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 Absorption
 Acataphasia
 Adenocarcinoma
 Adenosarcoma
 Aerosol
 Hypodermic needle
 Cotton
 Allopurinol
 Ampicillin
 Anaphylaxis
 Anergy
 Anesthesia
 General anesthesia
 Local anesthetic
 Aneumático
 Anosmia
 Anticoagulant
 Antibody
 Antidepressant
 Antimetabolite
 Antipsychotic
 Antituberculosis
 Aplasia
 Dressing
 ARA
 Reflex arc
 Arreflexia
 Monckeberg's atherosclerosis
 Sanitary Vacuum Cleaner
 Automatism
 Autosomal

B
  Chorionic biopsy
 Arm
 Chronic bronchitis

 Heat cramp
 Regional cancer
 Capsule
 Cardiomyotomy
 Catheter
 Cerulosplasmin
 Chloroform
 Cholangiocarcinoma
 Urine collector
 Colimetry
 Contracture
 Seizure
 Korea
 Choriocarcinoma
 Choroiditis
 Cortex
 Cradle cap
 Iliac crest
 Care

 Dacriolite
 Defibrillation
 Dextrocardia
 Dyskinesia
 Dyslogia
 Biosafety Device
 Diverticulum of Vater
 Dose
 Minimum dose
 Drainage
E

 E-Health
 EBE
 ECG
 Subacute sclerosing encephalitis
 Endothelium
 Pick's disease
 Enteritis
 Epimisio
 Episiotomy
 Epitrochlea
 Serum Equipment
 Burp
 Scirro
 Tape
 Pulmonary stenosis
 Sterilization
 Estrona

 Ether

 Euthanasia

 Facolysis
 Pharmacokinetics
 Pharmacodynamics
 Pharmacology
 Pharmacotherapy
 Fascia
 Fibrinolysis
 Pit
 Capillary fragility
G

 Gauze
 Gestation
 Safety balloon
 Glomerulus
 Glossitis
 Surgical or Surgical Glove
 Healing glove

 Retroplacental hematoma
 Blood culture
 Hemomediastinum
 Hepatitis A not B
 Hepatolenticular, degeneration
 Hypercalcemia
 Hypotonia
 Homeotherm

 IECA
 Placental infarction
 Inspection
 Integration
 Drug Interaction
 Iridemia
 Iridorrexis
 Iritis

 Syringe

 Lipoatrophy
 Lupus discoid
M

 Surgical Mask
 Meralgia
 Methimazole
 Microsomia
 Mielocito
 Monophthalmia
 Multiparous

 NANDA
 Neuralgia
 NIC
 Nystatin
 NOC
 Normoblast
 Numular

 Osteology
 Ostomy
 Ovogonia

 Papilledema
 Pathogenesis
 Periangiocolitis
 Pes cavus
 Care plan
 Prehypophysis
 Pressor
 Prion
 Prosopoplegia
 Paternity tests
Q

 What is Pleura

 Adverse Reaction

 SEMP
 Dumping Syndrome
 Larsen Syndrome
 Probe
 Sounding
 Serum
 Suture

 Guedel tube

 Threshold
 Unicellular
 Urgent

 Bandage
 Bandage
 Virology
 Volemia
 A

Abduction
Movement of separation of a limb from the body
Abrasion
Erosion of the epidermis by scraping or rubbing; may cause localized hemorrhage and subsequent outflow of serous fluid.
Adaptation
Process through which changes occur in any of the dimensions of the person in response to stress.
Adduction
Movement of approximation of a limb with respect to the body.
Middle-aged adult
Transitional stage between young adult and old adult.
Young adult
Life stage between the age of 22 and middle adulthood.
Older Adulthood
Life stage beyond middle age.
Afebrile
No fever.
Grief
Response to a bereavement; subjective experience of someone who loses a person with whom he or she had a significant
relationship.
Agents
Elements of the agent-host-environment model of health and disease; biological, chemical, physical or mechanical or psychosocial
factors whose presence or absence can lead to disease.
Assault
Unlawful threat or harm to another person.
Isolation
Separation of a patient from other patients to prevent the spread of infection or to protect the patient from irritating environmental
factors.
Range of motion
Range of motion of a joint, from maximum extension to extreme flexion, measured and expressed in degrees of circling.
Anorexia
Lack or loss of appetite resulting in inability to eat.
Anthropometry
Measurement of different parts of the body in order to determine nutritional status, caloric level, muscle development, brain growth
and other parameters.
Apnea
Cessation of airflow through the nose and mouth.
Joints
Connections between bones; classified according to their structure and degree of mobility.
Asepsis
Absence of germs or microorganisms.
Medical asepsis
Procedures used to reduce the number of microorganisms and prevent their dissemination.

  Surgical Asepsis
Procedures used to eliminate all microorganisms from an area. Also called sterile technique.

  Atelectasis
Collapse of the alveoli, which prevents the normal respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Auscultation
Method of physical examination, consisting of listening to the sounds produced by the body, generally with a stethoscope.
Self-concept
Dynamic and complex integration, by the subject, of conscious and unconscious feelings, attitudes and perceptions about his or her
own identity, physical condition, worth and functions; the way in which a person perceives and defines himself or herself.
Autonomy
Ability or tendency to function independently.
  
B

Wellness
Dynamic state of health in which a subject evolves towards a higher level of functioning, reaching an optimal balance between
internal and external environments.
Bolus
Rounded mass of chewed food ready to be swallowed.
Bradycardia
Falling heart rate below normal values
Bradypnea
Abnormally slow respiratory rate.

