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STQA Decode

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STQA Decode

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Yash
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UNIT - IV Selenium Tool 4.1 : Introducing Selentum Q.1 What is selenium ? Ans. : * Selenium is a popular framework for testing the user interface (UI) of a web application. It is an Open Source tool for automating browser-based applications. * Selenium is a suite of testing automation tools used for Web-Base applications: Selenium IDE, Selenium RC, Selenium WebDriver and Selenium Grid. * Selenium is a set of different software tools, each with a different approach to support test automation. * The tests can be written as HTML tables or coded in a number of Popular programming languages and can be run directly in most modern Web browsers. * Selenium can be deployed on Windows, and many OS for mobile applications like and Android. Linux, and Macintosh iOS, Windows Mobile, Q.2 How to decide use of testing tool for organization ? Ans.: © Management takes d lecision of introducing tools for (4-1) Seon Testing and Quaity Aseernce 4-2 Sse Toot + After few weeks, when tester found that tools are not suitable for ‘heir work they complained against tools. So management thinks their decision was wrong and waste of money and time dently Wpe ooo regured I ne 0.21 introducing tool in the organization process, Sour ‘GECODE @ Lens than PHOTOCOPY Price 10 Wt nocesary 10 check, fnsbilty of tools and vey da receaty of tole by test engineer. Fig. Q21 shows procs of ‘Beduing too in he organization «Take a review of current testing proces and identity the prolen dace "by tet, Tdetfy. the total cont pending on tetng process “Also check the Customer feedbeck afer sbmiing ie Ertware product Check the overall process of testing andthe Acide about now system + Baaad on the project requirements identify the tools requed fr your organization + Commercially avilable tole and open source tools are avaible inthe market, Evaluate the both types of tools. Select ore af a tnd tet the llt project on the tok ‘Find out the rule and parameter before testing the poe. Pilot project the succeatful, then inioduce the took for ah? Proet 17 plot project is not succesful, then test the another pret discard the tole 3 Eoplan bene of testing tool Ane ‘Relieve the testing bottleneck and achieve faster application time-to-market 1 Reduce the money spent on testing + Into coverage & reduce risk + Configure and repeat your tests “ecto iwetarafe tillland find defects earlier a + Bees he aio rape —S—_—_— ‘© Lets than PHOTOCOPY Price rer Testing ant Quality Aamurnce 4k os 1 Test data creation, management, and security. (24 Explain brief history of the Selenium projec. Anu: + At fest, Selenium was used only intemally in y ThoughtWorks employees. But that changed. by the end of 2006 hen the tool was opensourced, ‘Selenium first came to life in 2004 when Jason Huggins was testing an internal application at ThougheWorla + Selenium core is bor whose functionality underles the Selenium RC Remote Control) and selenium IDE tools. +The limitation of having @ JavaScript bated automation engine sand browser security restricted Selenium to specific fancionallty Google, who has been 2 tong time user of Selenium, had & developer named Simon Stewart who developed WebDriver, Ths tool circumvented Selenium’s JavaSenpt sandbox to allow it to ‘communicate with the Browser and Operating. System directly ‘using native methods, + In 2006 an engineer at Google named Simon Stewart started work fon a project he called WebDriver ‘+ 2008, the whole Selenium team decided to merge Seleniusn Webdriver with Selenium RC in order to form more powertsl tool called Selenium 20. ‘Selenium IDE, Selenjum RC Selenium WebDriver Selenium Grid are the Selenium Projects + Dut in 2011, the projects were merged to form one web testing foot to rule them all. The combination of Selonium and WebDriver became Selenium 20, which debuted in July 201. + The new release paired the WebDriver APIs that are familiar to Selenium users today with the original Selenium feature set. + Selenium had massive community and commercial support, but ‘WebDsiver was clearly the tool ofthe future GREODES@ Lacs than PHOTOCOPY Price