Chapter 3

NATIONAL SYSTEMS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

ACROSS THE WORLD

Philippines Japan

1. Law Enforcement 1. Police

2. Prosecution 3. Court
3. Court 3. Correction
4. Correction
5. Community

United States of America

1. Law Enforcement
2. Court
3. Correction

PART OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

1. Legislative system – it is the network of legislatures that create laws.

2. Judiciary system – it is the network of courts that interpret the law in the name
of the state, and carry out the administration of justice in civil, criminal,
and administrative matters in accordance with the rule of law.

3. Corrections system – it is the network of governmental agencies that

administer a jurisdiction's prisons, probation, and parole systems.

GLOBAL SOCIAL CHANGE

CIVILIZATION AND MODERNIZATION

The process of civilization is shown in a transformation of criminal justice

institutions towards decriminalization, greater tolerance, a reduction of lengthily
periods of imprisonment and an expansion of prison alternatives.

It is the process of modernization revolve around the impact of particular

demographic, economic and technological changes that require adaptations by the
criminal justice system.
THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC MODERNIZATION

-The economic changes have created new opportunities, but have also led to an
increase in crime, particularly in matters of drug trafficking and money laundering.

COMPARATIVE COURT SYSTEM

1. INQUISITORIAL

The prosecution of crimes rests exclusively in the hands of the officers and
agents of the state who conduct investigation under the clock of secrecy and the
use of force, torture, intimidation in procuring confession from the suspect.

It is where the accused is guilty until proven innocent or mitigated, have

more secret procedures.

Outside the U.S most trials are concerned with legal guilt where everyone
knows the offender did it, and the purpose is to get the offender to apologize, own
up to their responsibility, argue for mercy, or suggest an appropriate sentence for
themselves.

2. ADVERSARIAL

The prosecutions are left in the hands of the prosecuting arms of the
government. The suspect is informed of the accusation and is given opportunity to
defend himself.

It is where the accused is innocent until proven guilty. The U.S adversarial
system is unique in the world. No other nation, not even U.K places as much
emphases upon determination of factual guilt in the courtroom as the U.S does.

2. MIXED SYSTEM

It is the combination of inquisitorial and accusatorial.

THORIES IN POLICING

1. CONTINENTAL
It is the theory of police service which maintains that police officers
are servants of higher authorities. This theory prevails in the continental
countries like France, Italy, and Spain

2. HOME RULE
It is the theory of police service which states that police officers are
servants of the community or the people. This theory prevails in country
with decentralized form of government. This is likewise the police service
theory that should prevail in the Philippines bases on the existing laws,
concepts, and principles.
THEORIES IN COMPARATIVE POLICING

1. ALERTNES TO CRIME THEORY

It is that as nation develops, people‟s alertness to crime is
heightened. They report more crime to police and demand the police to
become more effective in solving crime problems.

2. ECONOMIC OR MIGRATION THEORY

It is that crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration
and overpopulation in urban areas such as ghettos and slums.

3. OPPORTUNITY THEORY
It is that long with higher standards of living, victims become more
careless or their belongings, and opportunities for committing crime
multiply.

4. DEMOGRAPHIC THEORY
It is based on the event when a greater number of children are being
born. As these baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out
the of adolescent identity crisis.

5. DEPRIVATION THEORY
It holds that process comes along with rising expectations. People
at the bottom develop unrealistic expectations while people at the top don‟t
see themselves rising fast enough.

6. MODERNIZATION THEORY
It sees the problem as society becoming too complex or core
pattern of emotion.

7. THOERY OF ANOMIE AND SYNOMIE

The latter being term referring to social cohesion on values)

It suggests that progressive lifestyle and norms result in the

disintegration of older norms that once held people together.

4 KINDS OF SOCIETY IN THE WORLD

1. FOLK- COMMUNAL SOCIETY

It has little codification of law, no specialization among Police, and a system
of punishment that just let things go for a while without attention until things
become too much, and then harsh, barbaric punishment is resorted to.

2. URBAN-COMMERCIAL SOCIETY
It has civil law (some standards and customs are written down), specialized
police force (some for religious offices, others for enforcing the King‟s law), and
punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh; sometimes lenient.
 3. URBAN- INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

It only has codified laws (statutes that prohibited) but laws that prescribed
good behavior, police become specialized in how to handle property crimes, and
the system of punishment is run on market principles of creating insensitive and
disincentives.

4. BUREAUCRATIC SOCIETY

It has a system of laws (along with armies of lawyers), police who tend to
keep busy handling political crime and terrorism, and a system of punishment
characterized by over criminalization and overcrowding.

Developing countries tend to be lumped into the first 1 and 2 types, and the
study of culture becomes more important

Developed countries tend to be the last 3 and 4, and the study of social
structure becomes more important.

Culture- it involves the study of customs and folkways of people

Structure- it is study of institution like economic and political system.

4 SYSTEMS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

1. COMMON LAW
It is in the U. S and U.K
It is distinguishes as strong adversarial system.
It involves two opposing side of a lawyer representing the defendant and a
prosecutor representing the people.

The common law system typically relies on prior court decisions as

precedents to be used in later court cases.

2. CIVIL LAW or CONTINENTAL SYSTEM

It is the country Sweden, Japan, Germany
It distinguishes as strong inquisitorial system.
It typically grants less rights to the accused and that operates on the
premise that pre-trial inquiry and application of written law should guide society‟s
quest for justice.

3. ISLAMIC LAW
It is known as Muslim or Arabic justice
Shariah Law
It is rooted in religious values and derives its premises from Koran.
Islamic system in general are characterized by the absence of the positive
law and are based more on the concept of natural justice.
 4. SOCIALIST SYSTEM

It reflects to a Marxist-Leninist ideology that views the criminal justice

system as a means of training a nations people to fulfill the responsibilities the
state has proclaimed to be ideal.

It is the ultimate expression of positive law, designed to move the sate

forward toward perfectibility of state and mankind.

It is also characterized by administrative law, where non-legal officials

make most of the decision. Neither judges of lawyers are allowed to make law.

INTERIOR MINISTRY
Ministry of Internal Affairs or Ministry of Home Affairs

It is a government ministry typically responsible for policing, emergency

management, national security, supervision of local government, conduct of elections,
public administration and immigration matters.