 
C

Calorie
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 lt. of water at atmospheric pressure by 1°C; a kilocalorie or large calorie,
used to represent the energy values of food, is a thousand times larger than a small calorie, a unit used in medicine to describe
energy exchange in the body.
Subcutaneous layer
Continuous layer of connective tissue covering the entire body surface, between the skin and the deep fascia.
Defining characteristics
Related signs or symptoms or clusters of data that support the nursing diagnosis.
Dental caries
Destructive disorder of a tooth caused by a complex interaction between food, especially starches and sugars, and the bacteria that
form dental plaque.
Cyanosis
Bluish coloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an excess of reduced hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect of
the hemoglobin molecule.
Data classification
Analysis and organization of the data sets from the assessment in order to identify the patient's problems and to formulate a nursing
diagnosis.
Climacteric
Physiological and developmental alteration that appears in the female reproductive system between 45 and 60 years of age.
Collaboration
Joint work of the members of a health care team in the development of care for a patient or a community.
Observable behaviors
Those behaviors displayed by a given subject and observed by another person.
Communication
An ongoing, dynamic series of events involving the transmission of information from a transmitter to a receiver.
Interpersonal communication
Exchange of information between two people or between people in a small group.
Intrapersonal communication
Communication that takes place within a subject, for example, when "talking to oneself" in silence or constructing a mental idea.
Non-verbal communication
Communication through signs, gestures, postures and positions instead of words.
Therapeutic communication
The process by which the nurse consciously influences or helps the patient to achieve greater understanding through verbal and/or
nonverbal communication.
Verbal communication
Sending messages from one individual to another, or to a group of subjects, by means of spoken words.
Informed Consent
The process of obtaining authorization from the patient prior to undergoing a specific test or procedure, after explanation of all risks,
side effects and beneficial effects.
Consultation
A process in which help is sought from a specialist to find ways of solving problems in the patient's treatment or in the planning and
execution of certain programs.
Growth
Quantitative or measurable aspect of the increase in a subject's physical measurements.
Moral belief
Personal conviction that something is absolutely right or wrong in all situations.
Health Belief
Patient's personal belief about levels of wellness, which may motivate or impede participation in risk factor variations, care selection,
and participation in care.
Crackles
Fine bubbling noises perceived during pulmonary auscultation; they are produced when air enters the distal airways and alveoli,
when these contain serous secretions.
Culture
A set of non-physical traits, such as values, beliefs, attitudes or customs, shared by a group of people and transmitted from one
generation to the next.

 
D

Objective data
Information that can be observed by others; it is not conditioned by feelings, sensations or prejudices.
Subjective data
Information gathered from the patient's manifestations; the patient's feelings and perceptions. Information that can only be verified
by inference.
Decibel
Unit of measurement of sound intensity.
Defecation
Passage of feces from the digestive tract to the outside through the rectum.
Dermis
The vascular and sensitive layer of the skin just below the epidermis; it is made up of collagenous and elastic fibrous connective
tissues that give the dermis strength and elasticity.
Development
Qualitative or observable aspects of the progressive changes that an individual undergoes in order to adapt to the environment.
Nursing Diagnosis
A report of an actual or potential health problem that the nurse can legally and independently treat. Second phase of the nursing
procedure, during which the patient's actual or potential abnormal responses to a disease or condition are determined.
Diastole
The period of time between contractions of the atria or ventricles, during which blood enters the relaxed chambers.
Diplopia
Double vision caused by an abnormality of the extraocular muscles or corresponding nerves.
Personal distance
Space between the patient and the health care assistant; about 7 cm or less.
Social distance
Distance maintained by a person within a group when communicating with another person. In general, social distance is usually
considered to be 1 to 4 meters.
Documentation
Written annotation in the patient's medical record of all pertinent information about the patient. These annotations confirm the
patient's problems and care and have the value of a legal record.
Pain
A subjective, uncomfortable sensation caused by noxious stimulation of sensory nerve endings.
  
