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Lec 2 Intro Viruses

This document provides an overview of viruses, including their classification, structure, replication process, pathogenicity, and methods of diagnosis and treatment. Key points include that viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that contain either DNA or RNA and replicate within host cells. They have a protein capsid that surrounds their genetic material and some have an outer envelope. Viruses are classified based on factors like the disease they cause, type of genetic material, and replication strategy. Their replication involves attachment, entry, genome expression/replication, assembly and release of new virus particles. Viruses can cause disease through cell damage, inducing host cell changes, and stimulating pathological immune responses. Diagnosis involves cell culture, serological and molecular tests. Treatment focuses on antiv

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37 views

Lec 2 Intro Viruses

This document provides an overview of viruses, including their classification, structure, replication process, pathogenicity, and methods of diagnosis and treatment. Key points include that viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that contain either DNA or RNA and replicate within host cells. They have a protein capsid that surrounds their genetic material and some have an outer envelope. Viruses are classified based on factors like the disease they cause, type of genetic material, and replication strategy. Their replication involves attachment, entry, genome expression/replication, assembly and release of new virus particles. Viruses can cause disease through cell damage, inducing host cell changes, and stimulating pathological immune responses. Diagnosis involves cell culture, serological and molecular tests. Treatment focuses on antiv

Uploaded by

007ginni
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Viruses

Classification, morphology and structure,


Replication and Pathogenicity
• Classification of Viruses
• morphology and structure
• Naked viruses( Non Enveloped )
• Replication
• Pathogenicity
• Transmission of Viruses
• Virus Tissue Tropism
• Acute Viral Infection
• Viruses and Human Tumours
• Bacteriophage
• Sub-viral agents
• Isolation of virus
• Diagnosis
• Treatment and Prevention of Virus Infections
• Sub microscopic entity consisting of a single
nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat and
capable of replication only within the living cells
of bacteria, animals or plants
• Viruses have an inner core of nucleic acid surrounded by protein
coat known as an envelope
• Most viruses range in sizes from 20 – 250 nm
• Viruses are inert (nucleoprotein ) filterable Agents
• Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites
• Virus particle = virion
• Protein which coats the genome = capsid
• Capsid usually symmetricad
• Capsid + genome = nucleocapsid
• May have an envelope
Lipid Envelope Nucleic Acid

Protein
Capsid

Virion
Associated
Spike
Polymerase
Projections
• Varies in size, shape and symmetry

• Highly impo. for classification

• 3 types of capsid symmetry:


– Cubic (icosahedral)

– Helical

– Complex

• 5 basic types of virus structure:


• Stable in hostile environment
• Released by lysis of host cells
• Examples:
– Adeno-associated Virus (AAV)
– Adenovirus B19
Based on:
• The disease they cause
– Poliovirus, rabies virus
• The type of disease
– Murine leukemia virus
• Geographic locations
– Sendai virus, Coxsackie virus
• Their discovers
– Epstein-Barr virus
• How they were originally thought to be contracted
– Dengue virus (“evil spirit”), Influenza virus (the “influence” of bad air)
• Combinations of the above
– Rous Sarcoma virus
• The Baltimore classification system Based on:
– Genetic contents
– Replication strategies of viruses
• Seven classes:
1. dsDNA viruses
2. ssDNA viruses
3. dsRNA viruses
4. (+) sense ssRNA viruses (codes directly for protein)
5. (-) sense ssRNA viruses
6. RNA reverse transcribing viruses
7. DNA reverse transcribing viruses
• Distinguishing characteristics of viruses
• Obligate intracellular parasites
• Extreme genetic simplicity
• Contain DNA or RNA
• Replication involves disassembly and reassembly
• Replicate by "one-step growth”
1. Virus attachment and
entry
2. Uncoating of virion
1
3. Migration of genome
nucleic acid to
5 nucleus
4. Transcription
4
2 5. Genome replication
3 6. Translation of virus
mRNAs
7 7. Virion assembly
8. Release of new virus
6 particles

8
• Cell destruction
• Virus-induced changes to gene expression
• Immunopathogenic disease
Human H2N2

Human H3N2

Genetic Reassortment

Avian H3N8

Point mutation of HA and NA


genes
• Respiratory transmission
– Influenza A virus
• Faecal-oral transmission
– Enterovirus
• Blood-borne transmission
– Hepatitis B virus
• Sexual Transmission
– HIV
• Animal or insect vectors
– Rabies virus
• Targeting of the virus to specific tissue and cell
types

• Receptor Recognition
– CD4+ cells infected by HIV
– CD155 acts as the receptor for poliovirus
Symptoms
Amount of virus

Virus Time
• Epstein Barr Virus
– Burkitt’s Lymphoma
• Human papillomavirus
– Benign warts
– Cervical Carcinoma
• Human T-cell Leukaemia Virus (HTLV-1)
– Leukaemia
• Hepatitis C virus
– Liver carcinoma
• A bacteriophage is any one of a
number of viruses that infect
bacteria
• Inject genetic material, which they
carry enclosed in an outer protein
capsid
• Satellites
– Contain nucleic acid
– Depend on co-infection with a helper virus
• Viroids
– Unencapsidated, small circular ssRNA molecules
that replicate autonomously
• Prions
– No nucleic acid
– Infectious protein
• Egg inoculation Pox virus, Influenza
1. Cell culture
2. Primary cells - Monkey Kidney
3. Semi-continuous cells - Human
embryonic kidney and skin
fibroblasts
• Continuous cells - HeLa, Vero, Hep2,
LLC-MK2, MDCK
A- Microscopic examination:

B- Serological tests:

• Detection of Immunologlublins Ig G. Ig M Ig A

• Primary (1 degree) and secondary (2 degree) antibody responses toward a viral pathogen

• Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbant Assays (ELISAs)

C- Molecular tests:

• Polymerase Chain Reaction

• Advantages of PCR
• Antivirals

– Antiviral Targets:

• Attachment/Entry
• Nucleic acid replication
• Virus protein processing
• Virus maturation

• Vaccines and immunisation


• Identification of virus-specific target.

• Generation of resistant variants.

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