DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY-DASMARINAS

College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology

Depart of Engineering
Civil Engineering Program

CEET 321: PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

1st SEM SY 2022-2023
Engr. Dolphy F Fadriquela

MODULE 1: TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

.....................................................................................................................................

Gospel Devotion
Psalm 127:1
Except the LORD build the house, they labour in vain that build it: except the LORD keep
the city, the watchman waketh but in vain.
No matter what we do or where we are, the Lord is the One who makes things come to
pass. We can praise Him for He holds every aspect of our lives in His hands !
Let’s Pray,,,,,,,
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Transportation Engineering
The application of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional design,
operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportations in order to
provide for the safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical and environmentally
compatible movement of people and goods.

MODULE 1: TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

Topic Learning Outcome:

On completion of the module, the student should be able to:

TLO1: Discuss some examples of objectives of transportation planning.

TLO2: Explain the steps in transportation survey and data collection.
TLO3: Analyze a model on trip generation
TLO4: Apply one the models used in trip distribution.
TLO5: Solve related problems in trip generation and trip distribution.

1
Module Contents:
●Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Objectives; Steps in transportation
planning Process; Trip generation; Trip Distribution, Homework. Videos.
LESSON 1: Definition. Objectives. Basic Elements of Transportation Planning.
1. DEFINITION
Transportation planning is the process of defining future policies, goals, investments,
and spatial planning designs to prepare for future needs to move people and goods to
destinations. It is a collaborative process that incorporates the input of many
stakeholders including various government agencies, the public and private
businesses.

2. OBJECTIVES
The government’s objectives ensure that all the areas where it can have an impact are
considered before making a viable plan. The transportation planning objectives in
relevance with the government are:

2
 • Access to Employment: Provide for transportation system connections to areas of
employment density and key activity centers, with an emphasis on connecting to
areas of high poverty rates.
• Freight Mobility: Enhance freight corridors and intermodal connections to facilitate
goods movement into, within and out of the region.
• Safety & Security: Provide for transportation improvements that increase safety and
security for system users.
• System Reliability: Implement technologies and programs to improve travel times
and support the ease of travel throughout the region.
• Congestion Mitigation: Support transportation system improvements that address
existing and expected future traffic congestion.
• Environment & Air Quality: Provide for project alternatives that protect and enhance
the region’s natural resources.
• Multimodal Connectivity: Improve accessibility and interconnectivity of various
transportation modes for all systems users.
• Preservation & Maintenance: Ensure that existing transportation infrastructure and
facilities achieve a constant state of good repair.

LESSON 2: TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESS

Stages of Transportation Planning Process. Use of Transportation Models. Trip

Generation. Trip distribution. Traffic Assignment. Modal Split. Sample Problem, and
Videos.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

The planning process has the following distinct steps:

1)Transportation survey, data collection and analysis;

•Includes all types of literature and data (both government and non-government)
available on transportation, journey behavior patterns, nature and intensity of traffic,
freight structure, cost and benefits, income, employment estimates, etc.

•The comprehensive knowledge of traffic flows and patterns within a defined area.

•The survey should be well defined and be divided in ‘zones’ so that origins and
destinations of trips can be geographically monitored.

3
• It involves both ‘roadside-interview’ and ‘home-interview’.

•When this has been completed, planners can begin their data analysis.
2) Use of Transportation Models

The second stage of the transportation planning process is to use the collected data to
build up a transportation model. This model is the key to predicting future travel
demands and network needs and is derived in four recognized stages:

Trip generation, Trip distribution, Traffic assignment and Modal split

•First Stage: Trip Generation

Trip Generation is widely used for forecasting travel demands. It predicts the number of
trips originating in or destined for a particular traffic analysis zone. The trip generation
aims at predicting the total number of trips generated and attracted to each zone of the
study area. It answers the questions to “how many trips" originate at each zone, from
the data on household and socioeconomic attributes.

*Socioeconomic status is the social standing or class of an individual or group. It is often measured as a
combination of education, income and occupation. The travel behavior is highly influenced by the socio
economic attribute of the traveler and are normally categorized based on the income level, vehicle ownership and
house hold size.

4
Types of trip

A Trip is defined as a one-way person movement by a mechanized mode of transport,

having two trip ends. The start of the trip is called as origin and the end of trip is called
as destination. Trip is classified as Production or Origin and Attraction or Destination.
The term Origin and Destination are defined in terms of direction of the trip while Production and
Attraction in terms of land use associated with each trip end.