E

Edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of tissues.
Execution
Initiation and completion of the nursing actions necessary to help the patient achieve his or her health goals.
Electrocardiogram
Graphic recording of the electrical activity of the myocardium.
Electrolyte
An element or compound that, when dissolved in water or other solvent, dissociates into ions and can conduct electric current.
Empathy
Understanding and acceptance of a person's feelings and the ability to feel a person's private world.
Gums
The gingival mucosa of the mouth, with fibrous supporting tissue that covers the crowns of unerupted teeth and surrounds the
necks of teeth that have already erupted.
Endorphins
Naturally occurring neuropeptides formed by amino acids and secreted in the central nervous system to reduce pain.
Endoscope
Instrument used to visualize the interior of organs and body cavities.
Disease
An abnormal process in which some aspect of a person's functioning is diminished or weakened compared to its previous state.
Acute illness
A process characterized by symptoms of relatively short duration, usually severe and affecting the patient in all aspects of life.
Chronic illness
Process that persists for a long time and affects the emotional, social, intellectual and spiritual life of the patient.
Alzheimer's disease
A disease of the brain parenchyma that causes a gradual and progressive deterioration of cognitive functions.
Transmissible disease
Any disease that can be transmitted from one person or animal to another by direct or indirect contact, or through vectors.
Interview
Organized and systematic conversation held with the patient to obtain subjective information regarding his or her health status.
Enuresis
Involuntary urination; incontinence.
Nocturnal enuresis
Incontinence of urine during the night.
Epidermis
Outermost layer of the skin consisting of several thin layers of skin at different stages of maturation; it covers and protects the
underlying tissues from water loss, mechanical or chemical injury and penetration by pathogenic microorganisms.
Ecchymosis
Skin discoloration or bruising caused by extravasation of blood into the subcutaneous tissue as a result of trauma to the underlying
vessels.
Apgar Scale
Assessment system that classifies the physiological status of the newborn 1 to 5 minutes after birth.
Shivering
Process used by the body to raise body temperature.
Eschar
Dry scab resulting from skin abrasion.
Sphygmomanometer
Device for measuring blood pressure, consisting of an arm or leg cuff with an inflatable chamber, a tube and bulb for pumping air
into the chamber, and a manometer that indicates the amount of air pressure exerted on the artery.
Spiritual
Aspects of a religious or sacred nature.
Spirituality
Spiritual dimension of a person, which contemplates the relationship with humanity, nature and a supreme being.
State of attention
Internal condition of the student that allows concentration and comprehension.
Skin stimulation
Stimulation of a person's skin to prevent or reduce the perception of pain. Massage, hot bath, application of liniment, heat and cold
therapies and transcutaneous nerve electrostimulation are some techniques used to reduce the perception of pain.
Strabismus
Ocular disorder characterized by a deviation of the gaze of one or both eyes.
Stratum corneum
The outermost layer of the skin, horny in nature and composed of dead cells that transform into keratin and are continuously shed.
Stress
Physiological or psychological stress that threatens the homeostasis or psychological balance of the subject.
Family structure
Set of family members at the present time and pattern of their relationships (organization).
Eupnea
Normal, effortless, calm and rhythmic breathing.
Evaluation
Determination of the degree to which the established objectives have been achieved in relation to a patient.
Physical examination
Assessment of a patient's body by means of inspection, auscultation, palpation and percussion techniques in order to determine
physical anomalies.
Extension
Movement that increases the angle between two articulated bones in certain joints.
Exudate
Fluid, cells or other substances that are released from cells or blood vessels through small pores or openings in cell membranes.

 
F

Risk factor
Any internal or external variable that makes a person or group of people more vulnerable to disease or a morbid episode.
Environmental factors
Characteristics of a person's physical or social environment that may increase or decrease susceptibility to a disease.
Family
Group of interrelated subjects that constitutes the basic unit of society.
Family as context
A nursing perspective in which the primary focus of care is on a subject within the family.
Family as environment
Nursing procedure whose object is the patient as an individual and which considers the family as the environment in which the
patient struggles for his or her health.
Febrile
Referred to or characterized by elevated body temperature.
Fever
Elevation of the hypothalamic set point such that body temperature is up-regulated.
Fistula
Abnormal communication between an internal organ and the body surface or between two internal organs.
Fissures
Clefts or grooves in the surface of an organ, often resulting in the division of the organ into parts.
Flatus
Intestinal gas.
Flatulence
Disorder characterized by the accumulation of gas in the intestinal lumen.
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein.
Flexion
Movement of some joints that decreases the angle between articulated bones.
Photophobia
Abnormal sensitivity of the eyes to light.
Fracture
Breakage of a bone caused by the application of a violent force to the body; interruption of the continuity of bone tissue.
Tactile tremor
Tremulous vibration of the chest wall during respiration, palpable on physical examination.
Vocal tremulousness
Vibration of the chest wall when speaking or singing, which allows the person's voice to be heard when the examiner auscultates the
chest with the stethoscope.

 
G

Ventricular gallop
Abnormally low-pitched, abnormally added heart sound (S4), auscultable in early diastole.
Cardiac output
Volume of blood ejected by the ventricles of the heart, equal to the amount of blood ejected in each beat multiplied by the number
of beats occurring during the period used for the calculation (usually 1 minute).

 
H

Feces
Waste or feces from the gastrointestinal tract.
Hematemesis
Vomiting of blood indicating upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage.
Hematocrit
A measure of overall erythrocyte and cell volume, expressed as a percentage of total blood volume.
Hematoma
A collection of blood that is trapped in the tissues of the skin or an organ.
Hematuria
Abnormal presence of blood in the urine.
Hemolysis
Rupture of red blood cells and release of hemoglobin, which can be caused by the administration of isotonic intravenous solutions
that cause swelling and bursting of erythrocytes.
Hemoptysis
Expectoration of blood from the respiratory tract.
Hemorrhoids
Dilatation and permanent ingurgitation of the veins of the rectal mucosa.
Hemosiderosis
Abnormal deposition of iron in various tissues.
Hemostasis
Stopping of bleeding by mechanical or chemical means or by the body's coagulation process.
Hemothorax
Accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity, between the visceral and parietal sheets.
Hernia
Protusion of an organ through an abnormal opening in the muscular wall of the cavity containing it.
Oral hygiene
The state or practice of maintaining the tissues and structures of the mouth.
Perineal hygiene
Prescribed washing procedure for the genital and anal areas as part of daily bathing or after various obstetrical and gynecological
procedures.
Evening hygiene
Systematic hygienic care before bedtime.
Hyperkalemia
Elevation of serum potassium levels.
Hypercapnia
Amount of carbon dioxide in the blood above the normal value.
Hypercarbia
Higher than normal carbon dioxide levels in the blood; also called hypercapnia.
Hyperchloremia
Elevation of serum chloride levels.
Hyperextension
Position of maximum extension of a joint.
Hyperglycemia
Elevation of serum glucose levels.
Hyperhydration or excess fluid volume.
Excess water in the extracellular fluid.
Hypermagnesemia
Elevation of serum magnesium levels.
Hypernatremia
Elevation of serum sodium levels.
Hyperthermia
Situation in which the body temperature exceeds the limit considered normal.
Hyperventilation
Respiratory rate greater than that required to maintain normal levels of carbon dioxide in body tissues.
Alveolar hyperventilation
Increased respiratory rate above the level required to maintain normal carbon dioxide concentrations in organ tissues.
Hypothalamus
Part of the diencephalon of the brain that activates, controls and integrates the peripheral autonomic nervous system, endocrine
processes and numerous bodily functions, such as body temperature, sleep and appetite.
Hypotension
Abnormal drop in arterial tension or blood pressure, insufficient for normal irrigation and oxygenation of the tissues.
Hypothermia
Abnormal decrease in body temperature below 35 °C, usually due to prolonged exposure to cold.
Medical records
Written record on the patient; legal documentation.
Nursing history
Data collected on the patient's current condition, on possible changes in lifestyle or socio-cultural role, as well as on mental and
emotional reactions to the disease.
Health history
Subjective and objective data on the patient's previous health status, obtained by the nurse during the interview.

