Job roles: Journalism

Job Specification

“Journalists research, write, edit, proofread and file news stories, features and articles. Their
pieces are used on television and radio or within magazines, journals and newspapers, in
print and online.”
https://targetjobs.co.uk/careers-advice/job-descriptions/journalist-job-description.

I would say this source is reliable because the website is specifically for people trying to find
jobs and careers so the information would need to be accurate in order to give people the
best job and career for them.

“Newspaper journalists research and write stories for national, regional and local press. They
report on news and politics, as well as on sports, arts and culture, science and business.
They also cover national and local events, entertainment and human interest stories.
There are a number of roles within newspaper journalism. Junior reporters usually write up
stories allocated to them by the news desk, which they then pass to the news editor before
they're handed to sub-editors. Correspondents are specialists in one field or location, while
feature writers, who cover topics in greater depth, often use a more personal style.
On smaller newspapers journalists have to multitask. They may work on layout, photography
and sub-editing, as well as write stories.
Newspaper journalism is becoming increasingly multi-platform, making IT, web and
broadcast skills highly valuable.”
https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/newspaper-journalist.

This source is reliable because it goes in depth on how to be a newspaper journalist and the
website itself is a careers website so it would need to have reliable information on there in
order to inform people about a career in newspaper journalism.

“Broadcast journalists research, investigate and present news and current affairs content for
television, radio and online. Their aim is to present information in a balanced, accurate and
interesting way through news bulletins, documentaries and other factual programmes.
Broadcast journalists can occupy a number of roles within the media, including:

● editor
● reporter
● presenter or news anchor
● producer
● Correspondent.”

https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/broadcast-journalist.
This source is reliable because it goes in depth on how to be a broadcast journalist and the
website itself is a careers website so it would need to have reliable information on there in
order to inform people about a career in broadcast journalism.

“Magazine journalists research and write news articles and features for a variety of
publications, usually periodicals, including:

● consumer titles which cover both general interest and specialist areas
● customer magazines from shops, supermarkets, etc
● trade publications, also known as business-to-business (B2B) magazines.

These titles will usually be printed, but many magazines are also produced for the web.
Knowledge of the concise writing style needed for the internet and search engine
optimisation (SEO) are very useful skills.
As well as writing, as a magazine journalist you may also get involved in the production of
the publication, taking on sub-editing and designing. For magazine journalists entering the
profession at graduate level, job titles include staff writer, graduate writer and journalism
trainee.
There are thousands of magazine titles in the UK and, while there are plenty of
opportunities, competition can be fierce when finding a job.”
https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/magazine-journalist.

This source is reliable because it goes in depth on how to be a magazine journalist and the
website itself is a careers website so it would need to have reliable information on there in
order to inform people about a career in magazine journalism.
All of these 3 sources make the first one more reliable as the first one talked about
journalists having their pieces featured in magazines, newspapers, television and radio -
things the other 3 sources talk about.
Duties

“The job typically involves:

● reading press releases
● researching articles
● establishing and maintaining contacts
● interviewing sources
● writing, editing and submitting copy
● attending events
● proofreading
● verifying statements and facts
● staying up to date with privacy, contempt and defamation law
 ● liaising with editors, sub-editors, designers and photographers.
It is possible to transfer between television, radio, newspaper and publishing work.”

https://targetjobs.co.uk/careers-advice/job-descriptions/journalist-job-description.

“As a newspaper journalist, your duties will include:

● interviewing people in a range of different circumstances

● building contacts in many areas to maintain a flow of news, such as with the police
and emergency services, local council, community groups, health trusts, press
officers from a variety of organisations and the general public
● seeking out and investigating stories via your contacts, press releases and other
media
● attending press conferences and asking questions
● attending a range of events, such as council meetings, magistrates' court
proceedings, football matches, talent contests, etc
● answering the phones on the news desk and reacting to breaking news stories
● working closely with the news team, photographers and editors
● recording interviews and meetings using shorthand or technical equipment
● producing concise and accurate copy according to the newspaper's house style and
to strict deadlines - daily newspapers may have several each day
● writing shorter, 'filler' stories to entertain, and researching and writing longer feature
articles, sometimes for subsidiary publications and supplements
● creating and uploading news content for the newspaper website
● 'live' online reporting or real-time blogging when covering important events - a
growing area of work, especially on national newspapers.”

https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/newspaper-journalist.

