Hebrew class preparation

P.3 Hebrew-I-Barrick-notes-01-
09.pdf

- Voices are important in language. To hear the sound, we can perceive

the meaning.
- We can't know the meaning just by translation, we must hear the
sound.
- Psalms is expressive, not only on visual imagery, not just vocab., but
by the sound itself. The auditary sound.

- thousands of Akkadian form symobols to be learnt, each of this

13 letters have as many 30 different sounds or meanings.
- so, a huge puzzle
 P.8

- when Barrick in seminary, he was taught that hebrew are continuous without break.
But here even slaves, 1800BC in Sinai penisular, wrote words divided by "word dividing
marker".
- slaves are writing hebrew.
- hebrew script could be written normally with word marker.

- each letter has meaning.e.g. B means house, g a camel, d is a door, shin: tooth / bowl?
，q: head, r means beginning, so pictorial.
- so hebrew has history, hebrew letter has history.

P.12

- biblical script, but after Babylon exile, they use aramaic script
in place of ancient hebrew script. No vowel pointing here.
- grammar basically remains the same of 1500 years + of bible
written history, some changes.

但城石碑 found in 1993-94

聖經考古學家Avraham Biran正在發掘但城Tel Dan (Biran and Naveh
word dividing marker
1995)。但城位於現代以色列北面，黑門山的山腳之下
石碑紀念一個主前9世紀的亞蘭王

from http://www.marksir.org/2011/04/blog-post.html?m=1
希伯來文句子結構

創世記
1:1 起初　神創造天地。
1:2 地是空虛混沌，淵面黑暗；　神的靈運行在水面上。

conjunction article Direct object verb preposition noun

gender - number
marker

maqqef Bible hub 自行加上的

標點符號

gender - number - state preposition

stem - conjugation - person - gender -
number
P.20 Lesson 4

- Holy, holy holy

- triplet is for emphasis, not trinity here.

https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/
%E9%A6%AC%E6%89%80%E6%8B%89%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC

馬所拉文本（Masoretic Text，也常譯作馬索拉文本或馬索拉文獻），
The Age of the Masoretes[edit]
The current received text finally achieved predominance through the reputation of the
Masoretes, schools of scribes and Torah scholars working between the 7th and 11th cen-
turies, based primarily in the cities of Tiberias, Jerusalem, and in Babylonia under the
Rashidun, Umayyad, and Abbasid Caliphates.

是在公元1000年後半期，由馬所拉文士（巴阿里·哈馬所拉，意思是「傳統的大師」）設計出一
種包括母音和重音符號的音標系統。這些寫下來的音標可以幫助人把過去只有子音字母的古代
閃族文字如希伯來文等的正確母音讀出來，以避免必須在眾多母音之間猜測而誤解其意，或導
致每個人的讀法各自紛紜
曾有三個不同的馬所拉學派致力於發展只有子音的文本之母音和重音符號標注工作，他們分別
是：巴比倫派、巴勒斯坦派和提比哩亞派（加利利海西岸的一個城市）。現今希伯來文聖經的
印刷版本所包含的馬所拉註釋，所採用的音標系統屬於提比哩亞派。這個音標系統是由提比哩
亞的馬所拉學士發展成的。

- 500-1000 AD
確切地說, 馬索拉抄本不是單一的手抄本, 而是數以千計的中世紀時期的舊約聖經手抄本. 那些
抄寫舊約聖經的中世紀猶太文士被稱為 “馬索拉” (Masorete), 意思是 “傳遞者” (transmitter). 因
此他們抄寫的舊約聖經手抄本被稱為 “馬索拉抄本”.

from P.39 Hebrew-I-Barrick-exegesis-04_11.pdf

- 700AD, beginning of MT. The vowel points go in, the accents go in.
- we have few evidence from 300BC. in archeology concern about He-
brew text.
- but from the table above, we can compare the text used in Smaritan -
--to Latin Vulagate text used. We know the attitude of the hebrew
scribes how careful to preserve the hebrew text. So, the text written by
Moses should be the same used in MT.
- it is the attitude of the scribes and acted by God.
 認識
vowel symbols , dagesh

- cantillation: It helps the Jews to sing

- accents are exegetically significance and trans-
P.38 accents
lation significance.
see P.51 of bible insert e.g. Gen 3:8-16, so ignore the accent, translate
also P.40 of notes wrongly.
- accents divide the text into logical section.
and not mathematically, i.e.g not by number of
syllable or no. of letters or no. of words etc.
- Masocretes convey correct meaning especially
to situation ambiguous

- 30 different accents in the hebrew text.

