See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/352157658

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Engineering Problems Using LS-

DYNA (A Practical Tutorial Book)

Book · June 2021

CITATIONS READS

0 328

1 author:

Hamid Rokhy
University of Eyvanekey
14 PUBLICATIONS   30 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Hamid Rokhy on 09 September 2022.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Preface vi
Chapter 1: Introducing LS-DYNA software 1
1.1 Development history 1
1.2 Features and applications 2
1.3 System compatible units in the software 5
Chapter 2: Getting started (Constitutive material models) 6
2.1 Longitudinal impact of a rigid mass on free end of an elastic bar 7
2.2 Johnson-Cook material model 20
2.3 Johnson Cook damage model 37
2.4 Penetration of a rigid projectile on an aluminum plate 51
2.5 Geomaterials 70
2.6 Impact response of reinforced concrete beam 86
Chapter 3: Lagrangian Formulation 108
3.1 The Taylor bar impact problem 110
3.2 Soil structure interaction 119
3.3 Rock cutting 144
3.4 Friction drilling 160
Chapter 4: Eulerian Formulation 179
4.1 The Taylor bar impact problem 182
4.2 Sloshing wave impact 195
4.3 Water dam impact on an elastic plate 213
4.4 Steel box structures subjected to internal blast loading 226
Chapter 5: SPH Formulation 243
5.1 The Taylor bar impact problem 245
5.2 Bird strike 253
5.3 Hypervelocity impact 264
5.4 Metal cutting 278
Chapter 6: Multiphysics Solvers 294
6.1 Deformation of a plate exposed to a shock wave in a shock tube 296
6.2 Detonation of stoichiometric H2-O2 mixture 311
References 322

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Engineering Problems Using LS-DYNA Hamid Rokhy

 Getting started (Constitutive material models)

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Engineering Problems Using LS-DYNA Hamid Rokhy

Tutorial 1: (Longitudinal impact of a rigid mass on free end of an elastic bar)

Longitudinal impact of a rigid mass on free end of an elastic bar

In this problem, a rigid striker of mass M1 with speed V1 hits the end of a long elastic bar which is perfectly fixed at its distal end.
The purpose is to estimate the stress vs. time at the free end of elastic rod where the rigid striker hits it and compare the
numerical results with the analytical solution.
2 2
Geometric dimensions: L1  10mm, A1  100mm , L2  500mm, A2  100mm
gram gram
Mass propertis: M 1  2 M 2  1  7.89 E  1 ,  2  7.89 E  3
mm3 mm 3
Materia properties: E  2.068 E  5MPa ,   0.3

Initial Condition: V1  1 mm / ms
(initial velocity of rigid sriker)

Part 2 (Elastic rod)

Part 1: Rigid striker

Schematic of the problem

The stress vs. time at the free end of elastic rod

W. Johnson, Impact strength off materials, Edward Arnold publisher, 1972.

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Engineering Problems Using LS-DYNA Hamid Rokhy

Tutorial 2: (Johnson Cook damage model)

Single elements under various stress state

In this example, four single elements are simulated under various
stress state (uniaxial compression, shear, uniaxial and biaxial tension)
and the concept of the Johnson-Cook damage model will be described.

Four single elements under various stress state

The Johnson-Cook failure curve for Aluminum 2024-T351 The plastic strain vs. time The plastic strain vs. time (Triaxiality effect)

G.R. Johnson & W. H. Cook, Fracture characteristics of three metals subjected to various strains, strain rates, temperatures and pressures, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol.
21, no. 1, pp. 31-48, 1985.

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Engineering Problems Using LS-DYNA Hamid Rokhy

Tutorial 3: (Penetration of a rigid projectile on an aluminum plate)

Penetration of a rigid projectile on an aluminum plate

In this example, ballistic limits of Al2024-T3/T351 plates are studied and numerical results (residual velocity and failure mode)
are compared with the experiment.

