MODULE 1: The Structures of Globalization

UNIT 1
Lesson 1: What is Globalization?

Globalization
www.youmatter.world

After centuries of technological progress and advances in international

cooperation, the world is more connected than ever (Kolb, 2018). But how
much would be the rise of globalization in the modern global economy helped
or hurt businesses, workers, and consumers? This lesson will give you a
glimpse of globalization, its history and benefits.

1|Page
 Activity:
Directions: Read and understand carefully the story titled “Gio, Latif, and the Laksa”
retrieved from: Claudio, L. & Abinales, P. (2018). The Contemporary World. p. 3-5.
A Story: Gio, Latif and the Laksa

When Gio was a second-year international affairs student in a university in Cebu City, he obtained funding to join the
school team participating in an international Model UN competition in Sydney, Australia. At the height of the competition,
Gio made plenty of new friends and became particularly close to Latif from the Malaysian team. The two first started talking
when Latif asked Gio where he was from. Upon discovering that Gio was from the Philippines, Latif lit up and declared that
he was a big fan of Filipino actors Jericho Rosales and Kristine Hermosa. Gio was pleasantly surprised to learn that Latif had
seen every episode of the ABS-CBN telenovela Pangako Sa’yo (“I Promise You”). The show had aired on Malaysian TV a
few years back, and its two stars had developed a modest following.

Ashamed that he did not know much about Malaysia as much as Latif knew about the Philippines, Gio asked Latif
what his country was like. Latif, he discovered, was from a Muslim university in Kuala Lumpur. Gio asked him what he liked
best about living in Kuala Lumpur, and Latif immediately mentioned the food. Latif explained that in Kuala Lumpur, one can
find Chinese, Indian and Malay cuisines. He told Gio that this assortment of foodways was the result of how the British
reorganized Malaysian society during the colonial times. The British did little to change the way of life of the Malays who
were the original residents, but brought in Chinese laborers to work in the rubber plantations and tin mines, and Indians to
help manage the bureaucracy and serve as the initial professional core of a potential middle class. One of the ways that these
ethnic groups were identified was through their foodways.

According to Latif, Malaysia eventually became famous for these cuisines which can be found in the various
“hawker centers” across the nation’s cities and towns. These food stands are located in outdoor food parks where locals and
tourists taste the best of Malaysia, from nasi lemak to laksa.
Gio interrupted Latif and asked, “What is laksa?” He felt more ashamed at his lack of knowledge. “Ahh…let me
show you what it is and how it is prepared!” replied Latif.
The next day, Latif took Gio to a Malaysian restaurant a few blocks away from the university. Gio was surprised to
discover that Malaysian food was readily available in Sydney. Having noticed this, Latif explained to his Filipino friend that,
over the years, as more and more Malaysian students moved to Sydney to study, Malaysian restaurants followed suit. Soon
after, they were catering not only to these students, but to Australia-born “Sydneysiders” as well, whose culinary tastes were
becoming more and more diverse.

Gio finally had his first taste of laksa--a rice noodle soup in a spicy coconut curry sauce. He found the flavors intense
since, like most Filipinos, he was not used to spicy food. However, in deference to his friend, he persisted and eventually
found himself enjoying the hot dish.

After the meal, Gio and Latif went to a nearby café and ordered “flat whites”---an espresso drink similar to latte,
which is usually served in cafés in Australia and New Zealand. Both knew what flat whites were since there were Australian-
inspired cafés in both Kuala Lumpur and Cebu.

The new friends promised to stay in touch after the competition, and added each other on Facebook and Instagram.
Over the next two years, they exchanged e-mails and posts, congratulated each other for their achievements, and commented
on and liked each other’s photos. Latif sent his mother’s recipe to Gio and the latter began cooking Malaysian foods in his
home.
A few years after graduation, Gio moved to Singapore, joining many other overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) in the
city-state. The culture was new to him, but one thing was familiar: the food served in Singapore was no different from the
Malaysian food he had discovered through Latif. He would later learn from Singaporean colleagues that the island country
was once part of the British colony of Malay and the postwar independent Federation of Malaysia. Singapore, however,
separated from the Federation in August 1965 and became a nation-state. Today, they may be two distinct countries in this part
of the world, but Singapore and Malaysia still share the same cuisine.

After he settled down in his apartment, Gio sought out and found a favorite laksa stall in Newton Hawker Center. He
would spend his weekends these with friends eating laksa and other dishes.

One Saturday, while Gio was checking his facebook feed along the very busy Orchard Road--Singapore’s main
commercial road--he noticed that Latif had just posted something 5 minutes earlier. It was a picture from Orchard Road.
Surprised but also excited. Gio sent Latif a private message. Latif replied immediately saying that he too had moved to
Singapore and was, at that moment, standing in front a department store just a few blocks away from where Gio was. The two
friends met up, and after a long hug and quick questions as to what each other was up to, they ducked into a café and renewed
their international friendship…by ordering a pair of flat whites.
***
 Analysis:

Directions: After reading the story entitled “Gio, Latif, and the Laksa”, answer the
questions that follow. Write your answers on the spaces provided below and be
guided with the rubrics indicated.

Directions: Write a synopsis or a summary of the story (essay form) in no more than 150
words by answering these questions:

a. Who is/are the major characters that played an important role in the story?
b. What is the situation of the story?
c. What are some of the global experiences mentioned in the story? Cite at least
three (3) experiences.
d. What is the morale of the story?
 Abstraction:
Definition of ―globalization‖
Short history of globalization
Examples of globalization
Benefits of globalization

What is Globalization?

