Department of Civil College of

Engineering SɅRɅSWɅTI Engineering

Saraswati College of Engineering

Vision
To be universally accepted as autonomous center of learning in engineering education and
research

Mission
To educate Students to become responsible & quality technocrats to fulfill society and
industry needs.
To nurture student’s creativity and skills for taking up challenges in all facets of life.

Department of Civil Engineering

Vision
To achieve excellence in civil engineering and technology by providing quality
education through research.

Mission

M1. To create competent civil engineers to fulfill society and industry needs by providing
theoretical and practical knowledge through teaching-learning.
M2. To provide platform for the students to participate in research, innovation and
entrepreneurship.
M3. To encourage participation of students in co-curricular and extra-curricular activities to
enhance their communication, team work and leadership skills.

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Mechanics of Solids (MOS)

Doc. No: AP/MAN-CEL 301. Rev. No. 01 Rev. Dt. : 21-07-2020

Issue No.: 02 Issued date: 21-07-2020

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

LABORATORY MANUAL

COURSE: MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

COURSE CODE: CEL 301

Semester-III

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INDEX

Sr. No. Topic Page No.

1 Program Educational Objectives (PEO's) iv

2 Program Outcomes (PO's) v

3 Program Specific Outcomes (PSO's) vi

4 Syllabus vii

5 Course Objectives and Course Outcomes vii

6 CO-PO Mapping Matrix and CO-PSO Mapping Matrix ix

7 List of Experiments x

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Program Educational Objectives (PEO)

The following are the envisaged as Educational Objectives of Civil Engineering

Program:
1. To embed a strong foundation of Civil Engineering fundamentals to identify, solve,
analyze & design real time Engineering problem as a professional or an entrepreneur
for the benefit of society.
2. To motivate & prepare students for lifelong learning & research to manifest global
competitiveness.
3. To equip students with communication, teamwork & leadership skills to accept
challenges in all facets of life ethically.

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Program Outcomes (PO's)

At the end of the course Students will be able to:

1. Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering fundamentals to solve

complex civil engineering problems.
2. Identify, formulate and analyze civil engineering problems and derive conclusions
using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Investigate complex civil engineering problems and find appropriate solution leading
to valid conclusions.
4. Design a civil engineering system, component, or process to meet specified needs
with appropriate attention to health, safety, standards, environmental and societal
considerations.
5. Create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and advanced
engineering and software tools necessary to analyze and design civil engineering
problems.
6. Understand the impact of Civil engineering solutions on society and environment for
sustainable development.
7. Understand societal, health, safety, cultural and legal issues and responsibilities
relevant to engineering profession.
8. Apply professional ethics, accountability and equity in engineering profession.
9. Work effectively as a member and leader in multidisciplinary team for a common
goal.
10. Communicate effectively within a profession and with society at large.
11. Appropriately incorporate principles of Management & Finance to one’s own work.
12. To identity Educational needs & engage in lifelong learning in a changing word of
technology.

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Program Specific Outcomes (PSO)

1. Identify, understand, formulate and analyze complex engineering problems in Civil

Engineering such as Structural, Environmental and Water Resources Engineering.
2. Plan, design and execute efficient safe, sustainable and cost effective high-rise
structures, bridges, expressways, offshore structures and dams using modern
construction tools and techniques ethically.

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University Syllabus for lab

(At least 6- Performances - Any one from each Module)

Module Name of Experiment Duration

1) Using UTM find different Moduli of a material or

1 2) The Tension Test on M S rod or 2

3) The Tension Test on M S Flat
1) The Compression Test on Concrete cube or

2 2) The Compression Test on Timber or 2

3) The Compression Test on Brick
1) Test of Bending Using a Strain Guage or

3 2) Test of Bending Using a other electronic devices or 2

3) Test of Shear Stress in Beams
1) Using TorsionTesting Machine, verify the torsion
equation, find different Moduli of a material. Or
4 2
2) Spring Stiffness Test using strain gauges or other
electronic devices
1) Charpy impact testing and Energy concept. Or
5 2
2) Izod impact testing and Energy concept.
1) Using U T M perform experiments and verify Slope and
deflection equations, 3 points and 4 points loading.

6 (Performance) or 2
2) Deflection of Simply supported Beams (Performance) or
3) Deflection of Cantilever Beams (Performance)

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Course Objectives
After completing this course, students will be able to:
1. To learn stress-strain behavior and physical properties of materials and to compute
the stresses developed and deformation of Elastic members.
2. To study compressive strength of materials.
3. To compute the distribution of shear stress and the flexural (bending) stress across
the cross section of structural members.
4. To study impact test on steel and energy concept.
5. To study circular shafts under the action of twisting moment.
6. To learn the computation of slope and deflection of elastic beams and general
theorems used in this computation.

