Ther mal properties of

F
matter Chapter 11

F
Introduction
In this chapter, you will learn what heat is and how
it is measured, and study the various proceses by
which heat flows from one body to another.
You will also learn what happens when water boils
or freezes, and its temperature does not change
during these processes
 Temperature and heat
✓ Temperature is the measure of hotness of a body

✓ Heat is a form of energy transferred between two systems

( or system to surrounding) by virtue of temperature
difference.

✓ The SI unit of heat is joule ( J)

✓ The SI unit of temperature is kelvin (K)

Relation between ⁰C, ⁰F and K
Question
Convert 100⁰C to ⁰F
F-32

I
32 180
F
=

C -
--
-

100 180 F 180 32

=
+

= 212°F
=e -

- 1 =
Thermal expansion
most substances expand on heating and contract on cooling.

A change in the temperature of a body causes change in

its dimensions.

The increase in the dimensions of a body due to the

increase in its temperature is called thermal expansion.
W The ratio of change in dimension to the original dimension
is proportional to change in temperature.

~ The corresponding proportionality constant is called

coefficient of thermal expansion .

os+/ast/
ast
↳
There are three types of thermal expansion

Linear expansion

Area expansion

Volume expansion
Linear expansion
The expansion of length due to the increase in temperature is
called linear expansion.

l+Ar
↳xT
e xeDt
=

Lett
coefth
he isthe of line emp
=
Area expansion
The expansion of area due to the increase in temperature
is called area expansion.
*A
& it

=GaDT
Ga=st
xa is the co-effectofArea emp
Volume expansion
The expansion of volume due to the increase in temperature
is called Volume expansion.
At
*

- aubt
=

Cv =
Vot

XV = soeffut of volve emp

-
-
Derive the relation between coefficient of linear expansion,
area expansion and volume expansion.

Consider the cube of length l, due to the increase in

temperature ΔT. Length of the cube increased by Δl in all
directions.
Coefficient of linear expansion

ar=
+ -
P
Increase in area of cube 8 l

Fnd Area
DA= -
Initial Area.

- en
*A
=
(l be) +

(a b)=
+ b2
a+ 2ab+

SA +
=
~ X
2eBe+ De- e

DA = 2lDR.
 e2
st
A
xa
=
=

Xa 2Dl
=

- -

/
2
l T

xa
2.t
=

2a = 2. xl
-
--
IV Fail volume
= - Intire volume.
AV (l=
be)"
+
-
es
a 3ab 3ba+b3
Cath = +

o f
e 3-

av =
3+
+ beset

IV 3ee
=

--
-
 v e3
ar=
st =

av 3eb
=

--

&BAT
21: a:V
aV= 3. Al
--

D 1: 2:3
-
--

aV= 3xh
Due to ΔT,The increase in volume of the cube is
Anomalous behaviour of water
Generally volume of liquid increases with rise in temperature.
When water is heated it’s volume starts to decrease from 0⁰C
and reaches minimum at 4⁰C. Hence density of water is
maximum at 4⁰C.
This means that water has a maximum density at 4 °C.
This property has an important environmental effects

⑩t
min
40

42
lakes and ponds, freeze at the top first.
As a lake cools toward 4 °C, water near the surface loses
energy to the atmosphere, becomes denser, and sinks; the
warmer, less dense water near the bottom rises.
However, once the colder water on top reaches
temperature below 4 °C, it becomes less dense and
remains at the surface, where it freezes. If water did not
have this property, lakes and ponds would freeze from the
bottom up, which would destroy much of their animal and
plant life.
pr
= ⑳

*
heat capacity
Heat capacity of substance is the quantity of heat
required to increase the temperature of whole substance.
If ΔQ is the heat required to rise the temperature by ΔT,
the heat capacity.

(T/k)
Specific heat capacity
Specific heat capacity of a substance is defined as
amount of heat required to increase temperature of
unit mass of substance by one unit.
-a
lig
=>

S
n
=
Molar specific heat capacity
Molar specific heat capacity of a substance is the
amount of heat required to increase the temperature of
1 mole of substance by one unit.

If a sample has n moles of substance, then it’s molar

specific heat capacity is given by

c
1
=
Molar specific heat capacity are two types

Molar specific heat capacity at constant volume (Cv)

Molar specific heat capacity at constant pressure (Cp)

Note
⑪
100

Water has high specific heat capacity so it is used as

coolent in automobile radiators

Due to high specific heat capacity of water land is more

warmer than water during day time.
Thermal stress ⑫mak
What happens by preventing the thermal expansion of a
rod by fixing its ends rigidly?

The rod experience a compressive strain due to the

external forces provided by the rigid support at the ends.
The corresponding stress set up in the rod is called
thermal stress.
 Le
st
= -
D

De
-
-
2At
R -
e

y
eI
=

xwtren (FA) y (14)

=
=
y(ceD+)
- -
-

Thank stren=4 (G2D+)

-
-
Change of state
Matter normally exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas. A
transition from one of these states to another is called a change
of state.
 ➡
Change of state ➡ of transition
Name

w Solid Liquid Melting

~ Liquid Solid Fusion I Freezing.

~ Liquid gas Vaporisation

~ Gas Liquid Condensation

·
Solid Gas Sublimation ⑪
During the change of state, the two different state
co-exist in thermal equilibrium and temperature

↓Santa
remains constant, until the completion of change of
state
 Melting point
The temperature at which solid and liquid coexist in
thermal equilibrium with each other is called melting point.

