PHOTOCOUPLER

PS9313L,PS9313L2
1 Mbps, OPEN COLLECTOR OUTPUT TYPE,
HIGH CMR, INTELLIGENT POWER MODULE DRIVE −NEPOC Series−
8 mm CREEPAGE 6-PIN SDIP PHOTOCOUPLER

DESCRIPTION
The PS9313L and PS9313L2 are optical coupled isolators containing a GaAlAs LED on the input side and a photo
diode and a signal processing circuit on the output side on one chip.
The PS9313L and PS9313L2 are specified high CMR, high CTR and pulse width distortion with operating
temperature. It is suitable for IPM drive.
The PS9313L is lead bending type (Gull-wing) for surface mounting.
The PS9313L2 is lead bending type for long creepage distance (Gull-wing) for surface mount.

FEATURES
• High common mode transient immunity (CMH, CML = ±15 kV/µs MIN.) PIN CONNECTION
• Half size of 8-pin DIP (Top View)
• Long creepage distance (8 mm MIN. : PS9313L2)
6 5 4
• High-speed response (tPHL = 500 ns MAX., tPLH = 750 ns MAX.)
1. Anode
• Maximum propagation delays (tPLH − tPHL = 220 ns TYP.) 2. NC
• Pulse width distortion (⏐tPHL − tPLH⏐ = 220 ns TYP.) 3. Cathode

SHIELD
4. GND
• High isolation voltage (BV = 5 000 Vr.m.s.) 5. VO
• Open collector output 6. VCC

• Pb-Free product
• Safety standards
• UL approved: No. E72422 1 2 3
<R> • CSA approved: No. CA 101391 (CA5A, CAN/CSA-C22.2 60065, 60950)
• DIN EN60747-5-2 (VDE0884 Part2) approved: No. 40024069 (Option) TRUTH TABLE

APPLICATIONS LED Output

• IPM Driver
ON L
• General purpose inverter
OFF H

Document No. PN10689EJ05V0DS (5th edition)

Date Published June 2009 NS
The mark <R> shows major revised points. 2007, 2009
The revised points can be easily searched by copying an "<R>" in the PDF file and specifying it in the "Find what:" field.
 PS9313L,PS9313L2

PACKAGE DIMENSIONS (UNIT: mm)

Lead Bending Type (Gull-wing) For Surface Mount

PS9313L

4.58±0.3
(0.82)

6.8±0.25

9.7±0.3
7.62
0.25±0.15
3.7±0.25

0.2±0.15
3.5±0.2

1.27 0.8±0.25
0.4±0.1 0.25 M

Lead Bending Type For Long Creepage Distance (Gull-wing) For Surface Mount

PS9313L2
4.58±0.3
(0.82)
6.8±0.25

11.5±0.3
7.62
0.25±0.15
3.7±0.25

0.2±0.15
3.5±0.2

1.27 0.75±0.25
0.4±0.1 0.25 M

2 Data Sheet PN10689EJ05V0DS

 PS9313L,PS9313L2

<R> MARKING EXAMPLE

9313 Type Number

N931 Assembly Lot

No. 1 pin Mark

N 9 31
Week Assembled
Year Assembled
(Last 1 Digit)
Rank Code

PHOTOCOUPLER CONSTRUCTION

Parameter PS9313L PS9313L2

Air Distance (MIN.) 7 mm 8 mm

Outer Creepage Distance (MIN.) 7 mm 8 mm

Isolation Distance (MIN.) 0.4 mm 0.4 mm

ORDERING INFORMATION

Part Number Order Number Solder Plating Packing Style Safety Standard Application Part
*1
Specification Approval Number

PS9313L PS9313L-AX Pb-Free 20 pcs (Tape 20 pcs cut) Standard products PS9313L

PS9313L-E3 PS9313L-E3-AX (Ni/Pd/Au) Embossed Tape 2 000 pcs/reel (UL, CSA approved)

PS9313L2 PS9313L2-AX 20 pcs (Tape 20 pcs cut) PS9313L2

PS9313L2-E3 PS9313L2-E3-AX Embossed Tape 2 000 pcs/reel

PS9313L-V PS9313L-V-AX 20 pcs (Tape 20 pcs cut) DIN EN60747-5-2 PS9313L

PS9313L-V-E3 PS9313L-V-E3-AX Embossed Tape 2 000 pcs/reel (VDE0884 Part2)

PS9313L2-V PS9313L2-V-AX 20 pcs (Tape 20 pcs cut) Approved (Option) PS9313L2

PS9313L2-V-E3 PS9313L2-V-E3-AX Embossed Tape 2 000 pcs/reel

*1 For the application of the Safety Standard, following part number should be used.