- different accents in peotic books and the poems book. Dif-
P.39 ferent way of marking in the peotic books and poems books.

- Q. Can we trust the vowels and accents by Masorets?

absolutely, a hundred percent, no reason to question at all because
they will check each step at the way and they argue the case for over 500 years and
they respond with every critics, they made certain final results are exactly the way every-
one can remember the text to pronounce for all the centuries before.
- they check others translation
e.g. Greek Septuagint done 300 years before Christ.
Symaritian for the 5 books (started at 400 - completed 100 BC)
Syria started 125AD - completed 400 AD
Latin Vulgate 400AD
- look at translation by Aquilla 100AD, Simaki? , Pheodocian? , Origen, Hexapla in 230
AD
- all the above can give evidence and plenty of confirmation that Masorets did not mis-
take in vowels and accents in logial division.
- also consider intertextual testimony
OT quote itself and NT also quote OT as well.
- No viable option to the Masoretic text and overwheming contrast on any particular
point.
with about 5 or 6 arguable instances only in the entire text.
- Masorets never refer to the Greek manuscripts in vowels.
only refer to the meaning in Septuagint and not vowels because there is no vowel point-
ing in Septuagint.

認識希伯來文字

basic word: 3 letters, lexical form (verb: Qal perfect 3ms, no

glutturals)
P.11 Hebrew-II-Barrick-notes-1.pdf

1.12 Word Formation (Inflections)

1.121 Verbal Serviles
(a) Stem prefixes
(b) Person prefixes and suffixes
(c) Imperatival prefixes and suffixes
(d) Infinitival prefixes and suffixes
(e) Participial prefixes and suffixes
(f) Pronominal object suffixes

1.122 Nominal Serviles

(a) Gender and number suffixes
(b) Determinate prefixes
(c) Object case prefixes
(d) Pronominal suffixes

1.123 Vocalization Patterns

(a) Regular patterns
(b) Irregular patterns due to gutturals
(c) Irregular patterns due to suffixes
(d) Pausal forms

rules of Hebrew: there are always

exception to the Hebrew rules.
 P.6 Hebrew-I-Barrick-notes-10-24.pdf

- 3 inseparable preposition
lamed, beth, kaph (in sequence of frequency)
- article would not in between.

P.8 Hebrew-I-Barrick-notes-10-24.pdf

Conjunction

P.9 Relative pronoun

P.10

English pronouniciation is based on Latin OT, the Latin

Valgate, so the sound is different from the hebrew.
e.g. Isaiah in 2:1

12:48 Hebrew word order

- VSO
- subject and the verb: occurs in one word, not in English.
Verb has subject pronoun in it.
e.g The man hit the ball (in English). In hebrew, becomes:
He hit the man the ball
He and the man: same no. and gender

- to determine subject or object

1. by word order
2. by the agreement of the subject and the verb.
3. Direct object marker: but not always appear, it only occurs when the direct object
is very definite and well known.
does not translate Direct Object marker

exo 20:11 Yahweh

made the
heavens
 Exo 18:9

- Here, there is aser, so not a full sentence, there is a

relative clause.
The Good which Yahweh did for Israel.
Not: He did good to Israel

Yahweh
- the most sacred name of all in Jews
- related to the title of God: I am.
This is one form of the word: to be
- covenant relationship with the people.
- reference to God who always is, the eternal God.

- 3rd century before Christ, decided that the third commandment, so apply
not to pronoucne this name. But this does not apply to godly Jews, followers
of the Law. Only follow by heretical sects of Jews in Alexandrian Egypt.
They have their own temple in Egypt, the name of God became: Yahweh
hadoor, ...mixed the Egyptian diety.
- this practice even today Jews.
But in Enclopedia Judiaca: would pronounce the name Yahweh.
- 75% of Hebrew scholars agree to pronounce Yahweh.
 Nouns and adjective

- Jerusalem: is dual, why , not sure, may be two mountains

- water is dual, not know why, may: water above and water below

P.17
- masculine gender: prime gender in hebrew, as grammatical marker.
- common gender: male / female /both male and female
NOT: neuter

- dual: refer to two

- plural: refer to three or more

- Translate: This great word. (or: thing)

- the adjective must agree with noun with: gender, no. and
definitenss. So, here, word has the article, so the modifier ad-
jective has to have article also,
including demonstrative pronoun. (e.g. this house)
(c.f. Greek is case, gender, no.)