Classification of trips
Better trip generation models can be obtained if the trips by different purpose are
identified and modelled separately. The trips can be classified as;
1. Home Based Trip: One of the trip end is home.
Example: A trip from home to office.
Following are the list of home based trips that is trip purpose which are classified into
five categories:
a. Work Trips
b. School Trips
c. Shopping Trips
d. Social- recreational Trips
e. Other Trips
The first two trips are mandatory trips while other trips are discretional trips. The other
trip class encompasses all the trips made for less routine purpose such as health
bureaucracy etc.

2. Non Home based trips: None of the trip end is home.

Example: A trip from office to Shopping Mall.

3. Time based trips

The proportion of journey is different by different purposes usually varies with time of
the day. Thus the classification is often given as Peak and Off Peak Period Trip.

5
 Example
Time Cars Bus Jeepney Two wheeled
7:00 - 7:30 34 8 24 40
7:30 - 8:00 39 9 30 45
8:00 - 9:30 45 12 35 55

4. Person-type based trips

The travel behavior of an individual is mainly dependent on its Socio-Economic
attributes. Following are the categories which are usually employed.
a. Income Level- Poor, Middle Class, Rich
b. Car Ownership- 0,1,2,3
c. Household Size- 1,2,3,4... etc
Factors influencing Trip Production

a. No. of workers in a household.

b. No. of Students.
c. Household size and composition.
d. The household income.
e. Some proxy of income such as number of cars etc.
Factors influencing Trip Attraction
a. Floor area and number of employment opportunities in retail trade, service,
offices manufacturing and wholesale areas.
b. School and college enrollment
c. Other activity centers like transport terminals, sports stadium, major
recreational/ cultural/religious place

Problem

Solve the following problem using this trip generation model.

Trips = B1off + B2industrial + B3retail

The following coefficients were derived from a regression model.

B1= 1.5, B2 = 0.90, B3 = 1.2

If there are 600 office employees, 300 industrial employees, and 200 retail employees,
how many trips are going from work to home?

6
Problem

Planners have estimated the following models for the AM Peak Hour.

Ti=1.5Hi

Tj=(1.5Eoff, j) + (1Eoth,j) + (0.5Eret,j)

Where:

Ti= Person Trips Originating in Zone i

Tj = Person Trips Destined for Zone j

Hi = Number of Households in Zone i

Variable City A City B

H 10000 15000
Eoff 8000 10000
Eoth 3000 5000
Eret 2000 1500

A. What are the number of person trips originating in and destined for each city?

B. Normalize the number of person trips so that the number of person trip origins = the
number of person trip destinations. Assume the model for person trip origins is more
accurate.

Solution:
City A:
Hi = 1.5 x 10000 = 15,000
Tj =1.5 x 8000 + 1.0 x 3000 + 0.50 x 2 000 = 16, 000

City B:
Hi = 1.5 x 15 000 = 22 500
Tj = 1.5 x 10000 + 1.0 x 5000 + 0.5 x 1500 = 20, 750

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5

Adjustment Normalized (col 3 x col 4)

7
 Origins(Hi) Destinations (Tj) factor destination
City A 15000 16000 1.0204 16327
City B 22500 20750 1.0204 21173
37500 36750 1.0204 37500
Note:
Trip origins are more reliable than Trip destinations, so the Trip destinations are adjusted to equal with
Trip origins

37500
Adjustment factor = = 1.0204
36750

•Growth factor modeling

Growth factor modes tries to predict the number of trips produced or attracted by a
house hold or zone as a linear function of explanatory variables. The models have the
following basic equation:

Ti = fiti
ZONE

Ti=future trips

ti =current trips

where Ti is the number of future trips in the zone and ti is the number of current trips in that zone and fi is a
growth factor. The growth factor fi depends on the explanatory variable such as population (P)of the zone,
average house hold income (I), average vehicle ownership (V). The simplest form of fi is represented as follows:

where the subscript " d" denotes the design year and the subscript
"c" denotes the current year

Example
Given that a zone has 275 households with car and 275 households without car and the
average trip generation rates for each groups is respectively 5.0 and 2.5 trips per day.
Assuming that in the future, all household will have a car, find the growth factor and
future trips from that zone, assuming that the population and income remains constant.

Solution

Current trip rate ti = (275 x 2.5) + (275 x 5. 0) = 2062. 5 trips / day.