Data Sheet PN10689EJ05V0DS 3

 PS9313L,PS9313L2

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (TA = 25°C, unless otherwise specified)

Parameter Symbol Ratings Unit

*1
Diode Forward Current IF 25 mA

Reverse Voltage VR 5 V

Detector Supply Voltage VCC −0.5 to +35 V

Output Voltage VO −0.5 to +35 V

Output Current IO 15 mA
*2
Power Dissipation PC 100 mW
*3
Isolation Voltage BV 5 000 Vr.m.s.

Operating Ambient Temperature TA −40 to +110 °C

Storage Temperature Tstg −55 to +125 °C

*1 Reduced to 0.3 mA/°C at TA = 70°C or more.

*2 Reduced to 2.0 mW/°C at TA = 75°C or more.
*3 AC voltage for 1 minute at TA = 25°C, RH = 60% between input and output.
Pins 1-3 shorted together, 4-6 shorted together.

RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS

Parameter Symbol MIN. TYP. MAX. Unit

Supply Voltage VCC 4.5 15 30 V

Output Voltage VO 0 30 V

Forward Current (ON) IF (ON) 8 12 mA

Forward Voltage (OFF) VF (OFF) 0 0.8 V

4 Data Sheet PN10689EJ05V0DS

 PS9313L,PS9313L2

<R> ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (TA = −40 to +110°C, VCC = 15 V, unless otherwise specified)

*1
Parameter Symbol Conditions MIN. TYP. MAX. Unit

Diode Forward Voltage VF IF = 10 mA, TA = 25°C 1.2 1.56 1.9 V

Reverse Current IR VR = 3 V, TA = 25°C 10 µA

Terminal Capacitance Ct V = 0 V, f = 1 MHz 30 pF

Detector Low Level Output Voltage VOL IF = 10 mA, IOL = 2.4 mA 0.13 0.6 V

High Level Output Current IOH VCC = 30 V, VF = 0.8 V 1.0 50 µA

High Level Supply Current ICCH VCC = 30 V, VF = 0.8 V, VO = open 0.6 1.3 mA

Low Level Supply Current ICCL VCC = 30 V, IF = 10 mA, VO = open 0.7 1.3 mA

Coupled Threshold Input Current IFHL VO = 0.8 V, IO = 0.75 mA 0.75 5.0 mA

(H → L)

Current Transfer Ratio (IC/IF) CTR IF = 10 mA, VO = 0.6 V 44 110 %

Ω
11
Isolation Resistance RI-O VI-O = 1 kVDC 10

Isolation Capacitance CI-O V = 0 V, f = 1 MHz 0.7 pF

Propagation Delay Time tPHL IF = 10 mA, RL = 20 kΩ, CL = 100 pF, 240 500 ns
(H → L)
*2
VTHHL = 1.5 V, VTHLH = 2.0 V

Propagation Delay Time tPLH 460 750

(L → H)
*2

Maximum Propagation tPLH−tPHL −200 220 650

Delays

Pulse Width Distortion ⏐tPHL−tPLH⏐ 220 650

(PWD)

Common Mode CMH TA = 25°C, IF = 0 mA, VO > 3.0 V, 15 kV/µs

Transient Immunity at High VCM = 1.5 kV, RL = 20 kΩ,
*3
Level Output CL = 100 pF

Common Mode CML TA = 25°C, IF = 10 mA, VO < 1.0 V, 15 kV/µs

Transient Immunity at Low VCM = 1.5 kV, RL = 20 kΩ,
*3
Level Output CL = 100 pF

Data Sheet PN10689EJ05V0DS 5

 PS9313L,PS9313L2

*1 Typical values at TA = 25°C.