- this is called grammatical agreement.

- in Hebrew, modifier follow those modified.

P.18

- very significance in hebrew, sometimes difficult to understand.

- two or more nouns.
- not separate out and emphasize different aspect but put them together in
compound idea.
- absolute: because form is not changed.
construct: changed form, it has been constructed, built and inflected, and is
different from the original form in the lexicon
 P.19

P.21 - Construct: not just noun, also in participle or adjective

behaving like noun.
- one compound idea and so pronounce as one word.

- 6 or 7 sets of term about construct state.

Even modern hebrew use two different sets.

P.28 of Hebrew-II-Barrick-notes-1.pdf

18 uses of construct chain: is subjective , is interpreta-

tive by context

NOT: objective by the form of the word

P.24, also P.27
start listening 11:33 - lesson 17

also watch 28:34-40

- piel, pual, ..: not truly instensive, more causative than intensive, very
seldom intenstive
is factitive, to bring into a state of condition, BEING something.
(but many textbook still use intensive)
- Hiphil.......: cause the ACTION.

P.14 of Hebrew-II-
Barrick-exegesis-01-
- so, causitive sense can also found in Qal form,
other than Hiphil, Hophael, Piel and Pual.
 P,18 Hebrew-II-Barrick-notes-1.pdf

- Active voice: subject of the verb

- passive: object of the verb.
- reflexive voice: is both the subject and object of the verb e.g. I do myself
- middle: both subject and object, but benefit of myself. e.g. I took the exam for myself
(to yourself is reflexive e.g. I hit myself)

Niphal
- primarily last three, but sometimes active
e.g. the king fight v.s. other king.
- translation to see the context
(from passive, middle,... then to active to see it fits the context or not, then check the
lexicon)
- but lexicon can have errors, e.g. written by unbelievers, liberals,..not see all the
sources.
- lexicon by Haladay is liberal.

from P.16 Hebrew-

II-Barrick-exege-
sis-01-06.pdf

- in Naphal: only passive participle , not active participle - Nifal participle is an adjectival
- only Qal has active/passive participle participle
all others has only one type of participle - xxible, xxxable e.g. desirable,
illuminable, teachable

- stative verb: state of being or existence, not doing action.

1. static stative e.g. is xxx
e.g Gen1: Earth is chaos, so cannot say become, so cannot explain the
earth by gap theory, .....
2. dynamic stative e.g. become xxx

- be holy, is a stative verb, (has: "be")

- piel: cause hime to be holy (so, translate as sanctify)
- in Enlgish, xxify is piel or pual type
e.g. purify, sanctify, modify, ....

- Niphal, sometimes iterative use, minority

- Niphal has causitive use:rare

P.23
- Qal : not always active, have passive particple
- so, many stems have exceptions, whether factitive is also exceptions, can
be flexible, arbituary
- if in lexicon, Qal is e.g. "be xxx", then its piel and pual is factitive
(because ** it is a stative verb in the Qal)

if e.g. steal, ...., its piel and pual is not factitive (because it is not a stative
verb in Qal)
- Piel: factitive active
Pual: factitive passive

- Grammar is always revised and revised again !

therefore, publisher don't want to revise, only reprint.
 P.9 Hebrew-II-Barrick-notes-
2.pdf
P.30

dabar: often use piel,

so no exegetical sig-
- Stem is very important in Hebrew
nificance
- Qal perfect, called regular word form (or
strong word form) because there is no weak
letters, no gutarals, no silent letter in it.

- Like Chinese, no tense word, time is told by context.

- The idea of perfect is simple fact. Look at the picture as a whole. NOT: completed action.
- Hebrew tell you visual effect as camera man.
- Perfect just picture the whole, not take note on individual part and process of the action. NOT
show the action.