8
Therefore, no. of future trips Ti = Fiti = 2.0 x 2062. 5 = 4125 trips / day.

Comment:
The above example also shows the limitation of growth factor method. If we think that
the trip rate will remain same in the future,

Therefore, the number of trips in the future will be

550 households X 5 trips per day = 2750 trips per day (actual trips generated)

Note:

The actual trips (2750) generated is much lower than the growth factor method (4125).
Therefore, growth factor models are normally used in the prediction of external trips where no
other methods are available. But for internal trips, regression methods are more suitable.

•Regression methods
The general form of a trip generation model is

Where xi's are prediction factor or explanatory variable. The most common form of trip generation
model is a linear function of the form

where ai 's are the coefficient of the regression equation and can be obtained by doing regression analysis. The
above equations are called multiple linear regression equation, and the solutions are tedious to obtain manually.

•Example

Let the trip rate of a zone is explained by the household size done from the field survey.
It was found that the household sizes are 1, 2, 3 and 4. The trip rates of the

9
corresponding household is as shown in the table below. Fit a linear equation relating
trip rate and household size.

Household size (X)

1 2 3 4
Trips 1 2 4 6
per 2 4 5 7
day (y) 2 3 3 4
Ʃy 5 9 12 17 ¯

Solution
The linear equation will have the form y = bx + a where y is the trip rate, and x is the
household size, a and b are the coefficients.

n = total number of trips

x = 3 x 1 + 3 x 2 + 3 x 3 + 3 x 4 = 30

x2 = 3 x (12) + 3 x (22) + 3 x (32) + 3 x (42) = 90

y = 5 + 9 + 12 + 17 = 43

xy = 1 x 1 + 1 x 2 + 1 x 2
+2x2+2x4+2x3
+3x4+3x5+3x3
+4x6+4x7+4x4
=127

10
•Second Stage: Trip Distribution

Growth Factor Model

a) Uniform growth factor
b) Doubly constrained growth factor model

The decision to travel (or destination choice or zonal interchange analysis) for a given
purpose is called trip distribution. This the second component in the traditional four-
step transportation forecasting model. These generated trips from each zone is then
distributed to all other zones based on the choice of destination. Trip distribution
allocates person trips from zone to zone. For example, if there are 200 trips produced in
zone 1, where are they attracted?

There are a number of methods to distribute trips among destinations; and two such
methods are growth factor model and gravity model. Growth factor model is a
method which respond only to relative growth rates at origins and destinations and this
is suitable for short-term trend extrapolation. In gravity model, we start from
assumptions about trip making behavior and the way it is influenced by external factors.

*Transportation forecasting is the attempt of estimating the number of vehicles or people that will
use a specific transportation facility in the future. For instance, a forecast may estimate the number
of vehicles on a planned road or bridge, the ridership on a railway line, the number of passengers
visiting an airport, or the number of ships calling on a seaport. Traffic forecasting begins with the
collection of data on current traffic.

•Growth Factor Model

Uniform growth factor. If the only information available is about a general growth rate
for the whole of the study area, then we can only assume that it will apply to each cell in
the matrix, that is a uniform growth rate. The equation can be written as:

11
Tij = f × tij
where f is the uniform growth factor tij is the previous total number of trips, Tij is the expanded
total number of trips.
Advantages are that they are simple to understand, and they are useful for short-term planning.
Limitation is that the same growth factor is assumed for all zones as well as attractions.

•Example
Trips originating from zone 1,2,3 of a study area are 78,92 and 82 respectively and
those terminating at zones 1,2,3 are given as 78,96 and 78 respectively. If the growth
factor is 1.3 and the cost matrix is as shown below, find the expanded origin-
constrained growth trip table.

Zone 1 2 3 Oi
1 20 30 28 78
2 36 32 24 92
3 22 34 26 82
Dj 78 96 78 252

Oi = trips originating at zone i

Dj =trips terminating at zone j

252 is the sum of trips originating at zone i also the sum of trips terminating at zone j.
(Oi = Dj)

Solution
Given growth factor = 1.3, Therefore, multiplying the growth factor with each of the cells
in the matrix gives the result as shown below.

Zone 1 2 3 Oi
1 26 39 36.4 101.4
2 46.8 41.6 31.2 119.6
3 28.6 44.2 33.8 106.2
Dj 101.4 124.8 101.4
∑Oi =327.2
ƩDj = 327.6

•Doubly constrained growth factor model

When information is available on the growth in the number of trips originating and
terminating in each zone, we know that there will be different growth rates for trips in

12
and out of each zone and consequently having two sets of growth factors for each zone.
This implies that there are two constraints for that model and such a model is called
doubly constrained growth factor model. One of the methods of solving such a model is
given by Furness who introduced balancing factors ai and bj as follows:

Tij = tij × ai × bj

In such cases, a set of intermediate correction coefficients are calculated which

are then appropriately applied to cell entries in each row or column. After applying
these corrections to say each row, totals for each column are calculated and
compared with the target values. If the differences are significant, correction
coefficients are calculated and applied as necessary.