In some countries, policing and national security belong to a separate ministry

(often titled “ministry of public order”, “ministry of security” etc.) with the interior ministry
being limited to control over local government, public administration, election, etc.

DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR AND

LOCAL GOVERNMENT (PHILIPPINES)

-responsible for promoting peace and order,

ensuring public safety and strengthening local
government capability aimed towards the effective
dealing of basic services to the citizenry.
 Chapter 4

MODEL POLICE SYSTEM

Model system is used to describe the countries being used as topic of discussion. These
countries are chosen not because they are greater than other but because they are the focus of
comparison being studied. In this discussion, having a world map with the student is require to
appreciate and identify the geographical location of the countries.

1. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN SWITZERLAND

For many years, travel brochures used to mark

“there is no crime in Switzerland”.

CANTONAL POLICE

The Cantonal Police is responsible for the

law enforcement in 26 Cantons (state)
in Switzerland

It is French Speaking, German

Speaking and Italian Speaking Canton
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Criminologist were puzzled and attributed to either the high rate of firearm ownership
or the extensive welfare system.

1. Gun Politics in Switzerland is liberal because of a long tradition of shooting as a

formative element of national identity and long-standing practice of a militia organization
of the Swiss Army in which soldier‟s services rifle are stored privately at home.

It is a practice in Switzerland that a citizen will play shooting at firing range as a hobby and
a national sport. In other countries, people play football, volleyball, basketball or baseball; in
Switzerland it is a rifle shooting.

It is common that people go around with their rifles it because it is part of their educational
system to inculcate to their mind about the use and purpose of rifle in life and society.

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2. When a poor person commits a crime, the government goes to work

analyzing the family, educational, and employment needs of everyone in that poor person
family. Then after some punishment, along term treatment plan is put into effect to raise
that family out of poverty

Currently, the police authority is exercised by the cantons, which are considered
sovereign states within the Confederation.

The organization of cantonal police forces generally reflects that of the country
whose language is the primary language of that canton.

The Federal Office of Police (fedpol) is the body of the Confederation responsible
for uncovering and prosecuting facts of serious criminality at the federal level. It also
provides support to national and international partners in the performance of their policing
duties and performs security and administrative police duties at the federal level. Fedpol
is attached to the Federal Department of Justice and Police (FDJP) within the federal
administration.

ORGANIZATION

Fedpol employs around 900 people from all professional backgrounds. The majority of
employees are 44 years old. The proportion of women, stable for years, is on average 34%. They
are 15% to occupy managerial positions. 76% of employees are German-speaking, 17% French-
speaking and less than 7% Italian-speaking. Some collaborators are Romansh or of another
linguistic origin. The Federal Office of Police has a budget of 270 million Swiss francs to carry out
the key tasks entrusted to it.

In the French-speaking cantons, the police are divided into two sections:

1. The gendarmerie, a uniformed organization which performs the tasks of police patrol and
response, and may conduct judicial enquiries. However, in certain cantons, the gendarmes have
the ability to conduct local or judicial enquiries.

2. The sûreté ('security' or 'safety'), civil investigators who work in the Criminal Investigation
Department (average and serious crime)

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In German-speaking cantons, the police are divided into three sections:

1. The Kriminalpolizei (criminal police), who investigate crime and conduct criminal
investigations (similar to the sûreté).

2. The Schutzpolizei ('security' or 'protection' police), who respond to emergency calls and
conduct patrols (similar to the gendarmerie).

5. The Autobahnpolizei (highway patrol) who enforce traffic laws and investigate road
traffic

3. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN IRAN

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Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran

1. Army (Artesh)
2. Revolutionary Guard Corps (Sepah)
3. Law Enforcement Force (Police)

ARMY OF GUARDIANS OF ISLAMIC

REVOLUTION

-Sepah for short

-Revolutionary Guards
or Islamic Revolutionary
Guard Corps (IRGC)

-The regular army defends Iran‟s borders and maintains internal order.

The Revolutionary Guard is intended to protect the country’s Islamic

System in preventing foreign interference as well as coups by the military or
deviant movement.

The main role is in National Security and responsible for internal and
border security, law enforcement and Iran‟s missile force.

LAW ENFORCEMENT FORCE OF

ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN

-Disciplinary Force of Islamic Republic of Iran

-abbreviated as NAJA
-It is under the Ministry of Interior
-with Islamic Ideology

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Its responsibilities include:

 Border control;
 Crime fighting;
 Emergency services;
 Identity checks;
 International police cooperation with the INTERPOL community
with regard to the arrest and extradition of criminals;
 Preventing and fighting terrorism;
 Preventing the production, distribution and trafficking of illicit drugs;
 Preventing trafficking in human beings and weapons;
 Public security and peace;
 Traffic control.

The Law Enforcement Force of Islamic Republic of Iran have a number of

branches, each with specialized duties:

1. The Prevention Police of NAJA

2. The Intelligence and Public Security Police of NAJA (PAVA for short:
3. The Traffic Police of NAJA (Rahvar for short;
4. The Cyber Police of NAJA (FATA for short: established in 2011, is Iran's Law
Enforcement Force Cyber unit;
5. The Anti-Narcotics Police of NAJA, is an Anti-Narcotic unit;
6. The Immigration & Passport Police of NAJA
7. The Diplomatic Police of NAJA
8. The Criminal Investigation Police of NAJA
9. The Border Guard Command of NAJA
10. The Special Unit; It is responsible for suppressing riots, anti-terrorist activities,
urban defense and rescuing hostages.
11. The Centre for Strategic Studies of the Iranian Law Enforcement Force

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RANKS IN THE POLICE ORGANIZATION

Police General Staff Sergeant

Police Lieutenant General Sergeant
Police Major General Corporal
Police Brigadier General Lance Corporal
Police Second Brigadier General Senior Policeman
Police Colonel Policeman
Police Lieutenant Colonel
Police Major
Police Captain
Police First Lieutenant
Police Second Lieutenant
Police Third Lieutenant
Command Sergeant Major
Sergeant Major
Sergeant First Class/First Sergeant

3. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN SAUDI ARABIA

POLICE DEPARTMENT

The Police Department of Saudi Ministry of the Interior is divided into

three forces: the regular police, secret police and religious police.

1. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY

- the official name of regular police force and handles most day-to-day
police activities. It is highly centralized force and usually headed by a member
of royal family.

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2. SECRET POLICE or Mabahith (General Investigation Directorate)

- deals with domestic security and counter-intelligence and it runs also the
Ulaysha Prison where it holds their prisoners for arbitrary detention

-monitors suspected political opponents and others, targets individuals and

interrogates detainees.

3. RELIGIOUS POLICE or MUTAWA or Mutaween

-Mutawa is the name used for
individual religious police.

Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice or (CPVPV)

-is the government agency employing religious police and enforcing Sharia
Law in Saudi Arabia.

- known for having full beards and wear headscarves and often coming
from Saudi Arabia‟s lower classes.

- consist of volunteers often accompanied by a police escort.

Duties:

1. Ensuring that drugs including alcohol are not being traded

2. Checking that women wear abaya, a traditional all-enveloping black cloack
3. Making sure that men and women who are spotted together in public are related.
4. Ensuring women do not smoke in public.
5. Preventing the population from engaging in western customs such as
Valentine‟s Day.

- they had the power to arrest unrelated males and females socializing,
engaged in homosexual behavior or prostitution, enforce dress code, and store
closure during prayer time.

- Enforce Muslim dietary laws, prohibited the consumption of pork, seize

consumer product regarding Anti-Islamic shows and film, and preventing the
practice of other religions.

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4. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN ISRAEL

Known as the “State of Israel”

“Jewish State”

Law enforcement services in Israel are provided by the Israel Police, the
national police force created in 1948. The force is part of the Ministry of Public
Security, which is also responsible for Prison Services, the Anti-Drug Authority,
and the Witness Protection Authority.
The Israel Police is headed by a Commissioner of Police who is appointed
by the government upon recommendation of the Minister of Public Security.

The Israel Police is made up of seven territorial districts, Border Police, and
seven departments each with distinct policing responsibilities. The force is made
up of approximately 27,000 officers.

Mission:

Prevent, detect and investigate crime;

Arrest criminals and bring them to trial;
Maintain public order;
Protect life and property;
Protect prisoners;
Control traffic and promote road safety;
Maintain national security and fight terrorism.

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1. ISRAEL POLICE

- “Misheteret Yisra’el”

It is the civilian police force in Israel that operates throughout the Israel and
Area C of the West Bank.

It is responsible for public security, maintaining public order, securing public

events and rallies, dismantling suspicious object and explosives (EOD), riot and
crowd control, law enforcement, crime fighting, detective work, operating the Civil
Guard, handing civilians complaints, handling youth violence, and educational
campaigns.

2. CIVIL GUARD

-Known as Mash’az

It is a volunteer organization of Israeli Citizen to do patrol in near border

neighborhoods which were exposed to Palestinian terror attacks and assist in daily police
work.

The volunteers give more of their time involved in traffic control and they receive
police training, wear police uniforms and limited police power.

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The Minimum requirement is 12 hours per month, most volunteer are armed with
M1 Carbine and specialized such as bicycle riders, search and rescue teas, drives and
translators

OPERATIONAL UNITS

1. The BORDER POLICE

-MAGAV

-its members called “Magavnikim”

-is the combat arm of the police and mainly
serves in unquiet areas- the borders, the West Bank
and the rural country side.

- is the gendarmerie; has both professional

officers on payroll and conscript of Israel Defense
Force (IDF) as their mandatory three (3) year
mandatory services.

2. YAMAN (Yehidat Mishtara Meyuhedit)

It is an acronym for Special Police Unit

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It is an Israeli counter-terrorism unit, one of four special unit of the Israel

Border Police.

It is designed for Domestic Counter-terrorism and law enforcement and

capable of both hostage-rescue operations and offensive take-over raids against
targets in civilian areas. Besides military duties, it also performs SWAT duties and
undercover police works.

3. YASAM (Yehidat Siyur Meyuhedet)

It is the Israel Police Special Patrol Unit

It is a riot police unit dedicated to continuous security, riot and crowd control
and other special operations.

Officers are often recruited from IDF and Border Police Special Forces
having all served in combat units of one kind or another.

Officers wear gray trouser and jackets with a black cap embossed with their
unit insignia.

ISRAELI INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY

1. SHABAK (Israel Security Agency)

It is the organization responsible for internal security, including the Israeli-occupied
territories.

2. MOSSAD (The Institute)

“The Institute for Intelligence and for Special Tasks”
It is the agency responsible for foreign intelligence

3. AMAN (Directorate of Military Intelligence)

It produces comprehensive national intelligence estimates for the prime minister
and cabinet, daily intelligence reports, risk of war estimates, target studies on nearby
countries, and communications intercepts.

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5. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN JAPAN

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

National Public Safety Commission

National Police Agency

Prefectural Police

NATIONAL PUBLIC SAFETY COMMISION

The National Public Safety Commission (Kokka Kōan Iinkai)

It is a Japanese Cabinet Office commission

The commission consists of a chairman who holds the rank of Minister of

State and five members appointed by the prime minister with the consent of both houses
of the Diet (is Japan's bicameral legislature).

The commission operates independently of the cabinet, but coordinates with it

through the Minister of State.

Cabinet- it is a body of high-ranking state officials, typically consisting of the top leaders
of the executive branch.

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The commission's function is to guarantee the neutrality of the police system by

insulating the force from political pressure and ensuring the maintenance
of democratic methods in police administration.

National Public Safety Commission ensure that Japan's police are an apolitical
body and free of direct central government executive control.

They are checked by an independent judiciary and monitored by a free and

active press.

It administers and set a policy for the National Police Agency and has the authority
to appoint or dismiss senior police officers.

NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY

The National Police Agency (Keisatsu-chō)

-is an agency administered by the National

Public Safety Commission of the Cabinet Office in
the cabinet of Japan, and is the central
coordinating agency of the Japanese police system.

Unlike comparable bodies, such as the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, the
NPA does not have any police officers of its own.

Instead, its role is to determine general standards and policies, although in

national emergencies or large-scale disasters the agency is authorized to take command
of prefectural police forces.

