PRINCIPLE OF STEEL DESIGN

- Structural member is physically

distinguishable part of structure with
Steel Frame Structure independent structural function, e.g.
number elements, cable, beams,
section, etc.

**Most Important: Steel structures

facilitate ease of fabrication and faster
erection of structure. Bolts and Welding
employed for joining.

General Considerations

 Steel Structures are composed of

elements which are rolled to a
basic cross-section in a mill and
work to the desired size and form
in a fabricating shop or site.
 The significance difference
between steel and concrete
Steel Structure constructions is that the designer
has a more control over the shape
- building with steel skeletal framework
of reinforced concrete elements.
consisting of STEEL SECTIONS
For steel structures, the designer
Famous Steel Structures is normally compelled to use
standard rolled sections.
 Walt Disney Concert Hall, US
 Tyne Bridge, UK Advantages of Steel as a Structural Material
 San Juanico Bridge in Samar and
- Steel may has advantages as a
Leyte
structural material.
 G.T International Tower
1. Steel members have high strength
- Developed by Federal Land, the per unit weight. Therefore, a steel
building initials from its owner and member of a small section which
chairman of Metro Bank Group, has a little self-weight is able to
George Ty. Found in Makati resist heavy loads.
skyline. Framing made of Steel. 2. Being light, steel members can be
The 12th iconic Structures in the conveniently handled and
Philippines. transported.
3. Properly maintained steel
 ABS-CBN Complex Tower structures have long life.
4. The properties of steel mostly do
Element in a steel Structure not change with time. This makes
the steel most suitable material
for structure.
 5. Steel being a ductile material,
does not fail suddenly, but gives
visible evidence of impending Mechanical Properties of Structural Steels
failure by large deflections.
PROPERTY VALUE
6. Additions and alterations can be
made easily to steel structures. 1 Yield Stress 220-540
7. They can be erected at a faster (Fy) N/mm2
rate. 2 Ultimate 1.20Fy
8. Steel has the highest scrap value tensile
amongst all building materials strength
3 % 20
Disadvantage of Steel as a Structural Elongation
Material (low
carbon
1. Steel structures, when placed in steel)
exposed conditions, are subjected 4 Modulus of 2x105
to corrosion. Therefore, they Elasticity N/mm2
require frequent painting. (E,)
2. Maintenance cost/thin-walled
5 Shear 0.4E
structures
Modulus
3. Loss of strength at elevated
(G)
temperature
6 Poisson
4. Steel structures need fire proof
ration (µ)
treatment, which increases cost.
(i) Elastic 0.30
5. Susceptibility to buckling
range
6. Fatigue and brittle fracture
(ii) Plastic of 0.50
Triangles
7 Mass 7850 kg/m3
Density
8 A36 STEEL 248MPa
(Fy)
9 Local 230MPa
Rolled
Shape PNS
Where & When to use Steel Structure 49 Grade
230 (Fy)
1. Long –span structures
2. Multi-storey & high-rise buildings Stress-Strain Curved for Mild Steel
3. Building of heavy duty plants
4. Tower & mast structures
5. Portal Frames
6. Bridges
7. Infrastructures
8. Deployable structures
9. Generalized structures:
Mechanical
 1. Dead Load
o Weight of structure. It is
Classification and Designation assumed or estimated based
CLASS SHAPE DESIGNATION on experience.
2. Live Load
Built- Wide-Flange BW H x W
o loads which may change in
Up Heavy BH H x W position and magnitude.
Column 3. Wind Load
Wide Flange BWT H x W o relates the intensity of wind
Tee pressure, depends on velocity
Cold- Angle BA H x B x t and density of air, shape,
Formed Channel BC H x B x t height of structure and local
Plate topography
Cold- Stiffened Cee LC H x B x Cx 4. Seismic Load
Formed t 5. Earth pressure
Light Stiffened Zee LZ H x B x Cx 6. Water current Load
Gage t 7. Impact load
Rectangular LR H x B x C 8. Temperature and erection effects
Tube
Square Tube LS H x B x C PERMISSIBLE STRESSES
Rolled Wide Flange W dxw - are some factors of the yield stress of
S-Shape S dxw the material. It is the ratio of the yield
Channel C dxw stress to the factor of safety
Structural WT d x w Fy
Tee σ a=
Angle L HxBxt FS
Pipe- PS d Where:
Standard
Pipe-Extra PE d Fy = yield stress
Strong FS = Factor of safety
Pipe-Double PD d
WORKING STRESSES
Extra
- The stress used in practical design are
Choice of Section termed as safe working stresses. These
should never exceed the permissible
- Design of steel sections is governed by
stress as specified by the Code.
cross-sectional area and section
modulus. The design is not only FACTOR OF SAFETY
governed by sectional properties but
also on availability of the section in the - The ratio of strength of the member to
market, which becomes a major the expected force. When the yield
consideration. point is defined, the factor of safety is
defined as the ratio of the yield stress
LOADS to the maximum expected stress the
Code permit FS = 1.67
Type of Loads
Concept of Introducing Factor of Safety

1. The analysis methods are based

on assumptions and do not give
the exact stresses.
2. Structural members may be
temporarily overloaded under
certain circumstances.
3. The stresses due to fabrication
and erection are not considered in Problem 2:
the design of ordinary structures.
A tie bar 50mm x 8mm is to carry
4. The secondary stresses may be
a load of 80 KN. A specimen of the same
appreciable.
quality of steel of cross-sectional are 250
5. Underestimation of the future live
mm2 was tested in laboratory. The
loads.
maximum load carried by the specimen was
6. Stress Concentrations.
125 KN. Find the factor of safety in the
7. Unpredictable natural calamities.
design.
Design Methods

1. Elastic or Working Stress Method

2. Plastic or Limit design Method

ELASTIC METHOD OF DESIGN

- The members are proportioned on the

basis of working stresses.
- These stresses should never be exceed
the permissible ones as laid down by
the code.

PLASTIC DESIGN METHOD

- Confines the usefulness up to the

plastic strength or ultimate load
carrying capacity. In plastic design
method the working loads are
multiplied by the load factor and the
members are designed on the basis of
the collapse strength.

Problem 1:

The yield strength for mild steel

specimen was found to be 250N/mm2 .
Taking a factor of safety of 2.0, find out the
working stress.