Softoare Testing and Quality Atrarance 4-8 Seen Took + The joining of the two tools provided common set of features for all users and brought some of the brightest minds in test sstomation tinder one Foot Selentum 1.0 + (Selenium IDE + Seleniurn RC + Selenium Grid) Selenium 2.0 (Selenium 1.0 + WebDriver) (Gelenium IDE + Slentum RC +Selenkum WebDriver+ Selenium Grid) “42: Selenium's Tool Suite 5 Explatn Selenlr's too! sult. Cae) Gs) GE) Gia) (ost 1. Selenium 1DE + Rapid prototyping tol for building tet scripts +1 can be used by developers with litle to no. programming fexperience to verte sample tests quickly, ‘+ 1t hus a recording feature that records a user's live actions thet can be exported in one of many programming languages, 1+ does not provide iteration or conditional statements for test script. _ ‘lets than PHOTOCOPY Price Safaar Testing and Quality Assrance 6-6 Seen Took 1 can only run tents against FireFox, + Developed tests can be run against other browsers, using = slexple command-line interface, 2 Selenfum RC server + Selenium RC is the main Selenium project ellowing user actions to be simulated in a broweer Like clicking s UT clement, inpat + Tt executes the user commands in the browser by injecting Java script functions to the browser when the browser is loaded. 3. Selentumn Webdsiver ‘+ Selenium WebDriver fits tn the same role ae RC did, and has Incorporated the original 1. bindings +t refers to both the language bindings and the implementations ofthe individual broweer controlling code. “+ This s commonly referred to as just "WebDriver" of sometimes a= Selenéam 2 4 Selenium Grid + Scales the Selanisim RC xolution for large tact mien and took that ‘ust be run 1s multiple envizonments ‘Tests can be run in parallel with simultaneous execution (ditferent tats on different remote machines) #1 allows for running your tests in a distributed test exceution Used to rin your tests against multiple browsers, multiple versions of Browser, and broweere running on diferent operating systems ‘It reduces the time it takes forthe test suite to complete a test pass, (GEeOET @ ass han PHOTOCOPY Price Softoare Testing and QuatityAsorance _4-7 Seen oo “43: Selentum-IDE Ane. + Selenium IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is + prototyping tol for building tert seript. ‘Tete a Firefox plugin and provides an eary-torse Interface for developing automated fest + Selenium IDE has a recording feature, which records user actions fs they are performed and then exports them as a reusable scrip fm one of ‘many programming languages that ‘can be. lar + Seleniom IDE is simply intended as a rapid prototyping tool As # Firefox plugin, selenium IDE can be used to create tt script prototype quicly and easly. [can record Human tester action fictions as a script (in any ‘Programming language) while tester run the test case manaly. 7 The recorded test ecript can be executed later for regression tet ulomatcally. This tool can coors browsers DOM (Document ‘Object Mote) elements use Javsceripe * Commonly Used Selenium Commands are as follows 8. waltForPageTotond P.waltForBlementPresent Sofware Testing and Qualty Assurance 4-8 1 Using Firefox, first, download the IDE from the SeleniumHQ downloads page When downloading from Firefox, you'll be presented with the Window A. ‘Select Install Now. The Firefox Add-ons window pops up, frst showing =. progress bar, and when the download is complete, displays the Windovr B, s Restart Firefox. After Fisefox reboots you will find the Selenium-IDE listed under the Firefox Tools men 1 Fig. Q.6.1 shows Selenium IDE user interface. Fig. a6 Features : 4. Easy to necord and play 2. Walk through tests 3. Support debug and set breakpoints 4 Auto complete forall commen Selenium commands. 