Although duties and responsibilities vary from role to role and between radio, television and
the internet, as a broadcast journalist you'll be involved in many of the following duties:

● generating ideas for stories and features and following leads from news agencies,
the police, the public, press conferences and other sources
● pitching ideas to editors and commissioners
● researching, verifying and collating evidence and information to support a story using
relevant information sources such as the internet, archives, databases, etc.
● writing scripts for bulletins, headlines and reports
● selecting appropriate locations, pictures and sound and exercising editorial
judgement on the best angle from which to approach a story
● identifying necessary resources and deploying and managing technical crews for
location shoots, including sound operators and camera crew
● providing directorial input, advising crews on what to film or record
● using portable digital video (DV) cameras and other equipment to record material
● producing complete packages for broadcast
● preparing and presenting material on air for both pre-recorded and live pieces
● identifying potential interviewees, briefing them, preparing interview questions and
conducting both live and recorded interviews
● preparing timings for each news item and monitoring these during broadcast
 ● deciding on the running order for bulletins and making any necessary changes during
broadcast
● collaborating with the editor to put together the completed item
● developing and maintaining local contacts, assuming a public relations role
● understanding and complying with media law and industry codes of conduct.

https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/broadcast-journalist.

“Your workload will vary depending on the size of your employer. If you've gone freelance,
your workload will depend on the subject matter and how the magazine is published.
Your responsibilities will typically include:

● researching a subject and story

● writing and editing news stories and features in the publication's house style
● ensuring work is well written, accurate and submitted to deadline
● conducting interviews, either in person or remotely
● attending seminars, conferences and fairs (some magazine publishers hold
exhibitions and events to allow advertisers to meet their readership)
● generating ideas for stories
● sourcing images to accompany written pieces
● meeting with colleagues to plan the content of the issue and the character of the
publication
● keeping up to date with trends and developments relating to the magazine's subject
matter.

Freelance journalists spend time networking and building up relationships with publications
and their staff. Self-employed freelancers also need to negotiate their own rates, bookkeep
and be self-motivated. You'll need to consistently pitch ideas to interested publications to
constantly secure new work.
On smaller magazines, the role of a magazine journalist might include all these activities
plus administrative work. It may also involve an element of sub-editing, proofing your own or
another writers copy, as well as some design work.
Many magazines have an online presence and you may cover the same topics for the
website. You will need to adapt your writing style for online journalism.”
https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/magazine-journalist.

“The types of tasks and responsibilities you might be expected to undertake as a journalist
will vary depending on what type of journalism you’re working in. However, there are a few
tasks you can expect to come across as you navigate the world of journalism.
● Generating ideas for news stories or digging into and uncovering news stories
● Putting together story pitches to show to editors
● Thoroughly researching stories, collecting evidence and make sure that the sources
you’re using are legitimate
● Interviewing and talking to people about their experiences
 ● Writing scripts, news reports and online articles
● Within broadcast journalism, working with film and technical crews when shooting on-
location for important news stories
● Working to tight deadlines, especially if reporting on breaking news
● Working with film crews, producers and editors to put together news segments
● Working with external parties such as lawyers or government bodies to ensure you’re
complying with laws and industry best practices
● Creating video and written content yourself when needed
● Editing together news stories”

https://www.brightnetwork.co.uk/career-profiles/journalist/.
These sources are reliable as they all outline similar duties and responsibilities you will have
to undertake in order to be a journalist, with the last source being the most reliable as it gives
states duties for all forms of journalism in a detailed manner whereas the others either only
talk about 1 form of journalism or don't give enough detail when making the generalisation.
Salary
 https://uk.indeed.com/career/journalist/salaries.

● “At entry level typical starting salaries range from £15,000 to £26,000, although many
are as low as £12,000.
● With experience, your salary is often negotiable. Senior staff (senior staff writer, sub-
editor or features editor) usually earn between £18,000 and £35,000.
● If you work on a major publication or become editor-in-chief of a magazine, your
salary will be anything from £22,000 to £65,000+.

Many graduates work in minimum wage internships and jobs to gain experience before
securing a paid job.
Freelance fees vary according to your experience and ability, but the average freelance fee
per 1,000 words is £1,200 for a prestige magazine, or £550 for a smaller consumer
magazine. For a comprehensive guide to freelance rates, see the National Union of
Journalists (NUJ).
Salary levels depend mainly on the location, size and popularity of the magazine. Salaries in
London and the South East are generally higher and opportunities more plentiful.
Income figures are intended as a guide only.”
https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/magazine-journalist.

● “Starting salaries vary significantly between local and national broadcasters but can
range from around £15,000 to £24,000.
● At senior level or with several years' experience, salaries may range from £30,000 to
£60,000. The most experienced and high-profile journalists in television may
command salaries of £80,000+.