Japan‟s National Police Agency (NPA) supervises and controls the police activities
of 47 Prefectural Police Departments, including the Tokyo Metropolitan Police
Department. The NPA is made up of about 7,800 officials, including 2,100 police officers,
900 Imperial Guards and 4,800 civilians.
The NPA is headed by a Commissioner General who is appointed by the National
Public Safety Commission (NPSC) with the approval of the Prime Minister. The NPSC is
made up of a Chairman (who holds the rank of Minister of State), and five other
members. It administers the NPA and guarantees the neutrality of the police.

NPA duties include:

 international crime investigations;

 criminal identification;
 dealing with natural disasters, emergencies and civil unrest;
 imperial guard (protection of the Japanese imperial families);
 police communications;
 police inspection;
 police training;
 tackling organized crime;
 vehicle and road administration.

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PREFECTURAL POLICE

It is under the oversight of the National Police Agency or NPA.

The West's use of "prefecture" to label these Japanese regions stems

RANKS

Commissioner General (Keisatsu-chō Chōkan):

The Chief of National Police Agency. The rank outside.

Superintendent General (Keishi-sōkan):

The Chief of Metropolitan Police Department

Superintendent Supervisor ( Keishi-kan):

Deputy Commissioner General, Deputy Superintendent General, The
Chief of Regional Police Bureau, The Chief of Prefectural Police
Headquarters, others.

Chief Superintendent ( Keishi-chō):

The Chief of Prefectural Police Headquarters.

Senior Superintendent (Keishi-sei):

The Chief of Police Station(large). More than this rank, all police officer
joins to National Police Agency.

Superintendent (Keishi):
The Chief of Police Station (small or middle), The Vice Commanding
Officer of Police Station, Commander of Riot Unit.

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Police Inspector or Captain ( Keibu):

Squad Commander of Police Station, Leader of Riot Company.

Assistant Police Inspector or Lieutenant (Keibu-ho):

Squad Sub-Commander of Police Station, Leader of Riot Platoon.
National Police Officer 1st class's career start from this rank.

Police Sergeant (Junsa-buchō):

Field supervisor, Leader of Police box. National Police Officer 2nd class's
career start from this rank.

Senior Police Officer or Corporal (Junsa-chō):

Honorary rank of Police Officer.

Police officer, old Patrolman (Junsa):

Prefectural Police Officer's career start from this rank.

6. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN ENGLAND

England is just a Kingdom under United Kingdom (UK) of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland, known as UK or Britain, before to proceed details about law
enforcement in London, overview of U.K must discuss to avoid confusion.

UNITED KINGDOM

The 4 Kingdom unite into one

sovereign Country;

1. England
2. Scotland
3. Northern Ireland
4. Wales

-People under this country is British

Or Briton.
-the country is Head by a Prime
Minister to run the government of the UK
“Her Majesty” and to advice the Queen.

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The United Kingdom (UK), which is made up of England, Northern Ireland,

Scotland and Wales, does not have a national police force. Instead, there are 44
geographic forces in England and Wales, and a single force in Scotland and in Northern
Ireland.

Each force is led by a Chief Constable who is accountable to law, to the Home
Secretary and to local democratic oversight. Democratic oversight is provided by elected
Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) in most areas and by the Mayor‟s Office in
London.

THE SCOTLAND YARD

Flag of England

Scotland Yard (officially New Scotland Yard) is a metonym for the

headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service, the territorial police
force responsible for policing most of London.

The name Scotland Yard is a government compound in England which

served a guesthouse for the Kingdom of Scotland Royal Family in every visit in

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England. Since, the compound is seldom to use and upon the approval of the Law
proposed by Sir Robert Peel, the government cannot provide immediately an office
intended for the police headquarters; the Scotland Yard serve as the office of the
metropolitan police service during early years and over the time.

METROPOLITAN POLICE SERVICE

The Metropolitan Police Service (abbreviated to MPS and widely known

informally as "the Met")

It is the territorial police force responsible for law enforcement in Greater

London, excluding the "square mile" of the City of London, which is the
responsibility of the City of London Police.

The Met also has significant national responsibilities, such as coordinating

and leading on counter-terrorism matters and protection of the British Royal
Family and senior figures of Her Majesty's Government.

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While some smaller or area specific police forces (ports, docks, tunnels etc.) may
use variations on, or fewer of, these ranks, most territorial police forces and forces have
a standard set of operational ranks:

Police Constable
Sergeant
Inspector
Chief Inspector
Superintendent
Chief Superintendent

The standard Chief Officer ranks outside London are:

Assistant Chief Constable
Deputy Chief Constable
Chief Constable

CITY OF LONDON POLICE

The City of London Police is the territorial police force responsible for
law enforcement within the City of London, including the Middle and Inner
Temples.

The force responsible for law enforcement within the remainder of Greater
London, outside of the City, is the Metropolitan Police Service, a separate
organization.

The City of London, which is now primarily a financial business district with a small resident
population but a large commuting workforce, is the historic core of London, and has an
administrative history distinct from that of the rest of the metropolis, of which its separate police
force is one manifestation.

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The police authority is the Common Council of the City, and unlike other territorial forces
in England and Wales there is no commissioner replacing that police authority by way of
the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011, but like the commissioner, the Common
Council is elected, thus achieving the same aim of democratic accountability.

7. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN AUSTRALIA

AUSTRALIAN FEDERAL POLICE

Four core functions – prevention, deterrence, partnership and innovation.

The Australian Federal Police (AFP) is the Australian government‟s

leading law enforcement agency.

It is responsible for investigating offences against the Commonwealth of

Australia and advising on the national security framework.

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At national level, the AFP works with Australian government departments, state and
territory law enforcement agencies and other partner agencies to disrupt, deter and defeat
criminal activity.

At global level, the AFP operates within a large network of international law enforcement
agencies, industry partners, and foreign governments to identify and disrupt transnational serious
and organised crime.

Through its International Deployment Group, the AFP also provides a range of capacity
development initiatives and peacekeeping and stability operations. The group contributes to the
development, maintenance or restoration of the rule of law in countries that seek Australia's
support.

The AFP is responsive to a rapidly changing criminal environment and has eight key
investigative priorities. These are:

Serious and organized crime;

Crime operations;
High tech crime operations;
Intelligence;
Protection;
Aviation;
International Deployment Group;
Counter terrorism.

Generally, all police forces of Australia follow this rank structure with some
individual state police forces have ranks differing slightly.