Course Outcomes

After completing this course, students will be able to:

1. Determine the engineering properties for metals and non-metals and the strains
induced
2. Understand the concepts of shear force, bending moment, axial force for
statically determinate beams and compound beams having internal hinges; and
subsequently, its application to draw the shear force, bending moment and axial
force diagrams.
3. Identify the flexural members for its structural behavior under the effects of
flexure
4. Generate the behavior of the structural member under the action of shear and
torsion either independently or in combination thereof
5. Study the deformation behavior of axially loaded columns having different end
conditions and further, evaluate the strength of such columns.
6. Develop the concepts of principal plains and stresses and thin cylindrical and
spherical shells and apply to solve the problems.
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CO-PO Correlation Matrix

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12

CO1 2

CO2 2

CO3 2

CO4 2

CO5 2

CO6 2

CO-PSO Correlation Matrix

PSO1 PSO2

CO1 2

CO2 2

CO3 2

CO4 2

CO5 2

CO6 2

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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Expt. No. Name of the Experiment Page No.

1. Tension test on metal 1

2. Compression test on brick 6

3. Test of shear stress in beams 11

4. Torsion test on Mild Steel Rod 15

5. Izod Impact Testing & Energy concept 20

6. Deflection of Simply Supported Beam 24

7. Virtual Lab Experiment 29

8. Value added experiments / Contents beyond Syllabus 34

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EXPERIMENT NO. 1

TENSION TEST ON METAL

AIM: To determine tensile test on a metal.

RESOURCES REQUIRED:

1. Universal Testing Machine (UTM)

2. Mild steel specimens

3. Graph paper

4. Scale

5. Vernier Caliper

DIAGRAM:

Fig. 1 Universal Testing Machine

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THEORY:

The tensile test is most applied one, of all mechanical tests. In this test ends of test
piece are fixed into grips connected to a straining device and to a load measuring
device. If the applied load is small enough, the deformation of any solid body is
entirely elastic. An elastically deformed solid will return to its original form as soon as
load is removed. However, if the load is too large, the material can be deformed
permanently. The initial part of the tension curve which is recoverable immediately
after unloading is termed. As elastic and the rest of the curve which represents the
manner in which solid undergoes plastic deformation is termed plastic. The stress
below which the deformations essentially entirely elastic is known as the yield
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS.

In some material the onset of plastic deformation is denoted by a sudden drop in load
indicating both an upper and a lower yield point. However, some materials do not
exhibit a sharp yield point. During plastic deformation, at larger extensions strain
hardening cannot compensate for the decrease in section and thus the load passes
through a maximum and then begins to decrease. This stage the “ultimate strength”’
which is defined as the ratio of the load on the specimen to original cross-sectional
area, reaches a maximum value. Further loading will eventually cause ‘neck’ formation
and rupture.

PROCEDURE:

1. Measure the original length and diameter of the specimen. The length may either
be length of gauge section which is marked on the specimen with a preset punch or
the total length of the specimen.

2. Insert the specimen into grips of the test machine and attach strain-measuring
device to it.

3. Begin the load application and record load versus elongation data.

4. Take readings more frequently as yield point is approached.

5. Measure elongation values with the help of dividers and a ruler.

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6. Continue the test till Fracture occurs.

7. By joining the two broken halves of the specimen together, measure the final
length and diameter of specimen.

OBSERVATION:

1. Original dimensions

Length=
Diameter=
Area=
2. Final dimensions

Diameter=
Area=

OBESERVATION TABLE:

Strain =
Original Extension
Load = Increase in length

Stress ---------
S.No Load(N) Gauge length (mm)
Original length
Area

(N/mm2)
1

3
4

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RESULT:

i) Average Breaking Stress =

ii) Ultimate Stress =

iii) Average % Elongation =

PRECAUTIONS:

1. If the strain measuring device is an extensometer it should be removed before

necking begins.

2. Measure deflection on scale accurately & carefully

MCQS/ VIVA QUESTIONS :

1. During a tensile test on a ductile material ____________

a) Nominal stress at fracture is higher than the ultimate stress
b) True stress at fracture is higher than the ultimate stress
c) True stress a fracture is the same as the ultimate stress
d) None of the mentioned

2. When equal and opposite forces applied to a body, tend to elongate it, the stress so
produced, is called ____________
a) Shear stress
b) Compressive stress
c) Tensile stress
d) Transverse stress

3. Which of the following stresses are associated with the tightening of a nut on a bolt?
P. Tensile stress due to the stretching of bolt
Q. Bending stress due to the bending of bolt
R. Torsional shear stress due to frictional resistance between the nut and the bolt
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
a) P and Q

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b) P and R
c) Only p
d) R and Q

4. In a tensile test, near the elastic limit zone ____________

a) Tensile stress increases in linear proportion to the stress
b) Tensile stress increases at a faster rate
c) Tensile stress decreases at a faster rate
d) None of the mentioned

5. The phenomenon of slow growth of strain under a steady tensile stress is called
____________
a) Yielding
b) Creeping
c) Breaking
d) None of the mentioned

REFERENCES :

1. IS 1608(2005): Metallic Materials - Tensile Testing At Ambient Temperature, Third

Revision, July 2008.

