History - History can have a cathartic effect;

history plays a role in remembering

- History is and has many applicabilities
What is History? across professions and even in daily life
- Lalaki lagi ang bida = “his story” - History is ultimately to be lived, and
- During the early times, it was not just studied
patriarchal
- A documented record of man and his History as Catharsis
society – the use of sources in writing - History can have a cathartic effect
- The construction of the rise, fall and creating a more, mature, more purified
rise of man and his achievements – an effect as a result of an experience in
effective presentation of the unfolding the past
of events; entails developments and - Man uses history almost universally.
improvements History affects us down to our family
- A record of events showing the relationships
evolution of man and his society from - Personal and professional relationships
the earliest and from the age or are determined by history
barbarism to what he is today - Ano ang makakapukaw ng interes mo
- History is NOT just a collection or a (since malawak kasaysayan)
compilation of written records or series - History has an effect and it might
of notes affect you in a good way
- History involves library and archival - The execution of GOMBURZA was a
research to gain access to the sources purifying effect
- No document, no history
- Historians only answer based on Is History necessarily pleasant?
sources they find - Not all histories are pleasant
- Unpleasant experiences, mistakes and
Why do we study History? failures, especially if they are tragic
- Allows man to better understand his should be better remembered, so they
present situation are not repeated
- Only man is capable of writing history. - History also does not repeat itself, but
It is the only skill practiced and similar instances can come back
reserved for humans - No, but we need to remember for us
- Only man is capable of deriving deeper not to repeat it and make it come back
meanings in history at some point
- The study of history is the relentless - It might not repeat exactly the same,
search for the truth. The truth about but almost the same
events in the past as contained in the - Filipinos do not have a sense of history
sources – we belittle those who study history
- Allows man to understand and make because we see it as insignificant. We
the past relevant to his present are not learning from history. Other
condition countries like Japan embrace their
- It enables us to look at the history and use it to empower their
contemporary present country
 - Citations serve as a guide where
What is the worst thing that can students may try to read the entirety of
happen to man? the document in the source where it
- It is to forget history, to forget his was taken.
identity where he will fall prey to
outside pressures and lose his own
anchor of morality Pigafetta and
- Pwede ka masakop ulit dahil pwede
mong balewalain ang mga efforts Placencia’s Account
nung mga sinaunang Pilipino
- Changing history to reveal truth is
Antonio Pigafetta
okay, but to alter history to deny or
- Italian chronicler of Magellan’s voyage
hide the truth is a big NO
around the world
- Accompanied Magellan and recorded
Why do we need to study readings in their journeys
Philippine History? - Welcomed by natives; they traded
- Allows the student of the country’s right away
past to read the actual sources of the
story of the nation
- The student gets exposed to the actual
sources Spanish Arrival and
- The course will fulfill the desire to allow
every generation to have their own
Colonization
insight about the past and how they

