Machine Learning Tutorial – All the

Essential Concepts in Single Tutorial

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This being a beginner’s tutorial, I will try to make it as simple as it could be.

Have you ever went for grocery shopping? What do you do before going to the
market?

I always prepare a list of ingredients beforehand. Also, I make the decision

according to the previous purchasing experience. Then, I go and purchase the
items. But, with the rising inflation, it’s not too easy to work in the budget. I
have observed that my budget gets deviated a lot of times.
This happens because the shopkeeper changes the quantity and price of a
product very often. Due to such factors, I have to modify my shopping list. It
takes a lot of effort, research and time to update the list for every change.
This is where Machine Learning can come to your rescue. Still confused?
Don’t worry! Read this DataFlair’s latest Machine learning tutorial to get deep
insight and understand why machine learning is trending.
What is Machine Learning?
Machine Learning is the most popular technique
of predicting the future or classifying information to help people in making
necessary decisions.
Machine Learning algorithms are trained over instances or examples through
which they learn from past experiences and also analyze the historical data.
Therefore, as it trains over the examples, again and again, it is able to identify
patterns in order to make predictions about the future.
Machine Learning Tutorial: Introduction to
Machine Learning
After knowing what machine learning is, let’s take a quick introduction to
machine learning and start the tutorial.

With the help of Machine Learning, we can develop intelligent systems that are

capable of taking decisions on an autonomous basis. These algorithms learn
from the past instances of data through statistical analysis and pattern
matching. Then, based on the learned data, it provides us with the predicted
results.
Data is the core backbone of machine learning algorithms. With the help of the
historical data, we are able to create more data by training these machine
learning algorithms.
For example, Generative Adversarial Networks are an advanced concept of
Machine Learning that learns from the historical images through which they
are capable of generating more images. This is also applied
towards speech and text synthesis.
Therefore, Machine Learning has opened up a vast potential for data science
applications. Machine Learning combines computer science, mathematics,
and statistics. Statistics is essential for drawing inferences from the data.
Mathematics is useful for developing machine learning models and
finally, computer science is used for implementing algorithms.
However, simply building models is not enough. You must
also optimize and tune the model appropriately so that it provides you
with accurate results. Optimization techniques involve tuning
the hyperparameters to reach an optimum result.
Machine Learning is used in every domain. It is being used to impart
intelligence to static systems. With the knowledge acquired from the data, it is
used to build intelligent products.
Why Machine Learning?
The world today is evolving and so are the needs and requirements of people.
Furthermore, we are witnessing a fourth industrial revolution of data.
In order to derive meaningful insights from this data and learn from the way in
which people and the system interface with the data, we need computational
algorithms that can churn the data and provide us with results that would
benefit us in various ways.
Machine Learning has revolutionized industries
like medicine, healthcare, manufacturing, banking, and several other industries.
Therefore, Machine Learning has become an essential part of modern industry.
Data is powerful and in order to harness the power of this data, added by the
massive increase in computation power, Machine Learning has added another
dimension to the way we perceive information.

Machine Learning is being utilized everywhere.

The electronic devices you use, the applications that are part of your everyday
life are powered by powerful machine learning algorithms.
Machine Learning example – Google is able to provide you with appropriate
search results based on browsing habits.
Similarly, Netflix is capable of recommending the films or shows that you
would want to watch based on the machine learning algorithms that perform
predictions based on your watch history.
Furthermore, machine learning has facilitated the automation of redundant
tasks that have taken away the need for manual labor. All of this is possible
due to the massive amount of data that you generate on a daily basis.
Machine Learning facilitates several methodologies to make sense of this data
and provide you with steadfast and accurate results.
How does Machine Learning Work?
With an exponential increase in data, there is a need for having a system that
can handle this massive load of data.
Machine Learning models like Deep Learning allow the vast majority of data to
be handled with an accurate generation of predictions.
Machine Learning has revolutionized the way we perceive information and
the various insights we can gain out of it.