*2 Test circuit for propagation delay time

Pulse input (IF = 10 mA) IF (ON)

VCC = 15 V Input
(PW = 10 µs, 50% IF (ON)
Duty cycle = 1/10)
1 6 0.1 µ F RL = 20 kΩ
2 5 VO (monitor)
15 V
Input 3 4 CL = 100 pF
SHIELD Output
(monitor) VTHLH = 2.0 V
51 Ω VTHHL = 1.5 V
VOL
tPHL tPLH

Remark CL includes probe and stray wiring capacitance.

*3 Test circuit for common mode transient immunity

SW IF VCM = 1.5 kV
VCM 90%
VCC = 15 V
1 6 0.1 µ F RL = 20 kΩ 10%
0V
2 5 VO (monitor) tr tf
B A
3 4 CL = 100 pF
SHIELD VO VCC
(Switch A: IF = 0 mA) 3.0 V
VCM
1.0 V
+ − VO VOL
(Switch B: IF = 10 mA)

Remark CL includes probe and stray wiring capacitance.

USAGE CAUTIONS
1. This product is weak for static electricity by designed with high-speed integrated circuit so protect against static
electricity when handling.
2. By-pass capacitor of more than 0.1 µF is used between VCC and GND near device. Also, ensure that the
distance between the leads of the photocoupler and capacitor is no more than 10 mm.
<R> 3. Pin 2 (which is an NC*1 pin) can either be connected directly to the GND pin on the LED side or left open.
Unconnected pins should not be used as a bypass for signals or for any other similar purpose because this may
degrade the internal noise environment of the device.
*1 NC: Not connected (No connection)
4. Avoid storage at a high temperature and high humidity.

6 Data Sheet PN10689EJ05V0DS

 PS9313L,PS9313L2

<R> TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS (TA = 25°C, unless otherwise specified)

MAXIMUM FORWARD CURRENT DETECTOR POWER DISSIPATION

vs. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE vs. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
30 120

Detector Power Dissipation PC (mW)

Maximum Forward Current IF (mA)

25 100

20 80

15 60

10 40

5 20

0 20 40 60 80 100 110 120 0 25 50 75 75 100 110

125

Ambient Temperature TA (°C) Ambient Temperature TA (°C)

FORWARD CURRENT vs. SUPPLY CURRENT vs.

FORWARD VOLTAGE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
100 1.2
High Level Supply Current ICCH (mA),

VCC = 30 V,
Low Level Supply Current ICCL (mA)

VO = Open,
1.0 ICCH : VF = 0.8 V,
Forward Current IF (mA)

10 ICCL : IF = 10 mA
0.8
TA = +110°C ICCL
+100°C
1 +85°C 0.6
ICCH
+50°C
+25°C 0.4
0.1 0°C
–40°C
0.2

0.01 0
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125

Forward Voltage VF (V) Ambient Temperature TA (°C)

THRESHOLD INPUT CURRENT vs. LOW LEVEL OUTPUT VOLTAGE vs.

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
5 0.5
VCC = 15 V, VCC = 15 V,
Threshold Input Current IFHL (mA)

Low Level Output Voltage VOL (V)

VO = 0.8 V, IF = 10 mA,
4 IO = 0.75 mA 0.4 IO = 2.4 mA

3 0.3

2 0.2

1 0.1

0 0
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125

Ambient Temperature TA (°C) Ambient Temperature TA (°C)

Remark The graphs indicate nominal characteristics.

Data Sheet PN10689EJ05V0DS 7

 PS9313L,PS9313L2

NORMALIZED CURRENT TRANSFER

OUTPUT CURRENT vs. FORWARD CURRENT RATIO vs. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
14 1.2

Normalized Current Transfer Ratio CTR

Normalized to 1.0
TA = +110°C VO = 0.6 V
at TA = 25°C,
12
I
1.1 F = 10 mA,
Output Current IO (mA)

VO = 0.6 V
10
+25°C
8 1.0

–40°C
6 0.9

4
0.8
2

0.7
0 5 10 15 20 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125

Forward Current IF (mA) Ambient Temperature TA (°C)