Globalization – in simple terms,

the process by which people and
goods move easily across borders.
Principally, it’s an economic concept –
the integration of markets, trade and
investments with few barriers to slow
the flow of products and services
between nations. There is also a
cultural element, as ideas and
www.magzter.com traditions are traded and assimilated
(Gray, 2017).

According to World Health Organization (WHO), globalization can be

defined as ―the increased interconnectedness and interdependence of peoples
and countries‖.

In geography, globalization is
defined as the set of processes
(economic, social, cultural technological,
institutional) that contribute to the
relationship between societies and
individuals around the world. It is a
progressive process by which exchanges
and flows between different parts of the www.agmetalminer.com
world are intensified (youmatter.world).

Globalization is the spread of products, technology and information, and

jobs across national borders and cultures. In economic terms, it describes an
interdependence of nations around the globe fostered through free trade (Kopp
2020).

The two premises of globalization:

1. Globalization is a complex phenomenon that occurs at multiple levels.

2. It is an uneven process that affects people differently.
 Five (5) Characteristics of Globalization

1. “The expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness

across world-time and across world-space.‖ – Manfred Steger
2. Globalization involves the creation of new social networks and the
multiplication of existing connection.
3. Expansion, stretching and acceleration of these networks.
4. Intensification and acceleration of social exchanges and activities.
5. Globalization processes do not occur merely at an objective, material level
but also involve the subjective plane of human consciousness.

Globalism

⮚ is a widespread belief among powerful people that the global

integration of economic markets is beneficial for everyone.

Globality

⮚ is a social condition characterized by globalization,

political, cultural, environmental interconnectedness, borderless
irrelevance.
⮚ Manifestation - value of individualism and competition and an
existence of economic system of private property.
⮚ Communal & cooperative - social relations which is less
capitalistic.

Hyperglobalists
⮚ Pro-globalist
Nationalist and Activist
⮚ Anti-globalist

When Did Globalization Begin? The History of Globalization

For some people, this global phenomenon is inherent to human nature.

Because of this, some say globalization begun about 60,000 years ago, at the
beginning of human history. Throughout time, human societies’ exchanging trade
has been growing. Since the old times, different civilizations have developed
commercial trade routes and experienced cultural exchanges. And as well, the
migratory phenomenon has also been contributing to these population
exchanges. Especially nowadays, since traveling became quicker, more
comfortable, and more affordable.

This phenomenon has continued throughout history, notably through

military conquests and exploration expeditions. But it wasn’t until technological
advances in transportation and communication that globalization speeded up. It
was particularly after the second half of the 20th century that world trades
accelerated in such a dimension and speed that the term ―globalization‖ started
to be commonly used.
 Because of trade developments and financial exchanges, we often think of
globalization as an economic and financial phenomenon. Nonetheless, it includes
a much wider field than just flowing of goods, services or capital. Often referred
to as the globalization concept map, some examples of globalization are:

▪ Economic globalization – is the development of trade systems within

transnational actors such as corporations or NGOs;
▪ Financial globalization – can be linked with the rise of a global financial
system with international financial exchanges and monetary exchanges. Stock
markets, for instance, are a great example of the financially connected global
world since when one stock market has a decline, it affects other markets
negatively as well as the economy as a whole.
▪ Cultural globalization – refers to the interpenetration of cultures which, as a
consequence, means nations adopt principles, beliefs, and costumes of other
nations, losing their unique culture to a unique, globalized supra-culture;
▪ Political globalization – the development and growing influence of
international organizations such as the UN or WHO means governmental action
takes place at an international level. There are other bodies operating a global
level such as NGOs like Doctors without borders or Oxfam;
▪ Sociological globalization – information moves almost in real-time, together
with the interconnection and interdependence of events and their consequences.
People move all the time too, mixing and integrating different societies;
▪ Technological globalization – the phenomenon by which millions of people
are interconnected thanks to the power of the digital world via platforms such as
Facebook, Instagram, Skype or Youtube.
▪ Geographic globalization – is the new organization and hierarchy of different
regions of the world that is constantly changing. Moreover, with transportation
and flying made so easy and affordable, apart from a few countries with
demanding visas, it is possible to travel the world without barely any
restrictions;
▪ Ecological globalization – accounts for the idea of considering planet Earth as
a single global entity – a common good all societies should protect since the
weather affects everyone and we are all protected by the same atmosphere. To
this regard, it is often said that the poorest countries that have been polluting
the least will suffer the most from climate change.

Kinds of Globalization according to Arjun Apparudai

1. Ethnoscape – global movement of people
2. Mediascape – flow of culture
3. Technoscape – circulation of mechanical goods and software
4. Financescape – global circulation of money
5. Ideoscape – political ideas move around
The Benefits of Globalization
Globalization impacts businesses in many different ways. But those who
decide to take on international expansion find several benefits, including:

1. Access to New Cultures

Globalization makes it easier than ever to access foreign culture, including
food, movies, music, and art. This free flow of people, goods, art, and
information is the reason you can have Thai food delivered to your apartment as
you listen to your favorite UK-based artist or stream a Bollywood movie.

2. The Spread of Technology and Innovation

Many countries around the world remain constantly connected, so
knowledge and technological advances travel quickly. Because knowledge also
transfers so fast, this means that scientific advances made in Asia can be at
work in the United States in a matter of days.

3. Lower Costs for Products

Globalization allows companies to find lower-cost ways to produce their
products. It also increases global competition, which drives prices down and
creates a larger variety of choices for consumers. Lowered costs help people in
both developing and already-developed countries live better on less money.