- e.g. Perfect: just show she put the hammar, but do not show how it piece, the
shedding of blood from the tempo, show the face changes, blood into the soil
.....etc. Just show what happened.
- This is significant between perfect and imperfect and how you preach the text
of the bible.
 - imperfect is found more time than any other word forms.
- incomplete meaning is less than half of the imperfect usage.
- if feel not good if translate perfect as past and imperfect as future, try
another tense.
(not restrict perfect as past and imperfect as future)
- Imperfect really has to do reality. subject of the verb is in front of the verb, so violate VSO
- Subject, object or circumstances is more prominent than action itself.
- imperfect has wide range of usage.
- it is most verb to pin down for usage because it can takes various
kinds of mood e.g. subjuntive mood (jussive in hebrew), all these are
determined by context and not form.
e.g. he would keep, he should keep, he could keep, he may keep, he
might keep......
- kind of action and mood of action: determined by context, only context
can tell you.
- there are few form in imperfect known as shortened form that help you
to identify modal form, mood form of the verb.

- Internal progress of action

whether he began to keep, repeated, continuously, commonitive,
finally....
- imperfect is the widest usage verb form in hebrew. Context is your
friend and not your enemy.
- perfect is the simpliest verb form. It only look at the fact.
Imperfect: open the world up, different kind , mood, focuses, different
emphasis of sentence......
repeated, habitual, in progress, completed,

- hebrew: tri-letter root, some 4, some letter root, most are borrowed
from other languages.
e.g. person
- three consonant to form the main root.

negative particle la
5192 times in OT

P.136 Gary
 15:25 Moods Teaching by Dr. Barrick

listen 15:20 - 16:55 lesson 21

http://kyyeung.synology.me/hebrew/
cohortative.mp4

idea of determination

permission
desire
own volition or poteniality

- cohortative is a minority in the 1st person imperfect, majority is simple verb.

listen 18:20-20:00

- jussive: subjunctive in Greek, same meaning.

e.g. God, let have light.

- the form of the imperfect does not tell you how to translate !

from P.3 of Hebrew-I-Barrick-exegesis-

04_11.pdf
- ** all jussive is imperfect. All cohortative is imperfect.
all imperative derived from 2person imperfect but drop the prefix.

- imperative is a stronger form of the verb.

- In Greek, put all these in one category: subjunctive.

** Cohortative and jussive: determined by context, not by form, there are

rare forms that show it is jussive.
 Imperative
- form on the basis of imperfect
- is based on the form in each of the stems
- for all stem, just remove the prefix, if two shewa appear, change
to hereq
- show: ms, not indicate the person. Everyone know it is the
second person.
- imperfect is so important because the verb form is so related
with imperative.
(they are identical form except the prefix)

listen 23:35 -25:22

- 1. Lo: objective permanent negative The dominant use of the imperative, as suggested, in-
Never.... volves direct commands (## 57).
e.g. Joshua 1: do not use Lo, An imperative can also grant permission (## 8–10) or
- 2. al: subjective temporary negative convey a request (## 11–13) or
a wish (## 14–15). Imperatives may be used sarcastically
(## 16–17).

from P.648 of Waltke, with many examples

- direct object placed first, for emphasis

negative never put after the verb

 29:16

chapter 17 Participle

33:45 exercise 17 in chapter 17

- participle has two possible meanings

1. continuous : use "ing" in translation
e.g. the horse is eating grass
2. characteristics: use a present form in translation.
it is continuous because v.2
e.g. the horse eats grass
say day after day.
In Hebrew, can have either of the above meaning, context tells.
- **participle can take as a verbal word itself, can be taken as the
main verb in independent clause (without any other verb)
In modern hebrew, participle can take take the place of perfect
verb. Modern hebrew rarely use perfect verb anymore. Every
where in biblical hebrew, perfect verb would be used as participle
(also past, present or future) P.5 of Hebrew-II-Barrick-notes-2.pdf
- participle can be used as the main verb in the independent
clause.

- v.1 Mourn: participle has no 1st, 2nd, 3rd per-

sonal participle. If specify a subject to participle,
you either use as a noun or personal pronoun
有 article, treated as noun.
（most of the time）. Most of time is in front of the
participle (60 %) and no emphasis in that order, so
NOT: I myself.

the subject of a participle normally precedes the participle; in yKi-

clauses, word order is less rigid with subjects or direct objects
often preceding the verb) that should not be taken as emphatic.

from P.4 of Hebrew-I-Barrick-exe-

gesis-04_11.pdf
- In hebrew, if I say
Horses eat hay.
Eat is participle and shows characteristcs.