7 Explain benefits and limitation of Selenium IDE. ‘Ans: Benefits of Selenium IDE 1+ Very easy to install and use GEEODES @ tars than PHOTOCOPY Price Softoar Testing nd Quality Aswurance 4-9 Selenium Toot + programming experience is required. ‘+ Has builtin help feature and it shows the documentation on the selected of entered command, ‘Helps in debugging by. displaying the information and error messages. ‘1 allows ss to set breakpoints, inert commands and comments Wherever necessary 7 + Provides a good support for extensions 1 Hotps in exporting tests that can be executed in Selenium RC and. WebDriver, tmitations of Selenium IDE : + As it comes as a Firefox plug-in, it doesn't support any browser other than Moaila Firefox 11 doem’t explicitly provide help to support alerts, pop-ups and navigations 4 1 doesn't support listeners, + No support for error handling énd databace testing. +I cannot be used in the testing of iPhone and Android applications. ‘Reading from external files and uploading files is not supported. ‘No support for iterations and conditional operations 28 How to ran Selenium IDE teat cave ? 4. Run a Test Case : Click the Run button to run the currently Aisplayed test case, 2 Rum a Test Sulte : Click the Run All button fo nun all the test ‘cases inthe currently loaded test suite 3. Stop and Start: The Pause button can'be used to stop the test ‘ase while is running. The icon of this button then changes fo indicate the Resume button. To continue cick Resusre GREODE @ tans han PHOTOCOPY Pre Software Testing and Quality Asnurance 4-10 Selenium Toot ‘4 Stop in the Middle : You can aot a breakpoint in the tet case to ‘cause it fo stop on a particular command. This is useful for debugaing your test case. To ot a breakpoint, select ‘comunand, right-click, and from the context menu selact Toggle ‘Breakpoint. 5. Start from the Middle :You can tell the IDE to begin sinning from a specific command in the middle of the test case, The also is used for debugging. To set a start point, select a command. rightalleky and’ eve the coment ineine stach ‘SeUClear Start Point, 6 Run Any Single Command : Doubledick any single commant to ran it by Maal. This is uefil when wring © spe fommand. 1 tts you immediately te command Jou te Constructing. when you are not wae i irs coece You con double-ck to see if it rune correct. Theis alo avaae {tom the context ment. (28 How to cord Selenfum tnt cane 7 + Open Firefox that ha the IDE natal’ + Open the ase URE. ofthe applctin to recor + Keep the application in » common base tate. + Go To Tools. Selenium IDE and the IDE wil be opened + Now perform the operations onthe application as you ae testing the application + Once you are done with the rcording cick onthe op recording button und ave the test cre throug the fle man: By default Sit be saved s a slenese expe (FNL format 240 Explain Menu bar of Salentum 1D! ‘Ans.: 1. Menu Bar : ite eof Tot 4 File menus has options for Test Case and Tost Suite 7 Caner), Using tase You can add new Test Case, open Tel Softwar Teting and Quality Asurance 4-1 Seon Tt (Case, save a Test Case, export Test Case ins language of your choice ‘+ You can also open the recent Tost Case, All these options ate ao avallable for Test Suite The Edit monu allows copy, paste, delete, undo, and selec a ‘operations for editing the commands in your test case ‘+ The Options menu allows the changing of settings. + You can set dhe Ueneout value for certain commands, sd Uerdefined user extensions to the ase sot of Selenten ‘commands, and specfy the format (lenguage) Used when seving Your toot cate, + The Help menu is the standard Fisefox Help menus only one tem on this men-UlBlement Documentation pertains SeleniumIDE, 2. Toolbar + The toolbar contains buttons for contrlling the execution of yout test canes, including a step featute for debuaging your tok ccs + The rightmost button, the one with the red-dot, i the record button. + Speed Control: Controls how fast your test case uns. + Run All : Runs the entre ‘multiple test eases Is loaded * Run : Runs the currently selected test. When only a single test t Joaded this button and the Run All button have the sone effect, * FauseResume : Allows stopping and restating of « runing tet mat sulle when & test suite with 1 Step : Allows you to “step” through a testcase by running It on command at time, Use for debugging test aves, * TestRunner Mode : Allows you to run the testcase in a browse! loaded with the Selenium-Core TestRunner, ‘The TertRunner re Bre Teta (CEEODES @ tase than priovocorY rine prone Tsing and Quality Asarence 4-12 Sctmtom Toot not commonly used now and Is Ukely to be deprecated. This ‘button is for evaluating test cases for backwards compatbity with the TestRunner. Most users will probably not need this button. 