Wages differ depending on the employer and the location.

Pay tends to be higher in television than radio. Independent local radio posts tend to offer
the lowest starting salaries.
 Additional allowances may be paid for shift work and unsocial hours, and a London
weighting may be available. Freelance reporters often have individually negotiated contracts.
Income figures are intended as a guide only.”
https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/broadcast-journalist.

● “In the sector, reporters working in newspapers and magazines have the lowest
average salaries. When you're starting out as a trainee reporter, your salary could be
as low as £12,000 to £15,000, depending on whether you're working for a local,
regional or national paper.
● Although there's wide variation between regional and national newspapers, salaries
for journalists with up to five years' experience generally rise to around £25,000,
while those with a decade's experience or more can expect around £35,000 to
£40,000.

Your salary could be higher if you're working for a national newspaper. Share options and
bonuses, reflecting the paper's performance, may bolster salaries at senior editor level.
Income figures are intended as a guide only.”
https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/newspaper-journalist.

“Salaries in journalism can vary widely, depending on the type of journalism, type of news,
where you’re based and who you work for.
● Starting journalist salaries tend to range between £14,000 and £20,000 and will
generally increase as you gain more experience in the field.
● As you progress within journalism, you can expect to earn up to £60,000 but actual
salaries will vary greatly depending on the company you work for. For example, the
average salary for a BBC broadcast journalist tends to centre around the £35,000
mark. “

https://www.brightnetwork.co.uk/career-profiles/journalist/.

The second source is the most reliable out of the 5 as it's the only one that mentions that
journalists are freelance and their pay can vary depending on the job. Having said that, this
one only accounts for magazine journalists and not all so it's not that much more reliable as
the rest.

Working Hours
 “A journalist's schedule often varies due to the nature of their work. They often spend their
day in front of a computer, writing or researching different news stories. Journalists also
spend their days out in the field, whether to cover stories by attending events or interviewing
the public. While journalists work a full-time schedule with 40-hour workweeks, their specific
schedule depends on their assignments. Therefore, while they often work during normal
business hours, some may work on weekends, evenings and do overtime to ensure they
obtain the necessary information for a story.”

https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/finding-a-job/a-day-in-the-life-of-
journalist#:~:text=While%20journalists%20work%20a%20full,necessary%20information
%20for%20a%20story.

“This is not a 9am to 5pm job. Copy deadlines may mean irregular hours and unsocial hours
are common.

Part-time work and career breaks are possible.”

https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/magazine-journalist.

“Working hours typically include regular unsocial hours. Shift work is common, starting early
to cover regional news on breakfast radio and television shows or working mid-morning until
late evening for afternoon and evening bulletins. Weekend work is often required and most
broadcasters do not take public holidays.

On-air presenters are less likely to go out on location to cover stories and their working
hours may be more predictable.”

https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/broadcast-journalist.

“Journalists quite frequently work long or unsocial hours. Early in your career, you're likely to
work an early or late shift pattern. You need to be flexible to accommodate for breaking
news and deadlines.”

https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/newspaper-journalist.

The last 3 sources are the most reliable as they all mention that journalists work unsocial
and irregular hours. The first source mentions that journalist could work more than the full
time 40 hour week instead of also mentioning that they could less than the full time 40 hour
week.

What To Expect

● “Offices are usually open plan and may be noisy. Although you will spend much of
your time working on a computer and on the phone, the work will also involve some
travelling to meet people or to cover events, often at short notice.
● Many journalists spend part, or all, of their career working on a freelance basis.
Demand for experienced freelancers is high, especially for feature writing. Young
journalists often work freelance to build up experience and contacts; some retired
journalists continue to work on a freelance basis. The NUJ issues a guide to
freelance rates in its NUJ Freelance Fees Guide.
● Career breaks are possible.
● The NUJ reports a 60/40 male to female gender split in its membership. Women are
underrepresented, although increasingly present at senior level.
● The profession is predominantly white, but efforts are being made to recruit from
ethnic minority backgrounds, with initiatives such as the Journalism Diversity Fund.
● Opportunities with regional newspapers exist throughout the UK. Geographical
mobility is important, especially at the beginning of a journalism career.
● The role can be stressful. Competition between rival publications - and hence their
reporters - can be fierce, and you may often need to put awkward or unwanted
questions to people who do not wish to answer.
● Because of the need to sometimes work long and unpredictable hours, anything up
to 50 to 60 hours per week, journalists' social and working lives may become
intertwined.
● Journalists often travel within a working day, although absence from home overnight
is rarely required.
● There may be opportunities to work abroad.”

https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/newspaper-journalist.
 “The media can be an uncertain industry in terms of job security, and people are often
employed on short-term contracts. Many broadcast journalists are freelance and may have
to relocate or travel according to the availability of work.