These machine learning algorithms use the patterns contained in the training
data to perform classification and future predictions. Whenever any new input
is introduced to the ML model, it applies its learned patterns over the new
data to make future predictions. Based on the final accuracy, one
can optimize their models using various standardized approaches.
In this way, Machine Learning model learns to adapt to new examples and
produce better results. Next in Machine Learning tutorial is its types. Have a
look –
Types of Machine Learning
Machine Learning Algorithms can be classified into 3 types as follows –

 Supervised Learning
 Unsupervised Learning 
 Reinforcement Learning

Supervised learning
Supervised learning is that the machine learning task of learning a function
that maps an input to an output supported example input-output pairs.
In Supervised Learning, the dataset on which we train our model is labeled.
There is a clear and distinct mapping of input and output. Based on the
example inputs, the model is able to get trained in the instances.
An example of supervised learning is spam filtering.
Based on the labeled data, the model is able to determine if the data
is spam or ham. This is an easier form of training.
Spam filtering is an example of this type of machine learning algorithm.
Unsupervised Learning
Unsupervised Learning may be a machine learning technique during which
the users don’t got to supervise the model. Instead, it allows the model to figure
on its own to get patterns and knowledge that was previously undetected. It
mainly deals with the unlabeled data.
In Unsupervised Learning, there is no labeled data. The algorithm identifies
the patterns within the dataset and learns them. The algorithm groups the data
into various clusters based on their density. Using it, one can
perform visualization on high dimensional data.
One example of this type of Machine learning algorithm is the Principle
Component Analysis.
Furthermore, K-Means Clustering is another type of Unsupervised Learning
where the data is clustered in groups of a similar order. The learning process
in Unsupervised Learning is solely on the basis of finding patterns in the data.
After learning the patterns, the model then makes conclusions.
Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement learning is one among three basic machine learning
paradigms, alongside supervised learning and unsupervised learning.

Reinforcement Learning is an emerging and most popular type of Machine

Learning Algorithm. It is used in various autonomous
systems like cars and industrial robotics. The aim of this algorithm is to reach a
goal in a dynamic environment. It can reach this goal based on several rewards
that are provided to it by the system.
It is most heavily used in programming robots to perform autonomous actions.
It is also used in making intelligent self-driving cars.
Let us consider the case of robotic navigation.
Furthermore, the efficiency can be improved with further experimentation with
the agent in its environment. This the main principle behind reinforcement
learning.
There are similar sequences of action in a reinforcement learning model.

Machine Learning Algorithms

Let us see some most common machine learning approaches:

1. Regression
Regression models are used extensively to predict values based on
the variables that are dependent on several factors.
The most common example of regression is Linear Regression where there is
a linear relationship or correlation between the predictor variable and
the response variable.
There are also other types of regression such as ARIMA regression that makes
use an auto-correlation regression model to forecast continuous values provided
by the time-series data.
They are used in forecasting the stock prices and other values that are based on
time.
2. Decision Tree Learning
Decision Trees are a supervised type of machine learning algorithms. These
trees are mainly used for predictive modeling. We create a decision tree that is
able to take decisions based on user input.
Decision Trees can be used for both regressions as well as classification. These
trees are used to provide graphical outputs to the user based on
several independent variables.
3. Support Vector Machines
Support Vector Machines or SVMs are machine learning algorithms that are
used to classify data into two categories or classes.
It is a type of supervised learning algorithms that makes use of several types
of kernels to classify the data. Based on the prediction performed, it can
categorize whether it falls into one class or any other class.
With the help of SVMs, one can perform both linear as well as non-
linear classification. An SVM classifier divides the data into two classes using
a hyperplane.
4. Association Rule Learning
Association Rule Mining is used for finding relationships between several
variables that are present in the database. It is a type of data mining technique
through which you can discover association between several items. It applied
in sale industries mostly to predict if the customer will buy item Y if he has
purchased the item X.

5. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)