-
will be able to learn from it
The student will have a grasp on the
~Cavite Mutiny of 1872~
conditions when the document was Propaganda Movement
created. The sources narrate history as - Discovered because Teodoro Paterno,
they happen. after an argument with a member of
- Many of the documents were written KKK, decided to confide the plans of
by foreigners and therefore it would be KKK to his sister who wants to become
understandable that their perspectives a nun. His sister told the nuns, who told
would inform their description of the priests. Eventually, the news about
events and persons the KKK reached the Spaniards.
- It is therefore the responsibility of the
reader to understand the depiction of
the natives and convert it as their own
~Cavite Mutiny of 1872~
- In studying readings in Philippine - January 20, 1872
History, some of the documents may - Uprising of 200 Filipino troops and
be contradictory and conflicting. workers at the Cavite arsenal
Therefore, the reader must be able to - Awakening of nationalism
develop a sense of critical analysis to - The mutiny was crushed but Gov.
be able to decide for himself which Izquierdo magnified the incident
document is believable and would lead
to the truth.
 - Clamp down on those Filipinos who Contents of Spanish Version
had been calling for governmental - D. Rafael de Izquierdo assumed control
reforms of the government of Las Islas Filipinas
- Only three facts remain the same in on April 4, 1871
the two versions: - Abolition of privileges of Cavite arsenal
- The suspension of privileges of worker was the cause of insurrection
the Cavite arsenal workers - A native clergy, out of spite with the
- The uprising on January 20, 1872 friars, made common cause with the
- The execution and life enemies of Spain
imprisonment of those believed - Anonymous informant said that a
to be part of the rebellion great uprising would break out against
(GomBurZa et al.) Spaniards
- Conspiracy since the days of La Torre
Cavite Mutiny Summary - Principal leaders met in the house of
- The Filipinos were dissatisfied with the either D. Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, a
new Governor-General Izquierdo. Filipino Spaniard, or Jacinto Zamora, a
- Gov. Carlos de la Torre, the former gov, native priest.
was well loved by the Filipinos because - Meetings are attended by curate of
he had good plans for Las Islas (Bacoor) Cavite, the soul of the
Filipinas. He gave the Cavite arsenal movement (energetic character +
workers privileges and exempted them immense wealth = strong influence)
from rendering polo. - Multitude of civilians and the garrison
- Gov. Izquierdo made a lot of changes of Manila, composed of mostly native
and abolished said privileges. soldiers, were involved
- Cavite arsenal workers wanted to - Soldiers were to assassinate their
express dissatisfaction towards Gov. officers and the servants, their masters,
Izquierdo so they formed a small and the escort of the Captain-General
mutiny in Cavite ONLY. Their only goal at Malacañang to dispose of the
was to get back their abolished general himself; friars and other
privileges. spaniards are to be assassinated after
- Gov. Izquierdo magnified the situation. - Firing of rockets from the wall of the
He said that it was formed even before city is the signal among Cavite and
he was seated and that it was planned Manila conspirators
nationwide. - On the night of the 20th, Sampaloc
was having a fiesta in honor of their
Spanish Version patron saint, Virgin of Loreto; they fired
- Written by Jose Montero y Vidal, a rockets into the air which the
Spanish historian, in his book entitled Caviteños mistook as the signal to
Historia General de Filipinas revolt
- Believed to be exaggerated and - 200 native soldiers, under leadership of
“biased” towards Spain Sergeant La Madrid, assassinated the
commander of the fort and wounded
his wife
- D. Fernando Rojas, military governor of
Cavite, dispatched two Spaniards to
 inform Manila authorities of uprising
suspension from arsenal workers was
but they were met by natives and exemption for the reason for
killed rendering polo, and mutiny
- D. Domingo Mijares, an employee of abolition of
the arsenal, left Cavite in a war vessel privileges of the
for Manila to inform the Cavite arsenal
workers were the
commandment of Marine, who
reasons for the
informed Gov. Izquierdo mutiny

Filipino Version
Gov. Izquierdo’s Report
- Written by Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de
- Cavite mutiny was planned by the
Tavera, a Filipino scholar, scientist, and
native clergy, some local residents,
historical researcher
intellectuals, and a newspaper called El
- Made with careful research of history
Eco Filipino
and documents during that time
- People who planned inspired the
- More detailed – it mentions what Gov.
Cavite arsenal workers to go against
Izquierdo had done to anger the
Gov. Izquierdo
workers:
- Gov. Izquierdo alleged that the native
clergy promised good fortune to the
Contents of Filipino Version
natives if they revolt
- Manila was supposed to be the heart
Filipino vs. Spanish Version of the mutiny
Filipino Version Spanish Version - Head of the government after the
revolt would be GomBurZa
Uprising was Uprising was
because of Gov. planned since Gov. El Eco Filipino
Izquierdo De La Torre’s days
- A periodical that exposes the defects of
Francisco Saldua, a Spanish rule in the Philippines and
whistleblower who urgent necessity for reforms
pointed the three - Releases newspapers that constantly
native clergies express dissatisfaction towards the
(GomBurZa) as the Spaniards
masterminds for the - The center or junta for teaching arts
mutiny and trades was known to received
inspiration from Madrid
Wrong signal to - Gov. Izquierdo prohibited the
revolt happened –
foundation of institutions that he
accomplice nations
were to attack when believed to be the reception of El Eco
rockets were fired FIlipino, thinking that if it is closed,
information will not spread
Mutiny was only in Mutiny was planned
Cavite nationwide

Prohibition of Abolition of
founding of a school, privileges of Cavite
 ~Biak na Bato~ Biak na Bato