 
I
Identity
Self-concept component
Body image
A person's subjective concept of his or her physical appearance.
Report
Transfer of information from the nurse on one shift to the nurse on the next shift. The report may also be transmitted by one of the
nursing team members to another health care professional, e.g., a physician or therapist.
Immobility
Inability to move freely, due to a disorder by virtue of which movement is therapeutically impeded or limited.
Inspection
A method of physical examination by which the patient's appearance, structure, function and behavior are systematically visually
examined.
Integument
Skin and its annexes
Auscultatory interval
Disappearance of sound when measuring blood pressure; it occurs characteristically between the first and second Korotkoff sounds.
Interventions
Actions aimed at preventing harm to the patient or improving his or her mental, emotional, physical or social functions.
Food Poisoning
Toxic process due to the ingestion of food contaminated by toxic substances or by bacteria containing toxins.
Ischemia
Decreased blood supply to a part of the body, such as skin tissue, or to an organ, such as the heart.
Tissue ischemia
An area in which tissues receive insufficient oxygen and irrigation.

 
L

Laceration
Tearing wound with irregular edges.
Lactation
The process and time during which the mother produces milk for the child.
Breastfeeding
Life stage between one month and one year of age.
Laxatives
Drugs that act by promoting evacuation.
Leukocytosis
Abnormal increase in the number of circulating leukocytes.
Leukoplakia
Thick, white plaques observed on the oral mucosal membrane.
Ligaments
White, shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue that bind joints together and connect various bone and cartilage.
Lymphocyte
A type of leukocyte that develops in the bone marrow; it is responsible for the synthesis of antibodies and T lymphocytes, which
attack antigens.
Lymphocyte
A type of leukocyte that develops in the bone marrow; it is responsible for the synthesis of antibodies and T lymphocytes, which
attack antigens.
Lipids
Compounds insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
Interstitial fluid
Fluid that occupies the space between most of the cells of the organism and constitutes an important part of the liquid medium.
Intracellular fluid
Fluid existing inside the cell membrane.
Extracellular fluids
Portion of body fluids composed of interstitial fluid and blood plasma.

 
 

 
M

Maceration
Softening and cracking of the skin due to prolonged exposure to moisture.
Maturation
The process by which full development and growth is achieved and through which the individual's biological capacity and
environmental circumstances may modify functions and learning.
Malnutrition
Any nutritional disorder, such as an unbalanced, deficient or excessive diet, or an impairment of absorption, assimilation or
utilization of food.
Valsalva maneuver
Forced expiratory effort against the obstacle of a closed airway, as occurs when the subject holds his breath and tenses his muscles
in an energetic and coordinated effort to move a heavy object or to change position in bed.
Gait
Form or style of walking, including rhythm, cadence and speed.
Chewing
Chewing or tearing food with the teeth while mixing it with saliva.
Body mechanics
Coordinated efforts of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems to maintain proper balance, posture and organ alignment.
Preventive nursing measures
Nursing measures aimed at preventing disease and promoting health, in order to avoid having to resort to primary, secondary or
tertiary health care.
Universal Precautions
A set of measures recommended to healthcare professionals to avoid exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which
causes AIDS, blood-borne pathogens such as hepatitis and HIV.
Melena
Abnormal, viscous, black-colored deposition containing digested blood; indicative of gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
Menarche
Presentation of the first menstruation in a girl.
Metabolism
The set of all chemical processes that take place in living organisms, resulting in growth, energy production. The elimination of
waste products and other functions related to blood transport of nutrients after digestion.
Urination
The act of voluntarily passing or expelling urine through the urethra.
Microorganisms
Microscopic beings capable of carrying out living processes, such as bacteria, viruses and fungi.
Minerals
Inorganic elements essential for the organism due to their role as catalysts for biochemical reactions.
Modeling
Technique by which a person learns a given response by observing how another person develops it.
Motivation
An internal impulse that causes a person to perform an action.
Mobility
A person's ability to move freely.
Accessory Muscles
Muscles of the rib cage involved in respiration.
Antagonist muscles
Muscles that work together to execute a movement in a joint.
Anti-gravity muscles
Muscles involved in stabilizing the joints by opposing the effect of gravity on the body.
Synergistic muscles
Muscles that contract at the same time to perform the same movement.