11 What te Selenium RC ? Explain software required for {attalling Seentaen FC” Ane. In Seleniusn RC, the Selenium Server Inunches and alle browsers, interprets and rans the Selenese commands passed from the test program, and acts as an HTTP prony, intercepting and verifying HTTP messages passed between the browser and the ‘aur, sit your AUT is behind an HTTP proxy which requires (tuthemicaton then” you should configure http proxyHost hep prosyPort http. proxyUser and hip prowPaseword You can run Sclenese html files directly within the Selenium Server by passing the html Be to the server's command line. “Client braries which provide the interface between each programsning language and the Selenium RC Server. The primary task for using Selenium RC is to convert your Selenese into a programming language 1 A solution to cross browser testing, A server, written in Java and fo evalable on all the platforms. Acts as a proxy for web requests from them. Client Mbraries for sary poplar languages + Bundles Selenium Core and automatically loads into the browses Fig Qi ghows archutecare diagram. ———————————— TBaCODE © tess than PHOTOCOPY Price Feasts Tester write test case script with supported programming language APL When teot script is running it open # web browser and nye ‘selenium core Which is usta mite of Javaacrpta then use theme Javascripts to execute command 13. Testseipt send command to RC server 4 RC server receives these command and tigger sclentum core to emus the commands and rast oth browaer Page ee 222, Wate Selentum, Wabaiiver 1 What are the yennons to wee {he Saletan Serer wih Slenhom weer > ‘Ana: + WebDriver is designed 0 providing an simpler, more concise programming interface _ CBiCOOE oars nan PHOTOCOPY ree Software Testing and Quality Anarance 416 Scene Toot * Selenium WebDriver was developed to better support dynamic ‘web pages where elements of a page may change without the age itself being reloaded, * WebDriver's goal is to supply a welldesigned object-oriented API that provides improved support for modem edvanced webapp testing problems. makes direct calls to the browser using each browsers native ‘support for automation, + WebDriver is @ tool for automating web application testing, end Jn particular to verify that they work as expected. ‘+ Reasons to use the Selenium-Server with Selenium-WebDriver: 4. Using Selenium-Grid to distribute tests over multiple ‘machines or virtual machines 2, To connect to a remote machine that has « particular browser version that is not on current machine 3. Ie users are not using the Java bindings (Le. Python, Cf, oF Ruby) and would lke 0 uae IMLUnit Dever ‘Ans. + Selenium-Grid allows tester run tests on diffrent ‘machines against diferent Drowsere in paral, Tet is, runing Imultple tests at the same time against diferent machines running different browsers and OS. = Essentially, Selenlum-Grid support distributed test exocution. 1¢ ‘allows for running teste in a distributed test execution environment. 4 Scales the Selenium RC solution for large test suites and test that ‘must be run in multiple envionments emt allows for running teats in a distributed test ‘environment. ft ie used to run tests against multiple browsers, multiple versions of browser, and browsers running on diferent operating ExCODES @ Lees than PHOTOCOPY Price systems. tare Teng and Quay Asuance 4-18 te 11 reduces the sine i¢ takes forthe test suite to complete + te pass A grid consiata of a single Ruby and one or ore noes The hub receiver a tot to Be executed along With inormaten Which browser and [platform where the test should ber + ‘knows’ the configuration of each node that has tem ‘registered’ to the hab + Using this information st selects an available node that has te requested broweer platform combination. + Once a node has been selected, Selenium commands init by the test are send the the hub, which passes them to the node signed to that test. +The node runs the browser, and executes the Selinin commands within that browser against the application under 2:44 Explain diference between Selenium IDE, Selenium fa IDE, Selenium RC md ‘Seam RO Senin web ‘Runs only on Piefox | Support all ype of Used only a Used to wate ‘Used to wile rotting tol | advanced srpts__| vanced sts ef independane of [tt woe te Seleninam | Seleturh eve it eum server to Fun| server before deeded anyore © (he tet spe Erecming hate rant te [ sogs one