Accounting 6 (2020) 1297–1304

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Accounting
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The effect of financial structure on business performance of industrial enterprises listed in Vietnam

Dao Tung Nguyena*

a
Academy of Finance, Vietnam
CHRONICLE ABSTRACT

Article history: The article analyzes the impact of financial structure on the performance of 70 industry listed
Received: June 29, 2020 enterprises in the period 2009-2019. The research results show that the business performance of the
Received in revised format: industrial enterprises listed on the Vietnamese stock market had a negative correlation with the capital
July 30 2020
structure, asset structure, inventory structure, receivable structure, firm age and positively correlated
Accepted: August 25, 2020
Available online: with firm size, sales growth rate. These results help business administrators make appropriate
August 25, 2020 financial decisions to improve the efficiency of business performance.
Keywords:
Financial structure
Firm’s performance
Industrial enterprise
© 2021 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada

1. Introduction

Financial structure refers to the firm's financial framework which consists of the debt and assets used to finance the firm. The
financial structure is one of the popular topics among the scholars in finance field. The ability of companies to carry out their
stakeholders’ needs is tightly related to financial structure. The firm’s performance plays vital role in running businesses and,
measuring performance helps to identify firms’position in a given time. Firm can optimize its capability through understanding
the determinant factors of its performance. The linkage between financial structure and performance has attracted a lot of debates
and academic attention across scholars globally (e.g., Modigliani & Miller,1958; Abor, 2005; Zeitun & Gang Tian, 2007; Gill
et al.,2011; San & Heng, 2011; Chinaemerem & Anthony, 2012; Le Phuong Dung and Dang Thi Hong Giang, 2013; Rajhans,
2013; Phan & Nguyen, 2014; Udriyah et al., 2019; Galdeano et al., 2019). There are studies showing that financial structure is
positively related to firm performance, while others believe that former is negatively related to the latter. There are empirical
studies concluded that there is no significant relationship between these two factors. In the context of international economic
integration and market-driven operation, economic sectors, especially industries such as industry, have access to more capital
to expand their operations. However, in addition to development opportunities, industrial enterprises in Vietnam also face many
difficulties. The negative effects of economic crises, the constant fluctuations of interest rates and inflation, as well as the State's
management policies have directly affected industrial enterprises. The industrial enterprises have a lower proportion of working
capital, the speed of working capital is also slower than that of commercial and service enterprises. In industrial enterprises,
fixed capital usually accounts for a higher proportion, and the payback time is also slower. These issues have caused industrial
enterprises in Vietnam to pay more attention to corporate governance, focusing on setting up suitable financial structures for
their businesses. Therefore, this topic requires more researches with additional empirical evidences, especially from Vietnamese
industrial listed companies, to create insights. This study examines the relationship between financial structure and performance
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (D. T. Nguyen)