PROPAGATION DELAY TIME, PROPAGATION DELAY TIME,
MAXIMUM PROPAGATION DELAYS MAXIMUM PROPAGATION DELAYS
vs. FORWARD CURRENT vs. SUPPLY VOLTAGE
Maximum Propagation Delays tPLH – tPHL (ns)

700 Maximum Propagation Delays tPLH – tPHL (ns) 1 800

IF = 10 mA,
1 600 CL = 100 pF,
Propagation Delay Time tPHL, tPLH (ns),

Propagation Delay Time tPHL, tPLH (ns),

600
RL = 20 kΩ
1 400
500
1 200
tPLH
400 1 000
tPHL 800
300
tPLH – tPHL tPLH
600
200
tPLH – tPHL 400
VCC = 15 V,
100 tPHL
CL = 100 pF, 200
RL = 20 kΩ
0 5 10 15 20 0 10 20 30 40

Forward Current IF (mA) Supply Voltage VCC (V)

PROPAGATION DELAY TIME, PROPAGATION DELAY TIME,
PULSE WIDTH DISTORTION MAXIMUM PROPAGATION DELAYS
vs. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE vs. LOAD CAPACITANCE
Maximum Propagation Delays tPLH – tPHL (ns)
Pulse Width Distortion (PWD) tPHL – tPLH (ns)

700 1 800
VCC = 15 V,
1 600 IF = 10 mA,
Propagation Delay Time tPHL, tPLH (ns),

Propagation Delay Time tPHL, tPLH (ns),

600
RL = 20 kΩ tPLH
tPLH 1 400
500
1 200
400 1 000
PWD
300 800
tPLH – tPHL
600
200
tPHL VCC = 15 V, 400
IF = 10 mA, tPHL
100 200
CL = 100 pF,
RL = 20 kΩ
0
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 0 100 200 300 400 500

Ambient Temperature TA (°C) Load Capacitance CL (pF)

Remark The graphs indicate nominal characteristics.

8 Data Sheet PN10689EJ05V0DS

 PS9313L,PS9313L2

PROPAGATION DELAY TIME, PROPAGATION DELAY TIME,

MAXIMUM PROPAGATION DELAYS MAXIMUM PROPAGATION DELAYS
vs. LOAD RESISTANCE vs. LOAD RESISTANCE

Maximum Propagation Delays tPLH – tPHL (ns)

Maximum Propagation Delays tPLH – tPHL (ns)

1 200 600
VCC = 15 V, VCC = 5 V,
1 000 IF = 10 mA, tPLH

Propagation Delay Time tPHL, tPLH (ns),

IF = 10 mA,
Propagation Delay Time tPHL, tPLH (ns),

CL = 100 pF 500 CL = 15 pF
tPLH
800
400
600 tPLH – tPHL
tPLH – tPHL 300
400
200
200
tPHL
tPHL
0 100

–200
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 5 10 15 20 25

Load Resistance RL (kΩ) Load Resistance RL (kΩ)

Remark The graphs indicate nominal characteristics.

Data Sheet PN10689EJ05V0DS 9

 PS9313L,PS9313L2

<R> TAPING SPECIFICATIONS (UNIT: mm)

Outline and Dimensions (Tape)

1.75±0.1
2.0±0.1

4.0±0.1 1.5 +0.1

–0

4.5 MAX.

7.5±0.1

10.2±0.1
16.0±0.3
1.5 +0.1
–0

0.35
8.0±0.1
5.08±0.1

4.05±0.1

Tape Direction
PS9313L-E3

Outline and Dimensions (Reel)

2.0±0.5

2.0±0.5
13.0±0.2
330±2.0

100±1.0

R 1.0
21.0±0.8
17.5±1.0

21.5±1.0

15.9 to 19.4
Outer edge of
Packing: 2 000 pcs/reel flange

10 Data Sheet PN10689EJ05V0DS

 PS9313L,PS9313L2

Outline and Dimensions (Tape)

1.75±0.1
2.0±0.1

4.0±0.1 1.5 +0.1

–0
4.5 MAX.