 
N

Physiological needs
Human requirements for survival, including oxygen, fluid, nutrition, temperature, elimination and shelter.
Necrotic
Pertaining to the death of tissue as a result of disease or injury.
Nephron
Structural and functional unit of the kidney formed by the glomerulus and renal tubules.
Negligence
An act of omission or commission which, through carelessness, causes injury to another person.
Neonate
Life stage from birth to one month of age.
Pneumothorax
Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space.
Nystagmus
Involuntary, rhythmic eye movement; oscillations may be horizontal, vertical, rotational or mixed. May be indicative of vestibular,
neurological or vascular disease.
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
Administration of a hypertonic solution consisting of glucose, proteins, minerals and vitamins through an indwelling catheter placed
in the superior vena cava. It is used in patients with prolonged coma or severe uncontrolled malabsorption, extensive burns, GI
fistulas and other disorders in which oral feeding does not provide sufficient nutrients.
Nutrients
Foods that contain the elements necessary for the body's functions, including water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and
minerals.

 
O

Obesity
Abnormal increase in the proportion of fat cells, mainly in the viscera and subcutaneous tissues.
Data collection
The phase of the nursing assessment procedure in which all relevant subjective and objective information about the patient is
gathered. Data collection includes the nursing history, physical examination, laboratory data and diagnostic tests, and information
provided by members of the health care team, family members and friends of the patient.
Ophthalmics
Drugs deposited in the eye, in the form of eye drops or ointments.
Olfactory
Relating to the sense of smell.
Sexual orientation
Clear and persistent erotic preference for a person of the same or opposite sex.
Time orientation
The value the patient places on speed, future planning and appointment scheduling, which are important elements in scheduling
long-term care and treatment after discharge.
Residual urine
Volume of urine remaining in the bladder after normal urination; normally the bladder is virtually empty after urination.
Orthopnea
Abnormal situation in which the subject, in order to breathe comfortably, has to be seated or standing.
Osmolality
The concentration or osmotic pressure of a solution expressed in osmoles or milliosmoles per kilogram of water.
Osmoreceptors
Receptors sensitive to the liquid concentration of blood plasma and regulate antidiuretic hormone secretion.
Osmosis
Movement of a pure solute across a semipermeable membrane from a solution with a lower solute concentration to one with a
higher solute concentration.
Disuse osteoporosis
Decrease in skeletal mass usually accompanying immobility or paralysis.
Ostomy
Surgical procedure that consists of making an opening in the abdominal wall to allow the exit of intestinal contents from the bowel
(colostomy) or urinary contents from the bladder (urostomy).
Ototoxic
Having a harmful effect on the VIII cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear) or on the organs of hearing or balance.
Oximeter, oximetry
Device for measuring oxyhemoglobin in the blood.

 
P

Outpatient
A patient not admitted to the hospital who receives treatment in a clinic or facility associated with the hospital.
Palliative
Relating to treatment designed to relieve or reduce the intensity of bothersome symptoms, but not to produce cure.
Pallor
Low color intensity or absence of skin color
Palpation
A method of physical examination by which the examiner applies the fingers or hands to the patient's body in order to feel the parts
beneath the skin.
Palpitations
Jumps or acceleration of the heart associated with normal emotions or a cardiac disorder.
Parasite
An organism that lives in or on another organism and feeds on it.
Cardiac arrest
Sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation.
Childbirth
The process of giving birth.
Pathogens
Microorganisms capable of producing a disease.
Preoperational thinking
Children can think about things not physically present using representations, but are severely limited by their inability to use logic.
Perception
Mental image or concept that a person has of the elements of his environment and in which the information obtained through the
senses is involved.
Percussion
A method of physical examination that allows determining the location, size and density of a body region through the sound
obtained by tapping the fingers quickly and briefly.
Thoracic percussion
The action of striking the chest wall with a cupped hand to facilitate mobilization and drainage of pulmonary secretions.
Loss of maturation
Loss, usually an aspect of the self, as a result of the normal changes of growth and development.
Insensible water loss
Loss of body fluid by evaporation, as normally occurs during respiration.
Sensorimotor period
Developmental phase in infancy, from birth to 2 years of age.
Critical periods of development
Specific periods of time during which the environment has a greater impact on the subject's surroundings.
Peristalsis
Rhythmic contractions of the intestine that propel gastric contents along the gastrointestinal tract.
Pigment
Organic coloring material, such as melanin, that imparts color to the skin.
Pyrexia
Abnormal elevation of body temperature above 37°C due to illness. Synonym for fever.
Pyrogen
Substances that produce an elevation of body temperature, such as bacterial toxins.
Nursing care plan
A written summary or outline that includes identification of the expected outcomes for resolution of the problem, as well as specific
interventions and nursing instructions. The care plan, a legal document that is part of the patient's written record, documents and
ensures that the nursing procedure is followed.
Frontal plane
Vertical line that crosses the body from side to side and divides it into an anterior and posterior part.
Sagittal plane
Line that crosses the body from front to back, dividing it into a right and a left side.
Transverse plane
Any of the planes that cross the body perpendicular to the frontal and sagittal planes, dividing it into a cranial and a caudal part.
Carriers
Animals or people that carry and transmit disease-causing microorganisms, but do not develop the disease.
Prescription
Written instructions for a specific therapeutic agent, i.e., a medicine, a drug.
Pulse pressure
Difference between systolic and diastolic pressures, usually 30-40 mmHg.
Hydrostatic pressure
Pressure caused by a liquid.
Early childhood
Stage of children between 1 and 3 years of age.
Problem
Question proposed for solution or consideration.
Nursing procedure
A systematic method of problem solving by which the health care assistant personalizes patient care. The five phases of the nursing
procedure are assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation.
Professionalism
Conduct or qualities that characterize or distinguish a professional.
Professions
Vocations requiring specialized knowledge and intensive academic preparation.
Prolapse
Fall, descent or slippage of an organ from its normal position in the body, such as uterine prolapse.
Health promotion
Activities aimed at maintaining or improving the health and well-being of patients.
Proprioceptors
Nerve endings located in muscles, tendons and joints that respond to stimuli related to position in space or movement and
originating from within the body.
Proteins
A broad group of organic nitrogenous compounds. Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids containing the elements
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, usually sulfur, and sometimes phosphorus, iron, iodine or other essential constituents of living
cells. Proteins are the main source of elements for the synthesis of muscles, blood, skin, hair, nails and internal organs.
Stress test
Evaluation of the patient's cardiopulmonary resistance during physical activity. The test usually includes an ECG and a respiratory
function study.
Guaiac test
Test for the detection of occult blood in feces.
Pulmonary function tests
Method to determine the ability of the lungs to effectively exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Ptyalin
Digestive enzyme secreted by the salivary glands.
Ptosis
Disorder of one or both upper eyelids characterized by drooping of the eyelid as a result of weakness of the levator muscle or
paralysis of the third cranial nerve.
Puberty
Period of development, with emotional and physical changes, including the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics and of
menstruation and ejaculation.
Puerperium
The period of approximately six weeks after childbirth during which the woman's reproductive system is in transition to the
nonpregnant state.
Apical pulse
Heartbeat taken with the bell or membrane of the stethoscope resting on the tip of the heart.
Carotid pulse
Rhythmic beat palpated over the carotid artery.
Ulnar pulse
Pulse of the ulnar artery, which is palpated along the ulnar aspect of the forearm.
Femoral pulse
Rhythmic beat palpated over the femoral artery.
Humeral pulse
Rhythmic beat palpated over the humeral artery.
Pedial pulse
Rhythmic beat palpated over the pedicle artery.
Popliteal pulse
Popliteal artery pulse, which is palpated on the posterior aspect of the knee in flexion, while the patient is in prone position.
Radial pulse
Pulse of the radial artery palpated at the wrist over the radius. This pulse is the most frequently taken.
Posterior tibial pulse
Pulse of the posterior tibial artery, which is palpated on the medial aspect of the ankle, immediately behind the internal malleolus.
Venous puncture
Technique consisting of puncturing a vein transcutaneously using a sharp rigid clamp (such as a butterfly needle), a cannula (such
as an angiocatheter containing a flexible plastic catheter) or a needle attached to a syringe.
Point of maximal impulse (PMI)
Point at which the heartbeat can be most easily palpated through the chest wall.