- Horeses are eating grass.

Eating is also participle and shows continuous.

- The above is for verbal participles.

 P.24 of Hebrew-II-Barrick-
notes-1.pdf

Psalm 103

put spiritual and

characteristic physical participle
participle, not together because
continuous because David suffer
we would not physical diseases
continuously ill all the time.
use participle:
because continuing or
characteristic acting

participle as noun, be-

cause it take article

emphasis of v.3-4: participle as characteristics, and link to the benefit said in v.2
 - when participle is used especially as verb,
P.2 Hebrew-II-Barrick-exe- must ask the action
gesis-01-06.pdf 1. continuous or (e.g horse is eating haze)
2. characteristics (e.g. horse eats haze)

- wisdom make us to think these .

P.4 Hebrew-II-Barrick-exe- - Nifal participle here is a very important

gesis-01-06.pdf role in this text, David used in key
places.
can be translated as: hearable, audible,
- ** Nifal participle is primarily used in
adjectival sense e.g. Gen 3
 p38, lesson 22

The Semitic languages generally distin-

guish two categories of non-finite verb
forms,
the infinitive, which designates the ac-
tion or situation of the verb, and the
participle,
which refers to the actor or patient of
the verb

from P.659 of Waltke

Among its many uses in Bibli-

cal Hebrew the infinitive ab-
solute may intensify a finite
verb, serve as a word of com-
mand, or function as a finite
verb

P.660 of Waltke
construct because you can add suffix to it,
and you can add prefix preposition on it.
The prefix is normally preposition. Suffix are it is the purest form and strongest form of the hebrew
normally pronomial suffix word possible. It stand totally and absolutely alone. It
purely on action and action alone because it does not
- infinitive contruct: take prefixes and suf- express person, gender, nature of the action. It is pure
fixes. Prefix is normally preposition, and al- action.
most always lamed
The suffixes are pronominal suffixes, either
subject or object, depending on context.
- all 7 conjugation verbs / stems have infini-
tives.

see e.g. gen 37:8

- infinitive absolute occur 55 % of all its usage together with per-

fect and imperfect from exact same root.
- only 45% of infinitive absolute will stand by themselves with no
cognate verb.
- cognate: means the same root
from P.4 of Hebrew-I-Barrick-exegesis-
04_11.pdf

- Infinitive construct is exciting because it can express purpose, time, direction, result,
duration, express causation, can express all king of things.
Pay attention to the preposition with it.
with lama prefix, min prefix, kof prefix

- Infinitive construct often pair with other verb, not with same root
- to express complete thought.
- e.g He is able to do this.
In hebrew, He is able + lamed-IC

- lamed have 27 different translation, not just translate to / for.

Go to lexicon and choose one which best fit the context.
- IC: has adverbial in nature and so modify the preceding verb.
Ask: what verb is modified, how is modified

- lamed: can be
to , for, by , with, through, against, opposite...
exercise: choose 3 out of the 27 for possible meaning. Describe the range of it.
(a year long project)
 - there are some exceptions to PI-CIA and PC-CIA， but seldom cases.

2:17 只是分別善惡樹上的果子，你不可
吃，因為你吃的日子必定死。”

some preach you will die spiritually or physically,

this is Wrong in Hebrew Grammar. It is not talking
two death. but only ONE death.
16:15 CIA twins from P.45 of Hebrew-II-
Barrick-notes-1.pdf

- Prepositive Intensive: PI
- Prespositive: pre, position, set in front of, to be before
something
the infinitive absolute is first of the two cognate 同源字
words

- Postpositive Continuative: PC

- 75% of all infinitive absolute occurs in the above two con-

struction. They occur with cognate form of finite verb.

22:44 min. Bible insert 2.2.7

- infinitive absolute is absolute alone and so do not have pronomial suffix

and prefix preposition in infinitive absolute
only waw conjunction can attach to it.
- infinitive construct have preposition prefixes and suffixes
 申命記 6:17

要留意遵守耶和華你們　神所吩咐的誡命、法度、律例。

民數記 23:11 巴勒對巴蘭說：“你向我做的是甚麼事呢？我領你來咒詛我的仇敵，不料，你竟為他們祝福。”

 Lecture One of Grammar II
Waw-Correlative and Waw-Consecutive

wayyiqtol
- a huge part of scripture
e.g. Gen, Exo, most part of Leviticus, Numb., parts of deut., Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1,2...,

P.29 0f Hebrew-II-Barrick-notes-1.pdf

90% of narative is wayyitol, translated in past tense

 P.16 Hebrew-II-Barrick-notes-1.pdf

Waw Consecutive (wayyitol)

- always sequential, primarily narrative, whether in poetry, prophecy, past/future .