4. Higher Standards of Living Across the Globe

Developing nations experience an improved standard of living—thanks to
globalization. According to the World Bank, extreme poverty decreased by 35%
since 1990. Further, the target of the first Millennium Development Goal was to
cut the 1990 poverty rate in half by 2015. This was achieved five years ahead of
schedule, in 2010. Across the globe, nearly 1.1 billion people have moved out of
extreme poverty since that time.

5. Access to New Markets

Businesses gain a great deal from globalization, including new customers
and diverse revenue streams. Companies interested in these benefits look for
flexible and innovative ways to grow their business overseas. International
Professional Employer Organizations (PEOs) make it easier than ever to employ
workers in other countries quickly and compliantly. This means that, for many
companies, there is no longer the need to establish a foreign entity to expand
overseas.

6. Access to New Talent

In addition to new markets, globalization allows companies to find new,
specialized talent that is not available in their current market. For example,
globalization gives companies the opportunity to explore tech talent in booming
markets such as Berlin or Stockholm, rather than Silicon Valley. Again,
International PEO allows companies to compliantly employ workers overseas,
without having to establish a legal entity, making global hiring easier than ever.
 Application:
Directions: Accounting all your perspective based on your readings, fill in the table of
the corresponding answer per category. The answers must be a one (1) situation
correlating to what is happening today around the globe.
 Reflection:

Directions: Globalization certainly impacts the world both positively and negatively in
many different ways. But those who decide to take on international expansion, like
the Philippines, find several disadvantages to it.
Now, analyse and describe the flow chart below and explain how ready is the
Philippines with regards to the following that is stated below. Write your answers on
the spaces provided and limit it to 100 words.

_
References:
Velocity Global. (2020, March 30). Retrieved from velocityglobal.com: https://velocityglobal.com/blog/globalization-benefits-and- challenges/
youmatter. (2020, May 20). Retrieved from www.youmatter.world: https://youmatter.world/en/definition/definitions-globalization-
definition-benefits-effects-
examples/#:~:text=Globalization%20means%20the%20speedup%20of,and%20populations%20around%20the%20globe.
Alonzo, V. A. (2019, July 23). Scribd. Retrieved from www.scribd.com: https://www.scribd.com/document/419479897/Notes-in-
Contemporary-World-pdf
Claudio, L. & Abinales, P. (2018). The Contemporary World. Quezon City: C&E Publishing.
Cox, J. (2020, February 19). ThoughtCo. Retrieved from www.thoughtco.com: https://www.thoughtco.com/essay-rubric-2081367
Gray, A. (2017, January 10) World Economic Forum. Retrieved from www.weform.org: https://weforum.org/agenda/2017/01/what-is
globalization-explainer/
Kolb, M.(2019, February 4) Peterson Institute for International Economics. Retrieved from www.piie.com:
https://piie.com/microsites/globalization/what-is-globaliztion/
Kopp, C. (2020, April 30). Investopedia. Retrieved from www.investopedia.com: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/globalization.asp
 MODULE 1: The Structures of Globalization

UNIT 1
Lesson 2: The Globalization of World Economics

chinadaily.com.cn

These days, technology can execute millions of stock purchases and

sales between different cities on a matter of seconds. Apart from the sheer
magnitude of commerce, we should also note the increased speed and
frequency of trading. This lesson aims to trace how economic globalization
came about.
 Activity:
Directions: Fill in the table below and accomplish these tasks:
a. List five (5) institutions and/or businesses present within your
barangay and write a short origin and history of the institution you
have chosen (e.g. KCC Mall de Zamboanga, Honda, Metrobank,
etc.);
b. map the international connections it has created; and
c. identify the major country-leaders of this institution.

Institutions/businesses (e.g. International connections Country leaders of the

Honda, McDonald’s, (e.g. countries) institution
Metrobank, etc.)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
 Analysis:

Directions: Based on the activity given, reflect upon the following

questions below and answer in no less than 100 words on the space
provided after each item.

Q Content Relevance Point of Structure Grammar Total

(20%) (20%) View (20%) (20%) (20%) 100%
1
2

1. How do these businesses and institutions facilitate the

deepening of economic globalization?

2. How is the Philippines central to economic globalization?

 Abstraction:
Economic globalization
The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
defines it as a historical process representing
the result of human innovation and
technological progress. According to the IMF,
the value of trade (goods and services) as a
percentage of world’s GDP increased from
42.1% in 1980 to 62.1% in 2007. Increased
trade means that investments are moving all
over the world at faster speeds.

According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

(UNCTAD), the amount of foreign direct investments flowing across the world
was US$ 57 billion in 1982. By 2015, that number was $1.76 trillion.

International Trading Systems

Silk Road is the oldest known
international trade route. It is a
network of pathways that spanned
China to Middle East and Europe.
Traders used the Silk Road regularly
in 130 BCE. Han Dynasty opened
trade to the West until 1453 BCE
when the Ottoman Empire closed it.
The Silk Road was international; it
haikudeck.com
was not truly ―global‖ because it had
no ocean routes.

According to historians Dennis O.

Flynn (left) and Arturo Giraldez
(right), the age of globalization began
when ―all important populated
continents began to exchange products
continuously both with each other
directly and indirectly via other
continents and in value sufficient to
generate crucial impacts on all trading
partners.‖ Photo courtesy of Google Images

pinoystop.com
 In 1571 the establishment of Manila in the Philippines and Acapulco
the galleon trade that connected in Mexico.
Mercantilism era
Countries primarily in Europe
competed with one another to sell more
goods as a means to boost their country’s
income called monetary reserves. To defend
their products from competitors, who sold
goods more cheaply, imposed high tariffs,
and forbade colonies to trade with other
nations. It is also a system of global trade
with multiple restrictions.