 
Q

Burnout
A popular term used to define the state of exhaustion of mental or physical energy following a period of continuous chronic work-
related stress, sometimes characterized by physical illness.
Chyme
Viscous, semifluid contents present in the stomach during digestion of a meal, which eventually pass into the intestine.

 
 

 
R

Idiosyncratic reactions
Individual sensitivity to the effects of a drug, caused by hereditary or constitutional factors.
Referrer
Factor that induces a person to communicate with another subject.
Urinary reflux
Abnormal backward flow of urine.
Register
A written form of communication that permanently collects information related to health care treatment.
Referral record
A medical record model in which each department or specialty has its own section.
Computerized records
A system that contains all pertinent information for the request, provision and documentation of healthcare for a given patient.
Relaxation
Act of relaxing or becoming less tense.
Religion
Belief in a superhuman power (or powers), to be obeyed and venerated as creator and ruler of the universe.
Religious
Relating to the specific practices, rites and rituals of one's religion.
Biological clock
Cyclical nature of organic functions; functions controlled from within the organism are synchronized with environmental factors;
analogous in meaning to the term biorhythm.
Reminiscence
Recollection of the past for the purpose of assigning new meaning to past experiences.
Remissions
Partial or complete disappearance of subjective and clinical features of a chronic or neoplastic disease; remission may be
spontaneous or by treatment.
Remodeling
Physiological response during wound healing in which collagen fibers change their cellular organization.
Bed rest
Permanence of the patient in bed for a prescribed period of time for therapeutic reasons.
Airway resistance
It is the pressure difference between the mouth, nose and other airways and the alveoli.
Bone resorption
Destruction of bone cells and release of calcium into the blood.
Abdomino-diaphragmatic breathing
Breathing in which, during inspiration, the abdomen moves forward while the diaphragm descends.
Pursed-lip breathing
Deep inhalation followed by a prolonged exhalation through pursed lips.
Diaphragmatic breathing
Type of breathing in which the abdomen is distended while the diaphragm descends during inspiration.
External respiration
Movement of air between the external environment and the pulmonary alveoli.
Internal respiration
Movement of oxygen at the cellular level between hemoglobin and tissues.
Liability
Ability to answer for one's own actions
Inflammatory response
Localized reaction to trauma, which prevents the spread of infection and promotes wound healing.
Reflex response to pain
Involuntary reflex withdrawal of a body part in response to a noxious or painful stimulus.
Expected outcome
The patient's expected state at the end of treatment or illness, including the degree of health and the need for continuing care,
medications, support, social-psychological assistance or education.
Urinary retention
Retention of urine in the bladder; a condition often caused by a temporary loss of muscle function.
Feedback
The process by which information output from a system is returned to the system.
Circadian rhythm
Repetition of certain physiological phenomena in a 24-hour cycle.
Pleural friction
Abnormal lung noise produced during inspiration by friction between inflamed visceral and parietal pleural sheets.
Roncus
Abnormal hoarse noises perceived during auscultation of the lung; they occur when air passes through airways with a high mucus
content.
Abnormal noises
Abnormal lung sounds perceived during auscultation.
Korotkoff sounds
Noises heard when taking blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope.

