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MATLAB/SIMULINK Model For HVDC Fault Calculations

Conference Paper · September 2019

DOI: 10.1109/ACEMP-OPTIM44294.2019.9007154

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 MATLAB/SIMULINK Model For HVDC Fault
Calculations
Ahmad Mustapha Usman Mahir Kutay Tuncay Ercan
Electrical Engineering School of Applied Sciences School of Applied Sciences
Yaşar University Yaşar University Yaşar University
İzmir, Turkey İzmir, Turkey İzmir, Turkey
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—Power transmission has faced many challenges as

the days goes by. Power demand has increased and its becoming A. Types of HVDC Systems
increasingly difficult to acquire right way for new lines, due to The types of HVDC systems are given in detail below.
growth, population, urbanizations and environmental issues.
This research aims to provide methods for the rationale 1) Mono-polar HVDC system: This system mostly it
selections of HVDC system, essential HVDC equations and their comprises of more than one units of six-pulse converters, in
control. A MATLAB/SIMULINK model is developed for a which they are either arranged in the series or parallel manner
HVDC link using IGBT/DIODE converters between a 500KV, via the ending paths. It has only one conductor in it and the
50Hz system to a 330KV, 60Hz system over the distance of return is either through the earth or ocean [2]. Mono-polar
450km. Analysis by using the model on this system identifies any
abnormal behavior on the AC and DC sides and calculates the
line with return path as ground shown in Fig. 1.
time elapsed for recovery to its reliable state conditions.

Keywords—matlab/simulink, converters, reliable state

conditions, abnormal analysis on AC and DC systems, IGBT,
thyristors.

I.INTRODUCTION
Electrical energy is generated in the form alternating
current (AC). After the production process, the electrical
energy sent out as AC. Power transmitted to various locations
and distributed to the consumers as AC.
Fig. 1. Mono-polar line with return path as ground.
In some situations, it is more advantageous to use direct
current (DC) scheme for supplying electrical energy. This is 2) Bi-polar HVDC system: Bi-polar dc lines
true because in some cases, it may be the most effective configuration system as the name implies it is comprising of
technique to transport the energy. AC systems have some two different kinds of polarity or conductors in the system.
specific restrictions more especially when the network will not These polarities that are existing in the system are the positive
be able to synchronize due to the frequency difference. In
and negative terminals. Mostly this conductor that are
HVDC, energy is created mostly in the form of an AC power,
transported as DC and retransformed back as an AC energy available in the circuit are the positive terminal and the
again at the ending end [1]. negative terminal. These two conductors are of the same rated
voltage and are been configured in a series arrangement at the
II.BACKGROUND OF STUDY end of the dc lines [3]. Bi-polar DC line system is shown in
The world has been developing at a very fast rate over the Fig. 2.
past few years. In order to sustain the development, power
systems have had to expand. This has led to the
interconnection of all kinds of power systems worldwide [2].
The escalating rate of industrialization worldwide creates a
huge demand for the utilization of electrical energy. Demand
for electrical energy has led to the search of more efficient
means of an electrical energy transportation at increasing
voltage and power levels. High voltage alternating current
(HVAC) used all over the world tends to be problematic over
longer distances and it creates some environment problems
[2]. Therefore, HVDC use is been suggested.
III.LITERATURE REVIEW Fig. 2. Bi-polar DC line system.

Literature review here deals with the classifications of 3) Homo-polar HVDC system: Homo-polar as the can
HVDC configurations and the components that make up the express also, it consists of more than one or two conductors
entire HVDC system described below that are linked together having the same polarity which can
either be the negative or positive electrodes and they also
function in a parallel arrangement. This connection between

XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE

the rectifier and the inverter of the system is done with the use any interruption or changes in the waveform. Converters are
of DC bus system [4]. Homo-polar DC line system is shown said to creates harmonics that are associating to the AC bus
in Fig. 3. network in the system as can also be viewed from the above
figure. The functioning of the HVDC converter systems are
where the sources of the unwanted signals or harmonics
creation of the AC harmonic currents comes from in the
system [6]. The HVDC being one of the nonlinear-loads such
as the power electronic converters, it creates harmonics that
are been taken up by the AC filters which in reverse it gives
it to the power reactive in the systems In any converter
locations, there is the production of unwanted harmonics due
to the following factors been consider, shunt join together to
the switchable AC system filters that are connected to the ac
bus network. AC harmonics filters are being easily open to be
in on or off state automatically with the help of the circuit
breaker of the AC network in the systems [7]. On the other
Fig. 3. Homo-polar DC line system. hand, state that on the side of this AC system in the converter
4) Back to back HVDC system: In this system it has two main purpose to execute which are to be listed
configuration, these two converters that’s the rectifier and the below.
inverter has no any separation of distances between them. This • To take up the harmonic currents created by the
HVDC network
is mainly used to make an interconnection between two AC
links with different frequencies [5]. • To give or produce the reactive power to the system
2) Transformer converter: This converter transformer
(TR) is the connection between two devices i.e. the thyristors
or IGBT and the AC networks. Typically, this transformer
converter system is connected as “an earthed grounded star
system, twisted and fluctuating-star and secondary delta
rotation point” [8]. The converter system serves as a
connection in between these two systems that is the converter
and the AC system, in other to provides various purposes
which includes the following below:
• It gives separations between the systems.
• It gives the appropriate or needed amount of voltage
Fig. 4. Back to back DC line system. to the HVDC converter in the system.
B. Components of HVDC This HVDC converter transformer changes the voltage point
HVDC as a network system, it comprises of many level of this AC network bus to the desired level of the voltage
different sections of units or components that are associating control entry to the system [9].
with each other in the entire systems, so as to function or 3) HVDC smoothing reactor systems: HVDC network for
operated efficiently. A simple representation of the entire the transportation of power it needed a HVDC system
electrical system of the HVDC will is shown below in Fig. 5.
smoothing reactor [10]. This equipment gives a certain
purpose as to which can be listed below:
• Restriction of specific fault current in the DC
movement
• Reduction of the current harmonic, consisting of the
limited communication devices interaction such as
the telephone interactions
• Reduction of the unwanted ripples that are present in
the DC lines systems.
A representation of the entire electrical system of the
HVDC will is shown below in Fig.6.
4) HVDC protection network and control system:
Similarly, like the functioning of the AC systems for the DC
abnormalities, they are entirely being affected by the
Fig. 5. HVDC network systems.
inefficient functioning of the controller’s system and others.
1) AC harmonic filter system: Harmonics is said to be any The interruption of the power system transmission, protection
presence of an unwanted signals in the systems that’s causes
systems and control systems, are entirely view by the use of point terminal system in other to bring in the idea of tap-
switching method and the equipment controls such as the pings. Parallel working of the converters and the bi-polar
named as MT-operations.

Fig. 6. HVDC smoothing reactor system Fig. 7. MTDC Lines system

5) HVDC converter systems: Generally, the purpose of As in the Fig.7. shown above, it can be seen how the wind
HVDC rectifier and inverter which are called the converter farm (WF) is joined together with the rectifier side for the
system in any electrical system is a need to replace any transformation of the AC-DC, the power of the DC is move
electrical power component. These components can be either through the line cable to the other side of the converter which
be the current, frequency and voltage. The converter system are known as the “Accepting End Converter (AEC)”. DC is
is the place where the transformation or interchange do takes retransformed again back to the AC and connected to the AC
place such as the changes from the AC-DC and DC-AC. grid passing through the filtering point and the transformer
HVDC, now uses modern systems which is the thyristor side. [13].
system based converter. With the use of commutation
techniques which can be define as the natural interruption of 7) Classification of the multi-terminal DC lines systems:
any current in a given circuit or system, it consists of more The multi-terminal dc lines are divided into two (2) different
than one classification of the power electronic converter [11]. classes which can be classified and explained below with
their various circuit diagrams and explanations.
6) DC transducer networks: The DC linking transducers a) Series mode connections: This mode of connection as
can be classified into two different classes namely: the name points out, they are being joined together in a series
a) DC voltage measurement of the system: This arrangement to each other in the systems. However, a simple
measurement is carried out by the use of the visual division representation of this kind of connections will be seen below
of voltage or the resistive voltage dc division. The resistive in Fig. 8. with a three-point terminal systems for the MTDC
division of the voltage, it consists of a series connection [14].
between the resistors in the system and are therefore, the
measuring of the voltage can be extracted over the lower end
of the voltage resistor. The visual transducer voltage senses
the power and durability of the electric field that are close to
the network bus bar [12].
b) DC current measurement of the system: This
measurement is carried out all on the protection and control
system that needed the action of a computerized systems.
This computation can be made by the production or creation
of a magnetic field within the computation head that is
enough or adequate to neutralize the magnetic field that is
close to the network bus bar via the computation head system.
Fig.8. A series mode connection MTDC network
IV.MULTI-TERMINAL DC LINES SYSTEMS
A multi-terminal dc lines (MTDC) system, express that 8) Parallel mode connections: This mode of connection,
this kind of configurations is consist of more than one or two as the name suggest they are being connected adjacent or
converter stationary. However, some of these converters can opposite to each other in the circuit systems. In this adjacent
functioning as the rectifier for the transformation of AC-DC, or opposite connection, the dissociation of one or other single
while the others can be functioning as an inverter for the parts of the sending sections can or will cause a break or
conversion of DC-AC. This mode of arrangement techniques
interference of the power within the power converters that are
can be interchangeable by the switching processes. The
presents inside the circuit system as can be shown in the Fig.
easiest path of creating an MTDC configuration from a two
9. below. This opposite connection in the network can also
work without imploring the use of the HVDC circuit breaker.

