Design of Clean Energy Systems

Dr Zhang Lei

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Nanyang Technological University
Email: [email protected]

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Course Outline

Part II Solar Photovoltaic Generation System

❑ Introduction and solar cell modelling

❑ Series/parallel connection of solar cells
❑ PV model parameter extraction
❑ Maximum power point tracking
❑ Battery modelling
❑ Design of a solar PV generation system

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Series Connection of Solar Cells

❑ Cells connected in series to form modules to yield higher module voltage.

❑ Several modules connected in series to form PV string
String
Module

Blocking
diode
Cell

Bypass diodes
❑ Under the partial shading condition, without bypass diode, the shaded module
stands high reverse voltage.
❑ With bypass diode, the shaded cells and module are bypassed.
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IV Characteristics of Series-Connected Solar Cells

❑ Several solar cells are

connected in series to form
PV modules or PV panels

Voltage
increases

Maximum
power
increases

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Develop PV Module Model
❑ Cells connected in series: current is identical for all cells, while cells share the
output voltage.

 q V + I Rs _ 1    V + I  R 
  N sak T    N s s _1 
I = I ph − I o e − 1 −  
   Rsh _1 
   

 q(V + I  N s Rs _ 1 )   V + I  N R 
= I ph − I o e N s ak T − 1 −  s s _1

   N s Rsh _1 
 
Define:
𝑁𝑆 –number of cells 𝑅𝑠=𝑁𝑠𝑅𝑠_1–equivalent series
connected in series resistance of a PV module
𝑅𝑠_1 –series resistance of 𝑅𝑠ℎ=𝑁𝑠𝑅𝑠ℎ_1–equivalent
a single solar cell shunt resistance of a PV
𝑅𝑠ℎ_1 –shunt resistance module
of a single solar cell

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Develop PV String Model
❑ PV module model
𝑅𝑠–equivalent series resistance of a PV
module
𝑅𝑠ℎ–equivalent shunt resistance of a PV
module

❑ PV string model
String

𝑁𝑠𝑠

𝑁𝑠𝑠

𝑁𝑆𝑆 –number of PV modules connected in series

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Parallel Connection of PV Strings

❑ PV strings connected in parallel to increase current and total power.

❑ Blocking diode prevents reverse current under partial shading condition

I-V and P-V curves of

paralleled PV strings
String 1 String 2 String Np
Module 1 Module 1 Module 1

Blocking
diode
Module 2 Module 2 Module 2

String 1 String 2 String Np

voltage voltage voltage

Module Nss Module Nss Module Nss

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 Develop Model of Paralleled PV Strings

❑ Strings connected in parallel: voltage is identical, while strings share

output current
I
+
Id NssRs I
Id NssRs I Id NssRs I
Np Np
Iph NssRsh Np Iph NssRsh V
Iph NssRsh

❑ Each PV string Define:

 qV + I  N ss Rs    I  𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑅𝑠/𝑁𝑝–equivalent series resistance of
 
 Np 
   V + N  N ss Rs 
I
= I ph − I o e N ss N s ak T − 1 −  p
 paralleled PV strings
Np    N ss Rsh  𝑁𝑠𝑠𝑅𝑠ℎ/𝑁𝑝–equivalent shunt resistance of
   
    paralleled PV strings

❑ Paralleled PV NssRs/Np I
strings NpId

 qV + I  N ss Rs    N ss Rs 
 
 N p 
  V + I   NpIph
Np NssRsh/Np V
I = N p I ph − N p I o e N ss N s ak T − 1 −  
   N ss Rsh 
   Np 
   

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Practice 1 – Build PV Module Model in PLECS

Build the PLECS model of the solar module of TSM-290 PC using following
parameters:
The standard test condition:
temperature is 25 °C and
the solar irradiance level is
1000 W/m2.

Diode ideality factor 𝑎 = 1.254;

Shor circuit current 𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 8.53 𝐴;
Reverse saturation current 𝐼0 = 3.352 × 10−8 𝐴;
Shunt resistance 𝑅𝑠ℎ = 401.934 Ω;
Series resistance 𝑅𝑠 = 0.212 Ω;
Charge of an electron 𝑞 = 1.602 × 10−19 𝐶;
Boltzmann constant 𝑘 = 1.38 × 10−23 𝐽/𝐾;

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Practice 1 – Build PV Module Model in PLECS

❑ Task 1: build simulation model of TSM-290 PC (Ns=72)

❑ Task 2: plot I-V, P-V curves based on various irradiances: 1000 W/m2, 800
W/m2, 600 W/m2, 400 W/m2, 200 W/m2.

Tip:
Ramping signal: set slope of ramping signal
to be 1, final output to be Voc in this way,
simulation time = V

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Practice 2 – Build Model of Paralleled Strings

❑ Task 1: build simulation model of 10 paralleled PV strings using a single equivalent circuit ,
in each string there are 10 series-connected TSM-290 PC (Ns=72, Nss=10, Np=10)
❑ Task 2: plot I-V, P-V curves based on 1000 W/m2 irradiance, and compare with curves of a
single PV module.

Tip:
For comparison, the trace should be held by scope for multiple simulations.
Hold traces in scope: “view” menu→ “Traces” on the right side click
Then, the scope can hold traces for multiple simulations for comparison

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Design of Clean Energy Systems

Dr Zhang Lei

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Nanyang Technological University
Email: [email protected]

Page 12