CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDY

2.1 Hydroelectric Power Generation for Compensation Instability of Non-guaranteed

Power Plants

Abstract — This paper presented research small- and minihydroelectric power plants as an
effective source of compensation for instability of non-guaranteed renewable energy sources
(RES) power plants. HPPs play the main role for balancing the power system operation mode.
To somehow compensate for the growth of RES generation in the power system, we can forced
to start hydropower plants as a consumer in the pump mode. This paper investigated the trends of
installed capacity hydroelectric power plants (HPPs) for World and for Ukraine. Also, it was
considered the dynamics of change of the annual amount of hydroelectric power generation
(HPG) on data International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) for World and for Ukraine. Is
shown the classification of HPPs on value green tariff and installed capacity. Observed the
distribution of the daily power generation during the 2019 year by typical mini-HPP. Compared
the experimental and calculation value power generation by typical mini-HPP in 2019.
Researched of influence the meteorological factors on power generation of mini-hydropower
plants using Spearman's rank correlation. Proposed for HPG used cascade small- and mini HPPs.

According to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), there is a steady increase in
the installed capacity of HPG in the world, as shown in Fig. 1 a). In Ukraine, the trend of
increasing the installed capacity of HPG is also maintained, as shown in Fig. 1 b). It is worth
noting that the low technical condition of transmission lines and the low generation of electricity
by photovoltaic and wind power plants cause negative situations for the consumer. These
situations predetermine possible modes with a partial power supply to some network consumers.
To reduce electricity shortages, a use for renewing electricity supply to consumers of the power
network the shared use of different energy sources is proposed, like miniHPP. The use of
hydroelectric power plants (HPPs) for power generation has many advantages, such as the
permanent renewability of water resources and well-controlled stable generation. HPG is very
popular in all World and Ukraine. This is evidenced by the volume of annual HPG in the world
and in Ukraine, which is shown in Fig. 2 a) and Fig. 2 b), respectively [6].
2.2 The Study of Syphon and Applied in Hydroelectricity Power Production

Hydro power is the clean power from flowing water which can generate the electricity power
by hydro turbine. Normally, the hydro power is from flow water resource such as river, canal
or brook and so on. But this research studied hydroelectricity power which generated from
standing water. The syphon is use to pump the water flow through hydroturbine, and then the
water was applied in agriculture. In order that, the syphon composes with 4 conjugated
tanks, 200 liter and connect to 100 watts generator. The electricity is charge to battery
formerly. So, this research focuses on the parameters which affect to hydroelectricity power
generation for increase the efficiency of water's useful. The parameters are the design of
hydro turbine and the angles of outlet pipe which flow the water to hydroturbine were tested
at 45 and 90 degree, test and record the electricity and voltage data. The results show the
hydro turbine which designed by stainless spoon and the angles of outlet pipe with 45
degree can generate the highest electricity power, current averages is about 204.4 mA,
voltage is 4.68 V and power is 956.59 mW. It could be conclude that the syphon which
connected to electric generator can generate the hydroelectricity power and increase the
amount of electricity by improving the design of hydroturbine and change the angles of
outlet pipe to suitable direction.

2.3 A Study of Low head Hydropower using a siphon system and conversion to air pressure

Renewable energy is an integral part of government strategy to tackle climate change in order to
reduce carbon emissions, as well as to ensure the provision of energy that is clean and affordable.
In March 2007 the European Council agreed to a binding target of 20% of renewable energies in
overall EU consumption by 2020 (Arnott, 2010). The following paragraphs describe the
forecasted energy demand resources, up to 2035, extracted from World Energy Outlook
Factsheets 2010 and 2011 (OECD/IEA, 2010, 2011). Between 2008 and 2035, the yearly average
of the world primary energy demand will increase, and oil will remain the dominant fuel. Coal
will continue to be the second largest energy source with a total reserve of 1 trillion tonnes. This
can supply energy for another 150 years. However, the ongoing Middle East crisis, the unstable
situations in Arab countries, and the giant Chinese booming economy have resulted in high and
continuously changing oil prices. These factors will force the government into seeking
alternative energy sources in order to replace oil, possibly with nuclear power or renewable
sources
2.4 A Stochastic Approach to Hydroelectric Power Generation Planning in an Electricity
Market