2. Hearn E,J., Mechanics of Material, Pergaman Press, England,1972.

3. Beer and Johnson E.R., Mechanics of Material, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill,New-
Delhi,2007.

4. Jindal U. C., Strength of Materials, 2012.

5. Mikell. P. Groover, Fundamentals of modern manufacturing materials, processes and

systems, Second Edition, 2015.

6. G.E. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy, SI Metric Edition, McGraw Hill

7. Joseph R. Davis, Tensile Testing, 2nd Edition, 2004.

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EXPERIMENT NO-2
COMPRESSION TEST ON BRICK

AIM: To Perform Compressive Strength of Brick.

OBJECT: The specimen brick is immersed in water for 24 hours. The frog of the Compressive
Strength

RESOURCES REQUIRED:

1. Bricks,

2. Oven

3. Venire Caliper

4. Scale, Etc.

DIAGRAM:

Fig. 2 Compression Testing Machine

FORMULA: Compressive Strength= Max. Load at failure / Loaded Area of brick

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THEORY:

Bricks are used in construction of either load bearing walls or in portion walls in case
of frame structure. In bad bearing walls total weight from slab and upper floor comes
directly through brick and then it is transverse to the foundation. In case the bricks are
loaded with compressive nature of force on other hand in case of frame structure
bricks are used only for construction of portion walls, layers comes directly on the
lower layers or wall. In this case bricks are loaded with compressive nature of force.
Hence for safely measures before using the bricks in actual practice they have to be
tested in laboratory for their compressive strength.

PROCEDURE:

1. Select some brick with uniform shape and size.

2. Measure its all dimensions. (LXBXH)
3. Now fill the frog of the brick with fine sand. And
4. Place the brick on the lower platform of compression testing machine and lower the
spindle till the upper motion of ram is offered by a specimen the oil pressure start
increasing the pointer engineering start returning to zero leaving the drug pointer that is
maximum reading which can be noted down.

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OBSERVATION TABLE:

SR.No L X B XH Area Load (N) Compressive Average

3 LXB (P) Strength Compressive

Cm
2 2 Strength
Cm P/A(N/mm

01

02

03

04

05

RESULT:

The average compressive strength of new brick sample is found to be

............................................................ Kg/sq.cm.

PRECAUTIONS:

1) Measure the dimensions of Brick accurately.

2) Specimen should be placed as for as possible in the lower plate.

3) The range of the gauge fitted on the machine should not be more than
double the breaking load of specimen for reliable results.

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MCQS/ VIVA QUESTIONS :

1. The shape of specimen used in compression test is Cube and cylinder.

a) True
b) False

2. During compression test of cast iron, the failure occurs i.e. the crack appears along
the _____________
a) Diagonal
b) Surface parallel to load applied
c) Surface perpendicular to load applied
d) Lateral

3. Which of the following machine is used to measure compressive strength?

a) Universal testing machine
b) Impact testing machine
c) Fatigue testing machine
d) Erichsen machine

4. The shape of specimen used in compression test is

i. Cube
ii. Cylinder
iii. Cuboid
iv. Prism
Which of the above is true?
a) Only i
b) i & ii
c) i, ii & iii
d) All of the above

5. Tensile test can be performed on

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a) Impact testing machine

b) Universal testing machine
c) Rockwell tester
d) Brinell tester

REFERENCES :

1. IS 1608(2005): Metallic Materials - Tensile Testing At Ambient Temperature, Third

Revision, July 2008.

2. Hearn E,J., Mechanics of Material, Pergaman Press, England,1972.

3. Beer and Johnson E.R., Mechanics of Material, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill,New-
Delhi,2007.

4. Jindal U. C., Strength of Materials, 2012.

5. Mikell. P. Groover, Fundamentals of modern manufacturing materials, processes and

systems, Second Edition, 2015.

6. G.E. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy, SI Metric Edition, McGraw Hill

7. Joseph R. Davis, Tensile Testing, 2nd Edition, 2004.

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EXPERIMENT NO-3
TEST OF SHEAR STRESS IN BEAMS

AIM: To determined Shear Test of Steel.

RESOURCES REQUIRED:

i) Universal testing machine.

ii) Shear test attachment.

iii) Specimens.

DIAGRAM:

Fig. 3 Universal testing machine.

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THEORY:

Place the shear test attachment on the lower table, this attachment consists of cutter.
The specimen is inserted in shear test attachment & lift the lower table so that the
zero is adjusted, then apply the load such that the specimen breaks in two or three
pieces. If the specimen breaks in two pieces then it will be in single shear & if it breaks
in three pieces then it will be in double shear.

PROCEDURE:

1. Insert the specimen in position and grip one end of the attachment in the upper
portion and one end in the lower portion.
2. Switch on the main switch of universal testing machine.
3. The drag indicator in contact with the main indicator.
4. Select the suitable range of loads and space the corresponding weight in the
pendulum and balance it if necessary with the help of small balancing weights.
5. Operate (push) buttons for driving the motor to drive the pump.