For an overview of all distinct state and federal rank structures,

Commissioner
Deputy Commissioner
Assistant Commissioner
Commander
Chief Superintendent
Superintendent
Inspector

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Senior Non-Commissioned Ranks

Senior Sergeant
Sergeant

Non-Commissioned Ranks
Senior Constable
Constable
Probationary Constable

Each state has its own distinct rank structure

Australian Capital Territory

Australian Federal Police
New South Wales
Northern Territory
Queensland
South Australia
Tasmania
Victoria
Western Australia

8. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN CHINA

Ministry of Public Security China

Responsible for public security, the Ministry of Public Security (MPS) is part of
the State Council, China‟s chief administrative body and principal police and security
authority.

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Law enforcement services in China are provided by Public Security Bureaus, the
provincial and municipal public security counterparts which, under the leadership of
local government, operate in the main towns, cities and counties of China.

Mission:

1. Crime prevention, suppression and investigation;

2. Ensuring law and order;
3. Prevention of extremism, violence and terrorism;
4. Maintaining state security;
5. Administrative registration duties (identification
documents, birth certificates, exit-and-entry permits,
stay and travel permits for visitors to China);
6. Riot and public demonstration control;
7. Public information network security.

MPS is made up of several agencies which deal with operational and

administrative aspects of national policing. Essential operational agencies include:

1. National Security;
2. Economic Crime Investigation;
3. Border Control;
4. Criminal Investigation;
5. Fire Control;
6. Prison Security;
7. Traffic Control;
8. International Police Cooperation;
9. Drug Control;
10. Counter-terrorism.

pg. 62
A Learning Manual Exclusive to the Criminology Students of SDSSU | Comparative Models and Policing|

PEOPLE‟S ARMED POLICE

The Chinese People's Armed Police Force (PAP) is a

Chinese paramilitary police (Gendarmerie) force primarily responsible for internal
security, law enforcement and maritime rights protection in China, as well as
providing support to the PLA Ground Force during wartime.

The People's Armed Police's primary mission is internal security.

The People's Armed Police, the Law on the People's Armed Police Force (PAPF),
is having a statutory authority to respond to riots, terrorist attacks or other emergencies.

Such unit‟s guard government buildings at all levels (including party and state
organizations, foreign embassies and consulates), provide security to public corporations
and major public events, as well as counter-terrorism and handling of public emergencies.

Some units perform guard duty in civilian prisons and provide executioners for the
state. The PAP also maintains tactical counter-terrorism (CT) units in the Immediate
Action Unit (IAU), Snow Wolf Commando Unit(SWCU) and various Special Police
Units (SPUs).

pg. 63
 A Learning Manual Exclusive to the Criminology Students of SDSSU | Comparative Models and Policing|

Rank

Officers Non-Commissioned Officers and

Enlisted

PAP General PAP Sergeant 1st Class

PAP Lieutenant General PAP Sergeant 2nd Class
PAP Major General PAP Sergeant 3rd Class
PAP Colonel Commandant PAP Sergeant 4th Class
PAP Colonel PAP Sergeant
PAP Lieutenant Colonel PAP Corporal
PAP Major PAP Lance Corporal
PAP Captain PAP Private 1st Class
PAP First Lieutenant PAP Private
PAP Second Lieutenant
PAP Cadet

9. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN FRANCE

In France, two
directorates-general provide Police missions:

1. The Police Nationale (National Police)

2. The Gendermerie Nationale (National Gendarmerie).

Police work in urban areas and gendarmes patrol rural areas.

Trained in schools that combine theory

and practice, policemen and gendarmes have
the mission of maintaining public order and
researching the perpetrators of offenses listed
in the Penal Code.

pg. 64
 1. The Police Nationale

-Formerly called the "Sûreté"

It is considered a civilian police force. Its origins date back to 1812 and was
created by Eugène François Vidocq. In 1966 its name was officially changed to
"Police Nationale". It has primary responsibility for major cities and large urban
areas.

Missions:

1. The fight against urban violence, petty crime and road safety;
2. The control of irregular immigration and the fight against the
employment of illegal immigrants;
3. The fight against drugs, organized crime and serious economic and
financial crime;
4. The protection of the country against terrorism and the attacks on the
fundamental interests of the nation;
5. The maintenance of public order.
6. The National Police is attached to the Ministry of the Interior, Overseas
Territories, Territorial Communities and Immigration.

2. The Gendarmerie Nationale

It is part of the French armed

forces. It has the primary responsibility
for policing smaller towns and rural
areas, as well as the armed forces and
military installations, airport security and
shipping ports.

Being a military force, the

gendarmerie has a highly centralized
organization structure. It is under the
control of both the Ministry of Defence
and the Ministry of the Interior (as far as
its civil duties are concerned).

In parallel and in application of the police powers conferred to him, each

mayor can form a municipal police force in charge of enforcing the police laws and
regulations on contravenal matters in the territory of the commune.
THE MUNICIPAL POLICE

The Municipal Police (French: Police Municipale) are the local police of towns and
cities in France outside the capital. The French municipal police are under the direct
authority of the mayor and may or may not be armed according to the local mayor's
discretion.

PARIS POLICE PREFECTURE

The Paris Police Prefecture (French: Préfecture de police de Paris) is the unit of
the French Ministry of the Interior which provides police, emergency services and
various administrative services to the population of the city of Paris.

It is headed by the Prefect of Police (Préfet de police).

RANKS

POLICE NATIONALE GENDERMERIE POLICE MUNICIPALE

NATIONAL
Directeur général de la Général d'armée
police nationale
Directeur des Services Général de corps
Actifs d'armée
Inspecteur Général Général de
division
Contrôleur Général Général de
brigade
Commissaire général de
Police
Commissaire Colonel
Divisionnaire de Police
Commissaire de Police Lieutenant-colonel
Chef d'escadron
Directeur principal de police
municipal
Commandant de Police Chef d'escadron
Directeur de police municipale

Capitaine de Police Capitaine Chef de service principal de 1re

classe
Lieutenant de Police Lieutenant Chef de service principal de 2e
classe
Sous-lieutenant Chef de service
Brigadier-Major de Police Major Chef de police municipale
Brigadier-Chef de Police Adjudant chef Brigadier Chef Principal
Brigadier de Police Adjudant Brigadier de Police
Sous-Brigadier Maréchal des Gardien de la Paix Principale
logis-chef
Gardien de la Paix Gendarme Gardien de la Paix
10. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN HONGKONG

Hong Kong is a Special

Administrative Region of the People's
Republic of China (PRC).