- translate as: and, so, therefore ,thus, then
-
- don't say wayyitol is preterite (past tense), it is old English grammar term , 1920-
1940, after that, disappear
It is inadequate and inaccurate.
Wayyittol is not always past tense.
- time in Hebrew never from word form, but by context alone.
(narrative is moslty past tense )

Waw correlative (weqatal)

- ( also call irreal perfect by Edmond, conjunctive perfect by Discovery Bible, y?)
- also called waw correlative because it shows relationship. This relationship is not
automitically sequential. It is logical relationship.
- Primarily logical, secondarily sequential. Most logical relationship is not sequential.
- It follow logical, sometime in sequence, sometime not
e.g. if ..then, because...so, casue-effect
- characteristic in prophetic literature
- prophetic do not show sequence clearly. e.g. Isaiah, use waw correclative, do not
know the sequence which one is first.
- not sequential, because the time can be reversed.

- 50% are not sequential

some sequential, (e.g. cause-effect, if-then) , judged by context and common sense
- translation:

e.g. deu 23:10 translated as then

e.g. then, so, thus : to show logical relationship

e.g. because: the order of word is not sequential, but still have logical relationship
- N.B. different from wayyitol because the latter is always sequential

Perfect: qatal
- also called suffix conjugation, because it has suffix words, not prefix words

Imperfect: yitol
- also called prefix conjugation, because it has prefix words

- preterite: an old English term for past time, but not used now, it is incorrect and inadequate.

- old concept: waw conversive, now not hold, only 5 percent Hebrew teacher hold it.
90 percent think it when Barrick in seminary school.
- 1940s - 60s: change.
because more discovery of archeology e.g.Ugaritic tablets in Syria 1920.
e.g. 死海古卷 in 1940
(we must only look at Biblical grammar alone and not from other sources, e.g.classical biblical
grammar )
- debate flowers in 1970, settle in 1990s
- conclude: waw conversive is error.

- 1. wayyitol converted to perfect, still imperfect aspect

2. weqatal converted to imperfect, actually still perfect aspect
（as a whole, or view as a whole view)
 申命記 23:10

P.21 about waw correlative

Hag 2:6

- consecutive conjugation: 1, then 2, then 3

- logical conjugation:
if xx , then yy,
this logical relationship is also consecutive

- but e.g. he is not here because he is ill, NOT consecutive, here

waw corelative work but not waw consecutive)
2:7 我必震動萬國。萬國的珍寶必都運來，我就使這殿滿了榮耀。’這是萬軍之耶和
華說的。

only relate to shake nation, but not show time/how to

be related

NOT: do xxx because yyyy, or: if xxxx , do yyyy

ONLY: they are related but not told how they are related
from P.46 of Hebrew-II-Barrick-notes-1.pdf

listen Barrick-II-09.mp4 , I have http://kyyeung.synology.me/hebrew/verb-consecutive-rela-

made it tive.mp4

- waw-consecutive: consecutive is the same as sequential

- wayyitol: always imperfect (yitol)

- waw-correlative: primarily in prophetic passage

- qatal: not with prefix, must be perfect
from Hebrew-I-Barrick-exe-
gesis-04_11.pdf

- In wayyiqtol word, vey important, seek to see the sequence and

watch for the chain break.
e.g. explanatory or a new chain of event, or other meanings tha
scene appear
- waw: not converse the verb.
Old style of teaching, waw conversion of future to past tense.
e.g. textbook of chissome? published in 1996 or 1997?
bombarded by many hebrew grammarians.
- It is linguistic unsound. No one holds it anymore. Then he put a
web site to add a new chapter to get rid of waw conversive.

- Wayyiqtol: can be past, present or future tense.

- primarily found in narrative literature
- in psalm, can also found as a present tense sequence.
- in prophets, can also found as a future tense in sequence.
- waw-consequentive
- not solely, not only , but primarily sequential.
- still imperfect form.

