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Lec 24

The document discusses various operational amplifier circuits that can be used as filters. It describes comparator and summing amplifier circuits that can act as analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters. It also explains voltage subtractor, differentiator, integrator, and band pass filter circuits using op-amps. Real filters have non-ideal characteristics compared to ideal filters, and active filters using op-amps can produce a range of filter responses including Butterworth, Chebyshev, and Bessel.

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34 views

Lec 24

The document discusses various operational amplifier circuits that can be used as filters. It describes comparator and summing amplifier circuits that can act as analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters. It also explains voltage subtractor, differentiator, integrator, and band pass filter circuits using op-amps. Real filters have non-ideal characteristics compared to ideal filters, and active filters using op-amps can produce a range of filter responses including Butterworth, Chebyshev, and Bessel.

Uploaded by

sadaf asma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analog & Digital Electronics

Course No: PH-218

Lec-24: Operational Amplifiers and Filters Circuits

Course Instructor:

 Dr. A. P. VAJPEYI

Department of Physics,
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India 1
Comparator as a A/D converter
Parallel comparators are used to compare
the linear input signal with various reference
voltage developed by voltage divider.

When the input voltage is higher than the


reference voltage, a high level is produced
at the comparators output.

The reference voltage for each comparator


is set by the voltage divider and reference
voltage.

Output of each comparator is connected to


an input of the encoder that produces a
binary number representing the highest
value input.

For a n digit binary, 2n – 1 comparators


Simultaneous or flash method
are required.
2
Summing Amplifier as D/A converter
A digital to analog (D/A) converter is a weighted summing circuit that
produces an output equal to the weighted sum of inputs.

The weight is same as the gain of the channel.

Rf Rf Rf
Vo = −( Va + Vb + Vc )
Ra Rb Rc

Binary Input Output


000 0 Vout
001 -0.125
010 -0.50
011 -0.625
100 -1.00
101 -1.125
110 -1.50
111 -1.625 Vin 3
Voltage Substractor or Difference Amplifier
Applying KCL at node ‘a’,
V1 − V3 V3 − Vo
=
R1 R2
1 1 V V
( + )V3 − 1 = o (1)
R1 R2 R1 R2

Applying KCL at node ‘b’,


V2 − V3 V3 1 1 V
= ( + )V3 − 2 = 0 (2)
R1 R2 R1 R2 R1

Subtracting eqn. (2) from eqn.(1)

V2 − V1 V0 (V2 − V1 )
= V0 = R2
R1 R2 R1

4
Op-AMP Differentiator
A circuit in which the output voltage waveform is the
differentiation of input voltage is called differentiator
d 0 − Vo
i1 = i f C (Vin − 0) =
dt R

d (Vin )
Vo = − RC
dt
The input signal will be differentiated properly if
the time period T of the input signal is larger
than or equal to Rf C

As the frequency changes, the gain changes. Also at higher frequencies the
circuit is highly susceptible at high frequency noise and noise gets amplified.
Both the high frequency noise and problem can be corrected by adding, few
components.

5
Op-AMP Differentiator

Suppose input signal is sinusoidal.


Vin = A Sin (ω t)
d (Vin )
Then Vo = − = − AωCos (ωt )
dt

The amplitude of output voltage (A’=Aω) is function of frequency i.e. .A’ is


higher at higher frequency and lower at lower frequency.

At higher frequencies, signal will be buried inside the noise because noise
contains all the frequencies from low to high and high frequency noise will be
more amplified at the output compare to the signal.

To avoid this we use a extra resistor and capacitor in series to reduce the
strength of noise signal.

6
Differentiator as well as High pass Filter
As a Differentiator

dQ
Vo = iR = R
dt
d (CVin ) dVin
Vo = R ∫ = RC ∫
dt dt

As a high pass filter R


Vo = ( )Vin
2 2
X +R
c

vo ZR R 1
= = =
v i Z R + ZC R − j 1 1 − j 1
ωC ωCR
At high frequencies: ω is large, voltage gain ≈ 1
At low frequencies: ω is small, voltage gain → 0

7
Op-AMP Integrator
A circuit in which the output voltage waveform is the integral of the input
voltage waveform is called integrator.

Here, the feedback element is a capacitor.


The current drawn by OPAMP is zero and
V2 is virtually grounded

Vin − 0 d
i1 = i f R1
= C (0 − Vo )
dt

Integrating both sides with respect to time


from 0 to t, we get

t
t t −1
Vin
∫0 R1 dt = −
dVo
∫0 dt
C
Vo = ∫
R1C 0
Vin dt

For accurate integration, the time period of


the input signal T must be longer than or
equal to R1C. 8
Op-AMP Integrator
Calculate the output voltage of op-amp
integrator if an input signal of 1kHz, 5 V
peak amplitude square wave is applied at
inverting terminal. The value of resistor and
capacitor is 10k ohm and 0.1µF
respectively.

t
−1
Vo = ∫
R1C 0
Vin dt

−1
T /2
T 2.5
×103 = 2.5V
∫0 Vo =
3 3
Vo = −3 5dt = −5 × 10 = 2. 5T × 10
10 2 f

9
Integrator as well as Low pass Filter
As a Integrator
Q 1
Vo = = ∫ idt
C C
Q 1 Vin 1
Vo = = ∫ dt = ∫ Vin dt
C C R RC

As a low pass filter

XC
Vo = ( )Vin
2 2
X +R
c1 in

1
−j
vo ZC ωC = 1
= =
v i Z R + ZC R − j 1 1+ jωCR
ωC

At high frequencies: ω is large, voltage gain → 0


At low frequencies: ω is small, voltage gain ≈ 1
10
Band pass Filter
Band pass filter can be obtained by combining high frequency filter and low
frequency filter.

11
Filter Circuits

• An ideal filter would have constant


gain and zero phase shift for
frequencies within its pass band, and
zero gain for frequencies outside this
range (its stop band)

• Real filters do not have these


idealized characteristics.

12
Active Filter Circuits
Combining an op-amp with suitable resistors and capacitors can produce
a range of filter characteristics. These are termed active filters

13
Active Filter Circuits

• Common forms include:


• Butterworth
– optimised for a flat response
• Chebyshev
– optimised for a sharp ‘knee’
• Bessel
– optimised for its phase
response

14

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