Diversity in the media is still an issue. Initiatives such as BBC Extend, Creative Diversity
Network, Journalism Diversity Fund and the George Viner Memorial Fund are working to
address this imbalance.

Job opportunities can be found across the UK. Work for network stations tend to be in
London or regionally based. There are usually more opportunities at local level, through
regional stations. Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) and online media have opened up many
new opportunities across radio and television.

The work can be stressful; broadcast journalists always work to strict deadlines and need to
react as and when a story breaks. The work sometimes involves interacting with people at
moments of crisis or tragedy, which can be emotionally challenging.

There is frequent travel within a working day and absence from home at night. Overseas
work or travel is occasional but more common for specialist correspondents.”

https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/broadcast-journalist.

● “With much of magazine journalism now being outsourced, freelancing is more

common and the majority of magazine copy is written by freelancers. Many people
make successful careers as freelance magazine journalists, contributing pieces to a
variety of publications.
● Women are well represented on consumer magazines.
● The work provides the opportunity to meet a range of people beyond your own circle
of colleagues, but long hours, tight deadlines, and writing for the public domain can
be stressful.
● Travel within the working day is often necessary and you may occasionally need to
be away from home overnight.
● Overseas work and travel is not uncommon, especially if you are working for a travel
or international trade magazine.
 ● Many magazine journalists will have started out at local newspapers and have a solid
background in news writing. On the other hand, some journalists move straight into
specialist writing depending on their degree, e.g. engineering, science or computing.”

https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/magazine-journalist.

These sources are reliable as they all mention similar things that you should expect when
working in journalism. However, they all state things that are specific to one area of
journalism as opposed to a detailed generalisation for all.

Qualifications Needed

“This area of work is open to graduates of any discipline but an undergraduate degree in
journalism, English or writing may improve your chances. However, some editors may be
more interested in graduates with a specialist degree subject, such as economics or science.

Experience and personal qualities are also considered extremely important.

Entry without a degree, HND or foundation degree is possible but is becoming increasingly
difficult. The majority of new entrants to the newspaper journalism industry are graduates.

Graduates can choose from several pre-entry routes into newspaper journalism. There are
full-time, one-year postgraduate courses, which result in a postgraduate diploma or Masters
degree. There are also fast-track, 18 to 20-week postgraduate courses. Students should
check that their courses will be well regarded by potential employers.

Courses accredited by the NCTJ are generally highly regarded and will usually include your
preliminary NCTJ examinations. The NCTJ's Diploma in Journalism reflects the multimedia
environment of modern journalism and includes mandatory modules on reporting, essential
public affairs and media law. Students must also study at least four elective modules which
include sports journalism, photography, magazines and broadcast journalism.

You must pass the Diploma in Journalism in order to sit the professional senior qualification
which demonstrates all-round competence in a range of journalistic skills, which you'd take
once you'd been in relevant employment for 18 months. This is either the National Certificate
Examination (NCE) or the National Qualification in Journalism (NQJ), depending on your
specialism.
 Entry with an HND or foundation degree is possible if you have relevant skills and
experience. Some foundation degrees in journalism are recognised by the NCTJ, including
the 17-week foundation course in journalism from PA Training.

You can be recruited directly by employers on to a two-year training contract, although these
opportunities are increasingly rare.

Competition for the limited graduate trainee places with large newspaper groups and
national newspapers is extremely fierce. Programmes vary from year to year and details
may not be widely circulated, as editors rely on candidates to take the initiative to research
opportunities.

Entry with a postgraduate degree is possible, especially if it's an NCTJ-accredited

qualification or includes relevant work experience. Postgraduate students from subjects not
related to journalism will still have to gain experience and writing skills and may need to
consider a relevant pre-entry course in journalism. Search postgraduate courses in
journalism.

Initiatives such as the NUJ's George Viner Memorial Fund aim to support black and Asian
students through training. The Journalism Diversity Fund supports the training of journalists
from ethnically and socially diverse backgrounds onto NCTJ-accredited courses.

The Scott Trust Bursary Scheme, offered by The Guardian Media Group, provides a limited
number of bursaries to postgraduate students each year.”

https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/newspaper-journalist.