11.5±0.1

24.0±0.3

12.0±0.1
2.0 +0.1
–0

8.0±0.1 0.35
5.08±0.1

4.05±0.1
Tape Direction
PS9313L2-E3

Outline and Dimensions (Reel)

2.0±0.5

2.0±0.5
13.0±0.2
330±2.0

100±1.0

R 1.0
21.0±0.8
25.5±1.0

29.5±1.0

23.9 to 27.4
Outer edge of
Packing: 2 000 pcs/reel flange

Data Sheet PN10689EJ05V0DS 11

 PS9313L,PS9313L2

<R> RECOMMENDED MOUNT PAD DIMENSIONS (UNIT: mm)

C
B
A

Part Number Lead Bending A B C D

lead bending type (Gull-wing)
PS9313L 8.2 1.27 0.8 2.2
for surface mount
lead bending type (Gull-wing)
PS9313L2 10.2 1.27 0.8 2.2
for long creepage distance (surface mount)

12 Data Sheet PN10689EJ05V0DS

 PS9313L,PS9313L2

<R> NOTES ON HANDLING

1. Recommended soldering conditions

(1) Infrared reflow soldering
• Peak reflow temperature 260°C or below (package surface temperature)
• Time of peak reflow temperature 10 seconds or less
• Time of temperature higher than 220°C 60 seconds or less
• Time to preheat temperature from 120 to 180°C 120±30 s
• Number of reflows Three
• Flux Rosin flux containing small amount of chlorine (The flux with a
maximum chlorine content of 0.2 Wt% is recommended.)

Recommended Temperature Profile of Infrared Reflow

Package Surface Temperature T (°C)

(heating)
to 10 s
260°C MAX.
220°C
to 60 s

180°C

120°C
120±30 s
(preheating)

Time (s)

(2) Wave soldering

• Temperature 260°C or below (molten solder temperature)
• Time 10 seconds or less
• Preheating conditions 120°C or below (package surface temperature)
• Number of times One (Allowed to be dipped in solder including plastic mold portion.)
• Flux Rosin flux containing small amount of chlorine (The flux with a maximum chlorine
content of 0.2 Wt% is recommended.)

(3) Soldering by soldering iron

• Peak temperature (lead part temperature) 350°C or below
• Time (each pins) 3 seconds or less
• Flux Rosin flux containing small amount of chlorine (The flux with a
maximum chlorine content of 0.2 Wt% is recommended.)

(a) Soldering of leads should be made at the point 1.5 to 2.0 mm from the root of the lead.
(b) Please be sure that the temperature of the package would not be heated over 100°C.

Data Sheet PN10689EJ05V0DS 13

 PS9313L,PS9313L2

(4) Cautions
• Fluxes
Avoid removing the residual flux with freon-based and chlorine-based cleaning solvent.

2. Cautions regarding noise

Be aware that when voltage is applied suddenly between the photocoupler’s input and output or between
collector-emitters at startup, the output side may enter the on state, even if the voltage is within the absolute
maximum ratings.

14 Data Sheet PN10689EJ05V0DS

 PS9313L,PS9313L2

<R> SPECIFICATION OF VDE MARKS LICENSE DOCUMENT

Parameter Symbol Spec. Unit

Climatic test class (IEC 60068-1/DIN EN 60068-1) 40/110/21

Dielectric strength
maximum operating isolation voltage UIORM 1 130 Vpeak
Test voltage (partial discharge test, procedure a for type test and random test) Upr 1 695 Vpeak
Upr = 1.5 × UIORM, Pd < 5 pC

Test voltage (partial discharge test, procedure b for all devices) Upr 2 119 Vpeak
Upr = 1.875 × UIORM, Pd < 5 pC

Highest permissible overvoltage UTR 8 000 Vpeak

Degree of pollution (DIN EN 60664-1 VDE0110 Part 1) 2

Comparative tracking index (IEC 60112/DIN EN 60112 (VDE 0303 Part 11)) CTI 175

Material group (DIN EN 60664-1 VDE0110 Part 1) III a

Storage temperature range Tstg –55 to +125 °C

Operating temperature range TA –40 to +110 °C

Isolation resistance, minimum value

Ω
12
VIO = 500 V dc at TA = 25°C Ris MIN. 10
Ω
11
VIO = 500 V dc at TA MAX. at least 100°C Ris MIN. 10