The paper discusses the planning of hydroelectric power generation. A stochastic optimization
procedure is offered to solve the complex task of planning the operation of three hydroelectric
power plants. The proposed stochastic optimization algorithm is based on time average revenue
maximization, taking into account the random nature of the future energy prices and river water
inflows. Random variables are predicted by using an algorithm based on artificial neural
networks. For computing within the operational planning, the task is divided into three parts.
First, middle-term planning is used to solve the water resources distribution task. The second and
third parts are related to day-ahead operational and unit commitment planning; in those cases,
nonlinear programming tools are used. A case study presents the results of electric power
generation in the case of optimum water resource distribution in the storage basins of
hydroelectric power plant’s cascade. The paper proves the workability of the developed
algorithm for maximizing the income value and is intended to enable and support improved
planning and decision-making for electric power producers.
The main goal for each shareholder of a HPP is maximization of the profit gained from the
power generation. Efficient operation of the HPP’s water reservoir over a planning time interval
will be performed to gain maximum profit on the electricity bidding market. Generally, several
hydropower plants may operate in the storage basin of one river.

The hydroelectric power generation planning problem is stated as a time average revenue
maximization task and can be solved by using the stochastic approach with linear or nonlinear
programming and an artificial neural network based algorithm for forecasting pricing and water
inflow. The results prove the ability of the evaluated algorithm to perform mood planning for the
HPP cascade. The developed algorithm is to support and enable improved planning and decision-
making. The stochastic approach shows the possibility of solving complex problems like
coordination of the operation of the cascade. Co-ordinated work of three power plants could
provide maximum income as well as distribute the limited water resources in an optimum way.
2.5 River bottom siphon for hydro-electric generation and irrigation

It is common knowledge that large electricity generators produce an almost free large current of
electricity from dammed reservoirs. The standard method of operation is that a large reservoir of
water is created by damming a river and then allowing a tunnel or pipeline, at the bottom of the
dam, of water to flow past turbines on generators to turn those turbines of the hydroelectric
power generator and create electricity. Inventor Stauffer has invented an alternative method by
which to create the pipeline of water to turn the turbines of the hydroelectric power generator,
which does not require a dam nor a reservoir of water behind the dam. Instead, the powerful flow
of water can be created by gravity in a submerged pipeline that flows from a higher elevation to a
lower elevation.

An existing example of a flow of water from the upper part of a dammed reservoir to a lower
level is the “glory hole” of the Monticello Dam in California. That hole's suction of water from
the upper level is an example of a large pipeline that drops 14,400 cubic feet of water per second
down the “glory hole” pipeline. Such a forceful current of water could easily turn the turbines of
a hydroelectric generator.

There are two main issues in the operation of a siphon:


 why liquid flows from the higher reservoir to the lower reservoir, which is basic;
and
 Why liquid flows up the siphon, which is subtler.

The first issue is basic: liquid flows from the higher level to the lower level because the lower
location has lower potential energy—water flows downhill. This is independent of the particular
connection—liquids will also flow from higher to lower if there is a direct path (a canal), or if
there is a tube that goes below the reservoirs (an “inverse” siphon), and these do not depend on
siphon effect. Note that this is due to different heights (moving in the direction of gravity), not
due to differences in atmospheric pressure at different heights (in fact, lower locations will, all
else equal, have higher atmospheric pressure, due to a longer column of air above).

The second issue, why liquid flows up, is due primarily to atmospheric pressure (in ordinary
siphons), and is the same mechanism as in suction pumps, vacuum pumps, and barometers, and
can be replicated in the simple experiment of placing a straw in water, capping the top, and
pulling it up (leaving the bottom tip submerged).
2.6 Siphon type hydroelectricity generation method

The present invention utilizes siphon principle to carry out hydroelectric power, and water is
drawn onto eminence from lower, acting generating when flowing to lower by adding water that
certain pressure makes eminence for eminence water.Cost of the present invention is low, and is
simple in structure, can set up the power station everywhere, overcomes to utilize the
hydroelectric constraint of natural flows drop, and the present invention does not need any
energy to generate electricity, and for the mankind provide electric energy, solves the world and
faces the energy starved crisis.