- Revolution began to spread across the Biak na Bato Republic

islands and outside Manila, despite the - Aguinaldo’s forces began to falter so
efforts of the Spanish colonial troops to they retreated to the mountains
repress the revolutionaries - While in the mountains, Aguinaldo
created their own government called
Emilio Aguinaldo Biak na Bato Republic on November 1,
- Well-known soldier 1897
- Has an elite group (Magdalo) - The first Constitution was plagiarized
from Cuba because they don’t know
Andres Bonifacio how to form a government
- Led the KKK (Kataastaasang,
Kagalanggalangang, Katipunan ng Biak na Bato Pact
mga anak ng bayan) which the
- Biak na Bato’s goals were to make
Spanish found out about so it failed
Spain give them what they wanted:
- Formed another group (Magdiwang)
- Representation in Spanish court
spearheaded by common people
- Chance for equal education
- Allow to study Spanish language
Magdalo + Magdiwang - Secularization of parish priest –
- The two groups combined to form a
Filipinos to be part of the parish
government against Spain
- Opportunity for Filipinos to
- Magdalo was composed of elites while
obtain jobs in the government
Magdiwang was composed of
- Spain to pay Filipinos for all
common people so they had different
damages they caused
ideologies
- Pedro Paterno was the middleman of
Spain and Philippines; he made the
Tejeros Convention negotiations of the pact
- Magdalo and Magdiwang held an - Spain agreed to Aguinaldo’s terms as
election for the government they were long as he leaves the country
making
- The two groups agreed to respect the
outcomes of the election ~Aguinaldo’s Exile~
- Emilio Aguinaldo won as President - Aguinaldo was exiled to Hong Kong on
- Andres Bonifacio won as Director of December 27, 1897, with a check
Interior (concerned with the affairs of amounting to P400,000
the countries) - Those left behind, presumably more
- Daniel Tirona disagreed with Bonifacio needy, were given P200,000 by the
as Director because he was Governor General
uneducated - The Spaniards celebrated and held
- Bonifacio was hurt so he formed fiestas because they thought that they
another junta had won
- Because of this, Aguinaldo executed - Filipinos still held their weapons
Bonifacio for alleged treason because they still hoped for freedom
 - While Aguinaldo was in exile,
American troops contacted him
~Benevolent Assimilation~
- America promised that if the
Philippines is already a self-governing
United States’ Arrival -
country, they will let them go
America did not give a specific
- America already had tension with timeline
Spain - White man’s burden - the task that
- They were interested in Cuba white colonizers believed they had to
- In order to defeat Spain, they wanted impose their civilization on the
to claim Spain’s territories inhabitants of their colonies.

~Spanish-American War~ Aguinaldo’s Distrust towards America

1. Mock battle of Spain and America
Spain and America’s Tension
2. America ignoring Felipe Agoncillo in
- Spain wants Cuba’s sugarcane the Treaty of Paris
3. America not recognizing Philippine
America and Aguinaldo’s Alliance Independence
- America contacted Aguinaldo and told
him to go back to the Philippines
through their help
~Philippine-American War~
- America and Aguinaldo formed an
alliance to drive away Spain from the
Philippines
- America’s condition: For Aguinaldo to
Martial Law
pattern his government to America - September 17 or 22, 1972 - rumored
dates of when Pres. Ferdinand E.
Spain’s Defeat Marcos signed the document that
placed the Philippines on Martial Law
- Aguinaldo cuts of food and water that
(Proclamation no. 1081)
goes to Intramuros
- September 21, 1972 - the date on the
- Spaniards do not want to surrender to
document
FIlipinos, they would rather surrender
- September 23, 1972 - anniversary of the
to Americans
declaration of Martial Law
- Spain and America conducts a mock
battle and barred Filipinos to enter
Why do we commemorate September 23
during their battle
as the anniversary of Martial Law?
- Because Marcos addressed the public
~Treaty of Paris~ to declare Martial Law on September
Philippine Independence 23rd
- Declared by Aguinaldo on June 18, - Marcos appeared on television at
1898 7:15pm on September 23, 1972 to
announce that he placed the entire
Philippines under Martial Law
 tentative dates for the declaration of
Planning for Martial Law Martial Law
- Martial Law was the foundation of his - Since Marcos’ lucky number was
New Society 7, all dates that were considered
- Culminated through a long period of either ended in 7 or were
preparation divisible by 7 (which is why there
- A week before actual declaration, is a debate to commemorate
people already knew of the plan Martial Law on September 21st)
because Benigno S. Aquino Jr. leaked
“Oplan Sagittarius” – Marcos’ Last Days of Democracy
top-secret plan to put Manila under - September 21, 1972 - democracy was
Martial Law still felt
- Senator Benigno Aquino was
Reasons for Marcos’ Proclamation of still able to deliver a speech
Martial Law - September 22, 1972 (9:55pm) - in
- Imelda Marcos was attacked Marcos’ diary, he wrote about Enrile’s
- 1971 Plaza Miranda Bombing ambush
- Benigno Aquino was against him - “Enrile was ambushed near
- Ambush of Enrile Wack-Wack at about 8pm.
Good thing, he was riding his
Martial Law Preparations security car as a protective
- May 17, 1969 - Marcos hinted at Martial measure. This makes Martial
Law during his address at the Law a necessity)
Philippine Military Alumni Association - Juan Ponce Enrile admitted that
- Marcos asked Juan Ponce Enrile to the attack was staged so that
study the provisions of the Marcos would have more
Constitution reasons to declare Martial Law
- Marcos asked Executive Secretary
Alejandro Melchor and Jose ALmonte First Days of Martial Law
to study how Martial Law was - Senator Benigno Aquino was arrested
implemented in other countries at midnight on September 22
because he needed to pattern his - In the early morning hours of
plans to something September 23, 100 of the 400
- The two told Marcos that the personalities targeted for arrest were
nation would be destroyed already detained in Camp Crame by
because Martial Law would give 4am
him absolute power which - Martial Law was not yet publicly
would corrupt absolutely declared but they were already
- By the end of January 1970, Enrile, with detaining people
the help of Efren Plana and Minerva - Military shut down mass media, flights
Gonzaga Reyes submitted a copy of were cancelled, and incoming overseas
the report to prepare for Martial Law calls were prohibited
- On August 1, 1972, Marcos met with
Enrile and a few of his most trusted
military commanders to discuss
Martial Law in Effect - Discovered Philippines instead
- Those arrested filed petitions for - Spread Christianity in the Philippines
habeas corpus with the Supreme
Court Republic Act no. 2733
- On September 17, 1974, the Supreme - Declares Limasawa Island, Leyte,
Court dismissed petitions for habeas Where the First Mass in the Philippines
corpus, ruling that Martial Law was a was Held, as a National Shrine
political question beyond their - National Shrines are insured and
jurisdiction and that the 1973 protected by the government; all
Constitution was already in full force historical monuments and landmarks
and effect were to be preserved and/or
- Habeas corpus was suspended so reconstructed
people cannot apprised or defend
themselves at court; whatever they Debate: Limasawa or Butuan
were being accused for, they had to - National Historical Commission of the
face it Philippines (NHCP) and the
Association of Church Historians in the
End of Martial Law Philippines held a debate to determine
- Martial law officially ended on January where the first mass was really located
17, 1981 with Proclamation no. 2045 because it was the quincentennial
- Marcos reserved decree-making anniversary of Catholicism
powers for himself - Cebu was identified as the site of the
first baptism, not mass
- “Mazaua” was identified as the site of

