‫ ﺑﺘﻢ اﺳﺘ��م اﻟﺒﺎﻛﻴﺖ وﺑﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻨﺪ‬،،،، ‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻔﺬ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺮودﻛﺎﺳﺖ‬

Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA) ‫ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ا��ﻣﻮر اﻟﺜ��ﺛﺔ اﻟﻲ‬
ً ‫ا��ﻧﺘﺮﻓﻴﺲ وﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻪ‬
‫)ﺑﺎ��ﺧﻴﺮ(ﻃﺒﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺎن اﻟﺮاوﺗﻴﻨﺞ ﺑﺎث اﻟﻪ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬:
1- ‫ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ أﻗﺮب ﺳﺒﻨﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﺳﻚ‬
2- ‫ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ أي راوﺗﻴﻨﺞ ﺑﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮل ﺳﻴﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ وذﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ا��دﻣﻨﺴﺘﺮﻳﺘﻒ دﻳﺴﺘﺎﻧﺲ‬
ً
Chapter3: IP Connectivity 3- ‫ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻴﺘﺮﻛﺲ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ راوﺗﻴﻨﺞ ﺑﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮل‬
‫ﻓﺒﻄﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻗﺮب‬ ّ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻨﺪي أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎث ﻟﻠﺮاوﺗﻴﻨﺞ‬
‫أﻃﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻳﺶ اﻟﺮاوﺗﻴﻨﺞ ﺑﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮل اﻟﻲ‬ ّ ‫ﺳﺒﻨﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﺳﻚ ﺛﻢ‬
‫راح أﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎن ﻋﻨﺪي أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮل ﻓﺮاح أﺳﺘﺨﺪم‬
‫ﺑﻄﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻴﺘﺮﻛﺲ ﺗﺒﻌﺖ اﻟﺮاوﺗﻴﻨﺞ‬ ّ ‫ وﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ‬،‫اﻟﻲ رﻗﻤﻪ أﻗﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮل‬..
3.1 The Forwarding Decision Routing
AD (adminstrative distance) = Routing protocol
static = 1
- as a Router, I do separate Broadcast Domains BGP = 20
EIGRP = 90
OSPF = 110
- when receiving a packet, it stops at the Interface RIP = 120
routing protocol divided into: static and dynamic
- Routing will decide how to Forward/Route the Packet dynamic divided into: distance vector (like RIP and
EIGRP) and link state\bandwidth (like OSPF and IS-IS)

- in the matter of:

- first let’s check the longest match for this prefix
- then decide which routing protocol should handle this task
- finally, the desired protocol will submit it’s own “Rules” (Metrics)
To route the packet

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 apply initial configuration:
1- ip address for end device +
Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA) subnet mask + Default
gateway
2- configure router's interface:

3.2 Static Route en

conf t
- the only method of manually routing a specific packet int fa0/0
ip address (IP=IP for Default
gateway) (SM)
To a specific route
- the first next-hop can either be the egress interface Port ID
no shutdown
Or, the next reachable IP Address exit
int fa0/1
- Available for IPv4 & IPv6 ip address (IP) (SM)
no shutdown
If you want to connect devices with exit
- can route a host or an entire network ipv6, you should do these steps: ip route (IP SM (for the
network that you want to
conf t reach) the IP of the router that
ipv6 uni connect with that network)
int fa0/0
ipv6 add fec1::1\64 to activate floating routing you
no shu just have to add AD = 2 when
Static Route Flavors: exit you determine ip route