ofthe | You cant une for | You cant um sd plyback rare | Sigeea® “4 Te dows not wpport | does pee | 1 dos not apport afar Testing and Quality Asurance 4-16 Sse Tot Softoare Testing nd Quality Asewrance 4-17 Seletum Toot ore engin | Core engine Interacts natively with Jensenpe Javascript beet | browse ri ot bet 1 APLis slightly | ts ABT is pure cone sbjectoentes and | Sbjct ened tnd | seindane compet ‘Whas a Ul interface to] 1t8 a standalone Java_| iis full Aedgea API ‘work with te test | sppication which rans} and Inngsope ike sip ‘ttl et suits inte | Jeva yen and Pant Setdlve Atte Very eany to we and | Complicated ‘ass complied toe ® | sonfigureon ‘Slipration than RC ‘446 + Test Design Considerations 2.15 Explain types of tents. How sintle content are tented ? ‘Ans. Types of Tests: + What parts of application should be tested 7 It depends on aspects of the project like user expectations, dime allowed for the [Project priorities set by the project manager ete. + Once the project boundaries are defined though, the tester, wi certainly make many decisions on what to test ‘Testing Static Content : “+ The simplest type of test a content test isa simple tést for the fxistence of state, nonchanging, UI element. Following parameters are considered 1. Does each page have its expected page title ? This can be used to vey your tet found an expected page ater faliowing 2 2 Does the application’ home page contain an image expected to De at the top of the page ? — EEEODES @ tas than PHOTOCOPY Pie 3. Does each page of the website contain a-footer area with links to the company contact page, privacy policy, and tademarke 4. Does each page bogin with heading text using the tag? ‘And, does éach page have the correct text within that header? ‘ Tester_may or may not need content tests. page content ie not likely to be affected then it may be more efficient to test page ‘content manually +L for example, applicatiin involves files being moved to diffrent locations, content tests may prove valuable. END ee UNI y 7 = | 5 Quality Management v 5.1 : Software Quality Concept 24 Detine software quality ? Explain quality ae a pragmatic view. ‘Ans. + Software quality can be defined as : An effective software ‘Process applied in a manner that creates a useful product that Provides measurable value for those who produce it and those who + An effective software process establishes the infrastructure that supports any effort at building a high quality software product +A useful product delivers the content, functions, and features that the end-user desires, but as important, it dlivers these assets in a reliable, error fe way. 1+ By adding value for both the producer and user of # software product. high quality software provides benefits for the snftware ‘organization and the end-user community + An effective software process establishes the infrastncture that supports any effort at building « high quality software product The management aspects of process create the checks and balances that help avoid project chaos, a key contributor to poor the + Software engineering practices allow the developer to analyze problem and design a solid solution, both ential to building high ‘uality sofware, Softoare Testing end Quality Assurance eaity Menage + Finally, umbrella activities such as change management and technical reviews have as much to do with quality as any ote part of software engineering practice. Quality as a Pragmatic View 4, The transcendental view argues that quality is something tat you immediately recognize, but cannot explicitly define 2 User view sees quality in terms of an end-user’s specific goals 4 product meets those goals, it exhibits quality 3. The manufacturer's view defines quality in terms of theorist specification of the product. Ifthe product conforms tothe spec it exhibits quality 4. The product view suggests that quality can be ted to inherent characteristics (¢g, functions and features) of a product ‘5. Finally, the value-based view measures quality based on how ‘much a customer is willing to pay for a product. In realy, uality encompasses all of these views and more ‘Ans: Software is computer programs, procedures, and postiy ‘sssociated documentation and data pertaining to the operation of ‘computer eyetom, * Software quality, by definition, ie the degree to