“Although not strictly necessary, most new magazine journalists have a degree. However,
entry without a degree or HND is possible, as experience and determination count for a lot in
the industry.

Numerous universities offer undergraduate journalism or media degrees, while there are
also postgraduate qualifications (Masters and certificates/diplomas). Many of these courses
are accredited by the National Council for the Training of Journalists (NCTJ). It's possible to
take NCTJ courses and qualifications at colleges and via distance learning.

While these qualifications are not essential, they'll give you a good grounding in writing,
interviewing, sub-editing, design and layout, shorthand and media law. Over 70% of qualified
journalists are NCTJ-trained.
If you're undertaking a journalism qualification, it is a good idea to join the NUJ as a student
member. Look for other journalistic organisations, like Women in Journalism that have
membership for students as this will provide great networking opportunities and perhaps
even a tip-off about possible job vacancies.

Entry into journalism is very competitive, with many people applying for every vacancy. The
industry is growing, but the number of training vacancies is not increasing proportionately.
This is because much of the growth is in small publishers, who don't run training schemes.
Entry into popular consumer magazines is particularly competitive, but openings with
specialist technical and scientific journals, or trade and business magazines, may be easier
to find.

The NUJ's Journalism Diversity Fund awards bursaries to people from diverse backgrounds
who need help funding their NCTJ journalism training.

The George Viner Memorial Fund has been established by the industry to help those who
want to take industry-recognised pre-entry courses, but lack the money to do so. It's aimed
at people without the financial means to attend NCTJ training courses. Applicants need to
demonstrate a genuine commitment to journalism and the potential to be successful.

To get started, search postgraduate courses in magazine journalism.”

https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/magazine-journalist.

“There are three main entry routes into broadcast journalism:

● direct entry into a traineeship

● moving across from print journalism (usually for those with several years of
experience)
● 'pre-entry' by completing an accredited degree or postgraduate qualification.

Although this area of work is open to all graduates, a degree in one of these subjects may
increase your chances, particularly if you wish to pursue a career as a special
correspondent:

● business
● economics
● finance
● government
 ● journalism
● politics.

The industry is divided over the value of general media studies degrees, so it is worth
investigating which courses have industry recognition or recommendation and studying the
success rates of their alumni.

Details of relevant courses can be obtained from the following accrediting bodies:

● Broadcast Journalism Training Council (BJTC)

● National Council for the Training of Journalists (NCTJ)

Postgraduate entry is the most common route into this profession. The BJTC and NCTJ also
accredit postgraduate courses that offer both theoretical and practical training. Search
postgraduate courses in journalism.

Information about funding for postgraduate study is available from the BJTC.

The media has introduced a number of initiatives to encourage applications from traditionally
under-represented groups, such as the Journalism Diversity Fund. Support is available for
those who may not have studied in higher education. Details of many schemes are available
through the Creative Diversity Network.

Two postgraduate bursaries are available from the Guardian Media Group's The Scott Trust
Bursary Scheme, a programme that encourages graduates from diverse social and/or ethnic
backgrounds to apply.”

https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/broadcast-journalist.

“When it comes to getting into journalism, there are certain degrees that will hold you in good
stead, including English, Journalism, Business, Politics and Economics. However, if you
haven’t pursued a degree in one of these areas, don’t worry.
Bodies like the Broadcast Journalism Training Council (BJTC) and the National Council for
the Training of Journalists (NCTJ) offer courses in various aspects of journalism.”

https://www.brightnetwork.co.uk/career-profiles/journalist/.

All 4 sources are reliable as they all mention the same main qualification you need to
become a journalist, which is a NCTJ one. Despite it having the least amount of information,
source 4 is the most reliable as it talks about more than 1 area of journalism whereas the
other 3 sources only specialise in 1.

University Course
https://www.theuniguide.co.uk/search/course?c%5Bsubject_codes%5D%5B%5D=100442.
 https://www.ucas.com/explore/courses?
subject=Journalism&filterBy=all&studyYear=current&latLng=false&page=1.

There are 278 journalism courses on offer from UCAS. UCAS is a reliable source and more
reliable than the first one because not only does it offer a wider range of courses but it’s the
official site to apply for university courses.

Apprenticeships And Work Experience

“To start your career in journalism, you'll need a good record of relevant work experience
accompanied by a professional file of cuttings (samples of your published writing). Take
every opportunity to write articles and reviews for local, free, national or specialist
publications, especially if you get a byline (your name above the story). Get involved in
student newspapers and try to build up a network of sources.