Whilst the PRC is responsible for the territory's defense and foreign affairs, Hong
Kong maintains its own legal system, police force, monetary system, customs policy and
immigration policy.

Law enforcement services in Hong Kong are provided by the Hong Kong Police
Force.

Mandate:

1. Maintain law and order;

2. Prevent, detect and investigate crimes;
3. Protect people and property;
4. Work in partnership with the community
and other agencies;
5. Maintain public confidence in the Force;
6. Provide emergency security services.

It is the world's second, and Asia's first,

police agency to operate with a modern policing
system.

RANKS

Gazette Junior Police Officer

Commissioner of Police Station Sergeant
Deputy Commissioner of Police Sergeant
Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police Senior Constable
Assistant Commissioner of Inspectorate Police Constable
Chief Superintendent of Police
Senior Superintendent of Police
Superintendent of Police
Chief Inspector of Police
Senior Inspector of Police
Inspector of Police
Probationary Inspector of Police
11. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN MACAU

Macao is a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China

(PRC).

Whilst PRC is responsible for the territory's defense and foreign affairs, Macao
maintains its own legal system, police force, monetary system, customs policy and
immigration policy.

Law enforcement services in Macao are provided by:

1. The „Corpo de Policia de Segurança Pública de Macau‟

The police force responsible for the protection of residents and their
assets, and

2. The “Polícia Judiciária”

The police force responsible for crime prevention, detection and
investigation.

Both Forces are under the command of the Secretary for Security.

RANKS
Senior ranks
Superintendent general
(superintendente-geral)
Superintendent (superintendente)
Intendent (intendente)
 Sub-Intendent (subintendente)
Commissioner (comissário)
Sub-commissioner (subcomissário)
Chief (chefe)
Sub-chief (subchefe)

Basic ranks
Principal constable (guarda principal)
Constable first class (guarda de primeira)
Constable (guarda)

12. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN RUSSIA

Law enforcement in the Russian Federation is the responsibility of a variety of different

agencies. The Russian police (formerly the militsiya) are the primary law enforcement agency,
the Investigative Committee of Russia (the "Russian FBI") is the main investigative agency, and
the Federal Security Service (formerly the KGB) is the main domestic security agency.

Police is the federal law-enforcement agency in Russia, operating under the Ministry of
Internal Affairs. It was established in 2011, replacing the Militsiya, the former police service.

It is the federal police service of Russia that operates according to the law on police as
approved by the Federal Assembly, and subsequently signed into law on February 7, 2011 by
then President of the Russian Federation, Dmitry Medvedev.

RANKS
General of police of the Russian federation
Police colonel General
Police Lieutenant General
Police Major General
Police Colonel
Police Lieutenant colonel
Police Major
Police Captain
Police Senior Lieutenant
Police Lieutenant
Police Junior Lieutenant
Police Senior Praporshchik
 Police Praporshick
Police Starshina
Police Senior Sergeant
Police Sergeant
Police Junior Sergeant
Police Private

13. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN GERMANY

GERMANY

German law enforcement services are provided by a combination of

different forces which have either state, national or international mandates.

1. State police forces: Landespolize

Germany is a Federal Republic made up of 16 states. Each state is

responsible for its own policing matters and has its own state Police, called
“Landespolizei”.

2. Nationwide police: Bundespolizei (BPOL)

With 40,000 employees – more than 30,000 of them fully trained police
officers – BPOL is a country-wide operational police force responsible for domestic
security. As part of Germany‟s Ministry of Interior, it is Germany‟s uniformed police
responsible for:
 1. Border security – including passport control;
2. Coast guard services, which comprise the surveillance of land borders and
national sea-borders;
3. Protection of federal buildings and foreign embassies;
4. Reserve forces to deal with demonstrations, disturbances or emergencies;
5. Transportation and passenger security at international airports and on German
railways;
6. Rescue helicopter service.

Today nine of sixteen State Police Forces recruit only for the career bracket of the
"gehobener Dienst".

Entry into "Mittlerer Dienst" requires successful completion of 10 years of

schooling, or a successful training in any other job and some years of working in this job.

Period of training is 2 1/2 years at the police academy starting with the rank
of Polizeimeister-Anwärter.

The highest possible rank in this bracket is that of Polizeihauptmeister mit Zulage.
In the mid to late seventies the "mittlerer Dienst" was disestablished for the detective
branch Kriminalpolizei, but in some states of the former GDR, they still exist. Rank
designation, in this case, f.e. Kriminalhauptmeister.

Entry into the "gehobener Dienst" requires a high-school diploma and period of
training is 3 years at a college of administration and justice.

The highest possible rank in this career is that of Erster Polizei-/Kriminal-

hauptkommissar.

The third career bracket is the so-called "höherer Dienst". A direct entry into this
career bracket is possible and requires a law degree of a university, but the majority of
these officers had started their career in "mittlerer" or "gehobener Dienst".

Period of training is 2 years at the Deutsche Hochschule der Polizei or German

Police University. That is the only official centralised educational institution of the German
police. Starting at the rank of "Polizeirat"or "Kriminalrat" (literally "police counsellor" or
"detective counsellor") up to "Polizeipräsident" ("police president"), which is (in most
German states) equivalent to the rank of Chief of Police in the USA.
14. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN ITALY

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY

The national authority for public order and

security in Italy is the Ministry of Interior. It has
command over the five police forces which
operate throughout the country, exercising its
authority over them through its Department of Public
Security (DPS).

The DPS is headed by the “Chief of Police - Director General of Public Security”
who is appointed by the President of the Italian Republic upon recommendation of the
Ministry of Interior.

The DPS is in charge of the technical and operational coordination of law enforcement
activities carried out by the five national police forces. Their investigations are coordinated
through the Public Prosecutor‟s Office, and each one sits structurally in a different Ministry:

1. Polizia di Stato (Ministry of Interior):

Serving as the state police, these national police force is part of DPS. Its
responsibilities include investigative and law enforcement duties, and the security
of motorway, railway, and waterway networks;
 2. Arma dei Carabinieri (Ministry of Defence):
A force with military status and nationwide remit for crime investigations. It
also serves as the military police for the Italian armed forces and can be called
upon for national defence action;

3. Guardia di Finanza (Ministry of Economy and Finance):

A force with military status and nationwide remit for financial crime
investigations;

4. Corpo Forestale dello Stato (Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry

Policies):
A force with nationwide remit for environmental crime investigations;

5. Polizia Penitenziaria (Ministry of Justice):

A force with nationwide remit for prison security, inmate safety and
transportation.