 
 

 
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Health
dynamic state in which the subject adapts to its internal and external environments, establishing a situation of physical, emotional,
intellectual, social and spiritual well-being.
Spiritual health
Awareness and receptivity in relation to a belief system, a supreme being or a god; transcendent presence within each person.
Family health
Determined by the effectiveness of the family structure, by the procedures used by the family to achieve its objectives and by
internal and external resources.
Oxygen saturation
The amount of hemoglobin fully saturated with oxygen, given as a percentage figure.
Sebum
Normal secretion of the skin's sebaceous glands; when combined with sweat it forms a moist, oily, acidic film that prevents the skin
from drying out.
Segmentation
Alternating contraction and relaxation of the gastrointestinal mucosa.
Wheezing
Abnormal lung sounds originating from a narrowed bronchus.
Vital signs
Temperature, pulse, respiration and blood pressure.
Synapse
Region surrounding the point of contact between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector organ.
Systole
Contraction of the heart that drives blood into the aorta and pulmonary arteries. The beginning of systole coincides with the first
heart sound perceived by auscultation and with the beating of the tip, which is palpable.
Socialization
Process of development in a given culture and acquisition of the characteristics of a given group.
Solution
A mixture of one or more substances dissolved in another substance. The molecules of each of the substances are homogeneously
dispersed and do not undergo chemical changes. Solutions can be liquids, gases or solids.
Murmur
Abnormal sound or murmur perceived when listening to an organ, gland or artery.
Murmurs
Murmur or transit noises caused by alterations in blood flow through the heart or abnormalities in valve closure.
Sublingual
Route of drug administration, in which the drug is placed under the patient's tongue.
Sleep
a state characterized by reduced consciousness, reduced skeletal muscle activity and depressed metabolism.
Supination
Hand position with palm down.

 
 

 
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Tachycardia
Regular and rapid heart rate ranging from 100 to 150 beats per minute.
Tachypnea
Abnormally increased frequency of breathing.
Taxonomy
A system of classifying nursing diagnoses into broad groups of human response patterns.
Temperament
Characteristic or habitual inclination of emotional response.
Tendons
Bands of bright white fibrous tissue that connect muscle to bone.
Thermoregulation
Internal control of body temperature.
Tinnitus
Ringing heard in one or both ears.
Tolerance
Point at which a person is unwilling to accept pain of greater intensity or duration.
Muscle tone
Normal state of muscle tension in equilibrium.
Productive cough
Sudden expulsion of air from the lungs, which effectively removes sputum from the respiratory tract and helps to clear the airways.

 
 

 
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Assessment
First phase of nursing care; the activities that make up this first phase are data collection and verification, classification and
documentation. The objective is to gather information to identify the presenting health problem.
Varicose veins
Alterations of the veins characterized by inflammation and irregularity of shape or course.
Vasoconstriction
Narrowing of the lumen of any blood vessel, especially arterioles and veins of the blood reservoirs of the skin and abdominal viscera.
Vasodilatation
Increase in the diameter of a vessel by inhibition of its vasoconstrictor nerves or stimulation of the dilators.
Ventilation
The respiratory process by which gases enter and leave the lungs.
Respiratory airways
Part of the pulmonary airways in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
Vibration
Gentle shaking pressure applied by the hands on the chest wall only during exhalation.
Systolic volume
Amount of blood ejected by the ventricles at each contraction.

 
 

  
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Private area
Personal space between patient and toilet; 45 cm or less.
Social zone
Distance maintained by the members of a group when communicating with others; usually estimated at approximately 1.20 to 3.5
mt.

A
ADEQUACY OF THE THERAPEUTIC EFFORT.
It is the decision taken jointly between parents and professionals not to apply or
to withdraw some treatments because it is considered that they will not bring a
significant benefit to the newborn and despite the fact that this could facilitate
their natural approach to the end of life.

ENTERAL FEEDING
Milk feeding (maternal or artificial) given to the newborn through a tube or
nasogastric tube and delivered directly to the stomach.
ORAL FEEDING
Milk feeding (maternal or artificial) ingested by the newborn directly from the
mother's breast or through a bottle.

PARENTERAL NUTRITION
Feeding composed of proteins, carbohydrates, salts and fats that is
administered to the newborn through the vein and goes directly into the blood.
This procedure is used when the newborn cannot be fed enteral.

ANALGESICS
These are drugs that prevent and treat pain.

ANTIBIOTICS
These are drugs used to prevent and/or fight infections caused by bacterial
germs.
ANTICONVULSANTS
These are drugs used to prevent or limit the seizures that may occur with
moderate or severe EHI.

EARLY ATTENTION (OR EARLY STIMULATION, EARLY STIMULATION)

It is the set of interventions aimed at the child population aged 0-6 years, the
family and the environment, which respond as soon as possible to the transitory
or permanent needs of children with developmental disorders or at risk of
suffering them.

C
CATHETER/VIA
It is a thin, flexible, soft tube inserted into the veins of the arms and legs.

UMBILICAL CATHETER
It is a catheter that allows to obtain blood for analysis or to introduce medicines
without having to prick the newborn. This tube is inserted into the arteries or
veins of the umbilical cord of the newborn baby.

INFORMED CONSENT
This is the medical-legal document that explains the risks involved in the
procedures to be carried out on the newborn, which may range from surgery to
a complementary exploration. This document is signed jointly by the parents
and the physician of the health care team attending the baby.

VITAL SIGNS
It is the measurement of heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature and blood
pressure.

CONVULSIONS
They are uncontrolled movements manifested by the baby, due to abnormal
electrical discharges emitted by the brain. Their presence is an indicator of brain
alteration, but they do not necessarily indicate permanent brain damage.