Gold Standard
Gold standard is a more open trade
system that emerged in 1867. Its goal was
to create a common system that would
allow for more efficient trade. It
established a common basis for currency
prices and a fixed exchange rate system –
all based on the value of gold. During
World War I, when countries depleted their
gold reserves to fund their armies, many
were forced to abandon the gold standard.

Great depression was caused by the

gold standard and was the worst and longest recession ever experienced by the
Western world.

Economic historian Barry

Eichengreen argues that the recovery of
the US really began when having abandoned
the gold standard. At the height of World
War II, other major industrialized countries
followed suit. Fiat currencies were
currencies whose value is determined by
their cost relative to other currencies.
nulltx.com

The Bretton Woods System

After the two world wars, world
leaders sought to create a global
economic system that would ensure a
longer-lasting global peace. The
Bretton woods system was
inaugurated in 1944 to prevent the
catastrophes of the early decades of
the century from reoccurring and
affecting international ties.
 It was largely influenced by the
ideas of British economist John
Maynard Keynes who believed that
economic crises occur not when a
country does not have enough money,
but when money is not being spent and
not moving. Global Keynesianism is a
system of the active role of governments
in managing spending served as the economist.com

anchor.

✔ Two financial institutions

✔ International Bank for Reconstruction and

Development (IBRD or World Bank) to be responsible
for funding post-war reconstruction projects.
✔ International Monetary Fund (IMF) which was to be
the global lender of last resort to prevent individual
countries from spiralling into credit crises.

After Bretton Woods, various countries also committed themselves to

further global economic integration through the General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade (GATT) in 1947. Its main purpose was to reduce tariffs and other
hindrances to free trade.

Neoliberalism and its Discontents

The high point of Global Keynesianism
came in the mid-1940s to the early 1970s.
Governments poured money into their economies,
allowing people to purchase more goods and
increase demand for these products. As demand
increased, so did the prices of these goods. The
theory went that, as prices increased, companies
would earn more, and would have more money to
independent.co.uk hire workers. Keynesian Economists believed
that all this was a necessary trade-off for economic development.

In early 1970s, the prices of oil rose sharply as a result of the

Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) imposition
of an embargo in response of the decision of US and other countries to resupply
the Israeli military. The oil embargo affected the Western economies that were
reliant on oil. The stock markets crashed in 1973-1974 after US stopped linking
the dollar to gold, effectively ending the Bretton Woods system. Meanwhile,
stagflation a phenomenon in which a decline in economic growth and
employment (stagnation) takes place alongside a sharp increase in prices
(inflation).
 Economists such as Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedmen argued that
government intervention in economies distort the proper functioning of the
market.

● Neoliberalism - a new form of economic thinking and became the

codified strategy of US treasury department, World Bank and IMF.
● World Trade Organization (WTO) - a new organization founded in
1995 to continue the tariff reduction under the GATT.
● Washington Consensus - dominated global economic policies, it
advocates pushed for minimal government spending to reduce
government debt.

US Pres. Ronald Reagan and British

Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher justified
their reduction in government spending by
comparing national economies to households.
Thatcher promoted an image of her mother who
reined in overspending to reduce the national
debt. The problem with this analogy is that
governments are not households.

During the Post-communist Russia, the IMF assumed that such a move
would free industries from corrupt bureaucrats. This practice has entrenched an
oligarchy that still dominates the Russian economy to this very day.
 Application:

Directions: This part is composed of two (2) tests. First, compare and contrast the
assumptions of the original Bretton Woods system with those of the Washington
Consensus using the Venn diagram. Then, answer the following questions in Test II
for your own reflection.

TEST I.

Photo adopted from Google Images

TEST II.

Q Content Relevance Point of Structure Grammar Total

(20%) (20%) View (20%) (20%) (20%) 100%
1
2

1. Given a chance to invest one thing during the pandemic, would you
agree or disagree to the notion that it is now a good time to invest in gold?
Why or why not? Explain.

2. How do you cope in today’s economic crisis during the

pandemic? Elaborate.
References:
Abinales, P. & Claudio, L. (2018). The Contemporary World. Quezon City: C&E Publishing.
Alonzo, V. A. (2019, July 23). Scribd. Retrieved from www.scribd.com:
https://www.scribd.com/document/419479897/Notes-in-Contemporary-World-pdf
 MODULE 1: The Structures of Globalization

UNIT 1
Lesson 3: A History of Global Politics: Creating an International Order

The world is composed of many countries or states, all of them having

different forms of government. In this lesson, we will examine the
internationalization as one window to view the globalization of politics.
 Activity:
Directions: Compare and contrast the three (3) countries listed below on the triple
circle diagram. The three (3) counties have always had good international relations.
Now, in the outer circle, write something about the three countries that are different.
In the center circles, write something that is alike between two countries or all three,
depending on how the circles overlap.
 Abstraction:

International Relations do not equal

globalization, but a major part of
globalization. It is about political, military,
and other diplomatic engagements between
two or more countries according to some
scholars of politics. Moreover, when they
explore deepening of interactions between
states, they refer to the phenomenon of
internationalization.
Source: kentac.uk

The Attributes of Today’s Global System

Four key attributes of world politics:

1. There are countries or states that are independent and govern themselves.
2. These countries interact with each other through diplomacy.
3. There are international organizations, like the United Nations (UN),
that facilitate these interactions.
4. Beyond simply facilitating meetings between states,
international organizations also take on loves of their own.

The UN or the United Nations, for example, apart from being a meeting
ground for presidents and other heads of state, also has task-specific agencies
like the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour
Organization (ILO).

