READING AND WRITING - reviewer

PATTERNS OF TEXT DEVELOPMENT ● Give Examples

1. NARRATION - tells a story. It relates an incident ● Attacking a opposing view
or a series of events that leads to a conclusion
or ending. It tells the readers when, where, and PARTS OF PARAGRAPH
what happened. 1. INTRODUCTION - the first section of a
- A narrative paragraph contains action verbs paragraph that states the main theme or
and transition words that indicate time or concept.
sequence. (After, afterward, before, then, etc.) 2. BODY - follows the introduction and provides
2. DESCRIPTION - gives information of what a the supporting details.
person, an object, a place, or a situation is like 3. CONCLUSION - summarizes the connections
- A descriptive paragraph has concrete and between the information discussed in the body
specific details, which are carefully chosen by a of the paragraphs and the paragraph's
writer to paint a picture in the mind of the controlling idea.
reader.
3. DEFINITION - Explains a concept, term, or TYPES OF SENTENCES IN A PARAGRAPH
subject. Its main purpose is to tell what 1. TOPIC SENTENCE - states the main topic of the
something is. paragraph and the controlling idea. It should
4. COMPARISON - To compare persons, things, not be too general and not be too specific.
places, events, situations, or ideas is to show 2. SUPPORTING SENTENCES - are sentences in the
how they are alike. paragraph that provide the supporting details.
5. CONTRAST - To contrast persons, things places, 3. CONCLUDING SENTENCE - the sentence in the
events, situations, or ideas is to show how they paragraph that provides the summary.
are different.
6. EXEMPLIFICATION - An effective way to show or TRANSITIONAL DEVICES USED IN WRITING
explain an idea or point (e.g., observation, 1. Chronological Order – first, second, next
opinion, belief). 2. Order of Importance – primary, secondary,
7. CLASSIFICATION - Refers to sorting or arranging most important, last
subjects (e.g., persons, places, things, ideas) 3. Spatial Order – above, below, beside, under
into groups categories according to their 4. Definition Order – is, refers to, means
common or shared characteristic. 5. Classification – classified as, under, it belongs
8. CAUSE AND EFFECT - A cause is simply “why to
something happens,” and an effect is “what 6. Process – first, next, then, following
happens.” 7. Cause and Effect – because, thus
● Cause to Effect 8. Comparison and Contrast – both, while
● Effect to Cause 9. Listing – for instance, for example
● Consecutive Cause and Effect 10. Clarification – in fact, in other words
9. PERSUASION - A persuasive paragraph intends 11. Summary – as a summary, to sum up
to convince readers to do or believe in 12. Example – for example, like
something. 13. Addition – moreover, in addition
● Using Evidence
 PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT A. Informal / Impersonal – the use of slang,
1. Organization – is the logical sequencing of local expressions and text messaging.
ideas, incidents, evidence or details in a B. Standard / Academic – widely accepted
paragraph. words and phrases found in books,
2. Coherence – connection of ideas in a magazines, and newspapers.
conceptual level. C. Business / Technical – scientific terms,
3. Cohesion – connection of ideas at the sentence jargons and special expressions.
level.
FOUR MAIN COMPONENTS OF COHESION PRINCIPLES IN LANGUAGE USE OR DICTION
1. Relevance 1. Use clear and concise sentences.
2. Order 2. Avoid redundancies, cliches, and highfalutin
3. Linking/ Transition words words.
4. Unity - the oneness of ideas all pertaining to 3. Avoid excessive use of “there” and “it”.
the theme or the topic sentence. 4. Use precise vocabulary. Be accurate.
5. Be consistent on pronoun POV.
TECHNIQUES FORM COHESION & COHERENCE 6. Avoid sexist language.
1. Repetition – stating the same word again to 7. Use appropriate level of formality.
emphasize a concept
2. Antonyms – the use of an opposing word to MECHANICS
define another word. focuses on the technicalities of the structure. It
3. Synonyms – the use of another word that has determines errors on subject-verb agreement,
the same meaning with the given word. prepositions, tenses, the grammar, spelling,
4. Pro-forms – the used of a word, most of the capitalization, abbreviations and acronyms, the use
time a pronoun, to make explicit reference back of numbers as part of the statement, and the
to a word mentioned earlier. punctuation marks.