- weqatal: not conversive also, can be found in past, present or future.

Context alone determine the time, not form.
- primarily found in prophets literature.
Since prophetic is future, we do not know the order of the prophetic
event. We have a general knowledge of logical relationship. Therefore
use weqatal.
- so called, waw correlative
- still perfect form, just waw+perfect

- When go into the text, identify every single verb.

Preposition

P.28 of Hebrew-II-Barrick-notes-1.pdf

lamed: 13 types of usages, 17 possible English transla-

tion
so not always translate to, but for

P.12 of Hebrew-II-Barrick-notes-2.pdf
from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation
 Poetic device

P.9 of Hebrew-II-Barrick-exe-
gesis-01-06.pdf

- first half of psa 19: name of God: el ‫ֵ ֑אל‬

illustration: sun

- 2nd half: Yahweh: 1. covenant, promise, contract, relationship, promise

2. self-existence, eternity

Literary device just learnt in lesson one:

- tricollar: mark out section, to conclude, to begin, new section, sometimes sub-
section, sometimes major stanza
- chiasm: middle verse: focal point
- Parallelism:
- Merism: e.g. day and night
- metaphor
- personification ephapomorphism ?? e.g. sun
- repetition e.g. Omer, Yasa
 Some particles

P.111 of Basics of Discourse

possible meanings in the case of ִ‫כּי‬:

1. Cause (“for”, “because”)
2. Circumstance (“when”)
3. Condition (“if”)
4. Expansion (“that”) (as a complement to a verb of
seeing or knowing)
5. Contrast (“but instead”)

Relatives (e.g.,
‫)זוּ ;ֶ שׁ ;ֲאֶ שׁר‬

Often introducing relative clauses.

Possible meanings in the case of ֲ‫אֶ שׁר‬:
1. Expansion (“which”; etc.)
2. Cause (“because”)
3. Result (“such that”)
4. Condition (“if”)
 冷知識

p.19 of Hebrew-II-Barrick-notes-1.pdf

about 9:52 -18:39 talk about Yahweh

有些 heretical Jews in Alexandria Egypt (about 250s BC, 認為不應該讀 Yah-
weh because of 3rd commandment)
Now, see it as heretical understanding

- Jehovah: WRONG, it is because it mix Yahweh and Adonai pronuciation

P.46 of Hebrew-II-
Barrick-notes-1.pdf
P.25 of Hebrew-II-Barrick-notes-1.pdf
-a stative verb in perfect is a static stative
47:00 min. - .....imperfect ....dynamic stative
for the stative word "HiYa" "being ?"
if perfect, is always a state of being
if imperfect is always a state of becoming

see Gen 1:2 was 1:3 becomse

P.24, 24 Hebrew-II-Barrick-notes-1.pdf

Psalm 103

Wayomer ? thousands of time.

word order: see P.10 of Hebrew-I-Barrick-notes-10-24.pdf

P.27 of Hebrew-I-Barrick-exe-
gesis-04_11.pdf
Ki clause
- normally a causal clause, but not always.
- can be :
conditional clause: if
temporal clause: when
emphatically: indeed, surely, really
can introduce object clause: that
- if causal phrase or clause : is adverbial, modify a verb to answer "why"
P.35-38 of Hebrew-II-Barrick-notes-1.pdf

20:49 Gen1:1

In gen 2, the new paragraph is v.4 not v.1

 29:38 Gen 1:2

spirit of God, not wind of God

because hovering is never used
in inanimate objects.

Spirit of God never used in wind

in scripture
43:17. disjunctive clause

括弧

need have a choice 才

是 disjunctive clause

a very very important background in v.2, there is a verb （was hovering）,

informatioin so he has a choice.

the spirit of God: also a disjunctive clause, it can

1. provide background
2. contrast, here is contrast with the darkness, on the surface of water.