While you're a student, join organisations for information and networking opportunities, such
as the National Union of Journalists (NUJ) or the Chartered Institute of Journalists (CIoJ).

For work experience opportunities keep an eye on publications and websites such as:

● The Guardian - Media

● Press Gazette

PA Media also offers work experience.

Contact local newspapers and ask for work experience. A list of local newspapers can be
found via the News Media Association. June and July are the busiest times to find work
experience, so be proactive and try approaching publications at other times of the year.
 Don't despair at rejections - editors appreciate and respect persistence and the desire to
succeed.”

https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/newspaper-journalist.

“Pre-entry experience, either paid or unpaid, is essential. It will give you first-hand
knowledge of the industry and demonstrate to employers your ability to thrive in a pressured
environment.

Very few structured work experience or training schemes exist. Contact magazines directly,
showing an enthusiasm for their subject matter and ask if they have a scheme or if they can
offer you some work experience.

Get involved in student newspapers, magazines, radio stations, internal television circuits or
even start your own blog, which can help towards developing your writing style and
interviewing techniques.”

https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/magazine-journalist.

“Work experience, whether paid or unpaid, is a vital step to starting your career as a
journalist. Small, sponsored news traineeship schemes are run by regional news and both
the BBC and ITV .

Competition for both traineeships and unpaid work placements at larger network stations is
fierce.

As well as applying via recruitment departments, try contacting individual editors or

producers directly at local stations. Local press, hospital radio and community media
(Community Media Association) are excellent training grounds, as is any involvement in
student media (largely magazine, newspaper or radio).

Applications, even for work experience, will be stronger if accompanied by demo tapes or
cuttings, and student media is an ideal place to start building a portfolio. Make yourself
known to as many people as possible, be flexible and available at all times. Be proactive -
volunteer to get involved wherever you can.”

https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/broadcast-journalist.
 When doing this research, I found that there are no apprenticeships currently available and
that getting experience in the profession or writing your own articles are the best ways to get
in and be successful. These sources are reliable as not only are they job profiles but they
each state things you can go in order to get the adequate work experience, with sources 1
and 3 going even further and stating some of the companies that will offer up opportunities to
gain work experience.

Skills

You'll need to show:

● strong written and oral communication skills

● a keen interest in news, current affairs, business and people
● accurate spelling, grammar and punctuation
● good organisation skills and the ability to work under pressure to tight deadlines
● an ability to grasp complex issues quickly and explain them in simple, concise
language
● resilience, determination, flexibility, persistence, motivation and integrity.

https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/newspaper-journalist.

You will need to show:

● excellent writing skills

● a proactive approach to investigating and good research skills
● determination and persistence
● strong interpersonal skills
● a demonstrable interest in the subject of the magazine
● IT skills and familiarity with commonly used software, such as HTML, Photoshop,
Java, QuarkXPress and InDesign.
You may also consider learning shorthand. Although you may not need it for all magazine
employment, it's invaluable for accurate and speedy note-taking as well as proving your
commitment and dedication to journalism.

https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/magazine-journalist.

You'll need to show evidence of the following:

● an interest in people, news, current affairs and good general knowledge

● excellent written and oral communication skills
● confidence in front of a camera and an 'on air' presence
● an understanding of relevant technical equipment and editing software
● the ability to work under pressure, both within teams and individually
● outstanding analytical skills and ability to absorb, extract and present information in a
clear and understandable way
● the ability to build rapport and to handle interactions with sensitivity, empathy and
diplomacy, while maintaining impartiality
● excellent interviewing and listening skills
● an eye for a story, with an ability to generate original ideas and the confidence to
pitch to senior editors
● tenacity, persistence, resourcefulness and creative problem-solving skills.

Language skills may be an advantage for certain roles.

https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/broadcast-journalist.

Hard skills
● Video editing: These days, many journalists are expected to wear many different
hats, especially in broadcast journalism. You may be expected to film and edit
together short videos to pitch certain stories or put together whole news segments.
● Writing: Within print and digital journalism, especially, writing is an essential skill
you’ll need to have. You’ll need to be able to research and put together compelling
stories, regardless of the topic.