E
BRAIN ULTRASOUND
It is a test that visualizes the baby's brain through an image. It is performed in
the intensive care unit itself, avoiding the need to move the newborn. It does not
require sedation or other additional monitoring, and the ultrasound used does
not have any side effects for the newborn. Brain ultrasound uses the same
ultrasound technology used in pregnant women, in which the future newborn is
observed from the abdomen. The visualization of the brain with ultrasound is
performed through the anterior fontanel (the area where several sutures of the
skull converge and which leaves a space without bone that is a real window to
access its interior) but, if necessary, other fontanels can be used.
DOPPLER ULTRASOUND
It is a variety of ultrasound ultrasound, which measures the blood velocity of the
cerebral arteries.

AMPLITUDE-INTEGRATED ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM (EEGA)

It is the continuous recording of the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex. It is
also called "brain function monitor" because it reports aspects of brain function
and gives indications, if any, of the severity of the injury.

HYPOXIC-ISCHEMIC ENCEPHALIPATHY (HYPOXIC-ISCHEMIC

ENCEPHALIPATHY (HIE)
It is the clinical condition resulting from a lack of oxygen and blood to the brain
immediately before or during birth. Depending on the intensity of this deficiency,
it can also cause damage to other internal organs such as the heart, kidneys,
liver and intestines.

COOLING EQUIPMENT
It is the technical equipment that allows reducing and maintaining the newborn's
temperature stable at 33.5-34ºC and subsequently increasing it up to 36.5-
37ºC.

TEAM OF PROFESSIONALS WHO TAKE CARE OF

It is the group of professionals from different disciplines (neonatologist, nurses,
nursing assistants, neurologist, psychologist, early care...) who take care of the
baby and its family.
SCALE TO ASSESS ENCEPHALOPATHY
These are the scales that allow the severity of encephalopathy to be assessed
by evaluating different signs such as the ability to wake up and stay awake,
altered muscle tone and posture, the newborn's response to stimuli and the
occurrence of seizures.

H
HYPOTONY
It is the decrease in normal muscle tone. It is a characteristic of the newborn
with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.

I
TRANSPORT INCUBATOR
It is a cradle with transparent casing, which is used to transfer the newborn in
an isolated way and to guarantee humidity and warmth, according to its need. It
can supply oxygen and mechanical ventilation (ventilator) during the entire
transfer. In this way, it ensures the best conditions for the newborn during the
trip.

INOTROPICS
These are medications given to the newborn that help the heart to more
effectively push blood throughout the body.

L
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
It is a fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord that, among other functions,
sire to protect the brain, help eliminate its wastes and maintain intracranial
pressure.

M
BRAIN METABOLISM
It is the set of biochemical reactions that use mainly oxygen and glucose and
that allow the brain to develop its functions.
CARDIORESPIRATORY MONITORING.
It is a procedure that consists of recording the heart rate and respiratory rate
through the application of adhesive sensors placed on the newborn's thorax.

N
NIDO
Circular and flexible roll made of towels and sheets that we place around the
baby's body to help contain it and, therefore, its comfort and safety.

P
CEREBRAL PALSY
Chronic motor disorder that affects, to varying degrees, the ability to move,
maintain posture and/or walk. Sometimes it is also accompanied by learning,
communication, perception and sometimes behavioral problems.

LUMBAR PUNCTION
Procedure that consists of introducing a special needle into the lumbar vertebral
area to obtain a small sample of cerebrospinal fluid for analysis.

R
OVERHEATING
Action consisting of slowly warming the baby until it reaches its normal
temperature (36.5-37ºC). The same hypothermia equipment is used to carry it
out.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

It is a diagnostic test that allows obtaining images of the brain in multiple planes
of high quality. It also makes it possible to visualize some aspects of its
functionality. It is a test that does not emit radiation, as is the case with X-rays
or computed tomography (CT), but requires the newborn to be at absolute rest
for a few minutes, so sedation is often necessary to ensure a good study.
BREATHER
It is a device that provides the newborn with air and oxygen to its lungs when it
is unable to do so on its own.

S
SATURATION METER (OR PULSE OXIMETER)
Monitor that reports heart rate and blood oxygenation through a sensor, usually
adhesive, which is placed with the fingers and/or toes. The maximum possible
saturation value is 100%, although it may fluctuate and have lower values.

SEDANTES
These are drugs that have a tranquilizing effect.

NASOGASTRIC/OROGASTRIC TUBE
A silicone tube that is inserted through the nose or mouth of the newborn into
the stomach to facilitate feeding.

VESICAL PROBE
It is a very thin flexible tube, which is inserted through the urethra (which is the
passage between the urinary bladder and the outside) that facilitates the
elimination of urine from the newborn and allows its collection and
measurement.

T
DECISION MAKING
This is the moment when we have to decide on the treatment and/or tests to be
performed on the newborn. Decision-making is sometimes accompanied by the
form of informed consent.

MUSCLE TONE
It is the tension of the muscle that can range from very stiff (hypertonicity) to
very flaccid (hypotonia).

HYPOTHERMIA TREATMENT
It is the treatment that consists in the decrease of body temperature to 33.5-
34ºC. When applied in the first hours of life, it reduces the probability of death or
sequelae in later stages related to encephalopathy.

DISPROPORTIONATE TREATMENT
These are treatments such as ventilation with a respirator, administration of
certain drugs (inotropic, antibiotics or anticonvulsants) and interventions
(analysis, imaging tests, cultures) that do not provide benefits to the baby, but
may prolong his suffering and that of his family.
U
NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT (UCIN)
Hospital area within the neonatology unit where newborn babies are admitted
when their health condition requires a