Spirit of God is also a focal point here

 should " became", not
was. LXX translate as
ginomai, same also in
Vulgate

ki: not always mean because,

it also shows object clause
especially after take object
In translation, dont use clause like He said that
bracket , use italics

hebrew idiom, two between, but translate

as one between
29:44 Gen 1:4

q-ra + lamed :
means name, so here not
translate lamed in "the light"

wayyitol broken here, because want to show it is not a

consequentive action, just simultaneous naming

session marker,
the day involve morning and evening, not
- pe: open session
necessarily 24 hour, may be 23 hours
- samek closed session

- 25 different meaning of lamed, with 17 different translation

- so to find the meaning, always go to the verb first, to see what is the meaning of the preposition of the
verb
- if not given the preposition, can translate literally.
- many preposition cannot be translated, it only introduces the direct object of the verb

from P.2 of Hebrew-

I-Barrick-exegesis-
04_11.pdf
Gen 44:22 Gen1:6 mean
expanse, to spread out, - In a new session, noun would not
not solid dome as the ancient have article, but after that, they have
people think - same apply to v.2, 3
(as hammering gold)
can translate: and, then, so, thus,
therefore .....God said

thousands of time

to the water

lit. "between the water to the water"

Hebrew is a very direction oriented, if there is any doubt,
would bring extra statement to bring out.
(so here, two collection of water, one above, one below)

51:49

whenever appear, the two shewa cannot

occur together in the front of the word,
change → yod not pronounced
 actually two "between" , but for
Enlgish, the second one translated
as "and"
root letter asah:
Definition: do, make
Original Word: ‫ﬠָ ָשׂה‬

- often aleph and he would disappear

at the end

lit. from beneath

Hebrew concern with direction, so

use lamed (to xxx)

thus, so very and super emphatic,

Moses' writing is absolutely true !

to: el from: min

1:05:38

q-ra + lamed :
means name, so here not trans-
late lamed

wayyitol begin
everyday, so
consecutive

first day is cardinal number - A Cardinal Number is a number

because use ordinal that says how many of something
number, there are, such as one, two, three,
so it is consecutive day four, five.
- An Ordinal Number is a number
that tells the position of something in
a list, such as 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th

1:07:36
Nifal triangle

sureq means
plural

jussive by context, not by form

3 glutterals

let be seen

break wayyitol, so not sequential

but simultaneous action
 Not for teaching
Lesson 9 p.44 of Hebrew-II-Barrick-
notes-1.pdf

he fills, is active

- Transitive and Intransative: two kinds of fientive verb

- now better use fientive verb, not active verb

- transitive verb can act on itself

- some hebrew root can both transitive or intransitive e.g. I see, I see a horse

weak verb: have root letter that is either change or disappear,

it causes something unusual to occur e.g. glutteral do

- if a verb in lexicon is stative in Qal, its piel or pual is 99% factitive

- if ....is not stative...., its .....not factitive

- He was Holy. a very important

word in OT. It is stative
 P.1 of Hebrew-II-Barrick-notes-2a.pdf

lesson 22

Nominative absolute:
- first position without direct relationwhip to the sentence.
- If remove it, doesn't affect the sentence.
- in extra-position, outside position
 P.2 of Hebrew-II-Barrick-notes-2a.pdf

- search the root form.

- the statistical number found out from the computer is often different from the
three books above.
Sometimes they double count.

- exercise: find the occurance of the word

can know:
how often occur, any particular form occur, any particular form dominate, occur in
early or late history, Pentacheh, wisdom, narative prophets, Isaiah, ......
usage of the word, time of the word, setting, type of context, type of literature
e.g. wisdom, prophets, narratives, history

P.7 Hebrew-II-Barrick-notes-2b.pdf

- 3ways to make definite

proper name, pronomial suffix, article

P.15 Hebrew-II-Barrick-notes-2b.pdf

Easiest book to translate:

- Ruth 4 chapters,
- Haggai all chapters,
- Jonah except chapter 2 (peotry, so a little bit difficult), all other chapters
are basic very simple hebrew.
- Genesis chapter 37 , basic hebrew

P.26 Hebrew-II-Barrick-notes-2b.pdf
P.35 of Hebrew-I-Barrick-exegesis-04_11.pdf

P.39 of Hebrew-I-Barrick-exegesis-04_11.pdf
Discovery Bible

B. Waltke, M. O'Connor: The conjunctive imperfect form q is relatively rare, ac-

counting for only 3% of the conjugational Hebrew forms. The sparsity under-
scores its arresting purpose-result meaning. The context indicates which of these
two senses apply (or both simultaneously).

G. Archer, "The simple imperfect with light waw (weyqtl) is routinely subjunctive
(purpose/result) and should not be translated as an imperative (order) or straight-
fact statement in the indicative mood."]