which softwar Possesses a desired combination of attributes * Software quality is the dogree to which a system, component Process meets specified requirements * Softwake qualty is the degree to which a system, component, &F Process meets customer of user needs or expectations. Quali? ‘means conformance to requirements * Quality that is defined as » matter of products and service! whove measurable characteristics aatsty «fed specication ‘hat i conformance to an in beforehand defined speifctcn SS (GELOBES @ Laws than provocorY Pace opmare Testing and Quality Assurance $3 Quality Management +The nine causes of software errors are 1 Faulty requirements definition 2 Client-developer communication failures 3 Deliberate deviations from software requirements 4 Logical design errors 5 Coding errors 6 Non-compliance with documentation and coding instructions 7 Shortcomings of the testing process 8 User interface and procedure errors ‘Meeting customer needs : Quality Ut is denied independent fof any measurable characteristics. That i, quality is defined as the products of services capability fo meet customer expectations ‘expat or not 1 The fundamental reason for measuring software and the software [Process Is to obiain data that helps us to better contol the Schedule, cost, and quality of software products Ths important to be able to consistently count and menture basic Sofeaure Testing and Quay Asperance 5-4 __Quallty Management Impact of Management Actions 1 Estimation decisions + Irrational delivery date estimates cause twams to take shortcuts that can lead to reduced product seality 2, Scheduling decisions : Falling to pay attention to task dependencies when creating the project schedule may force the project team to test modules without their subcomponents and quality may autfer 3. Riskoriented decisions © Reacting to each crise as it arises rather than building in mechanisms to monitor risks and having. ‘tablished condngency plans may result in products having reduced quality. 5.2 : Software Quality Assurance 4 Explain ference between SQA and QC. Ans: tttes thet are divecy tearcable ich ae see, defect effort 2.3 How erpenteations achieve software aly ? ‘Ans. «Sofware qually ete renult of good projet management tnd sold engineering practice. To build igh quay software you must understand the problem t be solved and be capable of ‘Seating » quality design the conforma tothe problem requirements SBliminwtig: architectural’ we "during. design com improve sual. + Project management ~ Project plan inchs explic techniques for ‘Quality and change management oe + Quality contol» Serer of Inspections eviews and tests used 10 ‘Stour conformance ofa work product © I specications * Quality assurance - Consists of the audiing and reporting Procedures used to provide management Wi data needed 10 ‘rake prostve decisions [ons than PHOTOCOPY Price ‘Sette quali searance ‘SOA i provectve means "enues weakens i the ‘A set of action designed to Protec an veo oe ‘raniachred PO ‘Setware qualty control [Stores he em | Gey oe er ‘Ranaging for ganiy Se vguuly tte copa [een ceenie salty assurance ‘Qual asrurance la proces Crete Softoare Testing and Quality Assurance 5: uate Management Th order 1 meet the customer requirements QA defines sandards| falowed while working onthe and methodologies. product. ] QC contims that he tandards ae requis invalverent of tering b. Testing 4. Error/defect collection and analysis (Change management £ Education Vendor management. Security management Safety J. Risk management ‘Standards : It ensures that standards are adopted and followed. Reviews and audits : Audits are reviews performed by SQA personnel to ensure that quality guldelines are followed for all oftware engineering work. ‘Testing ensure that tesung 44 property planned an! conducted EErroridefect collection and analysis: it collects and analyses feror and defect data to better understand how errors are introduced and ean be eliminated. Changes management ensures that adequate change management practices have been instituted Education takes lead in software process improvement and educational program. Vendor management suggests specific quality practices vendor Should follow and incosporates quality mandates in vendor contracts Security management ensures use of appr technology to achieve