TWO TYPES OF PRO-FORMS 1. Subject-Verb Agreement (SVA) or Grammar - is
A. Anaphora - is used when referring back to the grammatical rule that the verb or verbs in a
another word that was used earlier. sentence must match the number, person, and
B. Cataphora – refers to the use of a word or gender of the subject in a sentence.
phrase that refers to or stands for following a 2. Spelling - the forming of words from letters
word or phrase. according to accepted usage.
5. Collocations - refer to how words go together 3. Capitalization - the writing of a word with its
or form fixed relationships. first letter as an upper case and the remaining
6. Paragraph Enumeration – is used to present letters in lower case.
related information which is the same way as 4. Abbreviation - is a shortened form of a word or
exemplification. phrase.
7. Language Use – is one of the clearest indicators 5. Number(s) - is a mathematical object used to
of a well written text. It enables writers to count, measure, and label.
effectively communicate ideas without 6. Punctuation Marks - these are symbols that we
confusing the reader. use in writing to separate written sentences
LEVELS OF LANGUAGE USE and parts of sentences, and to make their
meaning clear.
 PUNCTUATION MARKS instead of parentheses puts the focus on
A. Period or Full Stop (.) - – is a punctuation used the information between the em dashes.
to signal the end of a sentence, for abbreviation ● En dash – most commonly used in giving
and for decimals. time range.
B. Exclamation point or exclamation mark (!) – is K. Slash (/) – a punctuation mark that we use to
a punctuation mark used at the end of a separate words or to show alternatives.
sentence when that sentence expresses an ● Backslash (Backward Slash) – is used only
intense emotion. for computer coding.
C. Question mark (?) – a punctuation mark placed ● Forward slash – is used in several ways:
at the end of a question, to ask permission, and - To separate lines in prose or poetry
to note questionable items. - To indicate options or alternatives
D. Quotation Marks (“ ”) – are used to indicate - To form abbreviations
direct quotations for titles of poems, short - To denote dates and fractions
stories, chapters, essays, songs, episodes of L. Semicolon (;) – is used to join independent
television shows. clauses when and, or, yet, but, or so are not
E. Apostrophe (‘) – used to show possession, present, and to separate items in a series that
contractions, abbreviating decade spans and contains commas.
pluralization of single letters. M. Ellipsis ( . . . ) – is a set of three periods used to
F. Colon ( : ) – a punctuation that used in several indicate that words have been deleted from a
ways: quoted material.
- To introduce lists, series or elements N. Comma ( , ) – is a punctuation mark that is used
- Ratios several ways:
- Time - To show distinction of items in a series
- Biblical Verses - To set off appositives
G. Parentheses ( ) - used to enclose incidental or - For numbers, dates, and address
extra information, to enclose a date or range of
years, to give a citation, and to state the first GENERAL PRINCIPLES
acronym or initialism of a given set of names. 1. Always use standard English.
H. Brackets [ ] - are a special case and are only 2. Avoid informal contraction - (wanna, gonna,
used in specific situations. gotta)
I. Hyphen (-) - is a punctuation mark that’s used 3. Avoid exclamation marks unless part of a
to join words or parts of words, to divide a quotation.
word where there is not enough space for the 4. Mention full name in the first mention.
whole word at the end of the line, and numbers Thereafter, use abbreviations.
between twenty-one and ninety-nine when 5. Numbers zero to ten vs 11 and so on.
they are spelled out. 6. Citations are used in academic and formal
J. Dash (–) - is a little horizontal line that floats in texts but sparingly used in business texts.
the middle of a line of text. It’s longer than a
hyphen and is commonly used to indicate a PROOFREADING - Proofreading a sentence
range or a pause. means trying to find a mistake and correct it with
● Em dash (–) – is often used to set off focus on the mechanics such as punctuation,
parenthetical information. Using em dashes capitalization, grammar, and run-on sentence.