An Artificial Neural Network is an advanced form of machine learning
technique. These neural networks are modeled after the human nervous
system and are therefore called neural networks.
There is a connection of several neurons which compute the information. These
neurons capture the statistical structure and are therefore able to create a joint
probability distribution over the input variables. These neural networks
are apt at finding patterns over large datasets.
Neural Networks can perform classification as well as regression tasks
with high accuracy.
Furthermore, they eliminate the requirement for doing heavy statistical
tasks in pre-processing as they are quite adequate in realizing patterns on their
own.
6. Inductive Logic Programming
In this, logic programming forms the core part to produce a rule-like learning
model.
Inductive Logic Programming or ILP presents the input
information, hypothesis as well as the background contextual knowledge in the
form of several rules that have to be followed with logic.
It makes use of functional programs to carry out inductive
programming to process hypothesis in part rules.
Training models are quite often used for developing this model which is then
used to forge relationships between several variables.
7. Reinforcement Learning
The aim of Reinforcement Learning is to direct the agent towards maximizing
rewards and reach its goal. This takes place in a dynamic environment where
the agent has to chart its way to the goal through a series of trials and errors.
Each time it takes a correct route, its profit is maximized and when
it encounters a wrong approach, its profit is minimized.
Reinforcement Learning is widely used in self-driving cars and autonomous
robotics that require self-decision making capability.
Reinforcement Learnings are experimental in nature and through a series of
trials are able to reach their goals with maximum accuracy (or rewards).
8. Clustering
In clustering, the observations are divided into groups or clusters. These
clusters are formed based on similar data and have similar criteria. These
criteria can be density or similar structure of the data.
There are several clustering techniques that make use of different
criteria to cluster the data.
For instance, the distance between the data, the density of the data and graph
connectivity are some of the criteria that define
techniques for clustering in machine learning.
Since there are no labeled data or input-output mapping, this type of technique
is an unsupervised machine learning procedure.
9. Similarity and Metric Learning
Similarity determination is one of the key functions of machine learning. In
this form of learning, the ML model is provided a mix of similar as well
as dissimilar data objects.
The machine learning model learns to map similar objects together and learns
a similarity function that allows it to group similar objects together in the
future.
10. Bayesian Networks
A Bayesian Network is an acyclic directed graphical model. This model is also
called DAG which represents the probability of several independent
conditioned variables.
One can illustrate the relationship between disease and symptoms. It can be
used to compute the probabilities of various diseases. They can be used to find
the diagnosis of several diseases through a calculated approach of listing
probabilities of various factors that could have contributed towards it.
More advanced forms of Bayesian Networks are Deep Bayesian Networks.
The basic principle behind the Bayesian Network is the Bayes theorem which is
the most important part of the probability theory. With the help of Bayes
Theorem, we determine the conditional probability of an event. This conditional
probability is of a known event.
The conditional probability itself is the hypothesis. And, we calculate
this probability based on the previous evidence.
P (A/B) = P (B/A)*P (A)/P (B)
Using a well-defined network of a connected graph, a user can make
a DAG to model conditional dependencies
11. Representation Learning
In order to represent the data in a more structured format, we make use
of representation learning. This formats the data efficiently so that
the model can train better to provide accurate results.
The representation of data is one of the key factors that can affect
the performance of the machine learning method. This allows the algorithm
to learn better from the data.
Using representation learning, algorithms are able to preserve the input
data and essential information. Therefore, a model is able to capture most of
the information during pre-processing.
Furthermore, the inputs present in pre-processing are able to gather data
generating a defined distribution.
12. Sparse Dictionary Learning
In the method of Sparse Dictionary, a linear combination of basis functions as
well as sparse coefficients are assumed.
The elements of a sparse dictionary are called atoms. These atoms altogether
compose a dictionary. It is an extension of representation learning. It is used
most widely in compressed sensing and signal recovery.
In this method, we represent a datum as a linear combination of basis
functions and then assume the coefficients to be sparse.
So, this was all in the latest Machine learning tutorial for beginners. Many of
you might find the umbrella terms Machine learning, Deep learning, and AI
confusing.
So, here is some additional help; below is the difference between machine
learning, deep learning, and AI in simple terms.
Machine Learning vs Deep Learning vs AI
Machine Learning
Machine learning may be a method of knowledge analysis that
automates analytical model building. It’s a branch of AI supported the thought
that systems can learn from data, identify patterns and make
decisions with minimal human intervention.
Machine Learning is a part of Artificial Intelligence that involves implementing
algorithms that are able to learn from the data or previous instances and are
able to perform tasks without explicit instructions.
The procedure for learning from the data involves statistical
recognition of patterns and fitting the model so as to evaluate
the data more accurately and provide us with precise results.
Deep Learning
Deep learning is a component of a broader family of machine learning
methods supported artificial neural networks with representation learning.
Learning is often supervised, semi-supervised or unsupervised. Deep Learning
is a part of Machine Learning that involves the usage of artificial neural
networks.
Deep Learning machine learning algorithms are the most popular choice in
many industries due to the ability of neural networks to learn from large
data more accurately and provide steadfast results to the user.
Artificial Intelligence
AI is the greater pool that contains an amalgamation of all the above-
discussed technologies. Artificial Intelligence is still under research and
involves imparting sentient intelligence to the machines.
However, Artificial General Intelligence is still far fetched and will require
years of research before we can have even a basic version of it.
Summary
In this machine learning tutorial, we went through the basics of machine
learning and how computing power has evolved over time to
accommodate advanced machine learning algorithms.
Computers are gaining intelligence owing to the data that is generated in a vast
amount.
We went through the different types of machine learning algorithms and further
took a brief look at some of the popular ML algorithms.
We hope that you are now well acquainted with machine learning.
Machine Learning Basics – Master
the ML Techniques in 3 mins!
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Basics of Machine Learning – The Perfect Start to Your Data
Science Learning
Machine learning is revolutionizing the way we do business and our day to day
activities. The old or traditional software programmers were loaded with a lot
of work. They first wrote logic based on the current state of the business and
then added relevant data.
But, with time, and with the advent of technology, major changes started
happening. Megatrends, insane technologies, and automation have taken over
and we can proudly say that it is all for good. With the power of machine
learning, businesses have become powerful and are reaching new heights.
Machine Learning Basics – Types of Techniques
Its rightly said that your data is only as good as what you do with it
and how you manage it.
Businesses and technology leaders apply machine learning, experiment,
anticipate and predict the future. Machine learning is used to build
predictive models by extracting patterns from large datasets.
In predictive data, these models are helpful. It is used in analytics
applications like price prediction, risk assessment, predicting customer behavior,
and document classification.
With continuous data flooding in, the machine learning models ensure that the
solution is constantly updated. With appropriate and constantly changing data
sources in the context of machine learning, there is an opportunity
to predict the future.
So what are the types of machine learning techniques? There are three types of
ML Techniques:
1. Supervised Learning
Supervised learning as the name suggests getting supervised by someone. It is
a learning in which the machine uses data which is already tagged with the
correct answer. After that, the machine is provided with a new set of data.
Supervised learning algorithms are often meant to locate, isolate,
and categorize objects out of videos or images, making them useful
when applied to varied computer vision techniques and imagery analysis.
With the help of supervised learning, the algorithm analyzes the training data
(set of training examples) and produces a correct outcome from labeled data.
Here the machine has already learned the things from previous data.
So, now is the time it uses the learning wisely.