desired security level. Safety le responsible for assessing impact of software failure and initiating steps to reduce risk. than PHOTOCOPY Pres ropriate process and Sofroare Testing and Quality Assurance 5-6 Quilty Managem 1O.Risk management ensures isk management activites” are properly conducted and that contingency plans have. bees ‘established 6 Elaborates SQA tase, ‘Ans. : SQA Tasks are as follows 1. Prepare SQA plan for the project. The plan identifies an evaluations to be performed, audits and reviews to be performed, standards that are applicable to the projet ‘Procedures for error reporting and tracking, documents to be produced by the SQA group and amount of feedback provided to the software project team. 2. Participate in the development of the project’ software process desciption The SQA group reviews the process description fot compliance with organizational policy, intemal software standards, exemally imposed standards and other parte ofthe sotware project plan. 3. Review software engineering sctivities to verify compliance with the defined software process 4 Audit designated software work products to verify compliance with those defined as past of the software process. 5. Ensure that any deviations in software or work products ste documented and handled according to a documented procedie 6 Record any evi noncompliance and re} ® Record any evidence of wpllance and reports them 5.3 : Statistical Software Quality Assurance 7 Wt hr nt satel tare gy sence ‘Ane. nlrmation shout sofas eros and defects alee tod categorized. “An aempt i ade fo tee each ener dt inderying cause, for example: non-conformance 10 specicatons,degn or, vnlaton of von ‘communication with the customer eee #8 than PHOTOCOPY Price sonmre Testing and Quality Asurence 5-7 Quality Management «Using the Pareto principle (80 percent ofthe defects can be traced to 20 percent of all possible causes), isolate the 20 percent (the ‘ital few), + Once the vital few causes have boen identified, move to, correct fhe problems that have caused the errors and defects Sofware Reliability ‘lt is defined as the probability of failure free operation of ‘computer program in a specified environment for a speciied time period it can be measured directly and estimated using historical and developoental data. Software reliability problems can usually be traced back to errors in design or implementation Reliability metrics aze units of measure for system reliability. “system rellbiity is mearured by counting the number of ‘etadonal failures and relating these to demands made on the pater atthe Sime of filore A long-term measurement program is required to assess the feuibaity of etcal systems a8 wat tn atx wlgmn ? Explain features of atx same. (hans According to David Card, Six sigma is “A generic ‘Mintuatwe approach t improvement that applic to any process Se Sigma, is a dlacplined, datedriven approsch and Seacitiogy for eliminating defects in any process from Tamufactonng to trancactional and from product t0 service sin easence, Hx sigma is an approach to finding the cause of Matec Sroblems and solving them making an impact on she Cotton eof a corporation and decreasing, variation for Products Teeaai ans PHOTOCOPY Pe 5 Quality Management Softiare Testing and Quality Assurance + Since the early 1990, Six Sigma has been extensively used for achieving total customer satisfaction with innovative products’ at competitive price. hs objectives are to deliver products when promised, without delivered defects, early life failures, or fallures during use + Key Definitions : 1 Caitical to Quality + Internal critical quality parameters that {late to the wants and needs of the customer. 2. Critical to Customer : The input to the quality function deployment activity 3. Defect : Any type of undesired result. 