Schematic of the ballistic limits of aluminum plates

Crack propagation in 3.175mm aluminum plate Penetration through target plate and plug formation; The residual velocity of projectile vs. time
(contour of damage) (a) Simulation, (b) Test-Front Face, (c) Test-Rear Face

S. Kelly & G. Johnson,Statistical testing of aircraft materials for transport- airplane rotor burst fragment shielding, Federal Aviation Administration, Report #DOT/FAA/AR-06/9
2006.

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Engineering Problems Using LS-DYNA Hamid Rokhy

Tutorial 4: (Unconfined Compression Test (UCT)

Unconfined Compression Test (UCT)

Here, three concrete cylinders are simulated under compression loading and the difference between Concrete Damage Rel3,
Johnson Holmquist and CSCM constitutive material models in predicting concrete behavior will be investigated.
300
7 MPa
Fully dense stage
20 MPa
250
Metal

Stress Difference (MPa)

34 MPa
Hydrostatic Pressure

P2 200
69 MPa

Partially
150
dense stage
100
P1
Elastic unloading 50

0
P0 Volume Strain 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Elastic range Axial Strain (%)

1 1 1

1 3 The axial stress vs. axial strain

1 3

Unconfined Compression Test Hydrostatic Compression Test Triaxial Compression Test

J. E. Crawford et al., Use and validation of the release III K&C concrete material model in LS-DYNA, TR-11-36.5, 2012

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Engineering Problems Using LS-DYNA Hamid Rokhy

Tutorial 5: (Impact response of reinforced concrete beam)

Impact response of reinforced concrete beam

In this example, the accuracy of the geomaterials models includes the input
parameter generation ability in estimating the impact response of reinforced
concrete beam (contact force, mid span deflection of RC beam and failure mode) is
studied and numerical results are compared with the experiment

Schematic of the drop hammer impact test setup

Crack propagation (failure mode) due to impact loading;

(a) Simulation, (b) Experiment [2] The impact force vs. time The midspan deflection of RC beam vs. time

K. Fujikake et al., Impact response of reinforced concrete beam and its analytical evaluation. Journal of Structural Engi-neering, Vol. 135, No. 8, 2009.

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Engineering Problems Using LS-DYNA Hamid Rokhy

 Lagrangian Formulation

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Engineering Problems Using LS-DYNA Hamid Rokhy

Tutorial 6: (The Taylor bar impact problem)

The Taylor bar impact problem

The Taylor bar impact problem is a benchmark problem that appears frequently in the open literature. The problem consists of a
OFHC copper cylinder impacting a rigid wall with the impact velocity is 190 m/s. The purpose is to estimate the effect of
computational method on the final shape of cylinder and compare the numerical results with the experiments.

Cylinder

V0
L
W
0.2 L0

Final shape of cylinder (left: Lagrangian, middle: Eulerian,right: SPH)

Rigid Ground

Schematic of the Taylor test

The final shape of cylinder
Parameter Experiment Lagrangian Eulerian SPH
L 16.2 16.1 15.7 14.6
D 13.5 13.5 13.0 15.1
W 10.1 10.0 10.0 10.5

T. J. Holmquist & G. R. Johnson,Determination of constants and comparison of results for various constitutive models. Journal de physique III, vol. 1, october 1991

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Engineering Problems Using LS-DYNA Hamid Rokhy

Tutorial 7: (Soil structure interaction)

Soil structure interaction

In this example, quasi-static large-scale soil penetration test using Lagrangian formulations are investigated and numerical results
are compared with the experiment.

Finite element model of SII problem Force as a function of pad penetration Stress under pad as a function of penetration

C. Bojanowski & R. F. Kulak. Comparision of Lagrangian, SPH and MMALE approachs for modeling large deformation in soil, 11th International LS-DYNA users conference, 2008.
C. Bojanowski. Numerical modeling of large deformations in soil structure interaction problems using FE, EFG, SPH, and MMALE formulations. Arch Appl Mech (2014) 84:743–
755. DOI 10.1007/s00419-014-0830-5.

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Engineering Problems Using LS-DYNA Hamid Rokhy

Tutorial 8: (Rock Cutting)

Rock Cutting
In this example, the rock failure process induced by a single disk cutter of a tunnel boring machine are simulated and numerical
results (the normal and rolling forces acting on disk cutter) are compared with experimental data. The simulation is performed
for the case in which the uniaxial compression strength of rock is 62 MPa (Indiana Limestone).