- Default Route: every un-mentioned subnet to be routed here

, also, can be a default Gateway
- Floating Static: a hidden back-up plan

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‫)‪Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮاوﺗﻴﻨﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻓﻀﻞ ﺑﺎﻧﺪوﻳﺪث ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻟﻮ ‪dhcp‬أﺣﺪ ال‬
‫ﻛﺎن ﻋﻨﺪي ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻴﻦ أﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﺑ��ﻋﺔ ‪ 10‬ﻣﻴﻐﺎ ﺑﺖ وا��ﺧﺮ ﺑ��ﻋﺔ ‪100‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻐﺎ ﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮاح ﻳﺨﺘﺎر ا��ﻋﻠﻰ وا��ﻓﻀﻞ‪ .....‬داﻳﻜﺴﺘﺮا أﻟﻐﻮرﻳﺜﻴﻢ ﻫﻲ‬
‫)‪3.3 Open Shortest-Path First (OSPF‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻮارزﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﻲ اﻧﺒﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮل‪ ....‬وﻣﻴﺰﺗﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺧ��ل ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬أي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻟﺤﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ رﺑﻂ ا��ﺟﻬﺰة‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ راح ﺗﺤﺘﺎج ﻟﺮاوﺗﺮات ﻛﺜﻴﺮة‪ ،‬وﻛﻞ راوﺗﺮ اذا‬
‫‪- Dynamic Routing Protocol‬‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻌﺮﺿﺖ اﻟﺮاوﺗﻴﻨﺞ ﺗﻴﺒﻞ ﺗﺒﻌﻪ راح ﻳﻄﻠﻌﻠﻚ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻛﺜﻴﻴﻴﻴﺮة ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺪر ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺮوح ﺑﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ وﻛﻞ‬
‫‪- administrative Distance = 110‬‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﺮض اﻟﺮاوﺗﻴﻨﺞ ‪ ID‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ راوﺗﺮات ﺑﻌﻄﻴﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻴﺒﻞ ﻓﺮاح ﻳﻌﻄﻴﻚ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﻚ ﺑﺎ��ﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ إﻟﻰ‬
‫‪....‬اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ا��ﺧﺮى‬
‫)‪- Metric = Cost (lesser = Better‬‬ ‫‪ link state‬ﻫﻲ ‪ ospf‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ أو اﻟﺮﺗﺎﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺮاوﺗﺮات‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﺮاوﺗﺮ اﻟﻲ ﻧﺎﻗﺼﻴﺘﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺮوح ﻓﺎﻗﻊ ‪advertisement‬‬
‫‪- Dijkstra algorithm‬‬ ‫وﺑﺮوح ﺑﺮد ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ب ‪ LSUpdate‬وﺑﺘﻢ اﻟﺮد ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ب ‪LSRequest‬‬
‫‪LSAcknowledgement.‬‬
‫‪ link‬ﻟﻬﻴﻚ داﻳﻤﺎ ﺑﺘ��ﻗﻲ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺮاوﺗﺮات ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ وﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ��ﻧﻪ‬
‫‪- SPF algorithm for route decision‬‬ ‫‪state.‬‬
‫‪ospf routers in the‬ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ال ‪link state data base‬ال‬
‫‪- Process ID for multiple instances‬‬ ‫‪network‬‬

‫‪- Area ID for Data Base isolation‬‬

‫‪- Link-State Advertisements: negotiation between OSPF Routers‬‬

‫‪- it contains: LSRequest: provide the missing Information‬‬
‫‪LSUpdate: reply for the LSR‬‬
‫‪LSAcknowledgement: reply for the LSU‬‬

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

- Neighboring Process:

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

- a Neighboring router can be a P2P neighbor

‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
- in this case no problems ‫ﺳﻮﻳﺘﺶ ﻟﻠﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ospf routers
- or can be connected through a “SWITCH”!! ‫راح ﺗﺼﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬
‫وﻫﻲ اﻧﻪ ﻟﻤﺎ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ اﻟﺮاوﺗﺮز‬exstart ‫راح ﻳﺘﺒﺎدل‬
- broadcast will happen ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ‬
‫وﻛﻞ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮاوﺗﺮز راح‬
‫ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ‬exstart ‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ‬
- elections must take place ‫��ﻧﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺮف اﻧﻪ اﻟﺪاﺗﺎ‬
‫وﺻﻠﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬاك اﻟﺮاوﺗﺮ‬
- only One router should update the topology (DR) ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻨﺨﺶ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻮوب‬...

- a DR (Designated Router): Highest Router Priority (0-255), Def=128

Or Highest Router ID

- Router ID (R.ID): 32-bit Address

- DR needs BDR (second best of everything)

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

3.4 The Routing Table