© 2021 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada

doi: 10.5267/j.ac.2020.8.021
1298

of the Vietnam industrial firms. The literature cites a number of variables that are potentially associated with the profitability of
firms. In this study, the selection of exploratory variables is based on the alternative financial structure, profitability theories
and previous empirical work. The choice can be limited, however, due to data limitations. As a result, the set of variables
includes seven factors: capital structure, property structure, inventory structure, receivable structure and, in addition, sales
growth, firm size, firm age and performance (measured by return on equity and return on assets). This study is organized as
follows: First research objectives and importance are shown, and then the literature for the relevant theoretical and empirical
work on financial structure and its effect on profitability are reviewed. After that, the methodology and framework which
includes sample and the variables used in the empirical analysis is presented. After words, separate section portrays and
discusses the data analysis, discussion and statistical results. Finally the conclusion and recommendations are presented.
2. Theoretical basis and Literature Review
2.1. Theoretical basis
The relationship of the financial structure decisions with the firm performance was highlighted by a number of theories mainly,
Modigliani and Miller theory, pecking order theory and the trade off theory, market timing theory. Modigliani and Miller theory:
Modigliani and Miller (1958) have a theory of “capital structure irrelevance” where argue that financial leverage does not affect
the firm’s market value with assumptions related to homogenous expectations, perfect capital markets and no taxes. Modigliani
and Miller (1958) stating that the decision about company’s capital structure is immaterial to the value of the firm in the absence
of taxes, asymmetric information, bankruptcy costs, transactions cost and in an efficient markets with homogeneous
expectations. Under these strict assumptions, the type of financing used does not affect the firm value. As the real world markets
do not operate on these assumptions and new research work was conducted to test the relationship between capital structure
theories with firm performance.
Pecking order theory: The theory of pecking order (Myers & Majluf, 1984) again pointed out the negative impact between
financial investment and enterprise value through research results that companies with high profitability will use less capital
than capable firms. low profitability.
Trade off theory: Myers (1977) holds that the decision of a firm about the use of debt finance or equity finance is based on the
costs and benefits associated with each source of funds. Like the use of debt can have tax saving benefits but can also have
bankruptcy costs, so the company must balance the costs and benefits with each source in deciding about the optimal capital
structure. Then an improved version of this theory was capital signaling theory mentioning that all investors are not rational and
neither every investor have all amount of information or equal level of information compared to the owners and managers also
called insiders of the company. When expected future performance of the company based on the expected future cash flows and
earnings will look good, insiders will opt for debt financing with low level of interest and default risk thus reducing the flow of
large gains to more shareholders. Whereas in opposite case when expected future performance outlook seems bad, insiders opt
for equity financing thus shifting the flow of losses to shareholders, which in case of debt financing would have lead to
bankruptcy.
Market timing theory: Baker and Wurgler (2002) concluded the market timing theory best explains the capital structure of
enterprises and shows that the volatility of stock prices will significantly affect the capital structure. The authors deny the
existence of an optimal capital structure and consider the formation of capital structure as the result of decisions that change the
capital structure at the time of business valuation by market value.
2.2. Literature Review and Research Hypotheses
Thus, it can be seen that the financial structure is an important factor affecting the operational efficiency of enterprises. However,
the direction and level of impact between these factors is different between enterprises, between groups of enterprises under
specific conditions. To find the impact of capital structure on firms’ performance, Abor (2005) found that the ratio of short‐term
debt to total assets has a significantly positive relation between the ratio of short‐term debt to total assets and ROE. On the other
hand, a negative relationship between the ratio of long‐term debt to total assets and ROE was found. Zeitun & Gang Tian (2007)
found that ownership structure has significant effects on the accounting measure of performance return on assets (ROE. Gill et
al. (2011) extend Abor’s (2005) found the impact of capital structure on profitability of the American service and manufacturing
firms. The authors found a positive relationship between short-term debt to total assets and total debt to total assets and
profitability in the service industry. The difference in this study compared to Abor (2005) is that long-term debt has a positive
impact on ROE for manufacturing enterprises, but it is not statistically significant for the service industry. San & Heng (2011)
focuses on construction companies which are listed in Main Board of Bursa Malaysia from 2005 to 2008. The authors showed
that there is relationship between capital structure and corporate performance. The study of these findings, indicate consistency
with prior empirical studies Shubita and Alsawalhah (2012) in Jordan, indicates in contrast with studies Khan (2012) in Pakistan,
Salim and Yadav (2012) in Malaysia. Chinaemerem and Anthony (2012) examined the impact of capital structure on financial
performance of Nigerian firms using a sample of thirty non-financial firms listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange during the
seven year period, 2004 – 2010. The authors found that a firm’s capital structure surrogated by Debt Ratio had a significantly
 D. T. Nguyen /Accounting 6 (2020) 1299
negative impact on the firm’s financial measures. The study of these findings, indicate consistency with prior empirical studies
(Ahmad et al., 2012; Khan, 2012; Le Thi Phuong Vy, 2015). In contrast, other studies exist, showing a negative correlation
(Chinaemerem & Anthony,2012; Shubita & Alsawalhah, 2012), no correlation (Saeedi & Mahmoodi (2011) between these
factors. In the case of industrial firms listed on Vietnam's stock market, how is profitability and financial structure related? the
following hypotheses is presented
H1: There is a positive relationship between the capital structure and performance of industrial companies listed in Vietnam.
The property structure is measured by the ratio of fixed assets to total assets. To study the effect of assets structure on firms’
performance, Rajhans (2013) identified the determinants that impacts the value of 8 companies from energy industry. The
companies selected are Reliance industry, GAIL, Power grid corps, BPCL, IOC, HPCL, ONGC, and NTPC. from 2014 to 2018.
The author found that fixed assets had a positive effect on the value of firm. The study of these findings, indicate consistency
with prior empirical studies Zeitun & Gang Tian (2007); San &Heng (2011); Choi et al. (2014); Hoque et al. (2014). In the
context of Vietnam, in order to determine the relationship between property structure to business performance, the following
hypotheses are presented:
H2: There is a positive relationship between the property structure and performance of industrial companies listed in Vietnam.
To review the impact of inventory structure and receivable structure on firms’ performance, Le Thi Nhu (2017) exams the effect
of financial structure on the profitability of the construction firms listed on the stock market, has proposed to include the
inventory structure and the receivable structure assets into the research model to evaluate more comprehensively the impact of
assets in terms of assets on the operating efficiency of the construction enterprises. the author has confirmed that the inventory
structure and the receivable structure have a negative and statistically significant impact on ROA, but the impact is not
significant. The inventory structure and the receivable structure are an important indicator in the assets of the industrial
enterprises. How is profitability and inventory structure, receivable structure related? The hypothesis is set it follows:
H3: There is a negative relationship between the inventory structure and performance of industrial companies listed in Vietnam.
H4: There is a negative relationship between the receivable structure and performance of industrial companies listed in Vietnam.
In Vietnam, there are many studies on financial structure in many specific industries such as seafood (Le Phuong Dung & Dang
Thi Hong Giang, 2013), construction industry (Phan Hong Mai, 2011), (Le Thi Nhu, 2017); food (Phan and Nguyen, 2014). At
the same time, many authors consider the impact of financial structure on the value of enterprises such as: Tran Hung Son
(2008); Doan Vinh Thang (2016); Vo Minh Long (2017). However, research on financial structure in industrial firms is not
available. Based on the literature review, there are studies showing that financial structure is completely associated with firm
performance, while others believe that former is negatively associated with the latter. There are empirical studies concluded that
there is no significant relationship between these two factors. Research on the financial structure in companies listed on the
stock market in Vietnam has only started in recent years and the number of researches in industrial companies is still very small.
Therefore, additional analysis on this issue is required for industrial companies listed on the Vietnam stock market to
feature empirical evidence on the impact of financial structure and firm’s performance.
3. Model and research method
3.1. Research model
The concept of analyzing the impact of financial structure on firm’s performance is explained by Fig. 1:

Independent variables:
Capital structure
Property structure
Inventory structure
Receivable structure
Firm’s Performance

Control variables:
Size
Age
GR

Fig. 1. Research model of impact of financial structure on firm’s performance

The relationship of financial structure and firm’s performance is shown in the following two models:
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ROA Models: ROA i,t = α0 + α 1 CSi,t + α2PSi,t + α3ISi,t + α4 RS i,t + α5 SZi,t + α6 AGEi,t + α7 GRi,t + εit (1)
ROE Models: ROE i,t = £0 + £1 CSi,t + £2PSi,t + £3ISi,t + £4 RSe i,t + £5 SZi,t +£6 AGEi,t + £7 GRi,t + εit (2)
The details of the variables are shown in Table 1
Table 1
Definition of model variables
Variable name Code Measurement Hypothesized sign
Return on asset ROA Net income/total asset
Return on equity ROE Net income/ Stockholders' Equity
Capital structure CS Total debt / total assets +
Property structure PS Fixed assets/ total assets +
Inventory structure IS Inventory/ total assets -
Receivable structure RS Receivable/ total assets -
Size SZ Ln (Total assets) +
Age AGE Firm’s age +
Sales Growth GR (Current period net sales – previous period net sales)/ previous period net sales +
(Source: Compiled by the author)
3.2. Research data
The study used panel data collected from 70 industrial enterprises listed on Vietnam Stock Market over an eleven years period,
from 2009 to 2019, provided by FiinGroup JSC. Research data is extracted from the audited financial statements of these
enterprises.
3.3. Research method
The baseline analysis was first performed to screen the sample, to eliminate observations that were too large, too small, or too
different from the sample size. This basic analysis step helps to check the suitability of the sample before performing regression
analysis OLS, FEM, REM, to ensure the reliability of quantitative research results. Specifically, the author group conduct
statistical description analysis, correlation analysis to eliminate multi-collinear phenomena between independent variables. After
selecting the appropriate method to run the model, the author examined the variance of variance, multicollinearity,
autocorrelation, endogeneity of the model. In case the model has a defect, the author will use the GLS (Generalized least squares)
method to overcome.
4. Empirical Results
The empirical results of the impact of financial structure on firm’s performance with ROA model are shown in Table 2. We
compare and choose which model is suitable (i.e. FEM or REM). To consider and select the appropriate model between the two
regression methods, the author uses the Hausman test.
Table 2
Regression results of ROA model
Variable VIF Regression coefficients
POLS FEM REM
CS 1.69 -0.132*** -0.0957*** -0.107***
PS 1.62 -0.0861*** 0.0353* 0.0110
***
IS 1.51 -0.0733 -0.00783 -0.0378
RS 2.04 -0.106*** 0.0594*** 0.0171
SZ 1.45 0.00328 0.00003 0.000876
AGE 1.02 -0.0009** -0.0041*** -0.00295***
GR 1.04 0.00057 0.000114 0.000278
Cons 0.121* 0.152 0.140
N 776 776 776
Significance F (7, 768) = 39.57 F(7,672) = 10.40 Wald chi2(7) = 85.31
White test Chi2 (35) = 103.12 Prob > Chi2 = 0.0000
Wooldridge test F (1, 96) = 41.402 Prob>F = 0.001
Hausman test Chi2 (7) = 44.81 Prob>chi2 = 0.0000
LM test Chi2 (97) = 1.3e+05 Prob >chi2 = 0.0000
Note: (*), (**), (***) represent for the significant level at 1%, 5% and 10%, respectively
Source: Results of data processing of the author
Multicollinearity test results show that the magnification coefficient of VIF variance are <10, the model has no multicollinearity
phenomenon. The mean VIF is 1.48, which indicates the possibility of multicollinearity is not significant. The White test
indicates that the model has heterogeneity (p-value <5%) and the Breusch and Pagan Lagrangian Multiplier test for random
 D. T. Nguyen /Accounting 6 (2020) 1301
effects results (Table 2) rejected the null hypothesis that the Pooled OLS model was appropriate. Following the results from the
Hausman test (P-value= 0.0000 <0.05), selecting the appropriate model is FEM, the author proceeds to overcome the discovered
defects of the model by GLS method.
Table 3
Regression results of ROE model
Variable VIF Regression coefficients
POLS FEM REM
CS 1.69 -0.0409 -0.00184 -0.0140
PS 1.62 -0.155*** 0.0235 -0.0304
IS 1.51 -0.128*** -0.0505 -0.0997**
RS 2.04 -0.178*** 0.0701 -0.0256
SZ 1.45 0.00638 -0.00535 -0.00196
AGE 1.02 -0.000982 -0.0077*** -0.00441***
GR 1.04 0.00118 0.000788 0.00106
Cons 0.0992 0.369 0.283*
N 776 776 776
Significance F (7, 768) = 12.55 F(7,672) = 6.16 Wald chi2(7) = 27.48
White test Chi2 (35) = 80.80 Prob > Chi2 = 0.0000
Wooldridge test F (1, 96) = 25.325 Prob>F = 0.001
Hausman test Chi2 (7) = 42.17 Prob>chi2 = 0.0000
LM test Chi2 (97) = 57519.21 Prob >chi2 = 0.0000
Note: (*), (**), (***) represent for the significant level at 1%, 5% and 10%, respectively