Soft skills
 ● Confidence: As a journalist, you’ll be responsible for presenting important
information, whether through print, digital or broadcast mediums. It’s important to be
confident in yourself and what you’re saying in order to clearly get the information
across.
● Teamwork: Working in journalism involves working across multiple teams. Within
print journalism, you’ll need to work with editors, graphic designers and
photographers. If you’re a broadcast journalist, you’ll be working with film crews,
editors and producers.
● Time management: As a journalist, you’ll often be working to tight deadlines and may
have very little notice before you have to break a story. Being able to manage your
time effectively is key and knowing what to prioritise and de-prioritise will help you on
your way.
● Flexibility: Depending on the type of journalism you decide to pursue, you may need
to be highly flexible when it comes to your work schedule. You’ll need to go where
the news takes you and may be expected to work on bank holidays and cancel
personal plans last minute if needed.
● Personable: As a journalist, you’ll be working with, interviewing and liaising with lots
of different people. If the people you work with like, trust and feel comfortable around
you, it’s far easier to get the best possible story.

https://www.brightnetwork.co.uk/career-profiles/journalist/.

All 4 sources are reliable as each of them mention some of the same skills that are required
to become a journalist such as written skills and personable skills. The last source is the
most reliable as it goes into each skill in way more detail than the other 3 and it categorises
them into hard skills and soft skills.

Employers

There are several journalism employers out there, with many offering programmes
specifically for graduates. Click an employer below to see their available opportunities.
● BBC
● ITV
● Sky
 ● Channel 4
● CNN
● The Guardian
● The Financial Times
● Associated Press
● Condé Nast
● Buzzfeed
https://www.brightnetwork.co.uk/career-profiles/journalist/.

UK newspapers provide a significant employment market for journalists. Many titles are
owned by large newspaper groups at international, national or regional level, such as:

● Archant
● DMGT (Daily Mail and General Trust Plc)
● jpimedia
● NewsCorp
● Guardian Media Group
● Telegraph Media Group
● Reach PLC

Independent press agencies, also known as news wires, supply general interest or specialist
news, features or pictures to news media. There are several leading press agencies,
including:

● AFP (Agence France Presse) (based in Paris)

● Associated Press (based in New York)
● PA Media (based in London)
● Reuters (based in London)
● United Press International (based in Washington D.C.).

Also see the National Association of Press Agencies.

Print titles are currently struggling and, in reaction, many newspapers are turning their
attention to the growth of online journalism, where news is uploaded as it happens.

The media and internet and marketing, advertising and PR sectors may provide useful
employer information.
 Look for job vacancies at:

● Guardian Jobs
● Hold the Front Page
● Jobs4Journalists
● Journalism.co.uk
● media.info - directory of media brands available online
● News Media Association - lists groups with in-company training schemes

Jobs may be advertised via the head office of a regional group or by individual newspapers.
Some newspapers rely solely on speculative applications to the editor and never advertise
vacancies.

Get more tips on how to find a job, create a successful CV and cover letter, and prepare for
interviews.

https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/newspaper-journalist.

There is a huge variety of magazine titles in the UK, ranging from women's 'glossies' to
specialist journals and everything in between.

Many of the large multi-title publishing houses are based in London and have international
offices. These include:

● Archant
● Condé Nast
● EMAP
● Haymarket Publishing Ltd
● Hearst Magazines UK

New graduates should also look to local magazines and lifestyle publications, either
independently owned or overseen by larger companies. Don't discount local and national
newspapers, as many produce at least one magazine.

There is also the free, consumer sector of magazines that are available to readers on trains
and planes, supermarkets and DIY shops. Check each periodical to see who publishes them
and creates the content copy.
Many large corporations, such as the BBC, oil companies and big banks, produce in-house
magazines which require journalists. Professional organisations, clubs and membership
associations, such as the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) and the National
Trust, also produce magazines.

Business-to-business (B2B) magazines and trade journals are also a good place to hone
your writing skills and develop a specialist area. There is a title to suit almost every topic, so
whether you would like to write about restaurants in Manchester or the adhesive industry,
there will be a magazine out there for you.

Many opportunities are not advertised and speculative applications are a common way of
securing a job. Where there is no central recruiting point, you should apply directly to the
editor of the magazine or journal.

For a comprehensive list of all newspaper and magazine titles in the UK, see media.info. Try
to build up your own personalised list of contacts by using sites such as LinkedIn.

If you're considering freelancing, make sure you target the right magazines for your article.
Call or email editors with an idea for an article relevant to their publication and be on the
look-out for events or stories with a local interest. You may be able to persuade your local
newspaper to publish your work. Even reviewing products, theatre or films can add to your
portfolio. For sound advice and information and to advertise your services online see
Journalism.co.uk.

Look for job vacancies at:

● Hold the Front Page

● Jobs4journalists
● Journalism.co.uk
● Media Week

You can also find vacancies in the local and national press.

https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/magazine-journalist.

