Chemistry

for Engineers
Engr. DM Mahinay
Bohol Island State University

Chapter 1
Introduction:
Matter &
Measurement
Introduction to Chemistry
Chemistry
• Chemistry is the study of
the properties and behavior
of matter.
 • It is central to our
fundamental
understanding of many
science-related fields.
Matter

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

Matter
 • Atoms are the building
blocks of matter.
• Each element is made of
a unique kind of atom.
• A compound is made of
two or more different
kinds of elements.

Note: Balls of different colors are used to represent atoms of

different elements. Attached balls represent connections between
atoms that are seen in nature. These groups of atoms are called
molecules.
Methods of Classification
•State of Matter
•Compositi
on of
Matter
States of Matter

⮚The three states of

matter are
1) solid.
2) liquid.
3) gas.

⮚In this figure, those

states are ice, liquid
water, and water
vapor.
Classification of Matter
Based on Composition

If you follow this scheme,

 you can determine how
to classify any type of
matter.

⮚ Homogeneous mixture

⮚ Heterogeneous
mixture
⮚ Element

⮚ Compound
Classification of Matter—Mixtures

• Mixtures exhibit the properties of the

 substances that make them up.
• Mixtures can vary in composition throughout a
sample (heterogeneous) or can have the same
composition throughout the sample
(homogeneous).
• Another name for a homogeneous mixture is
solution.
Classification of Matter—Substances
• A substance has distinct properties and a
composition that does not vary from sample to
sample.
• The two types of substances are elements
and compounds.

⮚An element is a substance which can not be

decomposed to simpler substances.

⮚A compound is a substance which can be decomposed

to simpler substances.
Compounds and Composition
• Compounds have a definite composition. That means
that the relative number of atoms of each element
that makes up the compound is the same in any
sample.
• This is The Law of Constant Composition (or The Law
of Definite Proportions).

Compounds
Compounds
can be
broken
down into
more
elemental
particles.

Properties and
Changes of
 Matter
Types of Properties
• Physical Properties can be observed without
changing a substance into another substance.
◦ Some examples include boiling point, density, mass, or
volume.
• Chemical Properties can only be observed when
a substance is changed into another substance. ◦
Some examples include flammability, corrosiveness, or
reactivity with acid.
Types of Properties
 • Intensive Properties are independent of the amount
of the substance that is present.
◦ Examples include density, boiling point, or color.
• Extensive Properties depend upon the amount of
the substance present.
◦ Examples include mass, volume, or energy.
Changes in State of Matter
 ⮚Converting between the
three states of matter is a
physical change.
⮚When ice melts or water
evaporates, there are still
2 H atoms and 1 O atom
in each molecule.
Chemical Reactions (Chemical
Change)
 In the course of a chemical reaction, the reacting substances are
converted to new substances. Here, the elements hydrogen and
oxygen become water.
Changes of State of Matter
 Matter changes state in various
ways:
Melting - changing from solid to
liquid.
Freezing - changing from a liquid to
a solid.
Vaporization - changing from liquid
to gas.
Condensation - changing from gas
to a liquid.
Deposition - changing from gas to a
solid.
Sublimation - changing from a solid
to gas.

Separation of
 Mixtures
Separating Mixtures

• Mixtures can be separated based on physical

properties of the components of the
mixture. Some methods used are

⮚filtration.

⮚distillation.
⮚chromatography.
Filtration
In filtration solid substances are
separated from liquids and
solutions.
Purification. Filtration is
extremely important to keep
things like water, chemicals,
and pharmaceuticals clean,
pure and free of contaminants.
If it wasn't for filtration, we
might not have safe drinking
water, because it plays a crucial
role in eliminating sediment,
sand, gravel, carbon and other
 suspended particles.
Distillation
Distillation uses
differences in the
boiling points of
substances to
separate a
homogeneous
mixture into its
components.
Chromatography

This technique separates

substances on the basis of differences in solubility in a solvent.
Chromatography is a method that is used in laboratories for the separation of a
mixture. It is used to test drug levels and water purity. It is also used to determine
the nutritional value of the food sample. It is used to determine the type of
chlorophyll in various photosynthetic organisms.