The FE Model of rock cutting The rolling force vs. cutter penetration The normal force vs. cutter penetration

J. Rostami, Development of a force estimation model for rock fragmentation with disc cutters through theoretical modeling and physical measurement of crushed zone pressure,
PhD thesis; Department of Mining Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, USA; (1997)

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Engineering Problems Using LS-DYNA Hamid Rokhy

Tutorial 9: (Friction Drilling)

Friction Drilling
In this example, we simulate the experiment presented in Krasauskas et al. which proposes the drilling experiments of AISI 304
steel in order to obtain drilling parameters and to compare numerical results with the experimental data. Drilling experiment was
performed using AISI 304 steel sheet strips with 1.5 mm in thickness. During the experiment, spindle rotation speed was set to
3000 rpm and the drilling feed rate of 100 mm/min was assigned

Left: dimensions of the tool, Right: the FE Model of friction drilling The axial force vs. time

P. Krasauskas, S. Kilikevičius, R. Česnavičius, D. Pačenga, Experimental analysis and numerical simulation of the stainless AISI 304 steel friction drilling process, Mechanika. 20
(6) (2014) 590−595

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Engineering Problems Using LS-DYNA Hamid Rokhy

 Eulerian Formulation

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Engineering Problems Using LS-DYNA Hamid Rokhy

Tutorial 10: (Sloshing wave impact)

Sloshing wave impact

In this example, impact pressure in the case of shallow water sloshing is investigated for forced rolling motion and numerical
results are compared with the experiment.

Left: Experimental test set up [1], Right: Tank dimensions

and sensor position (All dimensions are millimeters)

Pressure at sensor for the first peak in a lateral impact

Wave shape in the tank

(left: experiment, right: numerical results)
L. Delorme et al., A set of canonical problems in sloshing, part i: Pressure field in forced roll-comparison between experimental results and SPH,”Ocean Engineering, vol. 36, no.
2, pp. 168 – 178, 2009

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Engineering Problems Using LS-DYNA Hamid Rokhy

Tutorial 11: (Water dam impact on an elastic plate)

Water dam impact on an elastic plate

In this example, we simulate the experiment test of a water
dam impacting on an elastic plate in order to study
hydroelasticity effects. Due to the severe deformation
experienced by the plate, this particular test case becomes
an excellent benchmark to assess the robustness of FSI
numerical frameworks.

Experimental test set up

Free surface profile and structural deformation at initial impacting stage

(Exp vs. Num, H0= 0.4 m) Displacement of marker 1 in X-direction (Exp vs. Num, H0= 0.4 m)

K. Liao et al., Free surface flow impacting on an elastic structure: Experiment versus numerical simulation. Appl. Ocean Res. 50, 2015. 192–208.

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Engineering Problems Using LS-DYNA Hamid Rokhy

Tutorial 12: (Steel box structures subjected to internal blast loading)

Steel box structures subjected to internal blast loading

In this example, deformation of structures subjected to internal blast
loading is investigated and numerical results are compared with the
experiment.

The design details of specimens (SB-I-3)

The interaction of explosion products Final Plastic deformation of box

with the plates of the box (No leakage!)
The maximum deformation of right plate vs. time

S. Yao et al., A combined experimental and numerical investigation on the scaling laws for steel box structures subjected to internal blast loading. Int. J Impact Enqnq, (2016).

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Engineering Problems Using LS-DYNA Hamid Rokhy

 SPH Formulation

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Engineering Problems Using LS-DYNA Hamid Rokhy

Tutorial 13: (Bird strike)

Bird Strike
In this example, deformation of the bird during impact is investigated and numerical results are compared with the experiment.