Source: Results of data processing of the author

The empirical results of the impact of financial structure on firm’s performance with ROE model are shown in Table 3. As the
results of regression analysis show the value of VIF coefficient is less than 10, there is a multi-collinear phenomenon. The
maximum VIF is 2.04, which indicates the possibility of multicollinearity is not significant. The White test indicates that the
model has heterogeneity (p-value <5%) and the Breusch and Pagan Lagrangian Multiplier test for random effects results (Table
3) rejected the null hypothesis and the Pooled OLS model was appropriate. Following the results from the Hausman test (P-
value= 0.0000 < 0.05), selecting the appropriate model is FEM, the author proceeds to overcome the discovered defects of the
model by GLS method.
Table 4
GLS regression results of model
Variable ROA model ROE model
CS -0.122*** -0.0190
PS -0.0247*** -0.0720***
IS -0.0493*** -0.119***
RS -0.0157* -0.0504**
SZ 0.00793* 0.0119***
AGE -0.000649*** -0.00151***
GR 0.000648 0.00121**
Cons -0.0640 -0.119
Note: (*), (**), (***) represent for the significant level at 1%, 5% and 10%, respectively
Source: Results of data processing of the author

GLS model results show:

With the dependent variable ROA, capital structure, asset structure, inventory structure and industrial enterprises age have
negative impacts on business performance with statistical significance of 1% and level different impact levels. When the capital
structure, property structure, inventory structure, and firm age increased 1%, the business efficiency of industrial enterprises
decreased by 12.2%, 2.47%, 4.93%, and 0.649%, respectively. With the statistical significance of 10%, when the receivable
structure increases by 1%, the business efficiency decreases by 1.57%, the enterprise size increases by 1% and the business
efficiency increases by 0.793%. The sales growth rate positively affects the business performance of industrial enterprises, but
it is not statistically significant. Thus, the impact of capital structure on the business performance of industrial enterprises is the
greatest. With the dependent variable ROE, asset structure, inventory structure, firm size, and firm age have negative impacts
on business performance with the statistical significance of 1% and the level of different impact. When the asset structure,
inventory structure, firm size and firm age increased 1%, the business efficiency of industrial enterprises decreases by 7.2%,
11.9%, 1.19%, 0.15%, respectively. With the statistical significance of 5%, when the receivable structure increases by 1%, the
business efficiency decreases by 5.04%, the sales growth rate increases 1% and the business efficiency increases 0.12%. Capital
structure has a negative impact on the business performance of industrial enterprises but has no statistical significance. Thus,
the impact of asset structure on business performance of industrial enterprises is the greatest.
1302