Employers of broadcast journalists include all the major broadcast organisations such as the
BBC, Channel 4, ITN, ITV and CNN.
 Competition for jobs with network broadcasters is extremely tough. However, digital
broadcasting has created new openings for broadcast journalists, with 24-hour news
channels, niche programming and increased opportunities in ethnic broadcasting.

Employers from the radio sector include BBC national and regional stations, as well as local
and national commercial radio stations.

Look for job vacancies at:

● Bauer Media
● BBC Jobs
● The Guardian Jobs
● Hold the Front Page
● ITV Jobs
● Journalism.co.uk
● Press Gazette
● Radio Today

A small number of recruitment agencies specialise in journalism. Some presenters may use
an agent.

https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/broadcast-journalist.

These sources are reliable as they all state some of the same employers/job websites that
offer jobs in journalism such as BBC, ITV, The Guardian, Journalism.co.uk, Hold the Front
Page, Archant, Conde Nast and media.info.

Career Prospects

Most journalists start on local or regional newspapers. After a few years as a general
reporter, many people move on to become senior or chief reporters, or specialist writers of
some kind, such as regional or topic-specific correspondents, or feature writers.

Other career options include moving into news management by joining the news desk,
moving into production or working on page layout and headlines as a sub-editor.
 It may also be possible to move overseas as a foreign correspondent, where knowledge of
the language and culture is essential.

Career development depends on your performance and initiative. The skills learned on a
local or regional newspaper, or through a training scheme, are relevant to reporting in all
media and there is more movement from newspapers to other types of journalism than vice
versa.

Learning extra skills that enable multitasking, such as video skills or web design, can be a
good way to progress in your career.

Many senior journalists and correspondents work freelance across print, broadcast and
online journalism. Both radio and television offer newspaper journalists off-screen
opportunities as researchers, writers and production assistants on the reporting or editing
side of news programmes. Web publishing, in the forms of blogs or uploading news to the
web as it happens, instead of waiting for daily or weekly paper deadlines, is increasingly
important to UK newspapers.

Employees in news agencies can sometimes enter directly as trainees, but it's more
common to start in newspapers and then move to agency work. Working for an agency can
provide experience in a range of different media, as agency reporters may provide tapes for
local radio, features for magazines and news items for national daily newspapers and digital
media providers.

Because of the range of work available, this can be a good stepping stone to freelance work.
Agency work tends to suit more experienced reporters, who have already built up an
extensive list of contacts and are able to fight their corner to find the exclusive angle that will
make a publication want to buy their story.

https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/newspaper-journalist.

There is no fixed career path in magazine journalism. You may progress from staff writer to
sub-editor, section head and chief editor, or you may move across into marketing, television
journalism or public relations (PR).

Freelancing is a realistic option, allowing more flexible working patterns and (perhaps)
greater control over your own work. It is essential that you make contacts in the industry -
editors are more likely to give work to someone they can trust - and that you are willing to be
flexible about the work you take on.

Commercial awareness is essential for progression. As a freelancer, you have to be able to

sell your work, or if you work for a magazine, you need to have ideas about how to increase
your readership.

Journalism is a fast-moving and fast-changing career where it pays to keep abreast of new
developments in media and communications. Try to keep up to date with new trends and
any specialist subject matter you write about.

Training in technical skills, such as HTML, JavaScript and web design packages, could be
useful. A number of colleges and private training providers offer short and part-time courses
in these subjects.

https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/magazine-journalist.

Broadcast journalists who start in television will often begin as newsroom assistants or
researchers before moving into a reporting role.

As you gain more experience, there is scope to specialise in different areas. You may
choose to focus on pursuing a senior broadcast journalist role, with responsibility for
managing news staff and budgets, or you may prefer to become a studio-based news
anchor or presenter.

There is the possibility of becoming a correspondent, although these positions are highly
coveted and rarely become available.

Investigative journalism or documentary journalism can be suitable career-development

alternatives. Those who wish to move behind the scenes may become programme editors,
sub-editors or producers.

Radio differs slightly in that trainees are normally given greater responsibility earlier on.
Depending on the size of the station, they may even find that they have sole responsibility
for a newsroom from the outset.

Progression is typically to positions at larger commercial or network stations, or across into

television.

https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/broadcast-journalist.
 These sources are reliable as they mention all the jobs routes you can go down through
being a journalist, with source 1 mentioning all the jobs routes for newspaper journalists,
source 2 mentioning all the job routes for magazine journalists and source 3 mentioning all
the job roles for broadcast journalists.