The
Nation-State
nation-state is a
relatively modern
phenomenon in
human history, and
people did not
always organize
themselves as
countries.
At different
parts in the history
of humanity, people
in various regions of
the world have
identified
exclusively with
units as small as
their village of their
tribe, and at other times, they see themselves as members of larger political categories
like “Christendom” (the entire Christian world).
The two interchangeable terms of nation–state, “Not all states are
nations and not all nations are states.”
Examples:
1. The nation of Scotland has its own flag and national culture but still
belongs to a state called United Kingdom.
2. Many believe that Bangsamoro is a separate nation within
Philippines, but through their elites, recognizes the authority of the Philippine
state.

Meanwhile, if there are states with multiple nations, there also single
nations with multiple states. The nation of Korea is divided into North and South
Korea, whereas the “Chinese nation” may refer to both the People‟s Republic of
China (the mainland) and Taiwan.

In layman‟s
terms, state refers to a
country and its
government i.e., the
government of the
Philippines. A state has
four attributes. First, it
exercises authority over
a specific population,
called its citizens.
Second, it governs a Four (4) attributes of state
Source: Google Images

specific territory. Third, external authority. Internally, no

a state has a structure
of government that
crafts various rules that
people (society) follow.
Fourth and the most
crucial, the state has
sovereignty over
territory.

Sovereignty refers
to internal and

individuals or groups can operate in a given national territory by ignoring the

state. This means that groups like churches, civil society organizations,
corporations, and other entities have to follow the laws of the state where they
establish their parishes, offices, or headquarters. Externally, sovereignty means
that a state‟s policies and procedures are independent of the interventions of
other states. Russia or China, for example, cannot pass laws for the Philippines
and vice versa.

On the other hand, the nation, according to Benedict

Anderson, is an “imagined community.” It is limited
because it does not go beyond a given “official boundary”,
and because rights and responsibilities are mainly the
 privilege and concern of the citizens of that nation.
Calling it „imagined‟ does not mean the nation is
made up. Rather, the nation allows one to feel a connection
with a community of people even if he/she will never meet
all of them in his/her lifetime.

Nation and state are closely related because it is nationalism that

facilitates state formation. In the modern and contemporary era, it has been the
nationalist movements that have allowed for the creation of nation-states. State
becomes the independent and sovereign because of nationalist sentiment that
clamours for this independence.
The Interstate System

The origins of the present-day

concept of sovereignty can be traced
back to the Treaty of Westphalia,
which was a set of agreements
signed in 1648 to end the Thirty
Years‟ War between the major
continental powers of Europe. After a
brutal religious war between
Catholics and Protestants, the Holy
Roman Empire, Spain, France,
Sweden, and the Dutch Republic
designed a system that would avert wars in the future by recognizing that the
treaty signers exercise complete control over their domestic affairs and swear
not to meddle in each other‟s affairs.
The Westphalian system provided stability for
nations of Europe, until it faced major challenge by
Napoleon Bonaparte. Bonaparte believed in spreading the
principles of the French Revolution – liberty, equality and
fraternity – to the rest of Europe and thus challenged the
power of kings, nobility, and religion in Europe. The
Napoleonic War lasted from 1803-1815 with Napoleon and
his armies marching all over much of Europe. In every
country they conquered, the French implemented
Napoleonic Code that forbade birth privileges, encouraged freedom or religion,
and promoted meritocracy in government service.
Anglo and Prussian armies finally defeated Napoleon in the Battle of
waterloo in 1815, ending the latter‟s mission to spread his liberal code across
Europe. To prevent another war and to keep their systems of privilege, the royal
powers created a new system that, in effect, restored the Westphalian system.
The Concert of Europe was an alliance of “great powers” – that sought to
restore the world of monarchical, hereditary and religious privileges of the time
before the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. More importantly, it was
an alliance that sought to restore the sovereignty of states.

Internationalism

The Westphalian and Concert systems divided the world into separate,
sovereign entities. Since the existence of this interstate system, there have been
attempts to transcend it. Some, like Bonaparte, directly challenged the system
by infringing on other states‟ sovereignty, while others sought to imagine other
systems of governance that go beyond, but do not necessarily challenge,
sovereignty. Still, others imagine a system of heightened interaction between
various sovereign states, particularly the desire for greater cooperation and uity
among states and peoples. This desire is called internationalism.
Internationalism comes in different forms, but the principle may be divide into two
broad categories:

1. Liberal Internationalism
2. Socialist Internationalism

Six (6) Major Thinkers of Internationalism

Immanuel Kant
❖ He was the first major thinker of
liberal internationalism.
❖ He established a continuously
growing state consisting of
various nations which ultimately
include the nations of the world.
❖ He imagined a form of global
government.

Jeremy Bentham
❖ He coined the word
“international”.
❖ He believed that objective of
global legislators should aim to
propose legislation that would
create “the greatest happiness of
all nations taken together”.

Giuseppe Mazzini
❖ The first thinker to reconcile
nationalism with liberal
nationalism.
❖ He was an advocate of the
unification of the various Italian-
speaking mini-states and a
major critic of the Metternich
system.
❖ He believed in Republican
Government.
 Woodrow Wilson
❖ He was influenced by Mazzini.

❖ He was a US president.

❖ He is the 20th century‟s most

prominent internationalist.
❖ He forwarded the principle of
self-determination (the belief
that the world‟s nations had
a right to a free and
sovereign government).
❖ He became the most notable
advocate for the creation of the
League of Nations.

Karl Marx
❖ Also an internationalist but who
differed from the former because
he did not believe in nationalism.
❖ He did not divide the world into
countries, but into classes.
Capitalist Class – owners
Proletariat Class – workers

Friedrich Engels
❖ He was a co-author of Karl Marx.
❖ He believed that in a socialist
revolution seeking to overthrow
the state and alter the economy.