OBESERVATION:

Diameter of the Rod, D = ….. mm

2 2
Cross-section area of the Rod (in double shear) = 2x π/4x d =... mm

Load taken by the Specimen at the time of failure , W = N

2
Strength of rod against Shearing = ƒx2x π/4x d
2 2
ƒ = W / 2x π/4x d N/mm

RESULT:

2
The Shear strength of mild steel specimen is found to be=………………...N/mm

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PRECAUTIONS:

1. The measuring range should not be changed at any stage during the test.
2. The inner diameter of the hole in the shear stress attachment should be slightly greater
than that of the specimen.

3. Measure the diameter of the specimen accurately.

MCQS/ VIVA QUESTIONS :

1. At ________ the shearing stress in a beam are maximum.

a) Extreme fibres
b) Modulus of section
c) Neutral axis
d) Along the cross-sectional area

2. The maximum shear stress is ______ times the average shear stress [For rectangular
beams].
a) 2.5
b) 3
c) 1.2
d) 1.5

3. Shear stress in a beam is zero at ______

a) Neutral axis
b) Extreme fibres
c) Cross section
d) Junctions

4. A round Steel rod of 100 mm diameter is bent into an arc of radius 100m. What is the
maximum stress in the rod? Take E = 2×105 N/mm2.
a) 150 N/mm2

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b) 200 N/mm2
c) 100 N/mm2
d) 300 N/mm2

5. For circular section, the maximum shear stress is equal to ____________ times of
average shear stress.
a) 2/3
b) 3/2
c) 4/3
d) 3/4

REFERENCES :

1. IS 1608(2005): Metallic Materials - Tensile Testing At Ambient Temperature, Third

Revision, July 2008.

2. Hearn E,J., Mechanics of Material, Pergaman Press, England,1972.

3. Beer and Johnson E.R., Mechanics of Material, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill,New-
Delhi,2007.

4. Jindal U. C., Strength of Materials, 2012.

5. Mikell. P. Groover, Fundamentals of modern manufacturing materials, processes and

systems, Second Edition, 2015.

6. G.E. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy, SI Metric Edition, McGraw Hill

7. Joseph R. Davis, Tensile Testing, 2nd Edition, 2004.

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EXPERIMENT NO-4
TORSION TEST ON MILD STEEL ROD

AIM: To determine the stiffness of the spring and modulus of rigidity of the spring wire.

RESOURCES REQUIRED:

a. Spring testing machine.

b. A spring
c. Vernier caliper, Scale.
d. Micrometer.

DIAGRAM:

Fig. 4 Spring Testing

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THEORY:

springs are elastic member which distort under load and regain their original shape
when load is removed. They are used in railway carriages, motor cars, scooters,
motorcycles, rickshaws, governors etc. According to their uses the springs perform the
following Functions:

1. To absorb shock or impact loading as in carriage springs.

2. To store energy as in clock springs.

3. To apply forces to and to control motions as in brakes and clutches.

4. To measure forces as in spring balances.

5. To change the variations characteristic of a member as in flexible mounting of

motors.

The spring is usually made of either high carbon steel (0.7 to 1.0%) or medium carbon
alloy steels. Phosphor bronze, brass, 18/8 stainless steel and metal and other metal
alloys are used for corrosion resistance spring. Several types of spring are available for
different application. Springs may classify as helical springs, leaf springs and flat spring
depending upon their shape. They are fabricated of high shear strength materials such
as high carbon alloy steels spring form elements of not only mechanical system but
also structural system. In several cases it is essential to idealize complex structural
systems by suitable spring.

PROCEDURE:

1. Measure the diameter of the wire of the spring by using the micrometer.

2. Measure the diameter of spring coils by using the Vernier caliper

3. Count the number of turns.

4. Insert the spring in the spring testing machine and load the spring by a suitable
weight and note the corresponding axial deflection in tension or compression.

5. Increase the load and take the corresponding axial deflection readings.

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6. Plot a curve between load and deflection. The shape of the curve gives the stiffness
of the spring.

OBESERVATION:

Least count of micrometer = ……mm

Diameter of the spring wire, d =………mm (Mean of three readings)

Least count of Vernier caliper = ……mm

Diameter of the spring coil, D = ……mm (mean

of three readings)

Mean coil diameter,

Number of turns,

OBESERVATION TABLE:

S.NO Load,W Deflection,(δ)

(N) (mm) Stiffness K = W / δ

N / mm

Mean k = ……

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Modulus of rigidity =

Spring Index =

RESULT:

The value of spring constant k of closely coiled helical spring is found to be…………..N / mm

PRECAUTIONS:

1) The dimension of spring was measured accurately.