Units of
Measurement
Unit of Measurement - SI Units
 • Système International d’Unités
• A different base unit is used for each quantity.
Units of Measurement—Metric System

The base units used in the metric

system • Mass: gram (g)
 • Length: meter (m)
• Time: second (s or sec)
o
• Temperature: degrees Celsius ( C) or Kelvins (K)
• Amount of a substance: mole (mol)
• Volume: cubic centimeter (cc or cm3) or liter (L)
Metric System

Prefixes convert the base units into units that are appropriate for the item being
measured.
Mass and Length

• These are basic units we measure in science. •

Mass is a measure of the amount of material in an
object. SI uses the kilogram as the base unit. The
metric system uses the gram as the base unit. •
Length is a measure of distance. The meter is the
base unit.
Volume
• Note that volume is not a base unit for SI; it
is derived from length (m × m × m = m3).
• The most commonly used metric units for
volume are the liter (L) and the milliliter
(mL).
• A liter is a cube 1 decimeter (dm) long on
each side.
• A milliliter is a cube 1 centimeter (cm) long
on each side, also called 1 cubic
centimeter (cm × cm × cm = cm3).
Temperature
 By definition temperature is a
measure of the average kinetic
energy of the particles in a
sample.
Temperature

• In scientific measurements,
the Celsius and Kelvin scales
are most often used.
• The Celsius scale is based on
the properties of water.
• 0°C is the freezing point of
water.
• 100°C is the boiling point of
 water.
Temperature

• The Kelvin is the SI unit

of temperature.
• It is based on the
properties of gases.
• There are no negative
Kelvin temperatures.

• K = °C + 273.15
Temperature
 • The Fahrenheit scale is not
used in scientific
measurements.

• °F = 9/5(°C) + 32

• °C = 5/9(°F − 32)
Density

• Density is a physical
property of a substance. • It has units that are
derived from the units for mass and volume.
• The most common units are g/mL or
 g/cm . d
3
(ρ)=mV
Density

3
• You have a rock with a volume of 15cm and a mass of
45 g. What is its density?

• Answer:
�� 45 ��
• �� = ��=
 3 ��
15 ���� = 3.0
3
����
Uncertainty in
Measurement
Numbers Encountered in Science

• Exact numbers are counted or given by definition.

For example, there are 12 eggs in 1 dozen.
• Inexact (or measured) numbers depend on how they
were determined. Scientific instruments have
limitations. Some balances measure to ±0.01 g;
others measure to ±0.0001g.
Uncertainty in Measurements

Different measuring devices have different uses and different degrees of

accuracy.
All measured numbers have some degree of inaccuracy.
Accuracy versus Precision
 • Accuracy refers to the
proximity of a
measurement to the true
value of a quantity.

• Precision refers to the

proximity of several
measurements to each
other.
Significant Figures
• The term significant figures refers to digits
that were measured.

•When rounding calculated numbers, we pay

attention to significant figures so we do not
overstate the accuracy of our answers.
Significant Figures

1. All nonzero digits are significant.

2. Zeroes between two significant figures
 are themselves significant.
3. Zeroes at the beginning of a number are
never significant.
4. Zeroes at the end of a number are
significant if a decimal point is written in
the number.

1
42

3
5
Calculation with Significant Figures
 • When addition or subtraction is performed,
answers are rounded to the least significant
decimal place.
• When multiplication or division is performed,
answers are rounded to the number of digits that
corresponds to the least number of significant
figures in any of the numbers used in the
calculation.
Rounding off
Calculation with Significant Figures

Addition and Subtraction

• In addition and subtraction, the answer cannot have more digits
 to the right of the decimal point than either of the original
numbers.

89.453 + 2.5 decimal point

- 2.9173 two significant figures after
decimal point
one significant figure after 3.72

round of to 92.0 round of to 0.80

91.953 0.8027
Calculation with + .153 = .713 82,005.32 10.0 –

Significant Figures .56 9.842 = .12580

82,000 + 5.32 =
10 – 9.8742 82,000 0
= .12580
.1 Look for the last
important digit
.71
Calculation with Significant Figures

Multiplication and Division

The answer has the same significant figures as the value with
the lowest significant figures

= 4,238.5
should only have 2 sig figs = 1.030346

= 4,200 = 1.03

should only have 3 sig figs

Calculation with Significant Figures

Addition/Subtraction and Multiplication/Division

• Follow the PEMDAS (BEDMAS) for order of operations and determine the
appropriate number of sig figs for each intermediate step.
• Note: do not round answers of intermediate steps

Ex:

= -3.072 = -3.1
Should only have 1 decimal
Dimensional Analysis
 • We use dimensional analysis
to convert one quantity to
another.
• Most commonly dimensional
analysis utilizes conversion
factors (e.g., 1 in. = 2.54 cm)
1 2.54 cm or
in. 2.54 cm 1 in.
Dimensional Analysis

Use the form of the conversion factor that puts the sought-for unit in the
numerator.
 ���������� ��������
�������������� ��������
×

���������� ��������=
�������������� ��������

Conversion factor
Dimensional Analysis

• For example, to convert 8.00 m to inches,

• convert m to cm
• convert cm to in.
 100 ����
8.00 �� ×
1 ����
1 ��×

2.54 ����= 314.96063 ����

315 ����
Scientific Method

The scientific method is simply a systematic approach to solving

problems.
Thank You
Engr. DM Mahinay, LPT
Mathematics & Natural Sciences Dept.
College of Arts & Sciences
Bohol Island State University