The procedure is given below:

1. Set bj = 1
2. With bj solve for ai to satisfy trip generation constraint.
3. With ai solve for bj to satisfy trip attraction constraint.
4. Update matrix and check for errors.
5. Repeat steps 2 and 3 till convergence.

•Example
The base year trip matrix for a study area consisting of three zones is given below.

Using the previous data from growth factor model.

Zone 1 2 3 oi
1 20 30 28 78
2 36 32 24 92
3 22 34 26 82
dj 78 96 78 252

13
The productions from the zone 1,2 and 3 for the horizon year is expected to grow to 98,
106, and 122 respectively. The attractions from these zones are expected to increase to
102, 118, 106 respectively. Compute the trip matrix for the horizon year using doubly
constrained growth factor model using Furness method.

Zone 1 2 3 oi
1 20 30 28 98
2 36 32 24 106
3 22 34 26 122
dj 102 118 106 326

Solution

The sum of the productions in the horizon year, ΣOi = 98+106+122 = 326.
The sum of the attractions in the horizon year, i.e. ΣDj = 102+118+106 =
326. They both are found to be equal.

Steps:

Find the balancing factors ai and bj

Fix bj = 1,
Find balancing factor ai (ai = Oi/oi )
Then find Tij = ai × tij

a1 = 98/78 = 1.26
a2 = 106/92 = 1.15
a3= 122/82 = 1.49

T11 = t11 x a1 = 20 x 1.26 = 25.2.

T21 = t21x a2 = 36 x 1.15 = 41.4 etc.

Multiplying a1 with the first row of the matrix, a2 with the second row and so
on, matrix obtained is as shown on the right side below.

14
Base year Horizon year
Zone 1 2 3 Oi Zone 1 2 3 oi
1 20 30 28 78 1 25.2 37.8 35.28 98
2 36 32 24 92 2 41.4 36.8 27.6 106
3 22 34 26 82 3 32.8 50.66 38.74 122
Dj 78 96 78 252 dj 102 118 106 326

Zone 1 2 3 oi
1 25.2 37.8 35.28 98
2 41.4 36.8 27.6 106
3 32.78 50.66 38.74 122
dj 99.38 125.26 101.62
Dj 102 118 106

Next step:

Find bj = Dj/dj and Tij = tij x bj

For example,
b1 = 102 / 99.38 = 1. 03,
b2 = 118/125.26 = 0.94 etc.,

T11 = t11 x b1 = 25.2 x 1.03 = 25.96 etc.

Also Oi = 25.96 + 35.53 + 36.69 = 98.18. The matrix is as

shown below:

Zone 1 2 3 oi Oi
1 25.96 35.53 36.69 98.18 98
2 42.64 34.59 28.7 105.9 106
3 33.76 47.62 40.29 121.7 122
bj 1.03 0.94 1.04
Dj 102 118 106

*T11 means trip from zone 1 of origin to zone 1 of destination.

*T12 means trip from zone 2 of origin to zone 2 of destination.

15
Resulting table
Zone 1 2 3 oi Oi
1 25.96 35.53 36.69 98.18 98
2 42.64 34.59 28.7 105.9 106
3 33.76 47.62 40.29 121.7 122
dj 102.36 117.74 105.7
Dj 102 118 106

The error can be computed as ;

Error = (oi – Oi) + ( dj – Dj)

Error = (98.18 – 98) + (105.7 – 106) + (121.7 – 122) + (102.36-102) + (117.74-118) +
(105.9 – 106) = 1.32

Advantages and limitations of growth factor model.

The advantages of this method are:
1. Simple to understand.
2. Preserve observed trip pattern.
3. useful in short term-planning.

The limitations are:

1. Depends heavily on the observed trip pattern.
2. It cannot explain unobserved trips.
3. Do not consider changes in travel cost.
4. Not suitable for policy studies like introduction of a mode.

The decision to travel for a given purpose is called trip generation. These generated
trips from each zone is then distributed to all other zones based on the choice of
destination. This is called trip distribution. Trip distribution allocates person trips from
zone to zone. For example, if there are 200 trips produced in zone 1, where are they
attracted?