All photos adopted from Google Images

The Socialist International (SI) was a union of European socialist and labour
parties established on Paris in 1889. Although short-lived, the SIs achievements
included the declaration of May 1 as Labor Day and the creation of an
International Women‟s Day. Most importantly, it initiated the successful
campaign for an 8-hour workday. To encourage these socialist revolutions across
the world, Lenin established The Communist International (Comintern) in 1919. The
Comintern served as the central body for directing Communist parties all over
the world.
 Analysis:

Directions: Answer the following questions. Write your answers on the spaces
provide below each item. Limit your answer to 100 words.

1. Based on your readings on the above lecture, cite the differences international
relations from globalization. Explain.

2. Make a comparison of the major parties involved (US, China, and the
Philippines) which one is better in terms of international relations? Justify.

3. Do you think that the Western involvement only makes things worse for our
country, the Philippines? Why or why not? Explain.
 Application:

Directions: The concept of nation-state is not as simple as it seems. The nation –

state is a relatively modern phenomenon in human history, and people did not
always organize themselves as countries.

Applying all the learning you gained from this module, unpack what one
means when you say Nation, State or a Country. Fill in your answers on the table
below.

Nation State Country

References:
Alonzo, V. A. (2019, July 23). Scribd. Retrieved from www.scribd.com:
https://www.scribd.com/document/419479897/Notes-in-Contemporary-World-pdf
Claudio, L. & Abinales, P. (2018). The Contemporary World. Quezon City: C&E Publishing.
 MODULE 1: The Structures of Globalization

UNIT 1
Lesson 4: The United Nations and Contemporary Global Governance

www.ispionline.it

One lesson will not be able to cover the various ways of global
governance occurs. As such, this lesson will only examine how global
governance is articulated by intergovernmental organizations (IO). It will focus
primarily on the United Nations (UN) as the most prominent IO today.
 Activity:

Directions: United Nations is one of the most prominent intergovernmental

organizations today. Complete the first two columns with what you know about the
United Nations (UN) and what you would like to know about the UN. Keep the
worksheet to complete the last column (What I Learned) after the lesson.

Topic: United Nations

What I Know (K) What I Want to Know (W) What I Learned (L)
 Analysis:

Directions: Note down answers to the following questions. Write your answers on the
space provided after each question.

Name at least 10 major problems Who or what organizations take care

the world is facing today. of these types of problems?
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.
 Abstraction:

Although many internationalists like Bentham and Kant imagined the

possibility of a global government, nothing of the sort exists today. There is one
organization that various states are accountable to. Moreover, no organization
can militarily compel a state to obey predetermined global rules.

Regularities in the general behaviour of states

1. They more or less follow global navigation routes, and more often than
not, respect each other‟s territorial boundaries.
2. To adhere to certain global norms means that there is a semblance
of world order.

Global Governance refers to

the various intersecting processes that
create this order.

Sources of global governance

1. States signs treaties and
form organizations, in the process
legislating public international law.
2. Powerful transnational
corporations can likewise have
tremendous effects on global labour
laws, environmental legislation and trade 21global.ucsb.edu
policy.

International Organization
When scholars refer to groups like the UN or institutions like the IMF and
the World Bank (see Lesson 2), they usually call the international organization
(IOs). Although international NGOs are sometimes considered as IOs, the term is
commonly used to refer to international intergovernmental organizations or
groups that are primarily made up of member-states.

One major fallacy about international organizations is that they are merely
amalgamations of various state interests.

IOs Power of Classification

1. They create powerful global standards.
2. IOs have the power to fix meanings.
3. IOs have the power to diffuse norms.
 Having
United Nations
examined the
powers,
limitations, and
weakness of IOs,
the spotlight will
now fall on the
most prominent
IO in the
contemporary
world, the United
Nations (UN).
After the
collapse of the
League of Nations
at the end of
World War II,
countries that
worried about
another global war began to push for the formation of a more lasting
international league. The result was the creation of UN.
Although the organization is far from perfect, it should be emphasized that
it has so far achieved its primary goal of averting another global war. For this
reason alone, the UN should be considered a success.

Five Active Organs of UN

1. General Assembly
✔ The main deliberative policymaking and representative organ.

✔ Annually, the General Assembly elect a GA President to serve one-

year term of office.
✔ Composed of 193 members.

✔ A Filipino Diplomat, namely, Carlos P. Romulo was elected as a GA

president.
2. Security Council
✔ The most powerful organ of UN.

✔ Composed of fifteen (15) members.

✔ The term of office is two years.

✔ Permanent 5(P5) – China, France, Russia, UK and US

✔ The SC takes the lead in determining the existence of threat to the

 peace or an act or aggression.
3. Economic and Social Council
✔ The principal body for coordination, policy review, policy dialogue,
and recommendations on social and environmental issues, as well
as the implementation of internationally agreed development goals.
✔ Composed of 54 members.

✔ The term of office is three (3) years.

4. International Court of Justice
✔ This organ settles, in accordance with international law, legal
disputes submitted to it by authorized United Nations organs and
specialized agencies.
 5. Secretariat
✔ Secretary-General and tens of thousands of international UN staff
members who carry out the day-to day.
✔ It is the bureaucracy of the UN.

✔ Members of the secretariat serve in their capacity as UN employees

and not a state representative.

Challenges of the United Nations

✔ Chief among these are the limits placed upon its various organs and
programs by the need to respect state sovereignty.
✔ The biggest challenge of UN is related to the issues of security.