2.7 Fundamental Characteristics of Test Facility for Micro Hydroelectric Power

Generation System

This paper proposes a test facility for micro hydraulic generation system. Micro hydraulic
generation system is very difficult to exam their characteristics including hydraulic turbine
because water flow in various conditions is necessary but it is very difficult to realize in
laboratory. In this paper water flow is realized using general purpose pump that can add pressure
to water flow to simulate water drop. From obtained experimental results, a simulation model of
hydro turbine was built in order to establish high efficiency control system.
Outline of the proposed test facility for micro hydroelectric power generation system is shown in
Fig.1. The top right corner of Fig.1 shows the inside of the generation system box connected to a
hydraulic turbine. Configuration of the test facility is show in Fig.2. The water tank can save
water then the saved water is drawn in general purpose submersible pump and supplied to a
hydraulic turbine through the hose. Pressure gauge and flow meter are installed in the upper part
at the hose.

2.8 THE OPTIMIZATION MODEL OF HYDROELECTRIC GENERATION IN THE -

ELECTRICITY MARKET
On.the condition of hydroelectric units being not taken as a factor of electric rate, the ineaning of
the hydro-thermal coordination is that depends on the hydro facility in adjustment to lessen the
thermal unit commitment, and panicipates in competition with thermal generation on the premise
of not discarding the water source and meeting the need of many constraints. By this way, realize
the thermal generation with a lowest cost and guararitee the thermal units to operate effectively
and safely
On the assumption that the hydro-thermal system is constituted with N complicated hydroelectric
plants and M thermal plants. Take into one day as the computation cycle. and the period time is
T. The bidding curve of every generator and the; natural flux to the reservoir is received. The
hydro characteristic curve and, ininimuin and maximum output is known too. The math
description of economic dispatch about hydro-thermal system in shon time is as follows. The
object function is that the total grid free to buy the power is ininiinum during a computation
cycle.

Where I,. , is the start or stop state variation of unit j during period t, P,.,, is the unit contribution;
flf,,., ,[)is the unit power-bidding function; P,, is the thermal system load. which is the, system
load of hydro power subtraction

Where P,,, is the hydro j generates power during period t; P,,, is the system total load during
period t 2): Reservoir's water quantity equation:
2.9 Quality Water For Relative Hydroelectric Life Assesment
- Water influence is strong factor in thermal power plant and hydroelectric plant. It is used for
cooling function beside power generation to have electric in power plant including hydroelectric
power plant. Hydroelectric power plant (HEPP) is more sensitive with environment water quality
than thermal power plant. Many indicators for water monitoring are used in power generation
including hydroelectric. Six of indicators monitoring in hydroelectric are sedimentation rate,
Langelier Index for corrosion tendency,mercury,lead,and sulfide acid. High sedimentation rate
and high corrosion tendency will reduce relative life of hydroelectric power plant especially for
dam and material of hydroelectric and high content of mercury,lead,are not original river water
quality. Sedimentation rate and sulfide acid in the water will have correlation with life of
hydroelectric (including dam of them). Sulfide Acid is strongest factor for corrosion.

Hydroelectric Generation from Water Pipelines of Buildings

Hydropower generation systems are one of the common renewable energy sources in the world.
This paper presents the development of a hydroelectric generating system that generates
electricity from the potential energy of water flowing inside building’s water pipelines through
converting the kinetic energy of water into electrical energy that can be stored in batteries to be
used as power supply for LED lighting, network routers, and for charging mobile phones. The
developed system is inline hydroelectric generator designed for small sized pipes (0.5 to 1 inch).
It contains a turbine that rotates by the running water in these pipelines to generate the electricity
and a charging circuit to store the generated electricity into battery cell. It also contains a monitor
and control unit to control the whole operation of the system, and measure and display the
amount of water flow, the amount of electricity generated, and the daily consumed energy. By
increasing the flowing of water, the rotation of the turbine will be increased and the amount of
generated electricity will be increased. Therefore, the idea of this proposed system can also be
applied on a wider scale so that this system with big turbine can be connected with municipal
water pipelines, which ensures greater flow of water and generating more energy that can be
used for road lighting and other uses. The results show that the proposed hydroelectric generator
can harness the untapped kinetic energy of water flowing inside the pipelines and produce power
around 10 W when the velocity of water flow is more than 3.5 l/min which is enough to operate
continuously and safely the low-power electrical devices (mobile phones, LED lights, and
network routers).