2) Deflection obtained in spring was measured accurately

MCQS/ VIVA QUESTIONS :

1. Tensile test can be performed on

(a) Impact testing machine
(b) Universal testing machine
(c) Rockwell tester
(d) Brinell tester
2. The load required to produce a unit deflection in the spring is called
(a) Modulus of Rigidity
(b) Spring stiffness
(c) Flexural rigidity
(d) Tensional rigidity
3. In spring balances, the spring is used
(a) To apply forces
(b) To absorb shocks
(c) To store strain energy
(d) To measure forces

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4. The most important property for the spring material is

(a) High elastic limit
(b) High deflection value
(c) Resistance to fatigue and shock
(d) All of these
5. A close –coiled helical spring is cut into two equal parts. The stiffness of the resulting
springs will be
(a) same
(b) double
(c) half
(d) One-fourth

REFERENCES :

1. IS 1608(2005): Metallic Materials - Tensile Testing At Ambient Temperature, Third

Revision, July 2008.

2. Hearn E,J., Mechanics of Material, Pergaman Press, England,1972.

3. Beer and Johnson E.R., Mechanics of Material, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill,New-
Delhi,2007.

4. Jindal U. C., Strength of Materials, 2012.

5. Mikell. P. Groover, Fundamentals of modern manufacturing materials, processes and

systems, Second Edition, 2015.

6. G.E. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy, SI Metric Edition, McGraw Hill

7. Joseph R. Davis, Tensile Testing, 2nd Edition, 2004.

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EXPERIMENT NO-5

IZOD IMPACT TESTING & ENERGY CONCEPT

AIM: To determine the impact strength of steel by Izod impact test.

RESOURCES REQUIRED:

1.Impact testing machine

2. A steel specimen 75 mm X 10mm X 10mm

DIAGRAM:

Fig.5 Izod impact test

THEORY:

An impact test signifies toughness of material that is ability of material to absorb energy
during plastic deformation. Static tension tests of unnotched specimens do not always reveal
the susceptibility of a metal to brittle fracture. This important factor is determined by impact
test. Toughness takes into account both the strength and ductility of the material. Several
engineering materials have to withstand impact or suddenly applied loads while in service.
Impact strengths are generally lower as compared to strengths achieved under slowly
applied loads. Of all types of impact tests, the notch bar tests are most extensively used.
Therefore, the impact test measures the energy necessary to fracture a standard notch bar
by applying an impulse load. The test measures the notch toughness of material under shock

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loading. Values obtained from these tests are not of much utility to design problems directly
and are highly arbitrary. Still it is important to note that it provides a good way of comparing
toughness of various materials or toughness of the same material under different condition.
This test can also be used to assess the ductile brittle transition temperature of the material
occurring due to lowering of temperature.

PROCEDURE:

1. With the striking hammer (pendulum) in safe test position, firmly hold the steel
specimen in impact testing machine’s vice in such a way that the notch face the
hammer and is half inside and half above the top surface of the vice.

2. Bring the striking hammer to its top most striking position unless it is already
there, and lock it at that position.

3. Bring indicator of the machine to zero, or follow the instructions of the operating
manual supplied with the machine.

4. Release the hammer. It will fall due to gravity and break the specimen through its
momentum, the total energy is not absorbed by the specimen. Then it continues to
swing. At its topmost height after breaking the specimen, the indicator stops moving,
while the pendulum falls back. Note the indicator at that topmost final position.

5. Again bring back the hammer to its idle position and back

OBESERVATION:

1. Impact value of - Mild Steel ----------------------------------------------------------N-m

2. Impact value of - Brass --------------------------------------------------------- N-m

3. Impact value of - Aluminum --------------------------------------------------------- N-m

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RESULT:

1. The energy absorbed for Mild Steel is found out to be ………………….Joules.

2. The energy absorbed for Brass is found out to be ………………………Joules.

3. The energy absorbed for Aluminum is found out to be ……………...…..Joules

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Measure the dimensions of the specimen carefully.

2. Hold the specimen (lzod test) firmly.

3. Note down readings carefully.

MCQS/ VIVA QUESTIONS :

1. The impact tests can be used to _____________

a) find out the absolute value of a material
b) to determine the tensile strength of a material
c) compare two specimens of similar composition and tensile strength
d) to find the quantity of material

2. What is the principal use of the impact tests?

a) To determine ductility
b) To determine if the material has been subjected to heat treatment
c) To prevent material from corroding
d) To obtain absolute values

3. The impact test of a material determines the shock resistance.

a) True
b) False

4. In an Izod test after the pendulum is released from a certain height, it hits the
material at the __________ point of it’s path.
a) lowest

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b) opposite
c) highest
d) sideways

5. The higher the impact value of the material __________ its toughness value.
a) lower
b) double
c) half
d) higher

REFERENCES :

1. IS 1608(2005): Metallic Materials - Tensile Testing At Ambient Temperature, Third

Revision, July 2008.

2. Hearn E,J., Mechanics of Material, Pergaman Press, England,1972.

3. Beer and Johnson E.R., Mechanics of Material, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill,New-
Delhi,2007.

4. Jindal U. C., Strength of Materials, 2012.

5. Mikell. P. Groover, Fundamentals of modern manufacturing materials, processes and

systems, Second Edition, 2015.