United Nations Rules

1. All member countries are equal.

2. All member countries must obey the UN rules.
3. Countries must try to settle their differences by peaceful means.
4. Countries must avoid using force or threatening to use force.
5. The United Nations may not interfere with the domestic affairs of
any country.
6. Countries should try to assist the United Nations.
7. The aims of the United Nations are to:
✔ Keep peace throughout the world.

✔ Develop friendly relations between nations.

✔ Work together to help poor people live better lives.

✔ Eliminate poverty, disease and illiteracy in the world.

✔ Stop environmental destruction.

✔ Encourage respect for each other‟s rights and freedoms.

 Application:
Directions: In your own words, rewrite the United Nations Rules as your rules at
home. Remember to alter the rules according to your own ‘At-Home-Rules’. Then,
answer the following questions indicated on the next page for your own reflection.

“At-Home- Content Organization Relevance Grammar Total

Rules” (30%) (30%) (20%) (20%) (100%)
Test I

United Nations Rules

1. All member countries are equal.

2. All member countries must obey the UN rules.
3. Countries must try to settle their differences by peaceful means.
4. Countries must avoid using force or threatening to use force.
5. The United Nations may not interfere with the domestic affairs of
any country.
6. Countries should try to assist the United Nations.
7. The aims of the United Nations are to:
✔ Keep peace throughout the world.

✔ Develop friendly relations between nations.

✔ Work together to help poor people live better lives.

✔ Eliminate poverty, disease and illiteracy in the world.

✔ Stop environmental destruction.

✔ Encourage respect for each other‟s rights and freedoms.

„At-Home-Rules‟
 Q Content Relevance Point of View Structure Grammar Total
(20%) (20%) (20%) (20%) (20%) 100%
Test II

Test II. Look at the UN Rules – describe how do they compare to the house rules
in your home? Justify.
References:
Alonzo, V. A. (2019, July 23). Scribd. Retrieved from www.scribd.com:
https://www.scribd.com/document/419479897/Notes-in-Contemporary-World-pdf
Claudio, L. & Abinales, P. (2018). The Contemporary World. Quezon City: C&E Publishing.
 MODULE 1: The Structures of Globalization

UNIT 1
Lesson 5: World of Regions

jworldtimes.com
Governments, associations, societies, and
groups from regional
organization and/or networks as a way of coping with the challenges of
globalization; this lesson will look at regions as political entities and examine
what brings them together as they interlock with globalization.
 Activity:
Directions: Discuss briefly the benefits of the following illustrations to globalization
indicated below. Write your answers on the space provided.

(All images adopted from google.com)

 Abstraction:

While regionalism is often seen as a political

and economic phenomenon, the term actually
encompasses a broader area. It can be examined
in relation to identities, ethics, religion, ecological
sustainability, and health. Regionalism is also a
process, and must be treated as an “emergent,
socially constituted phenomenon.” It means that
regions are not natural or given; rather, they are constructed and defined by
policymakers, economic actors, and even social movements.

Countries, Regions, and Globalization

Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V.

Milner state that economic and political
definitions of regions may vary, but there
are certain basic features that everyone
can agree on. First, regions are “a
group of countries located in the
same geographically specified area”
or are “an amalgamation of two
regions [or] a combination of more
than two regions” organized to Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V. Milner
polisci.upenn.edu, politicalscience.stanford.edu
regulate and “oversee flows and
policy choices.”

Regions are a group of countries located in

the same geographically specified area.
China, for example, offers its cheap and
huge workforce to attract foreign businesses
and expand trade with countries it once
considered its enemies but now sees as
markets for its goods (e.g., The United
States and Japan). Singapore and Switzerland compensate for their lack of
resources by turning themselves into financial and banking hubs. Singapore
developed its harbour facilities and made them a first class transit port for ships
carrying different commodities from Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and
mainland Southeast Asia to countries in the Asia-Pacific. In most cases, however,
countries form a regional alliance for– as the saying goes– there is strength in
numbers.
Countries form regional associations for several reasons:
1. For military defense
⮚ North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is most widely known as
a defense grouping. They were formed during the cold war when several
Western European countries plus the United States agreed to protect
Europe against the threat of the Soviet Union.

⮚ Warsaw Pact- Soviet Union‟s regional Alliance, consisting of Eastern

European countries.

2. To pool their resources

⮚ Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - was
established in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela to
regulate the production and sale of oil. Other members of OPEC include
Qatar, UAE, Algeria and Congo.

3. To protect their independence from the pressures of

superpower politics.
⮚ Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) - created by the presidents of Egypt,
Ghana, India, Indonesia and Yugoslavia in 1961.
- to pursue world peace and equality.
- had 120 member countries.
4. Economic crisis compels countries to come together
⮚ The Thai economy collapsed in 1996, a rapid withdrawal of foreign
investments bankrupted the economy. This crisis began to spread to
other Asian Countries.
⮚ ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations) along with China,
Japan and South Korea agreed to establish an emergency fund to
anticipate a crisis that the Asian economies stabilized.

Non-state Regionalism

This “new regionalism” varies in form; they can be “tiny associations

that include no more than a few actors and focus on a single issue, or
huge continental unions that address a multitude of common problems
from territorial defense to food security.” Organizations representing this
“new regionalism” likewise rely on the power of individuals, non-governmental
organizations (NGOs), and associations to link up with one another in pursuit of
a particular goal (or goals).
Finally, “new regionalism” is identified with reformists who share the
same values, norms, institutions and system that exist outside of the traditional,
established mainstream institutions and systems.
Some organizations partner with governments to initiate initial change;

1. Association of Southeast Asian

Nations (ASEAN) – issued its
Human Rights Declaration.
2. North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) in South
America – the Hemispherical
Social Alliance‟s opposition
where in the left-wing www.cfr.org

government supported.