Controversies in the -
the first mass
First Baptism: April 14, 1521; First Mass:
Philippines March 31, 1521

~The First Mass in the Limasawa Butuan

Philippines~ Old name is “Mazaua” There is a tribe called
Masao
Limasawa
- Where the first mass in the Philippines Why would Magellan A monument erected in
occurred hold a mass in 1872, a 1872 “came from
few decades after he Magellan”
Butuan arrived in the
Philippines? It was revealed later that
- Challenged Limasawa’s claim that the
it came from a Spanish
first mass in the Philippines occurred friar
there, stating that the mass was held
in Butuan April 8 was the “first
mass” in Butuan which
was said to be an error
Magellan’s Voyage
because they had a
- Went off to discover Molucca (spice different calendar at the
islands) time
 1. Butuan was the site of the first
Geographically, “Magellan landed in
Pigafetta’s description Butuan and celebrated mass until Robertson’s
matches Limasawa the first mass there” translation of Pigafetta’s
account; Robinson’s translation
Limasawa used Butuan used two Jesuit is unreliable because Pigafetta’s
Pigafetta’s Account, a historian’s accounts that
way of writing was messy so
PRIMARY SOURCE accepted the Butuan
Tradition: Robertson might have had
They acquired a digital Fr. Colin & Fr. Combes some of Butuan’s details wrong,
copy of Pigafetta’s making it seem like Limasawa
account and translated They both described 2. Ambrosiana Codex was heavily
it to prove their claims Magellan’s voyage in edited
their accounts however, 3. Translated versions are
Limasawa also used they were using
inaccurate because the
Albo’s Log Book and SECONDARY SOURCES
Legazpi Expedition translator might accidentally
change the context; Nancy
In Pigafetta’s account, Butuan claimed that Codex might be more accurate
the rajah of Butuan Magellan went to so verdict should be based on
was only in Masaua for Butuan to meet a rajah
that rather than Boxer Codex
a visit
4. If you plot the longitude and
It was proven that it was
the OTHER WAY latitude measurements, it will
AROUND result in Butuan
a. Disproven – It was
Magellan’s first time
Verdict
arriving in the Philippines
- Limasawa is the location of the first so there is no accurate
mass map; the voyagers
- This was supported by the Church thought the earth was
flat and the
Pigafetta’s Account countries/islands in the
- Eyewitness account that is most map are only drawn as
detailed and only surviving account of one big chunk
the first Mass in the Philippines
- Mentioned the first mass that was Translations of Pigafetta’s Account
administered by Magellan - Boxer Codex - English version -
- Accounts used during that time was translated by American scholar, James
based on Pigafetta’s (Translations such Alexander Roberson
as Robertson’s Boxer Codex) - Ambrosiana Codex - Italian version -
translated by Carlo Amoretti, prefect
Rolando Borrinaga and conservator of the Biblioteca
- Limasawa’s win is a sweet vindication Ambrosiana (1800)
- Nancy Codex - French version -
Gabriel Atega translated by English scholar, Raleigh
- pro-Butuan Ashlin Skelton
- Has a lot of arguments that side with
Butuan:
Raleigh Ashlin Skelton
- Disproved Atega’s claims