Fig. 9. A parallel mode connection MTDC network. Fig. 10. Variation of cost with length line for AC and DC transmissions.
The most common challenges for the control of this
adjacent inverter system is that this high voltage dc inverter VI. METHODOLOGY
system is working or function in the most productive or well A) Rectifier Mode of Operation
organized modes [15]. Rectification can be defined as the transformation of AC
V.ACTORS FOR CHOOSING THE HVDC TRANSMISSION into a DC system by the use of a constant dc voltage value.
The “on and off” device is the “diode” in the network circuit.
The current movement in the DC moves only on an The valve system basically works in a single direction to
onward direction. While in the AC cases, the electric current which it is moving from the positive (+) terminal points of the
is not stable it changes its direction of flowing frequently. Not system to the negative (-) terminal points in the circuit [16]. If
only in the current movement but also in the voltage situations the thyristor based three-phase rectifier is operating with a
because its reverses its movement due to the changes that zero (0) angle delay its median DC voltage ouıtput is
occurs in the flowing of the current and also presented some calculated by using equation (1).
points that needs to be put into considerations which can be
detailed below: 3 ∗ √3 ∗ √2 ∗ (1)
• Cost of the transportation of the power. If the rectifier is fired with a delay angle α for voltage
regulation purposes output DC voltage is calaculated by using
• The efficiency in the system. equation (2).
• Performance of the system. ∗ (2)
The extensive on most of the electricity power
transportation uses the 3-phase of the alternating current. The
logic after this idea of the HVDC over the AC to transport the B) Control of HVDC Converter System
electric power in a particular situation are usually countless. The movement of the current in the dc line transportation
The idea that tends to support the HVDC usage is the is defined by the total differences in the dc voltage among the
“Investment Cost”. two system of the converters that is between sending end
voltage A and receiving end voltage B as can be seen in the
HVDC transportation line value is smaller than that of the below expression. Noting that all the terminals in the system
AC line for the same purpose of transporting the amount of which are the positive and negative poles are working under
electric power. Alternating current is commonly used for short the same state.
ranges that is they are commonly used for household and
industrial purpose. The use of the AC for transportation (3)
purposes in this area it can cost less in its procedures and its
frequency can simply be controlled unlike when trying to And the power transportation to the voltage B will be written
apply the use of AC for a very big project its frequency tends as
to be very complex to control and also as it can be viewed that
it has some specific restrictions. Direct Current does not have
any specific clampdown attached to it and require less
investment cost in it. DC transportation does not require too ∗ (4)
much use of conductor like the AC systems. The use of both
where, Rdc is our dc resistance for the positive transportation
AC and DC for transmitting purpose have been in use recently
line conductor. Experimentally, the Rdc is low and its Id
due to how we can both used in them in transporting an
becomes as a consequence to the low difference among the
electrical power from one far away location to the other by the
two big voltages in the above equation (3). Therefore, one side
means of converters such as the rectifier and inverter. Below
of the converter is put on to monitor and control the
the investment cost of both AC and DC transmissions shown
transportation line voltages and also monitor the Id. Since we
in Fig. 10.
know that the inverter is functioning at a fixed extinction pressure the angle delay onto the location of the inverter side
angle, it is preferably to be selected to the inverter to monitor in other to put out the abnormal current in it. The function of
the Vd. Then Id and therefore the level of the power to be the controlling master block is to commence the taking off
monitored by the rectifier. In Fig. 11, rectifier and the inverter operation and ending operation of the converter as well as the
control characteristics in the Vd-Id plane is shown [17]. ramping up and down of the reference current. As we can
notice, also the system is given at a discrete time of about 50
microseconds which can be shown in Fig. 12.
VIII.FAULT SIMULATIONS
We observe the behaviors of the HVDC network under
some various working states examples are the AC network
fault or any kind of faults. Different fault conditions were
applied at both the transferring point to the accepting point of
the network and observe their performances and the effects
of this applied AC faults and the DC line faults in the system.
In order for us to classify the fault condition characteristics in
the system simulations were been carried out by the use of
MATLAB/SIMULINK package. This simulation is carried
out with an AC line fault at the rectifier and DC line fault at
the inverter.