6. G.E. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy, SI Metric Edition, McGraw Hill

7. Joseph R. Davis, Tensile Testing, 2nd Edition, 2004.

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EXPERIMENT NO-6

DEFLECTION OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

AIM: To determined young’s modulus of elasticity of material of beam simply supported at

ends.

RESOURCES REQUIRED: :

1. Deflection of beam RESOURCES REQUIRED:

2. Pan

3. Weights

4. Beam of different cross-sections and material (say wooden and Steel beams)

DIAGRAM:

Fig 6. Deflection of beam RESOURCES REQUIRED:

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THEORY:

If a beam is simply supported at the ends and carries a concentrated load at its centre, the
beam bends concave upwards. The distance between the original position of the beams and
its position after bending at different points along the length of the beam, being maximum at
the centre in this case. This difference is known as ‘deflection’ In this particular type of
loading the maximum amount of deflection (δ) is given by the relation,

δ=

E=

PROCEDURE:

1. Adjust cast- iron block along the bed so that they are symmetrical with respect to the
length of the bed.
2. Place the beam on the knife edges on the block so as to project equally beyond each knife
edge. See that the load is applied at the centre of the beam
3. Note the initial reading of Vernier scale.
4. Add a weight of 20N (say) and again note the reading of the Vernier scale.
5. Go on taking readings adding 20N (say) each time till you have minimum six readings.
6. Find the deflection (δ) in each case by subtracting the initial reading of Vernier scale.
7. Draw a graph between load (W) and deflection (δ). On the graph choose any two
convenient points and between these points find the corresponding values of W and δ.
8. Calculate the bending stresses for different load condition

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OBESERVATION TABLE:

Bending Bending Young‘s

S.No. Load W moment stress Deflectio Modulus
WI n, of
(N) Бb = M y 3
WI
δ (mm)
I
M= 4 (Nmm) E= 48δI
2
N/mm

RESULT:
2
1. The young’s modulus for steel beam is found to be………..N/mm .

2. The young’s modulus for wooden beam is found to be………………..N/mm2

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PRECAUTIONS:

1. Make sure that beam and load are placed a proper position.

2. The cross- section of the beam should be large.

3. Note down the readings of the Vernier scale carefully

MCQS/ VIVA QUESTIONS :

1. The ratio of linear stress to linear strain is called

a) Modulus of elasticity
b) Bulk modulus
c) Rigidity modulus
d) Poisson’s ratio
2. Young’s modulus of a perfectly rigid body is

a) Unity
b) Negative
c) Infinity
d) Zero
3. If material is heated up, its Elastic modulus

a) decreases
b) increases
c) remains constant
d) none of the above
4. __________ of a beam is a measure of its resistance against deflection.
a) Strength
b) Stiffness
c) Slope
d) Maximum bending

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5. In simply supported beams, the slope is _____________ at supports.

a) Minimum
b) Zero
c) Maximum
d) Uniform

REFERENCES :

1. IS 1608(2005): Metallic Materials - Tensile Testing At Ambient Temperature, Third

Revision, July 2008.

2. Hearn E,J., Mechanics of Material, Pergaman Press, England,1972.

3. Beer and Johnson E.R., Mechanics of Material, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill,New-
Delhi,2007.

4. Jindal U. C., Strength of Materials, 2012.

5. Mikell. P. Groover, Fundamentals of modern manufacturing materials, processes and

systems, Second Edition, 2015.

6. G.E. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy, SI Metric Edition, McGraw Hill

7. Joseph R. Davis, Tensile Testing, 2nd Edition, 2004.

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VIRTUAL LAB EXPERIMENT

Study of Universal Testing Machine (U.T.M.)

AIM: To Study the various component parts of the Universal Testing Machine (U.T.M.) & test
procedures of various practical’s to be performed.

RESOURCES REQUIRED: Universal Testing Machine with all attachment i.e. shears test
attachment, bending attachment, tension grips, compression test attachment etc.

THEORY: - The Universal Testing Machine consists of two units. 1) Loading unit, 2) Control
panel.

1. LOADING UNIT:-
It consists of main hydraulic cylinder with robust base inside. The piston which moves up and
down. The chain driven by electric motor which is fitted on left hand side. The screw column
maintained in the base can be rotated using above arrangement of chain. Each column
passes through the main nut which is fitted in the lower cross head. The lower table
connected to main piston through a ball & the ball seat is joined to ensure axial loading.
There is a connection between lower table and upper head assembly that moves up and
down with main piston. The measurement of this assembly is carried out by number of
bearings which slides over the columns. The test specimen each fixed in the job is known as
‘Jack Job’. To fix up the specimen tightly, the movement of jack job is achieved helically by
handle.
2. CONTROL PANEL:-
It consists of oil tank having a hydraulic oil level sight glass for checking the oil level. The
pump is displacement type piston pump having free plungers those ensure for continuation
of high pressure. The pump is fixed to the tank from bottom. The suction & delivery valve are
fitted to the pump near tank Electric motor driven the pump is mounted on four studs which
is fitted on the right side of the tank. There is an arrangement for loosing or tightening of the
valve. The four valves on control panel control the oil stroke in the hydraulic system. The
loading system works as described below.