3. Mesa de Articulacion de Asociaciones Nacionales y redes de ONGs de

America Latina y El Caribe (Roundtable of National Associations and
Networks and NGOs in Latin America and the Caribbean) – participate
in forums, summits, and dialogues with presidents and ministers.
4. Citizen Diplomacy Forum – tries to influence the policies and programs
of the Organization of American States.
5. ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human Rights – prevent discrimination,
uphold political freedom and promote democracy and human rights
throughout the region.
6. Rainforest Foundation – protects indigenous peoples and the
rainforests in Brazil, Guyana, Panama and Peru.
7. Regional Interfaith Youth Networks across Asia, Africa, the Middle East,
the America, and the Caribbean – promote conflict prevention,
resolution, peace education, and sustainable development.
8. Migrant Forum in Asia – committed to protecting and promoting the
rights and welfare of migrant workers.

Contemporary Challenges to Regionalism

1. Resurgence of militant nationalism and populism.
2. The extent to which member countries should sacrifice their sovereignty
for the sake of regional stability.
3. Differing visions of what regionalism should be for.

Media and Globalization

Globalization is a set of multiple,

uneven & overlapping historical
processes including eco, politics &
culture, that have combined with the
evolution of media, technology to
create the conditions under which the
globe itself can now be understood as
“an imagined community” (global
www.littleusgoneglobal.wordpress.com
village). It relies on media as its main
conduit for spread of global culture
and ideas.
5 periods of the evolution of media and globalization
1. Oral Communication
⮚ Language - is an important tool as human being explored the world
experience different cultures. Language contributes to the formation of
culture, such through vocabulary, greetings or humor. Languages are
the essential medium in which the ability to communicate across
culture develops. Without a language, people would lose their cultural
identity (Delhumeau, 2011).
2. Script
⮚ Papyrus allowed humans to communicate over longer space & much
longer time. It allowed for the written and permanent codification of
economic, cultural & political practices.

1. Printing Press
⮚ information revolution

⮚ transferred social institutions

⮚ according to Elizabeth Einstein (1979)

The influences of printing press

✔ It changed the nature of knowledge

✔ Preserved & standardized knowledge

✔ Encouraged the challenge of political & religious authority

4. Electronic Media
⮚ Radio was the global medium in reaching regions, while TV was the
most persuasive & powerful mass medium, and Combi is the
combination of both visual & aural power.

2. Digital Media relies on digital code. Media as a means of conveying

something, such as channel of communication which is also known as a
plural of medium.
Technologies of mass communication
⮚ Print Media like books, magazines and newspapers

⮚ Broadcast Media are radio, film and television

⮚ Digital Media the internet and mobile mass communication

According to Marshall McLuhan, “the medium is the message‟‟. He used his

analysis of technology to examine the impact of electronic media. He declared
that the television was turning the world into a “global village”.
Television shapes the social behaviour of users and reorients family behaviour
Papyrus a form of writing started in Egypt.
Cell phones expand people‟s senses.
The Global Village and Cultural Imperialism

Cultural Imperialism
⮚ Media globalization coupled with American hegemony would create a form
of this. American values and culture would overwhelm all others.

Herbert Schiller argued that not only was the world being Americanized, but
that this process also led to the spread of “American” capitalist values like
consumerism. John Tomlinson cultural globalization is simply a euphemism for
“western cultural imperialism” since it promotes “homogenized, westernized,
consumer culture”

Critiques of Cultural Imperialism

Ien Ang studied the ways in which different viewers in the Netherlands
experienced watching the American soap opera “Dallas”.Elihu Katz and Tamar Liebes
decided to push Ang‟s analysis. They argued that texts are received differently
by varied interpretative communities. Russians were suspicious of the show‟s
content. Americans believed that it was primarily about the lives of the rich.

Social Media and the creation of Cyber Ghettoes

​ Women’s march was gainst Donald Trump begun with a tweet from a
Hawaii lawyer and became a global movement.
​ Splinternet were various bubbles people place themselves in when they are
online.
​ Cyberbalkanization
​ Vladimir Putin a Russian dictator who hired armies of social media to
manipulate public opinion through intimidation and the spreading of fake
news.
​ Trolls are paid users who harass political opponents

​ Global online propaganda will be the biggest threat to face as the

globalization of media deepens.
 Analysis:
Directions: Compare and contrast Regionalism from Globalization. Write down the
similarities and differences between the two in a bulleted form using the graphic
organizer.

Contrast
Photo adopted from www.google.com
 Application:

Directions: Read and answer the following questions. Write your answers on the
spaces provided below each item and be guided by the rubrics.

1. How is regionalism different from and yet a part of globalization?

Elaborate.

2. What is the difference between state-to-state regionalism and non-state

regionalism? Explain.
 Chapter Assessment:

Directions: Discuss the following questions based from the above lessons. Cite some
evidences that may support your statements. Kindly write your answers on the box
provided below.

Q Content Relevance Point of View Structure Grammar Total

(20%) (20%) (20%) (20%) (20%) 100%
1
2
3
4
***end of chapter***
References:
Alonzo, V. A. (2019, July 23). Scribd. Retrieved from www.scribd.com:
https://www.scribd.com/document/419479897/Notes-in-Con
temporary-World-pdf
Claudio, L. & Abinales, P. (2018). The Contemporary World. Quezon City: C&E Publishing.
Delhumeau, H. (2011, July 22). Herve Delhumeau. Retrieved from
www.hdelhumeau.wordpress.com
https://www.google.com/amp/s/hdelhumeau.wordpress.com/2011/07
/22/language-and globalization/amp/
Goole Images