UNIT 6 – PART 1

Digital Television
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS ATSC
ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Commitee) is a non-profit
organization formed in 1982 with the goal of developing standards for
digital television.
In 1995 the ATSC created a set of standards called A/53, for the
transmission of TV signals in the United States.
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS ATSC
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS ATSC
The Source Coding and Compression subsystem compresses the
audio and video streams in order to minimize the number of bits
needed to represent the corresponding information. For the
compression and encoding of video streams, the ATSC system uses
the MPEG-2 syntax, with some specializations, while the AC-3
standard is used for digital audio compression.
MPEG-2 is a stream of bits structured into large packets or frames,
each separated by a sync byte. Each frame has 187 bytes, for a total
of 188 bytes.
ATSC TS (Transport Stream) coding

Randomizer: Repetitive bit patterns cause the spectral density to

concentrate at certain frequencies. The bits are redistributed so that
there are no repetitive patterns, and the signal looks more like white
noise.
Reed-Solomon encoder
An additional 20 bytes are mathematically created to establish
redundancy (parity).
A total of 207 + sync = 208 bytes per packet.
The extra 20 bytes are part of an "alphabet" that allows the receiver
to determine if an error has occurred.
In this case, up to 10 errors can be corrected.
Interleaver
Helps protect against burst errors.
The sequence of the bit stream is altered.
Trellis encoder
FEC convolutional encoder that allows to control the progression
(history) of the bit stream.
The 8 bits of each byte are segmented into 2-bit words, to each of
which 1 bit is added, following a defined rule.
Therefore, a sequence of 3 bits can only give rise to 4 possibilities.
That is, the receiver, based on the received word, already knows that
the next word is one of 4 possibilities. If not received, an error has
been generated.
ATSC - Transmission
Finally, the RF Transmission subsystem.

It first inserts the sync pulse after each frame.

Transmission (Pilot)
To generate the pilot (carrier), a DC level is added to the bit stream.
8-VSB modulation
8-VSB modulation works with groups of 3 bits, that is, 8 different
patterns (symbols). Then 8-VSB assigns different voltages to each of
the symbols. The voltage is what is transmitted.
8-VSB modulation
8-VSB modulation
Although digital cable companies have adopted the ATSC standards,
they generally do not use this type of modulation. Instead, they use a
more complex form of modulation called QAM, which is capable of 64
– 256 level modulations, instead of 8 like VSB.
Satellite broadcasts instead use QPSK for modulation.
ATSC Receiver block diagram
ATSC mobile
DVB
In the early 1990s when digital television was just beginning to take shape, in 1991 European
broadcasters and manufacturers concerned about the number of incompatible equipment
began discussing the idea of crea ng a platform for the development of digital terrestrial
television and They were the ones who at the end of the same year created the European
Launch Group, ELG.
Years later, the ELG, fulfilling relevant projects and orienting itself to new challenges, became
the DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) Project.
DVB is currently a Global Consortium, present on all continents. There are many great
successes that DVB has achieved; for this reason, this entity has managed to cross borders
and be located in all continents as shown in the following figure, with participants from 35
countries that include: public and private broadcasters, national and regional network
operators, component manufacturers, developers of applications, regulatory bodies, etc.
DVB
DVB
DVB
The European system is based on DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcasting-
Terrestrial). Being part of the DVB group, this system also uses MPEG-
2 packets to transport any information that can be digitized. In
addition, the specifications of a set of return channels for users with
the aim of interacting with the digital services received are included.
The system is defined as a functional block that performs the
function of adapting the baseband television signal to the output of
the MPEG-2 multiplexer.
DVB
Among the main technical characteristics of the system are:
It has several dimensions of the receiver where it is required that it has the
ability to adapt its encoding according to the signaling.
The most important element is the use of OFDM. There are two transmission
modes: 2K carrier mode and 8K carrier mode, both with QAM modulation.
8k allows better protection against multipath, and 2K offers advantages such
as Doppler effect convenient for moving receivers.
For error correction it uses Convolutional FEC (1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8) and
Reed-Solomon.
Various bandwidths (6, 7 and 8 MHz).
TPS lights: The receiver recognizes the operating mode automatically.
ISDB
ISDB
Cuadro Especificaciones Técnicas ISDB-T

Multiplexación en el dominio de la BST-OFDM

frecuencia

Modulación
16-QAM, 64-QAM, QPSK, DQPSK

Codificación no abierta
Codificación y corrección de errores Convolucional 7/8, 3/4, 2/3, 1/2
Codificación externa: Reed-
Solomon(204,188)

Intervalo de guarda 1/16, 1/8, 1/4

Entrelazado Tiempo, frecuencia, bit, byte
Multiplexación Sistema MPEG-2
Codificación de video para fijos MPEG-2
Codificación de video para móviles MPEG-4 AVC/H.264
Codificación de audio MPEG-2 (AAC)
Difusión de datos ARIB STD B-24
Servicio de información ARIB STD B-10
Modos Modo1(2k), Modo2(4k), Modo3(8k)
Ancho de banda útil 5.575Mhz, 5.573Mhz, 5.572Mhz
Espacio entre portadoras 3.968Khz, 1.984Khz, 0.992Khz
Total de portadoras 1405, 2809, 4992
Time interleave 0-0.5 seg
Velocidad de transferencia útil 3.651Mbps - 23.234Mbps
ISDB
The transmission is formed by thirteen segments, this quantity is the
same for a channel of 6, 7, 8 MHz, of bandwidth, varying in each one
of the spectra, the duration of each segment.
For 6MHz of channel bandwidth, the spectrum formed by 13
segments occupies 5.58MHz, therefore we will have each bandwidth
of 429Khz; it can also have its own transmission parameters, such as
the convolutional code ratio (FEC) and guard interval. The segments
are numbered from 0 to 12. For the television service all the
segments are used.
ISDB-Tb = SBTVD
The ISDB-Tb digital television system or by its acronym in Portuguese
SBTVD (Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão Digital) is developed based on
the Japanese system, unlike the fact that for video encoding for both
mobile and fixed it is MPEG-4 (Japan uses MPEG-2), with better
compression for data transmission in the same bandwidth, using the
H.264 video codec. All this was possible thanks to an agreement with
Japan and the efforts of many public and private entities in Brazil.
SBTVD
The usable bandwidth is 6 x 13/14 =5.57 MHz
Each segment occupies 6/14 = 428.6 KHz
Therefore, the bit rate, depending on the type of modulation used, is
between 280.85 and 1,787.28 Kbps, per segment.
That is, between 3.65 and 23.23 Mbps
SBTVD encoder
SBTVD decoder
Midleware
DTV brings with it a big difference: interactivity between users and the
station (or Cable company)
The challenge is to ensure that instructions are interpreted and executed in
a wide variety of receivers and set-top boxes, built by different
manufacturers.
This software must be updated (or changed) periodically.
The subsystem that implements the mechanisms that provide the
semantics for this type of applications is called Middleware.
Middleware is used to describe the integration of software that
communicates with other software and acts as a mediator between
different programs.
Midleware for SBTVD = Ginga!
Developed by the Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro and the
Federal University of Paraíba

Complies with ITU J.200, J.201, J.202 standards

Compatible with GEM (Globally executable MHP)

GEM is used by DVB and ATSC