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The return valve is close, oil delivered by the pump through the flow control valves to the
cylinder & the piston goes up. Pressure starts developing & either the specimen breaks or
the load having maximum value is controlled with the base dynameters consisting in a
cylinder in which the piston reciprocates. The switches have upper and lower push at the
control panel for the downward & upward movement of the movable head. The on & off
switch provided on the control panel & the pilot lamp shows the transmission of main supply.
3. METHOD OF TESTING:-
Initial Adjustment: - before testing adjust the pendulum with respect to capacity of the test
i.e. 8 Tones; 10 Tones; 20 Tones; 40 Tones etc.
For ex: - A specimen of 6 tones capacity gives more accurate result of 10 Tones capacity
range instead of 20 Tones capacity range. These ranges of capacity are adjusted on the dial
with the help of range selector knob. Engineering control weights of the pendulum are
adjusted correctly. The ink should be inserted in pen holder of recording paper around the
drum & the testing process is started depending upon the types of test as mentioned below.
4. TENSION TEST:-
Select the proper job and complete upper and lower check adjustment. Apply some Greece
to the tapered surface of specimen or groove. Then operate the upper cross head grip
operation handle & grip the upper end of test specimen fully in to the groove. Keep the
lower left valve in fully close position. Open the right valve & close it after lower table is
slightly lifted. Adjust the lower points to zero with the help of adjusting knob. This is
necessary to remove the dead weight of the lower table. Then lock the jobs in this position
by operating job working handle. Then open the left control valve. The printer on dial gauge
at which the specimen breaks slightly return back & corresponding load is known as breaking
load & maximum load is known as the ultimate load.
5. COMPRESSION TEST:-
Fix upper and lower pressure plates to the upper stationary head & lower table respectively.
Place the specimen on the lower plate in order to grip.
Then adjust zero by lifting the lower table. Then perform the test in the same manner as
described in tension test.

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6. FLEXURAL OR BENDING TEST:-

Keep the bending table on the lower table in such a way that the central position of the
bending table is fixed in the central location value of the lower table. The bending supports are
adjusted to required distance.
Stuffers at the back of the bending table at different positions. Then place the specimen on
bending table & apply the load by bending attachment at the upper stationary head. Then
perform the test in the same manner as described in tension test.
7. BRINELL HARDNESS TEST:-
Place the specimen on the lower table & lift it up slightly. Adjust the zero fixed value at the
bottom side of the lower cross head. Increase the load slowly ultimate load value is obtained.
Then release the load slowly with left control valve. Get the impression of a suitable value of
five to ten millimeter on the specimen & measure the diameter of the impression correctly by
microscope & calculate Brinell hardness.
8. SHEAR TEST:-
Place the shear test attachment on the lower table, this attachment consists of cutter. The
specimen is inserted in roles of shear test attachment & lift the lower table so that the zero is
adjusted, then applies the load such that the specimen breaks in two or three pieces. If the
specimen breaks in two pieces then it will be in angle shear, & if it breaks in three pieces then
it will be in double shear.
9. STUDY OF EXTENSOMETER:-
This instrument is an attachment to Universal / Tensile Testing Machines. This measures the
elongation of a test place on load for the set gauge length. The least count of measurement
being 0.01 mm, and maximum elongation
measurement up to 3 mm. This elongation measurement helps in finding out the proof stress
at the required percentage elongation.
10. WORKING OF THE INSTRUMENT:-
The required gauge length (between 30to 120) is set by adjusting the upper knife edges (3) A
scale (2) is provided for this purpose. Hold the specimen in the upper and lower jaws of Tensile
/ Universal Testing Machine. Position the extensometer on the specimen, Position upper clamp
(4) to press upper knife edges on the specimen. The extensometer will be now fixed to the

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specimen by spring pressure. Set zero on both the dial gauges by zero adjusts screws (7). Start
loading the specimen and take the reading of load on the machine at required elongation or
the elongation at required load. Force setter accuracies mean of both the dial gauge (8)
readings should be taken as elongation. It is very important to note & follow the practice of
removing the extensometer from the specimen before the specimen breaks otherwise the
instrument will be totally damaged. As a safety, while testing the instrument may be kept
hanging from a fixed support by a slightly loose thread.
11. TECHNICAL DATA:-
Measuring Range: 0 – 3mm. Least Count: 0. 01 mm.
Gauge Length adjustable from: 30 – 120 mm
Specimen Size: 1 to 20mm Round or Flats up to 20 x 20 mm.

