Se = Prcor System Planning $$ © India’s coal reserves will outlast other fuels for there are known coal reserves for another 209 » years. India is the third major coal producing country in the world. Coal and lignite accounteg,, for about 57% of India's installed capacity. However, since wind energy depends on wind speed, and hydropower energy on water levels, thermal power plants account for over 65% of India's generated electricity. India's electricity sector consumes about 80% of the coal produced in the country. © India's share of nuclear power plant generation capacity is just 1.2% of worldwide nuclear power production capacity, making it the 15th largest nuclear power producer. Nuclear power provided 3% of the country's total electricity generation in 2012. © InIndia, the known reserves of oil will last for about 30 years & the Natural Gas can last up to AD 2050 at the present rate of consumption. Natural gas is basically methane which contains one carbon atom for every four hydrogen atoms. Therefore, after combustion it gives out less CO, for every energy unit derived. Besides, gas has little or no sulfur compounds or suspended particulate matter, & the percentage of nitrogen is much less than in coal or oil. As a natural policy, the use of oil & gas has been allowed for power generation. 14 PLANNING TOOLS © Planning engineer's primary requirement is to give ly to consumers in a reliable manner at a minimum cost with due flexibility for future expansion. aes © Thecriteria and constraints in planning an energy system are reliability, environment, economics electricity pricing, financial constraints, society impacts and value of electricity. © Reliability, economic; financial and environmental factors can be quantified. However, societal effects are evaluated qualitatively. Some of these criteria conflict, making the planning decisions | more complex. For example, meeting higher reliability levels may be constrained by financial | limitations to build new facilities. Achieving lower environmental impact is likely to increase the cost of electricity to consumers (economic factor). * The system must be optimal over a time period from first day of operation through the planned lifetime. Today, the planner numerous analysis and synthesis tools at his disposal. ‘Various computer programs are available and are used for fast screening of alternate plans with respect to technical, economic and environmental performance of power system. The available tools for power system planning can be split into three basic techniques: simulati optimization and scenario Techniques. 1, Simulation Tools : These simulate the behavior of the system under certain conditions and/or calculate relevant indices. Examples of (simulation tools) are load flow models, short-circuit-models, transient stability models etc, in transmission; production costing, adequacy calculations, estimation of environmental t s, estimation of environment! impact etc. Se+ Introduction of Power Planning e—————————@ia) In power generation, corporate models can simulate the impact of various decisions on the financial performance of the power utility company. The use of simulation tools for strategic planning need voluminous data and requires the results _ from various models to be integrated such typical simulation programs is shown. 2, Optimization Tools : These minimize or maximize an objective function by choosing adequate values for decision variables. Examples of these are optimum power, least cost expansion planning, generation expansion _ planning. [etal Understanding (knowledge) Floxiy (oformaticna Fig. 1.15: Planning Tools + The Scenario Techniques : This is a method for viewing the future in a quantitative fashion, All possible outcomes are investigated. The sort of decision or assumptions which might be_ made by a utility developing such a scenario might be: should we Computerize and automate the management of power system after a certain date.Power System Planning e—— ess of Planning Electric Energy Systems consist of generating a set of planning scenario, ambitious or optimum or pessimistic. Scenario can be optimist In India, the various types of scenarios for electric power are drawn by the planning commission, CEA, state electricity boards, research organizations, individual research workers etc. Electrical utilities should prepare integrated resource plans. These Long term plans seek to develop the best mix of demand and supply options to meet consumer needs for electric energy services. Table 1.5 : Simulation Programs for System Plan / Analysis programs ‘Application a Generation reliability Generation reserve requirement to meet specified reliability criterion, System reliability Generation cost Cost of fuel, operation and maintenance Risk analysis Resource uncertainties | Optimum generation mix | Best combination of different types and sizes of generating unity | _ considering capital and production costs and minimizing revenue requirements Power flow Steady-state system studies Transient stability System stability assessment Dynamic stability Possibility of cascade tripping, system isolation and blackouts Short circuit To design protective relaying systems and to select the circuit breakers Sub synchronous oscillations | To determine damaging generator shaft torques Loop flow To determine possibility of unauthorized use of transmission lines of @ particular utility Transmission expansion Optimum range for transmission line expansion 1.5 THE ELECTRICITY REGULATIONS : Regulations shape and influence the functions and processes. The regulations generally concern, . Price setting: consumer tariff, wheeling charges, long-term bulk-power Purchase agreements. Quality of service standard and monitoring. . Compliance with public service obligations. . Ensuring fair and open competition or the harnessing of competitive forces, as appropriat?- 1 2. 3 4. Dealing with consumer complaints, 5. 6. Monitoring investment in and repair of infrastructure. de Third party use of networks.