If reliable information is available to estimate both Oi and Dj , the model is said to be

doubly constrained. In some cases, there will be information about only one of these
constraints, the model is called singly constrained.

____________________________________________________________________

16
HOMEWORK:

Trip Generation

1.Solve the following problem using this trip generation model.

The following coefficients were derived from a regression model.

B1= 1.5, B2 = 0.90, B3 = 1.2

If there are 800 office employees, 500 industrial employees, and 400 retail employees,
how many trips are going from work to home?

2. Growth factor model

Given that a zone has 385 households with car and 170 households without car and the
average trip generation rates for each groups is respectively 4.0 and 1.5 trips per day.
Assuming that in the future, all household will have a car, with an increase in population
and income of 12% and 18% respectively find the growth factor and future trips from
that zone.

3. Use the model on page 7.

Variable Zone A Zone B

H 10100 15100
Eoff 8500 10500
Eoth 3300 5300
Eret 20200 1800

From the tabulated data, determine the following

a) What are the number of person trips originating in and destined for each city?

b) Normalize the number of person trips so that the number of person trip origins = the
number of person trip destinations. Assume the model for person trip origins is more
accurate.

4.Use Regression method

The trip rate (y) and the corresponding household sizes (x) from a sample are shown in table
below. Compute the trip rate if the average household size is 3.25 (Hint: use regression
method).

Household size(x)
1 2 3 4
trips 1 3 4 5

17
 per 3 4 5 8
day 3 5 7 8

Answer: y = 0.837+ 1.533X

When average household size =3.25, number of trips becomes,

y = 0.837+ 1.533(3. 25) = 5.819

Trip Distribution

5. Uniform growth factor. If the only information available is about a general growth
rate for the whole of the study area, then we can only assume that it will apply to each
cell in the matrix, that is a uniform growth rate. The equation can be written as:

Tij = f × tij
Trips originating from zone 1,2,3 of a study area are 78,92 and 82 respectively and
those terminating at zones 1,2,3 are given as 78,96 and 78 respectively. If the growth
factor is 1.5 and the cost matrix is as shown below, find the expanded origin-
constrained growth trip table.

Zone 1 2 3 Oi
1 20 30 28 78
2 36 32 24 92
3 22 34 26 82
Dj 78 96 78 252

6. Doubly constrained growth factor model

The productions from the zone 1,2 and 3 for the horizon year is expected to grow to
103, 111, and 127 respectively. The attractions from these zones are expected to
increase to 107, 123, 111 respectively.

Base year

Zone 1 2 3 oi
1 25 30 28 83
2 36 32 24 92
3 22 39 26 87
dj 83 101 78 262

a) Compute the trip matrix for the horizon year using doubly constrained growth
factor model using Furness method
b) Determine the error

18
6. Generalized function of travel cost, f(Cij

Given the cost matrix below. Prepare the matrix for the generalized function of travel
cost.

The cost matrix is as shown.

Zone 1 2 3
1 1.2 1.4 1.9
2 1.4 1.2 1.7
3 1.9 1.7 1.2

7. Gravity model :The productions from zone 1, 2 and 3 are 103, 111, 127 and
attractions to zone 1,2 and 3 are 107, 123, 111.

O-D Matrix

Zone 1 2 3 Oi
1 T11 T12 T13 103
2 T21 T22 T23 111
3 T31 T32 T33 127
Dj 107 123 111 341

The cost matrix is as shown.

Zone 1 2 3
1 1.3 1.5 1.9
2 1.5 1.3 1.8
3 1.9 1.8 1.3

a) Prepare the function f(Cij)

b) Prepare the computation parameters of Ai:
c) Prepare the computation parameters of Bj:
d) Compute the Trips produced in zone i and attracted to zone j (Tij).
e) Determine the error

___________________________________________________________________

Watch the following videos:

1. Introduction Transportation Systems

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYZA06kRktw
2. Trip Generaration
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6JsaC5Hxu

19
 3. Trip Distribution
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wCvchbssjfc

______________________________________________________________

References:
1.Introduction to Transportation Engineering 8.2 Tom V. Mathew and K V Krishna Rao
2.Handbook of Transportation Engineering 1st Edition
by Myer Kutz
3.Transportation engineering by Kanna & Justo and Environmental engineering by S.K
garg vol. 1&2
4.https://www.google.com/search?q=trip+distribution+example&oq=trip+distribution&aqs
=chrome.2.69i59j69i57j69i59l3j69i60l3.10499j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
5.https://www.civil.iitb.ac.in/tvm/1100_LnTse/204_lnTse/plain/plain.html

20