Fig. 11. Rectifier and the inverter control characteristics in the Vd-Id plane.

VII.HVDC MATLAB/SIMULINKMODEL
The MATLAB/SIMULINK design is a DC connection
that is usually operating for the transportation of an electrical
power from 450Kv, 60Hz system to 345Kv, 50Hz system.
The converters in the system are the rectifier and the inverter
which are created based upon the “12-pulse converters” that
are implore to be working with the combination of a “6-pulse
bridge IGBT/DIODE system” that are being join together in
a sequence or series arrangement. This converter is being
linked through the use of a long line transmission modelling
of about 450km that is being disseminated for the line
specifications or parameters, and also there is a presence of
two (2) smoothing system reactors consisting of a value of
0.75H. The tap interchanger transformer is not run by the
system and the tap constant is presumed. Inside the Figure 13. Reliable state condition at rectifier condition.
transformers on both the inverter and the converter rectifier A) DC line Fault at the rectifier side
blocks subsystem a fixed number of value is applied for the
factor value on the TR voltage corresponding to the primary The DC line abnormal condition is one of the most often
type of fault that usually occurs all the time in a system, which
location has a value of 0.90 on the rectifier system side and
alters the voltage and the current situations. This abnormal
also the inverter side is having a value of about 0.96
fault condition is caused by the use of the power electronic
corresponding to it also. The needed power reactive which is devices that is used in the conversion process and also caused
always needed by this system that is the rectifier and the by the instability of the voltage. When this kind of fault
inverter is accessible or provided by the pair group of the problem happens we can observe that the voltage at the
capacitors banks of 11th, 13th and the higher pass filtering transferring point is not stable due to the occurrence of so
having a number of 150Mvar on the four different filters that many fluctuations from the starting point at t=0-0.25seconds
where available in the systems. Circuit breakers are also as can been seen from the graph with a little stabilization
implored in which they are been use to add faults on the AC starting from 0.25-0.69 seconds before it finally results to
side of the inverter and also on the DC side of the system becoming zero at 0.7-1.4seconds and also we can notice the
rectifier. The DC protection functions are created inside the current is also decremented exactly to 3.3pu at t= 0.7seconds-
rectifier and the inverter side of the networks. On the DC fault 1seconds before it finally goes to zero fully at 1-1.4 seconds.
rectifier protection system, it is used for sensing and to as can be shown in the Fig. 14.
Fig. 12. Matlab/Simulink HVDC IGBT/DIODE based transmission model.

Figure 14. Rectifier at DC line abnormal conditions.

Figure 15. Inverter at DC line abnormal condition
Now, after the clearance out of the faulty condition the
voltage finally results to be in constant. While the reference
current can be seen, that it maintains or retains its accuracy
after the occurrence of the dc line fault conditions. We can
also notice that after the recovery of the faults at time 0.8-
0.95seconds the voltage results to becoming too damping
which may result or cause the lowering performance of the
entire transmission process and it may lead to serious effects
stronger than the AC systems. It can be seen in Fig. 15.