Safety maximum ratings (maximum permissible in case of fault, see thermal

derating curve)
Package temperature Tsi 175 °C
Current (input current IF, Psi = 0) Isi 400 mA
Power (output or total power dissipation) Psi 700 mW
Isolation resistance
Ω
9
VIO = 500 V dc at TA = Tsi Ris MIN. 10

Data Sheet PN10689EJ05V0DS 15

 PS9313L,PS9313L2

• The information in this document is current as of June, 2009. The information is subject to change
without notice. For actual design-in, refer to the latest publications of NEC Electronics data sheets,
etc., for the most up-to-date specifications of NEC Electronics products. Not all products and/or
types are available in every country. Please check with an NEC Electronics sales representative for
availability and additional information.
• No part of this document may be copied or reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior
written consent of NEC Electronics. NEC Electronics assumes no responsibility for any errors that may
appear in this document.
• NEC Electronics does not assume any liability for infringement of patents, copyrights or other intellectual
property rights of third parties by or arising from the use of NEC Electronics products listed in this document
or any other liability arising from the use of such products. No license, express, implied or otherwise, is
granted under any patents, copyrights or other intellectual property rights of NEC Electronics or others.
• Descriptions of circuits, software and other related information in this document are provided for illustrative
purposes in semiconductor product operation and application examples. The incorporation of these
circuits, software and information in the design of a customer's equipment shall be done under the full
responsibility of the customer. NEC Electronics assumes no responsibility for any losses incurred by
customers or third parties arising from the use of these circuits, software and information.
• While NEC Electronics endeavors to enhance the quality and safety of NEC Electronics products, customers
agree and acknowledge that the possibility of defects thereof cannot be eliminated entirely. In addition, NEC
Electronics products are not taken measures to prevent radioactive rays in the product design. When customers
use NEC Electronics products with their products, customers shall, on their own responsibility, incorporate
sufficient safety measures such as redundancy, fire-containment and anti-failure features to their products in
order to avoid risks of the damages to property (including public or social property) or injury (including death) to
persons, as the result of defects of NEC Electronics products.
• NEC Electronics products are classified into the following three quality grades: "Standard", "Special" and
"Specific".
The "Specific" quality grade applies only to NEC Electronics products developed based on a customer-
designated "quality assurance program" for a specific application. The recommended applications of an NEC
Electronics product depend on its quality grade, as indicated below. Customers must check the quality grade of
each NEC Electronics product before using it in a particular application.
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and visual equipment, home electronic appliances, machine tools, personal electronic equipment
and industrial robots.
"Special": Transportation equipment (automobiles, trains, ships, etc.), traffic control systems, anti-disaster
systems, anti-crime systems, safety equipment and medical equipment (not specifically designed
for life support).
"Specific": Aircraft, aerospace equipment, submersible repeaters, nuclear reactor control systems, life
support systems and medical equipment for life support, etc.

The quality grade of NEC Electronics products is "Standard" unless otherwise expressly specified in NEC
Electronics data sheets or data books, etc. If customers wish to use NEC Electronics products in applications
not intended by NEC Electronics, they must contact an NEC Electronics sales representative in advance to
determine NEC Electronics' willingness to support a given application.

(Note)
(1) "NEC Electronics" as used in this statement means NEC Electronics Corporation and also includes its
majority-owned subsidiaries.
(2) "NEC Electronics products" means any product developed or manufactured by or for NEC Electronics (as
defined above).

M8E0904E

16 Data Sheet PN10689EJ05V0DS

 PS9313L,PS9313L2

This product uses gallium arsenide (GaAs).

Caution GaAs Products
GaAs vapor and powder are hazardous to human health if inhaled or ingested, so please observe
the following points.
• Follow related laws and ordinances when disposing of the product. If there are no applicable laws
and/or ordinances, dispose of the product as recommended below.
1. Commission a disposal company able to (with a license to) collect, transport and dispose of
materials that contain arsenic and other such industrial waste materials.
2. Exclude the product from general industrial waste and household garbage, and ensure that the
product is controlled (as industrial waste subject to special control) up until final disposal.
• Do not burn, destroy, cut, crush, or chemically dissolve the product.
• Do not lick the product or i any way allow it to enter the mouth.