a te cee eee et rr — Sitemeter eid - FRAMEWORKS AND PRINCIPLES BEHIND OUR MORAL DISPOSITION Module Outine: ‘A. Basic Theories and Frameworks in Ethics B. Virue Ethics 4. Arsille Telos; Vitue as Habit Happiness as Virtue 2. St Thomas: Natural Law ©. Kant and Rights 41. Kant (Good wil Categorical imperative) 2. Different kinds of Rights, . Utitartaniem 4.1 Ongins and Nature of Theory 4.2 Business's Fascination and Utitarianism E. Justice as Faimess: Promoting the Common Good 15.1 The nature of te theory, 5.2 Distrbutve justice 153 The Principles of Taxation and Inclsve Growth Introduction: ‘A person's moral dgposilion must be based on frameworks and principles in Ethics, According to Galinero, making ethical decisions requires sensitvly tothe ethical implcations of problems and siualons, and tkewse requires practice (Galinero, 2018). In this Modile, you wil frst have an averview ofthe differant fundamental ethical theories and principles which are held by many people. After which, you wil learn some leading and overarching frameworks or panciptes that cictato the way we make our individual moral decisions, namely: Vite Etties, Kantian and Rights Theory, Utklaranism, and Justice and Faiess, [At the end ofthis Module, you should be able to: Discuss the dominant mental frames and thir role in moral experience Dofine what vitue ethics is Evaluate vive ethics ‘Apply vite ethics Detine what rights theory is Differentiate a legal from a moral ight ‘Analyze nights theory [CLL ne!Apply nghis theory 9. Define what uilitanianism is 10, Evaluate and apply utitaranism as basis of morality 11. Define what justice and faimess are 12. Evaluate and apply justice and feiss ‘Topic 1. Basie Theories and Frameworks in Ethics ‘The study of ethics or morality today is generally cvided into three main areas, narnely: 1) meta-ethics, 2) normative ethics, and 3) applied ethics, [Meta-othies consis in the attempt to answer the fundamental philosophical questions ‘about the nature of ethical theory itself (Klement, 1.) ‘Some Classifications of Meta-sthies 1. Cognitvism and Nor-coanivism ‘Cognitiviem ie 2 ew that ethics! judgments are propositions, hence, they can either be tue or falso, Non-cognitivism isa view that ethical judgments cannot be true or false, but they are most likely expressions of emotions or exciamations. (Klement, na) 2. Subjectivism and Objectivism ‘Subjectivism isan ethical view that morality depends on the individua'satitudes, beliefs. desites, ec. rather than anything external. Objectivism isan ethical view that moray is absolute (objective) wherein tis based on moral facts and principles rather than anyihing from the individuals atitudes, belies, desires, etc. (Klement, nd) Normative Ethics isthe study of what makes actions right or wrong, what makes situations ‘0 events good or bad and what makes people vituous or vicious (Kiemont, n.d.) Classifications of Normative Ethics 1. Deontalogy Deontoiogy Isa theory that bases morality on mora rules or duties (De Guzman, 2018). In other words, @ moral deontologist will ubize established rules or dulies to ‘distinguish what is rght and wrong, 2. Teleology Teledogy isa theory that determines the moral value of actions by their outcomes or results (Be Guzman, 2018). So, an action is good iit is done or in pursult of a moral ‘goal or end 3. Uliltarianism Ubltarianism, sometimes called consequentialism, is a theory that bases morality on the consequences of actions. So, an action is good iit produces the “best” ‘consequences among the rest ofthe alternative actor 4, Virtue Ethics ‘Virtue ethics isa theory thal is character-based rather than act-based tke deontologyrly, Wan we ay Dt Ki choca ese, Roars that we judge oF termine goodness (or badness) in te person by judging the overall character or virtues that helshe possesses. ‘Applied Ethics consist in th ater lo