Scribd
Upload
10 views

PCM1

This document discusses digital transmission and analog to digital conversion. It explains that digital transmission involves transmitting digital signals between points, which can be binary or other discrete pulses. It also describes how analog signals are converted to digital pulses by first sampling the analog signal to get its amplitude at discrete time intervals, resulting in a finite series of numbers. It then provides details on pulse code modulation and delta modulation, the main techniques used to convert analog to digital signals. It discusses the sampling theorem and how the sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency in the analog signal.

Uploaded by

EDRICK PARAS
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views

PCM1

This document discusses digital transmission and analog to digital conversion. It explains that digital transmission involves transmitting digital signals between points, which can be binary or other discrete pulses. It also describes how analog signals are converted to digital pulses by first sampling the analog signal to get its amplitude at discrete time intervals, resulting in a finite series of numbers. It then provides details on pulse code modulation and delta modulation, the main techniques used to convert analog to digital signals. It discusses the sampling theorem and how the sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency in the analog signal.

Uploaded by

EDRICK PARAS
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

DIGITAL TRANSMISSION

DIGITAL TRANSMISSION

➢ Digital Transmission is the transmittal of digital


signals between two or more points.
➢ The signals can be binary or any other form of
discrete-level digital pulses in a communications
system.
➢ The original source of information may be in digital
form, or it could be analog signals that have been
converted to digital pulses prior to transmission and
converted back to analog signals in the receiver
2
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION

➢ To transmit analog signal digitally, that is, as a series


of numbers, we must first sample the signal.
➢ This involves finding its amplitude at discrete time
intervals. Only in this way can we arrive at a finite
series of numbers to transmit.

3
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION

 A typical system describing the functions in the analog-to-digital


and digital-to-analog chain.

4
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION

 The basic functions for analog-to-digital conversion

5
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION

 Two techniques used in converting analog


signal to digital signal:
1. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
2. Delta Modulation (DM)

6
PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM)

➢ It is the most common technique to change an analog


signal to digital data (digitization)

7
PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM)

❖ In the Transmitter,
➢ The bandpass filter limits the frequency of the analog input
signal to the standard voice-band frequency range of 300 Hz to
3000 Hz.
➢ The sample-and-hold circuit periodically samples the analog
input signal and converts those samples to a multilevel PAM
signal.
➢ The analog-to-digital converter (ADC) converts the PAM
samples to parallel PCM codes, which are converted to serial
binary data in the parallel-to-serial converter and then 8
outputted onto the transmission line as serial digital pulses.
PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM)

❖ In the Receiver,
➢ The serial-to-parallel converter converts serial pulses
to parallel PCM codes.
➢ The digital-to-analog converter(DAC) converts the
parallel PCM codes to multilevel PAM signals.
➢ The hold circuit is basically a low pass filter that converts
the PAM signals back to its original analog form.
❖ Codec (coder/decoder) - is an integrated circuit that
performs the PCM encoding and decoding functions. 9
PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM)

➢ It is the most common technique to change an analog


signal to digital data (digitization)
➢ A PCM encoder has three processes,
1.The analog signal is sampled.
2. The sampled signal is quantized.
3. The quantized values are encoded as streams of bits.

10
PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM)

 Components of PCM encoder

11
PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM)

 Sampling
➢ The analog signal is sampled every Ts sec., where
Ts is the sample interval or period. The inverse of
the sampling interval is called the sampling rate
or sampling frequency.

12
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

 Three different sampling methods for PCM

13
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Flat-topped sampling
➢ samples by using a sample-and-hold circuit, which maintains
the signal level at the start of the sample pulse
➢ the purpose of a sample-and-hold circuit is to periodically
sample the continually changing analog input voltage and
convert those samples to a series of constant-amplitude PAM
voltage levels.
➢ the input voltage is sampled with narrow pulse and then held
relatively constant until the next sample is taken. 14
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

❖ Flat-topped sampling

15
SAMPLE AND HOLD CIRCUIT

16
SAMPLE AND HOLD CIRCUIT

➢ The FET acts as a simple analog switch.


➢ The time that Q1 is on is called the aperture or acquisition
time.
➢ Essentially, C1 is the hold circuit.
➢ The storage time of the capacitor is called the A/D
conversion time
➢ If the input to the ADC is changing while it is performing the
conversion, aperture distortion results.
➢ Droop – is the gradual discharge across the capacitor during
17

conversion time
SAMPLE AND HOLD CIRCUIT

Input and output waveforms

18
EXAMPLE

For the sample-and-hold circuit shown previously,


determine the largest-value capacitor that can be used.
Use an output impedance for Z1 of 10 Ω, an on
resistance for Q1 of 10 Ω, an acquisition time of 10 μs, a
maximum peak-to-peak input voltage of 10 V, a maximum
output current from Z1 of 10 mA, and an accuracy of 1%.

19
SAMPLING THEOREM

➢ The Nyquist sampling theorem establishes the


minimum sampling rate (fs) that can be used for a given
PCM system.
➢ According to the Nyquist theorem, the sampling
rate must be at least 2 times the highest frequency
contained in the signal.

20
SAMPLING THEOREM

Satisfactory sampling rate

21
SAMPLING THEOREM

Sampling rate too low

22
OUTPUT SPECTRUM FOR A
SAMPLE-AND-HOLD CIRCUIT

23
EXAMPLE

For a PCM system with a maximum audio input


frequency of 4 kHz, determine the minimum sample rate
and the alias frequency produced if a 5-kHz audio signal
were allowed to enter the sample-and-hold circuit.

24
SOLUTION

Output spectrum for the previous example


Example

25
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

 Recovery of a sampled sine wave for different


sampling rates

26
Thank you

27

You might also like