The melting point decrease with pressure.

The melting point of a substance at standard atmosphere

pressure is called it’s normal melting point.
Regelation
Take an ice block, put a metal wire over the ice block and
attach 5 kg block at two ends of wire as shown. Then we can
see that the metal wire passes through the ice block to the
other side without splitting it

-L
M.P
Explanation
The melting point of ice is just below the wire
decreases due to increase in pressure.

As ice melts, wire passes and refreeze( due to

decrease in pressure) this process is called regelation.
Boiling point
The temperature at which liquid and vapour state co exist
in thermal equilibrium with each other is called boiling
point.

The boiling point increases with increase in pressure and

decreases with decrease in pressure.

⑳ P < B.P
Question Pt B.Pt
Cooking is difficult at high altitude why ? ⑱
At high altitudes, atmospheric pressure is lower, reducing
the boiling point of water as compared to that at sea
level. On the other hand, boiling point is increased inside
a pressure cooker by increasing the pressure. Hence
cooking is faster.

⑭4 Prom
Looker
-
 The change of state from liquid
& to vapour is called
vaporisation

The change from solid state to vapour state without

passing through the liquid state is called sublimation, and the
substance is said to sublime.

During the sublimation process both the solid and vapour

states of a substance coexist in thermal equilibrium

Fir zo

Eg : dry ice ,camphor, naphthalene

Latent heat
The amount of heat per unit mass transferred during
change of state of the substance is called latent heat of
the substance for the process.

L a/m
=
 The latent heat for solid - liquid phase change is called
latent heat of fusion (Lf)

The latent heat for liquid - gas change is called

Latent heat of vaporisation (Lv)
DR
slope
=d§n=¥ D
/ 8¥
c=
-

-
 ✔

Note that when heat is added (or removed) during a

change of state, the temperature remains constant.

Note that the slopes of the phase lines are not all the
same, which indicates that specific heats of the various states
are not equal.

For water, the latent heat of fusion and vaporisation are Lf

5
= 3.33x10 J kg–1 and Lv = 22.6 x10 J kg–1 respectively.
5
Question
Calculate the amount of heat energy required to convert
10kg of water to steam. (Latent heat of vaporisation of
water is 22.6x10⁵ J/kg.
Question
Burns from is steam is usually serious than burns
from boiling water
Heat transfer
Heat transfer occurs due to temperature difference.
The three mode of heat transfer are

~
Conduction
W
Convection

radiation W
 ✔

Conduction
It is a transfer of heat by direct physical contact.

It is due to the temperature difference, heat flows from high

temperature region to low temperature region.

It occurs in solids due to molecular collisions, without the

actual flow of matter.

It is a slow process
in this steady state, the rate of flow of heat (or heat current) H
is proportional to the temperature difference and the area of
cross section A and is inversely proportional to the length L

H2 ADT -

H =
KAT
↳ Fund wonderfu
-
The constant of proportionality is called K thermal conductivity

ei
let me /
~

>
-

-
-
Question
Some cooking pots have copper coating on its bottom. Why ?
Because of high thermal conductivity of copper, it
distributes heat over the bottom of pot very
quickly and promotes uniform cooking.
 ✔

Convection
It is a transfer of heat by motion of fluid

It is due to the difference in density heat flows from low

density region to high density region.

It occurs in fluids by actual flow of Matter.

It is also a slow process

Convection can be natural or forced.

Natural convection
In natural convection, gravity plays an important part.
When a fluid is heated from below, the hot part expands
and, therefore, becomes less dense. It rises and the upper
colder part replaces it. This again gets heated, rises up and is
replaced by the colder part of the fluid. The process goes
on.
Forced convection
In forced convection, material is forced to move by a pump or
by some other physical means. The common examples of forced
convection systems are forced-air heating systems in home, the
human circulatory system.
Sea breeze and land breeze
During the day the land heats up more quickly than water in
lake ( due to high specific heat capacity of water). The air on
the surface of earth het heated , expands becomes less
dense and rise up. The colder air ( wind ) replaces the space
created by hot air. It create sea breeze. At night the land
losses it’s heat very quickly than water. So water remains
more warmer at night.
 ✔

Radiation
It is a transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves

It can takes place at large distance.

It propagate at the speed of light

Needs no medium for the heat transfer.

 Conduction and convection require some material as a
transport medium. These modes of heat transfer cannot
operate between bodies separated by a distance in vacuum.

The third mechanism for heat transfer needs no medium; it

is called radiation and the energy so radiated by
electromagnetic waves is called radiant energy.
 When this thermal radiation falls on other bodies, it is
partly reflected and partly absorbed. The amount of heat that
a body can absorb by radiation depends on the colour of the
body.
✔

We find that black bodies absorb and emit radiant energy

better than bodies of lighter colours. This fact finds many
applications in our daily life. We wear white or light coloured
clothes in summer so that they absorb the least heat from the
sun. However, during winter, we use dark coloured clothes which
absorb heat from the sun and keep our body warm.
Question
The untensils for cooking purpose are blackened at the
bottom. Why ?
This is to absorb maximum heat from fire and

I
hence to fast up cooking

Sanderland
serbuser
f
Newton’s law of cooling
The rate of loss of heat -dQ/dt of a body is directly
proportional to the difference of temperature between
body and surrounding.
Question
A pan filled with hot food cools from 94⁰C to 86⁰C in 2 minutes
when the room temperature is at 20⁰C. How long will it take to
cool from 71⁰C to 69⁰C.