answer df mora quoston actual peop inther hie (Klement nd) The maa questons addressed under Applied ECs ae most abut the socal eaes that we usualy expeono fie present me. According to De Guzen. JM. tl.al, Applied Etics is classed int the folowing subtels (Oe Guzman, 2018) 1. Bioethics - abortion, euthanasia, surogate matherhiood, caning and genet ‘manipulation, mutlaton, et 2. Human Senal Ehics-himan seualy preartal tex, exrmarial Se, PorDOgEPI Contraception, loveless and casual Sex, rape, el 4. Envonmental Ethics - animal were and igh, environmental santaton,pow/ion contro, kaingin, cyanide fishing, ett. 1. pusines Eis harassment, jo decnnaion, employer empaye®rtaionsP, ‘Shistle Blowing, unprofessionalism, flee advertising, et ity, racial discrimination, 65. Social Ethics - poverty, chit labor, war on drugs, death pen gender discrimination, et. ‘Topic 2. Virtue Ethics Galinr states hat vituo ethics refer tothe heois that put emphasis on hem oy chang ea ingens rarer han n dong one’s duty oFm acting o bring about (good consequences (Galinero, 2018) ‘Atos ond St.Thomas Aquinas ae two ofthe mai proponents of rue ei, ME of the vee realy oda ly tek foundation oF aw inspiration rom the vews fess two prlosophers. ‘sub-Topic 24. Aristotle: Telos; Virtue as Hablt; Happiness as Virtue Who is Aittle? state (984-822 8.C) isan Ancient Grook phlosopherwio has snifeant contnutions 19 mane Ct study such a8 Logic. Biology, Aesthetics and Ethics. More infomation about ‘Riot fs dscussed in oUF textbook, page 74 Telos ‘elo isa Greek term which means “end” (or purpose), According to Aristo, “every action and purus Heaght to am at ame good.” (Stumer SE. 2005), As persons with capac for ar king, we always have tot0s which isa gol that wo have to uliVirtue as Habit According to Gatinero, in rect! ro, nthe Nicomachean Ethics, Aristo explains that person acquires racer exclence by habtualon: Hance, we ca say il vasa postive of 900d aha re ‘habitually put ito acon which in tum develops the character ofthe person (Gelhneo, 2018). According to Aristotle, there are two kinds of vitues, namely: 1) Moral vitues, anc eu, ; two kinds of vitues, namely: 1) Moral vitues, and 2) In terms of moral vitues, we must aways remember that we should aays actin a moderate ‘way, thats, to act in a way thal is too much nor too litle (neither in excess nor in deficiency), For ‘Arisotle, a virtuous act isthe “goldon mean” botwoon two extremes ~ by which these extremes are considered as undestrable actions or commonly tomed as vices. Happiness as Virtue For Aristo, happiness or “eudalmonia’ i the summum bonum or the supreme good. Happiness as the supreme good is ulimtelyiniorpeted as our telos (we do not want a flos thats at good and does not bing happiness). Furthermore, according to Wvstale, ving a vrtuous fe is the best fe because kt conttbutes tothe happiness or eudaimona ofthe person” (Galinero, 2018). Required Reading: To lean more about the lesson, please read “Arstotie's Virtue Ethics" by phlonontes.com. ESL Ea Seatwork: “Let's Work Together” Communicate with your assigned partner to answer he flowing guide questions regarding virtues Sedacting in moderator this actly is done asynchronously, should be submited by partner Ya MS Teams. Please use the given format below. 1 What spect vitue @ PSUnian student musi possess? Discuss your answer. {DW hat do you tink is the importance of "acing in moderator” rather than acing in excess or in defceney? Give an example. «+ How ean you be a morally vituous person in our present-day situaton(.e. dung the (Covidt9 pandemic)? “Lets Work Together (Vitue Ethics) —__ x must possess? Discuss your2. What do you think isthe importance of ‘acting in moderation” rather than acting in excess or in deficiency? 3. How can you be a morally vituous person in our present-day situation (Le. during tre Covid 19 pandemicy?