A) AC Line to Ground Fault condition

During the AC abnormal conditions on the DC
transportation we can observe that the instability of the
voltage with value of Vdc=0.6pu in which the abnormal
behaviors results to dropping of the voltage to Vdc=-0.6pu
and it begins to recover slowly at a t=0.9-1second. While the Figure 16. Single line to ground fault at the rectifier.
Id_ref also drops to 4pu.
 performance is poor in this situations because whenever the
faults occurs it causes some parts of the voltage levels to be
damping which in turns results to slowing the performance of
the overall system. Voltage and current as regards to this they
react firmly on the type of the abnormal conditions that
occurs in the system. IGBT has very low performance in
back-to-back HVDC configurations. And also it has zero
recovery to any kind of fault that occurs in a system that is
using the IGBT/DIODE as a means of conversion.
X.REFERENCES
[1] Alstom HVDC for Beginners and Beyond, Journal sept 2010, pp.
22-25, 31-36.
[2] M. Desta, “Design and Evaluation of HVDC System for the Grand
Renaissance Hydroelectric Power Plant in Ethiopia”, December 2012.
[3] A. M. Eltamaly, Y. Sayed, Amer Nasr A. Elghaffar, “A survey: HVDC
System Operation and Fault Analysis”, International Journal of
Figure 17. Single phase to ground fault at the inverter. Engineering Tome (IJET) November, 2017.
[4] K Sri Lakshmi, G. Sravanthi, L. Ramadevi, “A review paper on
technical data of present HVDC links in India”, International journal of
As can be seen the instability is reducing and are steadier Recent and Innovations trends in Computing and Communication, vol.
at the inverter side having a Vdc=0.49pu when the abnormal 3, April 2015.
occurs while the Id ref maintains its stability. [5] S. C. Rajpoot, P. S. Rajpoot, K. Gupta, D. Sharma, “Analysis of Power
Transmission Line with Unique Power Control Room”, International
Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064,
January 2017.
[6] S. R. Durdhavale, Dyaneshwar D. Ahire “A rewiev of Harmonic
Detection and Measurement in Power system”, International Journal
of Computer Applications (0975-8887), vol. 143, no.10, June 2016.
[7] Siemens, 2005, “High Voltage Direct Current Transmission”
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us/pool/hq/power-transmission/HVDC/ HVDC_Proven_
Technology.pdfB.
[8] B. Kumar, “Design of Harmonic Filters for Renewable Energy
Applications”, Journal of Electrical & Electronic Systems, Sweden
2011.
[9] Larruskain, I. Zamora1, A.J. Mazón, O. Abarrategui1, J. Monasterio,
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Department of Electrical Engineering University of the Basque
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[10] K. R. Padiyar, Smoothing Reactor in HVDC Power Transmission
Systems Technology and System Interactions, New Delhi: New age
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[11] M. Giraneza, High Voltage Direct Current in Applications for
Distributed Independent Power Provider, Thesis, Cape Peninsula
University of Technology, December 2013.
[12] R. Rudervvall, J .P. Charpentier, R. Sharma “High Voltage Direct
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Figure 18. Variations of voltage and current on the 50Hz part for an AC line
fault at the inverter section. [13] J. Yu, G. G. Karady, L. Gu, “Applications of Embedded HVDC in
Power System Transmission”. Conference Paper, September 2012.
[14] Ishtaiwi, “An Overview of HVDC Application: A Study on Medium
We can observe that the phases that are having the problem Voltage Distribution Networks”, Power Engineering and Automation
during the occurrences of the AC line to ground fault are Conference, December 2017.
phase A and phase C while phase becomes zero during the [15] C. L. Wadhwa, Scilab Textbook Companion for Electrical Power
AC line faults. Systems, Sixth Edition New Age International Publishers New Delhi,
2010.
IX.CONCLUSIONS [16] H. Lasisi, S. O. Olayemi, “Power Improvement of Transmission Line
Using High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Transmission System”
This paper has analyzed the nature behavior of the entire American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER), vol.3, no. 4, pp.
HVDC network process when they are subjected to some 66-75, 2014.
various abnormal conditions. The power electronic device [17] N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, W. P. Robbins, Power Electronics:
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Sons, 2003.
is the IGBT. It has duly been observed that whenever the fault
conditions occur in the process such as the DC line
transportation fault and single line fault, it can be noted that
there is a huge instability or fluctuations at the voltage levels
resulting to poor transmission of the process due to the
problems that it causes during the processes. IGBT

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