite reaction

- Bacon became a supporter of the empirical - His vast discoveries in physics, mathematics,
method and inductive reasoning where people and astronomy led to the view of the
piece together truths from their own Newtonian Universe, where the infinite
experience. universe could be described through
mathematics that analyze matter in motion
GALILEO GALILEI (1564–1642)
- Promoted experimental physics and
observational astronomy by discovering more
about inertia and discovering new moons and
planetary laws with his mad telescope skills

- Galileo challenged the church by promoting a

heliocentric universe where the sun and moon
had blemished surfaces
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION corresponding to the needs of an industrialized
- The main features involved in the Industrial society,
Revolution were technological, socioeconomic,
(4) sweeping social changes, including the
and cultural. The technological changes
growth of cities, the development of working-
included the following:
class movements, and the emergence of new
(1) the use of new basic materials, chiefly iron patterns of authority, and
and steel,
(5) cultural transformations of a broad order.
(2) the use of new energy sources, including Workers acquired new and distinctive skills, and
both fuels and motive power, such as coal, the their relation to their tasks shifted; instead of
steam engine, electricity, petroleum, and the being craftsmen working with hand tools, they
internal-combustion engine, became machine operators, subject to factory
discipline. Finally, there was a psychological
(3) the invention of new machines, such as the
change: confidence in the ability to use
spinning jenny and the power loom that
resources and to master nature was
permitted increased production with a smaller
heightened.
expenditure of human energy,
INFORMATION AGE
(4) a new organization of work known as the
- The Information Age began around the 1970s
factory system, which entailed increased
and is still going on today. It is also known as
division of labor and specialization of function,
the Computer Age, Digital Age, or New Media
(5) important developments in transportation Age. This era brought about a time period in
and communication, including the steam which people could access information and
locomotive, steamship, automobile, airplane, knowledge easily.
telegraph, and radio, and
(6) the increasing application of science to
industry. These technological changes made
possible a tremendously increased use of
natural resources and the mass production of
manufactured goods.

- There were also many new developments in

non-industrial spheres, including the following:

(1) agricultural improvements that made

possible the provision of food for a larger
nonagricultural population,

(2) economic changes that resulted in a wider

distribution of wealth, the decline of land as a
source of wealth in the face of rising industrial
production, and increased international trade,

(3) political changes reflecting the shift in

economic power, as well as new state policies