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Assignment#5-F20+Solutions

Fluid Mechanics (University of Windsor)

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Mechanical, Automotive and Materials Engineering
Fluid Mechanics I
MECH-3233-F20

Assignment Problems Set #5

Problem 1: (P4.5 White): The velocity field near a stagnation point may be written in the form
𝑈𝑜 𝑥 −𝑈𝑜 𝑦
𝑢= 𝑣= 𝑈𝑜 and 𝐿 are constants
𝐿 𝐿
(a) Calculate the acceleration vector, 𝑎⃗ and show that the magnitude of the acceleration is
constant on a circle with radius r.
(b) For the particular case L = 1.5 m, if the acceleration at (x, y) = (1 m, 1 m) is 25 m/s2,
what is the value of Uo?

Problem 2: Consider steady, incompressible, two-dimensional flow through a converging duct.

A simple approximate velocity field for this flow is
⃗⃗ = (𝑢, 𝑣) = (𝑈0 + 𝑏𝑥)𝑖⃗ − 𝑏𝑦𝑗⃗
𝑉
where U0 is the horizontal speed at x = 0. Note that this
equation ignores viscous effects along the walls but is a
reasonable approximation throughout the majority of the
flow field. Calculate the material acceleration for fluid
particles passing through this duct. Give your answer in two
ways:
(a) as acceleration components ax and ay and
(b) as acceleration vector 𝑎⃗.

Problem 3: Converging duct flow is modeled by the steady, two-dimensional velocity field of
Problem 2 ( V = ( u, v ) = (U 0 + bx ) i − byj ). The pressure field is given by


P = P0 −
2 
2U 0bx + b2 x 2 + y 2  ( )
where P0 is the pressure at x = 0. Generate an expression for the rate of change of pressure
following a fluid particle.

Problem 4: A two-dimensional flow field for a liquid can be described by 𝑉 ⃗⃗ = 5(6𝑦 2 − 1)𝑖⃗ +
(3𝑥 + 2)𝑗⃗ m/s, where x and y are in meters. Find the equation of the streamline that passes
through point (16 m, 2 m) and determine the velocity at this point.

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Problem 5: The velocity components for steady flow through the nozzle shown in the Figure
𝑥 𝑦
below are 𝑢 = −𝑉0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 𝑉0 [1 + ( ℓ )] , where V0 and ℓ are constants. Determine the ratio
ℓ
of the magnitude of the acceleration at point (1) to that at point (2).

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Solutions:

Problem 1(P4.5 White)

(a) For two-dimensional steady flow, the acceleration components are

du u u  x   Uo   y U o2
=u +v = U + −U (0) = 2 x
dt x  y  o L   L   o L  L
dv v v  x  y   U  U2
=u +v =  U o  (0) +  − U o  − o  = 2o y
dt x y  L  L  L  L

Therefore the resultant 𝑎⃗ = (𝑈𝑜2 /L2 )(𝑥𝒊⃗ + 𝑦𝒋⃗)

The magnitude of the acceleration is |𝑎⃗| = √(𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑦2 ) = (𝑈𝑜2 /L2 )√(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) =
(𝑈𝑜2 /L2 )𝑟  𝐴𝑛𝑠. (𝑎)

(b) For the given resultant acceleration of 25 m/s2 at (x, y) = (1 m, 1 m), we obtain

m Uo2 Uo2 m
a = 25 2
= 2
r =
2
2 m, solve for U o = 6.3 Ans. (b)
s L (1.5 m) s

Problem 2:
Analysis The velocity field is
V = ( u, v ) = (U 0 + bx ) i − byj (1)
The acceleration field components are obtained from its definition (the material acceleration)
in Cartesian coordinates,
u u u u
ax = + u + v + w = 0 + (U 0 + bx ) b + ( −by ) 0 + 0
t x y z
(2)
v v v v
a y = + u + v + w = 0 + (U 0 + bx ) 0 + ( −by )( −b ) +0
t x y z

where the unsteady terms are zero since this is a steady flow, and the terms with w are zero
since the flow is two-dimensional. Eq. 2 simplifies to
Material acceleration components:
ax = b (U 0 + bx ) a y = b2 y
(3)

In terms of a vector,

Material acceleration vector: a = b (U 0 + bx ) i + b 2 yj (4)

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Problem 3:
Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is incompressible. 3 The flow is two-dimensional
in the x-y plane.

Analysis The pressure field is

𝜌
Pressure field: 𝑃 = 𝑃0 − [2𝑈0 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )] (1)
2

By definition, the material derivative, when applied to pressure, produces the rate of change of
pressure following a fluid particle. Using Eq. 1 and the velocity components from the previous
problem,
𝐷𝑃 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
= +𝑢 +𝑣 + 𝑤
𝐷𝑡 ⏟
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 ⏟ 𝜕𝑧 (2)
Steady Two-dimensional
= (𝑈0 + 𝑏𝑥)(−𝜌𝑈0 𝑏 − 𝜌𝑏 2 𝑥) + (−𝑏𝑦)(−𝜌𝑏 2 𝑦)
where the unsteady term is zero since this is a steady flow, and the term with w is zero since
the flow is two-dimensional. Eq. 2 simplifies to the following rate of change of pressure
following a fluid particle:

DP
Dt
=   −U 0 b − 2U 0b 2 x + b3 y 2 − x 2 

2
 ( ) (3)

Problem 4:

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Problem 5:

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