MCQS/ VIVA QUESTIONS :

1. Tensile test can be performed on _____________
a) Impact testing machine
b) Universal testing machine
c) Rockwell tester
d) Brinell tester

2. Which machine records the change in length of specimen?

a) Impact testing machine
b) Universal testing machine
c) Rockwell tester
d) Brinell tester

3. The ability of the material to resist stress without failure is called ________________
a) Strength
b) Hardness
c) Stiffness
d) Toughness

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4. The property of a material that resists penetration or indentation by means of

abrasion or scratching is known as ___________
a) Strength
b) Hardness
c) Stiffness
d) Toughness

5. With an increase in strain rate, ductility ______ and tensile strength _____
a) Decreases, decreases
b) Decreases, increases
c) Increases, increases
d) Increases, decreases

REFERENCES :

1. IS 1608(2005): Metallic Materials - Tensile Testing At Ambient Temperature, Third

Revision, July 2008.

2. Hearn E,J., Mechanics of Material, Pergaman Press, England,1972.

3. Beer and Johnson E.R., Mechanics of Material, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill,New-
Delhi,2007.

4. Jindal U. C., Strength of Materials, 2012.

5. Mikell. P. Groover, Fundamentals of modern manufacturing materials, processes and

systems, Second Edition, 2015.

6. G.E. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy, SI Metric Edition, McGraw Hill

7. Joseph R. Davis, Tensile Testing, 2nd Edition, 2004.

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CONTENTS BEYOND SYLLABUS EXPERIMENT

HARDNESS TEST ON MILD STEEL.

AIM: To conduct hardness test on mild steel, carbon steel, brass and aluminum specimens.

RESOURCES REQUIRED:

1. Hardness tester

2. Soft and hard mild steel specimens

3. Brass,aluminum etc.

DIAGRAM:

Fig 7. Hardness tester

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THEORY:The hardness of a material is resistance to penetration under a localized

pressure or resistance to abrasion. Hardness tests provide an accurate, rapid and
economical way of determining the resistance of materials to deformation. There are
three general types of hardness measurements depending upon the manner in which
the test is conducted:

1) Scratch hardness measurement,

2) Rebound hardness measurement

3) Indention hardness measurement.

In scratch hardness method the material are rated on their ability to scratch one
another and it is usually used by mineralogists only. In rebound hardness
measurement, a standard body is usually dropped on to the material surface and the
hardness is measured in terms of the height of its rebound .The general means of
judging the hardness is measuring the resistance of a material to indentation. The
indenters usually a ball cone or pyramid of a material much harder than that being
used. Hardened steel, sintered tungsten carbide or diamond indenters are generally
used in indentation tests; a load is applied by pressing the indenter at right angles to
the surface being tested. The hardness of the material depends on the resistance
which it exerts during a small amount of yielding or plastic. The resistance depends on
friction, elasticity, viscosity and the intensity and distribution of plastic strain produced
by a given tool during indentation

PROCEDURE:

1. Place the specimen securely upon the anvil.

2. Elevate the specimen so that it come into contact with the penetrate and put
the specimen under a preliminary or minor load of 100+2N without shock

3. Apply the major load 900N by loading lever.

4. Watch the pointer until it comes to rest.

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5. Remove the major load.

6. Read the Rockwell hardness number or hardness scale.

OBESERVATION TABLE:

Reading (HRC/)

1 2 3
S.NO Specimens Mean

1 Mild Steel HRB =

2 High Carbon steel HRC =

3 Brass HRB =

4 Aluminum HRB =

RESULT: - The hardness of the metal is found to be

1) Hard steel =

2) Unhardened Steel =

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Brielle test should be performed on smooth, flat specimens from which dirt and
scale have been cleaned.

2. The test should not be made on specimens so thin that the impression shows
through the metal, nor should impression be made too close to the edge of a
specimen.

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MCQS/ VIVA QUESTIONS :

1. Rockwell test utilizes ___________ a measure of hardness.
a) Load
b) Depth of indentation
c) Diameter of indentation
d) Time of loading

2. A minor load of _________ is applied to seat the specimen in the Rockwell test.
a) 1 kg
b) 5 kg
c) 10 kg
d) 150 kg

3. What is a limitation of the Rockwell test?

a) Slow speed
b) Personal error
c) Bigger size of indentation
d) Different indenter

4. What minimizes the amount of surface preparation in Rockwell test?

a) Minor load
b) Indenter surface
c) Indenter geometry
d) Heat-treatment

5. How much penetration is indicated by each division in dial in Rockwell test?

a) 0.2 mm
b) 0.02 mm
c) 0.002 mm
d) 0.0002 mm

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REFERENCES :

1. IS 1608(2005): Metallic Materials - Tensile Testing At Ambient Temperature, Third

Revision, July 2008.

2. Hearn E,J., Mechanics of Material, Pergaman Press, England,1972.

3. Beer and Johnson E.R., Mechanics of Material, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill,New-
Delhi,2007.

4. Jindal U. C., Strength of Materials, 2012.

5. Mikell. P. Groover, Fundamentals of modern manufacturing materials, processes and

systems, Second Edition, 2015.

6. G.E. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy, SI Metric Edition, McGraw Hill

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