5. Discussion
Firstly, the capital structure has had a negative correlation with firm’s performance as measured by ROA at the 1% significance
level, but it did not have any statistically significant with the ROE. This shows that the more capital structure, the more business
efficiency. This result is on the contrary to the study of Berger and Di Patti (2006) and Tran Hung Son (2008) when we see that
total debt has a positive relationship with firm’s performance, but in accordance with the representation theory of Jensen and
Meckling (1976) and Jensen (1986), which argues that if a firm uses high level of debt the benefit of debt will disappear including
the agency cost of debt and financial risk, which can lead to a negative impact on firm’s performance. Second, asset structure
has a negative impact on business performance as measured by ROA and ROE with significance level of 1%. The results of this
study show that: If the enterprise reduces the proportion of fixed assets, it will help businesses improve business efficiency. This
conclusion is consistent with research results of Rajhans (2013) and Le Thi Nhu (2017) but it is on the contrary to the views of
Zeitun and Gang Tian (2007); San and Heng (2011) and Choi et al (2014). This can be explained that: when businesses reduce
investment in fixed assets, it will create conditions for improving business efficiency of the business as well as the value of the
business. in production is essential. This research results require that managers choose the right type of fixed assets to invest in
to improve business efficiency of the business, it is a very important foundation to help businesses improve their value and long-
term business performance.
Third, Inventory structure has a negative impact on ROA and ROE with the significance of 1%. This is completely consistent
with the expectations of the author. For industrial enterprises, the higher the value of inventories, the more capital stagnant in
the business, the increased financial risks and low capital efficiency. Therefore, businesses need to take measures to minimize
inventory to improve business efficiency of businesses.
Fourth, the receivable structure has a negative and statistically significant impact on the ROA and ROE. This result supports
research by Le Thi Nhu (2017). This proves in industrial enterprises; bad debt collection will adversely affect the efficiency of
asset use. Therefore, businesses need to offer a reasonable sale policy for each type of customer to improve the efficiency of
debt collection, thereby contributing to improv‫ ﺙ‬business efficiency of the business.
Fifth, Firm size has a positive impact on both ROA and ROE variables at the significance level of 10% and 1%. This
experimental result shows that its impact trend is similar to that of Carpentier's experimental study (2006). The results of this
study show that: If the business increases in size through increasing assets, it will help businesses improve business efficiency.
This can be explained that large enterprises often have brand names and reputation in the market, so they often face low agency
costs, but the competitiveness of enterprises in the market is high, so it will be easy to implement. Mobilizing capital contributes
to improve business efficiency as well as enhance the value of the business. In addition, these enterprises often take advantage
of organizational advantages, in terms of competition and meet the requirements of technological innovation, and can therefore
achieve a larger production level. On the other hand, for large enterprises, it is often easier to access resources due to the
advantages of capital, assets to mortgage, so there are enough resources to maintain and develop the business.
Sixth, the age of the business has the opposite effect with the variables ROA, ROE with the significance level of 1% but not
much impact. This conclusion is supported by Le Thi Nhu (2017), but it is on the contrary to the research results of Hoque et
al. (2014). This shows that the enterprises in the production and business industry for a long time are very inertia.
Seventh, the sales growth rate has a positive impact with a very small impact on the business performance but only statistically
significant at 5% with the ROE model. Normally, if the revenue increases, the business efficiency of the business will also
increase. Because, for businesses, all efforts made by the business to achieve are often expressed through revenue growth,
thereby affecting the business performance of the business. Normally, higher revenue growth rate of the business can contribute
to increase the profitability and also increase the business efficiency of the business.
6. Conclusion
The study has shown some empirical evidence on the impact of financial structure on the performance of industrial firms listed
on the Vietnam stock market. Research results have shown that capital structure, asset structure, inventory structure, receivable
structure and firm age were inversely correlated with business performance; firm size and sales growth are positively correlated
with business performance. Therefore, administrators of industrial enterprises need to focus on adjusting the appropriate
financial structure to improve firm’s performance.
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