For example – if we take a fruit basket, the machine will first classify the fruit
with its shape and color and would confirm the fruit name.
If one searches for grapes, then machine learning from its training data (basket
containing fruits) will use the prior knowledge.
It will then apply the knowledge to test data and will then provide you with
the results.
In supervised learning, we start with a dataset that has training examples, each
example has an associated label that identifies it.
2. Unsupervised Learning
Unsupervised learning may be a sort of algorithm that learns patterns
from untagged data.
In unsupervised learning, the training of the machine is done
using information which is neither classified nor labeled.
The machine learning algorithm acts on information without guidance. It
groups unsorted information according to similarities, patterns,
and differences without any prior training or supervision.
Since there is no training given to the machine, the machine itself finds
the hidden structure in unlabeled data and interprets it.
So, suppose if the machine is provided with the image of a pen and pencil and
its information is not available then it can be categorized according to
the similarities, patterns, and differences. It is basically differentiated on the
basis of pre-defined notions. It is getting used for clustering, dimensionality
reduction, feature learning, density estimation, etc.
The machine can estimate what kind of groups it can form to differentiate.

For example – a wooden stick with a cap can be a pen and with no cap a pencil.
With no learning and no training, the machine tries to interpret itself.
3. Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement learning is a very interesting kind of learning. There’s no
answer key that can tell what’s right. But, the reinforcement learning agent still
decides how to act to perform its task.
Reinforcement learning is a neighborhood of machine learning concerned with
how intelligent agents need to take actions in an environment so as to maximize
the notion of cumulative reward.
Reinforcement learning is one among three basic machine learning paradigms,
alongside supervised learning and unsupervised learning.
Reinforcement learning may be a sort of Machine Learning algorithm
which allows software agents and machines to automatically determine the
perfect behavior within a selected context, to maximize its performance. This
machine learning technique is all about taking actions that
are suitable and maximize the reward in a particular situation.
It is when the learner receives rewards and punishments for their actions.

For example – In a given scenario, the reward could be utility and the agent
could be told to receive as much utility as possible in order to “win”.
Basically, the agent decides what to do to perform the given task. Now, since
the training dataset is missing, it is bound to learn from its experience.
Summary
These are just the basics of machine learning, machine learning has more to it.
It is the core of our journey towards artificial general intelligence.
In no time, this will change the industry and have a massive impact on our day-
to-day lives. That is why I believe that machine learning is worth
understanding. If this is not related to your profession, it is not an issue.