Finite element model of bird strike Variation of velocity at normal impact

Normal impact (left: experiment, right: numerical)

M.A. Lavoie el al., Bird’s substitute tests results and evaluation of available numerical methods, International Journal of Impact Engineering 36 (2009) 1276–1287

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Engineering Problems Using LS-DYNA Hamid Rokhy

Tutorial 14: (Hypervelocity impact)

Hypervelocity Impact
In this example, high velocity impacts on thin aluminum plate are studied and numerical results (velocity and shape of debris
cloud) are compared with the experiment

correlated parameters
The debris cloud at 6 μs; (a) Experiment, (b) Simulation

Parameters related to the shape and velocities of debris cloud

The FE Model of hypervelocity impact
Parameters H (mm) d1(mm) d2(mm) V1(m/s) V2(m/s) V3(m/s)
Experiment 36.0 23.0 34.0 6100 5900 3500
Numerical 34.5 22.1 36.8 6290 5680 3230

D. Lacerda & J. L. Lacome, Simulation of hypervelocity impacts with smoothed particle hydrodynamics, 3rd European LS-DYNA users conference, Paris, June 18-19, 2001.

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Engineering Problems Using LS-DYNA Hamid Rokhy

Tutorial 15: (Metal Cutting)

Metal Cutting
In this example, cutting forces in high speed machining of Ti6Al4V using SPH method are studied and numerical results are
compared with the experiment.

Cutting Tool 40

30

Cutting Force (N)

V: 80 m/s
Hybrid Elements
Metal 20
(SPH Elements)

10
Numerical
Experiment
0
0.000 0.003 0.006 0.009 0.012 0.015
Time (ms)
Metal (Lagrange Elements)
The chip formation at 15 μs Comparison between the predicted cutting forces for Rake
The FE Model of metal cutting problem angle 0 and uncut chip thickness 80µm

A. A Olleak, H. A El-Hofy,Prediction of cutting forces in high speed machining of Ti6Al4V using SPH method. Proceedings of the 10th ASME 2015 manufacturing science and
engineering conference, Charlotte,NC, USA, June 8-12, 2015.

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Engineering Problems Using LS-DYNA Hamid Rokhy

 Multiphysics Solvers

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Engineering Problems Using LS-DYNA Hamid Rokhy

Tutorial 16: (Deformation of a flexible plate exposed to a shock wave)

Deformation of a plate exposed to a shock wave

The CESE compressible solver has been used to
simulate the interaction between the elastic
plate and shock wave in a shock tube. In the
experiment, a deformable panel of length L= (40,
50) mm and width b=1mm was hit by an M=1.21 Geometry of computational set-up
shock wave.

Time evaluation of pressure at sensor for 40mm panel length Time evolution of the horizontal displacement at the panel tip for 40mm
Numerical schlieren and experimental shadowgraph

Giordano J, Jourdan G, Burtschell Y, Medale M, Zeitoun DE, Houas L. Shock wave impacts on deforming panel, an application of fluid-structure interaction. Shock Waves 2005;
14,103–110

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Engineering Problems Using LS-DYNA Hamid Rokhy

Tutorial 17: (Detonation of stoichiometric H2-O2 mixture)

Detonation of stoichiometric H2-O2 mixture

The CHEMISTRY solver has been used to simulate 1D pulse detonation
engine. Detonation was initiated in a stoichiometric H2-O2 mixture at initial
pressure of 1atm, temperature of 300K and an initial velocity of zero.
Detonation was directly initiated at the closed end by specifying an energetic
initiation region (5atm, 3000K). In this case, 6+1 species and 8 reactions
mechanism was used. 1D puls detonation engine

Detonation Wave

Detonation tube pressure contour

Temporal evolution of pressure Temporal evolution of OH mass fraction

J. Evans et al, Influence of chemical kinetics and unmixedness on burning in supersonic hydrogen flames, AIAA Journal, Vol.18, No.2, 1979.
M. P. Moyle et al., Detonation characteristics of hydrogen-oxygen mixtures. AIChE J 1960; 6(1):92-96.

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Engineering Problems Using LS-DYNA Hamid Rokhy

 Please feel free to contact us!

[email protected]

+989014300492 (Please message only)

www.parsdyna.com

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Engineering Problems Using LS-DYNA Hamid Rokhy

View publication stats