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Lecture 4

The document discusses register transfer and micro-operations in digital systems. It describes how a bus structure is used to efficiently transfer data between registers instead of direct connections. It explains register-to-register transfer using multiplexers and three-state buffers. It also discusses memory transfers using a memory address register and read and write operations. Finally, it provides examples of common register transfer and arithmetic micro-operations used in computer systems.

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Ritesh Kumar
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37 views

Lecture 4

The document discusses register transfer and micro-operations in digital systems. It describes how a bus structure is used to efficiently transfer data between registers instead of direct connections. It explains register-to-register transfer using multiplexers and three-state buffers. It also discusses memory transfers using a memory address register and read and write operations. Finally, it provides examples of common register transfer and arithmetic micro-operations used in computer systems.

Uploaded by

Ritesh Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Register Transfer and Micro-operations 1

Overview

 Register Transfer Language

 Register Transfer

 Bus and Memory Transfers

 Logic Micro-operations

 Shift Micro-operations

 Arithmetic Logic Shift Unit

CSE 211
Register Transfer and Micro-operations 2

Connecting Registers - Bus Transfer


 In a digital system with many registers, it is impractical to have data and
control lines to directly allow each register to be loaded with the contents
of every possible other registers

 To completely connect n registers  n(n-1) lines


 O(n2) cost
 This is not a realistic approach to use in a large digital system

 Instead, take a different approach


 Have one centralized set of circuits for data transfer – the bus

 BUS STRUCTURE CONSISTS OF SET OF COMMON LINES, ONE FOR EACH BIT
OF A REGISTER THROUGH WHICH BINARY INFORMATION IS TRANSFERRED
ONE AT A TIME

 Have control circuits to select which register is the source, and which is the
destination

CSE 211
Bus and Memory Transfers

 Bus Transfer is the most efficient way to transfer data. The data transferred in the
bus transfer is collected using bus lines. Similarly, the transfer of data from the
memory unit to the outside environment and vice versa is known as memory
transfer.

 In a digital system of registers, a path must be provided to move information.

 Suppose separate lines are used between each register and all other registers in
the system. In that case, the number of wires connecting all of the registers will
be excessive because we are connecting each register with another register.
 A bus structure will not require an excessive connection. Thus it is very
useful in transferring information.

 A bus is made up of a collection of common lines, one for each bit of a


register, that are used to transfer binary data one by one.

There are two methods in bus transfer:

 Bus transfer using Multiplexer

 Bus transfer using Three states bus buffer


Register Transfer and Micro-operations 5

Connecting Registers - Bus Transfer

 One way of constructing common bus system is with multiplexers


 Multiplexer selects the source register whose binary information is
kept on the bus.

 Construction of bus system for 4 register (Next Fig)


 4 bit register X 4
 four 4X1 multiplexer
 Bus selection S0, S1

CSE 211
Register Transfer and Micro-operations 6

Connecting Registers - Bus Transfer

CSE 211
Register Transfer and Micro-operations 7

Connecting Registers - Bus Transfer

 For a bus system to multiplex k registers of n bits each

 No. of multiplexer = n = No. of bits

 Size of each multiplexer = k x 1, k data lines in each

MUX

 Construction of bus system for 8 register with 16 bits


 16 bit register X 8
 Sixteen 8X1 multiplexer
 Bus selection S0, S1, S2

CSE 211
Register Transfer and Micro-operations 8

Connecting Registers - Bus Transfer

CSE 211
Register Transfer and Micro-operations 9

Connecting Registers - Bus Transfer

CSE 211
Register Transfer and Micro-operations 10

Connecting Registers - Bus Transfer

CSE 211
Register Transfer and Micro-operations 11

Memory - RAM
 Memory (RAM) can be thought as a sequential circuits containing
some number of registers
 Memory stores binary information in groups of bits called words
 These registers hold the words of memory
 Each of the r registers is indicated by an address
 These addresses range from 0 to r-1
 Each register (word) can hold n bits of data
 Assume the RAM contains r = 2k words. It needs the following
data input lines
1. n data input lines
2. n data output lines n

3. k address lines address lines


k
4. A Read control line RAM
Read
5. A Write control line unit
Write
n
data output lines
Register Transfer and Micro-operations 12

Memory Transfer
Memory is usually accessed in computer systems by putting the desired
address in a special register, the Memory Address Register (MAR, or AR)

M
Memory Read
AR
unit Write

Data out Data in

CSE 211
Register Transfer and Micro-operations 13

Memory Read

 To read a value from a location in memory and load it into a


register, the register transfer language notation looks like this:

R1  M[MAR]

 This causes the following to occur


1. The contents of the MAR get sent to the memory address
lines
2. A Read (= 1) gets sent to the memory unit
3. The contents of the specified address are put on the
memory’s output data lines
4. These get sent over the bus to be loaded into register R1

CSE 211
Register Transfer and Micro-operations 14

Memory Write

 To write a value from a register to a location in memory looks like


this in register transfer language:

M[MAR]  R1

 This causes the following to occur


1. The contents of the MAR get sent to the memory address
lines
2. A Write (= 1) gets sent to the memory unit
3. The values in register R1 get sent over the bus to the data
input lines of the memory
4. The values get loaded into the specified address in the
memory

CSE 211
Register Transfer and Micro-operations 15

MICROOPERATIONS

Computer system microoperations are of four types:

 Register transfer microoperations


 Arithmetic microoperations
 Logic microoperations
 Shift microoperations

CSE 211
Register Transfer and Micro-operations 16

SUMMARY OF R. TRANSFER MICROOPERATIONS

A B 1.Transfer content of reg. B into reg. A

A  constant 3.Transfer a binary constant into reg. A


ABUS  R1, R2 ← ABUS 4.Transfer content of R1 into bus A and, at the same time,
transfer content of bus A into R2
AR 5.Address register
DR 6.Data register
M[R] 7.Memory word specified by reg. R
M 8.Equivalent to M[AR]
DR  M 9.Memory read operation: transfers content of
memory word specified by AR into DR
M  DR 10.Memory write operation: transfers content of
DR into memory word specified by AR

CSE 211
Register Transfer and Micro-operations 17

Arithmetic MICROOPERATIONS
• The basic arithmetic microoperations are
– Addition
– Subtraction
– Increment
– Decrement

• The additional arithmetic microoperations are


– Add with carry
– Subtract with borrow
– Transfer/Load
– etc. …

Summary of Typical Arithmetic Micro-Operations


R3  R1 + R2 Contents of R1 plus R2 transferred to R3
R3  R1 - R2 Contents of R1 minus R2 transferred to R3
R2  R2’ Complement the contents of R2
R2  R2’+ 1 2's complement the contents of R2 (negate)
R3  R1 + R2’+ 1 subtraction
R1  R1 + 1 Increment
R1  R1 - 1 Decrement

CSE 211

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