The DPS manages, supports and administrates the five police forces through its
coordination boards, multi-agency schools, information structures and joint databases.
The DPS‟s role will increase over time with a view to maximising overall law enforcement
efficiency.

In the months to come, the 'Corpo Forestale dello Stato‟ and „Carabineri‟ will merge
to form a new law enforcement agency with the crime investigation and prevention
mandate of both agencies.
15. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN SPAIN

The Minister of the Interior is responsible for the general administration of citizen
security and the superior command of the State Security Forces and Corps, as well as
cooperation and assistance relations with the police authorities of other countries, in
accordance with the provisions of international treaties and agreements.

Under the immediate authority of the Minister of the Interior, these functions are
exercised by the Secretary of State for Security, on whom they directly depend:

Cuerpo Nacional de Policía

National Police Force (CNP)

It is an armed institute of civil nature that depends on the Ministry of the Interior
and is composed of 70,000 people; It is deployed in police stations in all provincial capitals
and major cities and towns of the national territory.

It is the competent body in matters such as:

1. issuance of the national identity document and passport;

2. activities foreseen in the legislation on foreigners;
3. control of entry and exit of the national territory of Spaniards and foreigners;
4. control and surveillance of private security;
5. collaboration and provision of assistance to the police of other countries.
 Structurally, the role of providing assistance to the police of other countries
corresponds to the Division of International Cooperation: it is responsible for coordinating
the working groups in which the General Directorate of the Police participates in the
European Union and from other international institutions, and aspects related to support
missions to third countries and to the police personnel that provide services abroad.

Civil Guard
-Guardia Civil

- responsible for general rural policing, firearms and explosives control; traffic
policing on interurban roads; protection of communication routes, coasts, frontiers, ports,
and airports; enforcement of environmental and conservation laws, including those
governing hunting and fishing; and interurban transport of prisoners. The Guardia Civil
has operated as military police in support of the Spanish armed forces on peace-keeping
deployment.

It is an armed institute of a military nature that depends organically on the Ministry

of Defense and functionally on the Ministry of the Interior. It is made up of 75,000 agents,
deployed in part of the national territory, mainly in rural areas.

This body has competence in matters such as the legislation on arms and
explosives, the fiscal protection of the State and the prosecution of contraband, the
surveillance of traffic on interurban public roads and the custody of borders, ports and
airports.
Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera
- Customs Service charged with customs inspections and the collection of import
duties. In addition, they investigated smuggling, tax evasion, and illegal financial
transactions, particularly those involving import-export businesses and currency
exchange. Most of its uniformed and plainclothes police were stationed at frontier crossing
points with France, Andorra, and Portugal, ports, and terminals of entry. Their monitoring
of entries and departures by foreigners also produced a flow of information needed by
internal security agencies.

Policía Portuaria
- uniformed service similar to local police, but with additionally special
administrative duties related to public safety in loading and unloading of vessels, storage
of cargo etc.

Agentes forestales

- specialist service with powers similar to local police, but also responsible for
maintaining forested areas in a safe condition. this uniformed force controls all hunting
activities and has powers to prevent visitors from gathering or damaging wild plants,
dumping rubbish, starting fires or behaving irresponsibly in addition to providing routine
surveillance and fire extinction services via regular surface and airborne patrols as well as
from fixed towers and strategic installations

Policia Local
-exist in most cities and important towns in order to concentrate on preventing
crime, settling minor incidents, traffic control, and, crucially, intelligence gathering.
16. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN SOUTH KOREA

KOREA NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY (KNPA)

Motto: A friendly and reliable police

force for the people

Vision:

Safety and order at the highest level

Ensuring people‟s safety:
Working with people to keep communities safe;
Protecting women, children and minorities.

Upholding justice for all levels of society:

Tackling corruption;
Eliminating crime and public disorder.
 Mandate

Crime prevention, suppression and investigation;

Safeguarding national security;
Safeguarding public security, law and order;
International cooperation with governments and international organizations;
Close protection services and national security operations;
Protection of people and property;
Traffic control and road security;
Collection, preparation and distribution of information on public order.

RANKS

Commissioner General
Chief Superintendent General
Senior Superintendent General
Superintendent General
Senior Superintendent
Superintendent
Senior Inspector
Inspector
Assistant Inspector
Senior Police Officer
Police Officer

Newly commissioned officers are appointed as Policeman Assistant for a two-year

probationary period. The uniform and insignia of an assistant is identical to those of a
Policeman.

Auxiliary Policeman

Sergeant Constable
Corporal Constable
Private Constable First Class
Private Constable
17. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN VATICAN

The Gendarmerie Corps of Vatican City State is the gendarmerie,

or police and security force, of Vatican City and the extraterritorial properties of
the Holy See (Pope).

VATICAN CITY STATE GENDARMERIE

Many law enforcement services in the Vatican are provided by the Vatican City
State Gendarmerie (Corpo della Gendarmeria dello Stato della Città del Vaticano).

Headed by an Inspector General, the force of 130 Italian officers sits structurally in
the Security Services and Civil Defence Directorate.

Mandate:
Accident prevention;
Crime investigation;
Financial and commercial regulations
enforcement;
Public order;
State security;
Traffic control;
Judicial services;
Protection of the Pope.
Structure:

Rapid Response Group - two operational units under the direct supervision of the

Gendarmerie Commander:
Gruppo Intervento Rapido(GIR) - special weapons and tactics team;
Hazardous Devices Operation Unit.

Their mandate is to:

Counter threats to national security;

Gather and analyse crime intelligence;
Gather counter terrorism intelligence with a view to preventive action;
Provide technical and logistical support for investigations;
Manage high-risk situations and to ensure safety.

Operations and Control Room:

Created in 2000 and operational 24 hours a day, an operations and control center
coordinates law enforcement action required in emergency and crisis situations. It is
equipped with state-of-the-art alarm and video surveillance systems.
PONTIFICAL SWISS GUARD

The Pontifical Swiss Guard also provides security

services. Part of Rome‟s Catholic Church, the Swiss Guard
is a separate body, independent of the Gendarmerie.

The Swiss Guard safeguards the city entrances

and is in charge of the personal safety of the Pope, dignitaries
and papal buildings.

It is a military unit of the Holy See, not Vatican City State. The Swiss Guard are
responsible for the security of the Pope, dignitaries and all papal buildings. The Swiss
Guard have maintained a centuries long tradition of carrying swords and spears,
18. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN CANADA

Law enforcement in Canada are public-sector police forces that are associated
with and commissioned to the three levels of government: municipal (both lower
and upper-tier), provincial, and federal.

Most urban areas have been given the authority by the provinces to maintain their
own police force. All but two of Canada's provinces in turn, contract out their provincial
law-enforcement responsibilities to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (popularly known
in English-speaking areas as the Mounties), the national police force, which is
commissioned to the federal level of government.

ROYAL CANADIAN MOUNTED POLICE

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)

French: Gendarmerie royale du Canada (GR).

It is the Canadian national police service and an agency

of the Ministry of Public Safety Canada. It is a national, federal,
provincial and municipal policing body, providing federal policing
services to all Canadians and policing agencies.

-known as Mounties
POLICE RANKS

The Chief of Police is the title of the head of most Canadian police forces except for:

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (Commissioner),

Ontario Provincial Police (Commissioner),
South Coast British Columbia Transportation
Authority Police Service (Chief Officer),
Vancouver Police Department (Chief Constable),
West Vancouver Police Department (Chief Constable), and
the Sûreté du Québec (Director General).

Deputy Chief of Police

Chief Superintendent
Staff Superintendent (and Senior Staff Superintendent)
Superintendent
Staff Inspector
Inspector
Sergeant Major
Staff Sergeant
Sergeant (and Detective Sergeant)
Corporal (and Detective Corporal)
Senior Constable
Police Constable (and Detective Constable)
Ranking also exists (i.e. 1st Class Constable, 2nd Class Constable, etc...)
Special Constable
Cadet/Recruit

19. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN ANGOLA

The Republic of Angola Police Force

The National Police of the Republic of Angola is a paramilitary force

under the Ministry of the Interior.
 Its mission is to:

Ensure law and order;

Perform police duties while duly respecting human rights
and freedom;
Protect private and public property;
Prevent, detect and investigate crime;
Defend the country and keep it secure.

The Force itself is made up of operational, technical, consultative and support

bodies. Some of the operational units include:

Border Control Police;

Fiscal Police;
National Criminal Investigation Directorate;
National Public Order Directorate;
National Road Traffic Directorate;
National Economic Investigation Directorate;
Protection Unit;
Swat Police (Special Weapons and Tactics);
Weapons and Explosives.

20. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN NIGERIA

 The Nigerian Police (NP) formerly The Nigeria Police Force is the principal law
enforcement agency in Nigeria.

Law enforcement services in Nigeria are provided principally by the Nigeria

Police Force.

Mandate:

Protect lives and property;

Prevent, detect and investigate crime;
Prosecute offenders.

The Police Mobile Force was established as a strike or Anti-riot unit under the control
of the Inspector-General of Police to counter incidents of civil disturbance. It is designated to
take over
operations of major crisis where conventional police units cannot cope.

Three major Governmental Agencies oversee the control and supervision of the
Nigerian Police Force; The Police Service Commission, the Nigerian Police Council and
Ministry of interior.
 The Police Service Commission (PSC)

The PSC is the civilian oversight body on the police. It is responsible for
appointment, promotion, and discipline of all police officers except the Inspector
General of Police. It shall collaborate, cooperate and work with all the stake
holders, namely the police council with the President of Nigeria as Chairman, all
the Governors of the Federating States of Nigeria, the Minister of Interior and the
Inspector-General of Police as members to turn the police around and enable it to
meet the challenges of the 21st century.

POLICE RANKS

Inspector General
Deputy Inspector-General of Police
Assistant Inspector-General of Police
Commissioner of Police
Deputy Commissioner of Police
Assistant Commissioner of Police
Chief Superintendent of Police
Superintendent of Police
Deputy Superintendent of Police
Assistant Superintendent of Police
Inspector of Police
Sergeant Major
Sergeant
Corporal
Constable

21. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN SENEGAL

The General Directorate of the National Police

Missions:

1. guarantee of public liberty, peace and tranquility, and defense of the institutions of the
Republic;
2. maintenance and restoration of public order;
3. fight against crime, organized crime, transnational organized crime, terrorism;
 4. investigation and detection of offenses against the criminal law, implementation of the
means for their repression, in accordance with the Penal Code and Criminal Procedure;
5. surveillance of the national territory, information of the authorities on the political,
economic and social situation;
6. border control, security and safety at ports and airports;
7. application of legislation concerning the conditions of entry, residence and settlement
of foreigners in Senegal;
8. establishment of travel documents;
9. assistance to the execution of diplomatic and consular missions, and within international
organizations;
10. participatory implementation of the concept of human security.

Organization and structure:

The General Directorate of the National Police (DGPN) comprises ten directorates:

Territory Surveillance;
Federal police;
Public security;
Air and Border Police;
Foreigners Police and Travel Documents;
National School of Police and Continuing Education;
Personal;
Budget and Materials;
Central Office for the Suppression of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs;
Mobile Intervention Group
MINISTRY OF THE ARMED FORCES

Some law enforcement services in Senegal are provided by the National

Gendarmerie, which is part of the Ministry of the Armed Forces. It is a police force with a
military status of about 5,000 civil servants.

Objectives:

Ensure public safety and peacekeeping;

To ensure the maintenance of order and the execution of laws and regulations;
Ensure the direct action of the administrative, judicial and military police;
National Defense;
 References

Depayso, V.P. (2018). Comparative Police System: Global Responses of Law Enforcement
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Garcia, M. P. (2010). Comparative Police System. Wiseman Books Trading, Inc. Quezon City

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from-around-the-world/

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comparative -police-system2015-upload.

ASEANPOLICE. Retrieved from http://www.aseanapol.org/about-aseanapol/objectives-and-

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