44 Opportunity + atea within a product, process, service, or other fem where a defect could be produced or where you fal to om Glove te den product Inthe Spee ofthe conte Features of Six Siam I'S Sgmats ain te fo eliminate waste and initicency, these ircentngcontreronnacSon by delivering what the customer iv expectng 2'six Sigma follows a stricted methodology, and has defined roles forthe participants. us 2. St Sigma 6 data deve methodology, and requires accurate Ant else forte procenes being snlyse 4 Su Sigma i about puting trite on finan statements 5 Six Sigma Is a businesedrven, sindimensional sutured appro 29 Why do we need Sts Sigma For Software? ‘Ana. Softee fody is eoponabie for most of the added value in products and mast be band fr many afi flee Boca Shen Rok an may be the stare embed te ‘esrrent inement 6 Bane for mo heing teed CawaD ota ams rorocorv nae Soprnare Testing and Quality Astronce 6-9 ‘+ When in Germany the high speed intercity express train crashed Into an overpass, it was software that didnt detect the broken wheel ring well before the scident. + Mobile networks are suffering from not being able to provide interconnection to the Interet and interoperability between their own services. It i the software that fails 15m eCommerce and for making Web Services to work, secu. ollablity "and! fault tolorance are of easence, Software and ‘business processes are not cooperating, as they should to make it profitable + Software is so ubiquitous that we must solve the software evelopment problem to address s lot of other problems the society has Explain phases of six sieme approsch. What are Denaits of untty Management 3. Measure where you go - Analyse 4 improve your processes while you go = Improve 5. Act immediatly if going the wrong path - Control + The Six Sigma methodology defines thre core steps 1. Define, customer is and deliverables and project oss via well-defined methods of customer commsicaton Measure the existing process and its output to determine 2 smn quality performance (collect defect metic) 3, Analyze defect metrics and determine the vita fw cases Improve the process by eliminating the root cases of defects, hat future work does not 5. Control the process to ensure eintoduce the causes of defects «= Bonefite of Six tema ‘ix Sigma offers «ix major benefits that atte EECODES @ ins than PHOTOCOPY Pree act companies 7 Safroare Testing and Quallty Assurance 5-10 ___Qualty Mange 1. Generates sustained micoeas 2. Sets a performance goal fpr everyone 3. Enhances value to customs 4 Accelerates the rate of improvement 5. Promotes lesring and crose-pllination 6. Bxocutes strategic change. 5.5 + 150 9000 Quality Standards C44 Wha oe of 180 9000 toward SQA sandrdston ‘ane. 150 9000 150 5000 4 an ntematonal st of standards for qty imengenent il spate vo wean of onpeniaens oe, SEE erie uae 1180 9000 has broad acope + Hardware, software pac iat and sercn Te Sadar ues the be cae sia good quty management sjeem, Thane Somers St ed eae “HD Depts ogee wh sgn, di ‘a mlnnin roduc 150 061 a genes noe he Process must be instantiated for each organization. a + 150 9000-1 provides guldelines for selection a 150 soo provides lection and use of the The 150 9004 eres provide guidance for qualiy management fesign, implementation and improvement of + quail! system. A quality aystem is a set of ‘organizational structure ocedures, Procttses and resources needed to implement qual +0 Ton ot ad oun ee eel Pees eer ec ect ad —_ Secoost. ‘© Less than PHOTOCOPY Price ofan Teting and Quality surance 8-11 Quality Management 1180 6000 and 150 9004 ae guidelines for ually management and are not Mandatory for certification. ad +190 St, 50 5002 an SO 9008 ae gusty system standard. 1180 9001.16 the broadest standard and provides & model for desig, development. producion intliaion and serving +180 9002 mite to proton invallation and serving 1150 9008 futher ited to nepection and esting TA company should st wee 150.9000, tp dan ado {npiemens quality system’ Goce the ality has bee nae, A2e company ay do the Goaiysetsane lo 80 900 'S0 Suu! 150 bes to denenetnte te adam of he ally oan +180 5002 Is wind for production and ition. It le the ‘inde toa govrne fhe marataare of 8 peat “esgna to entre confocnce te pein en Inter soto 1150 9008 Is te standard cece tthe a nt and inepecton of prodanteThe santard presen an eerie. ally ‘Sit fanclon thd species whats nended for cota © Slee +150 904 Is fr Internal se only an ns the conponens that Compore ually systems wih 180 9000 certnenon 7 ister ongantzatone!daon 2 Grater quality swerenen eter documentation of proees Inceated contol of operations Ongaing analyst of and sluton to problems Toate carl change Improved customer” sstifiction and increased market pportaiies GEECODES @ tees thon PHOTOCOPY Price Seftoare Testing and Quality Assurance 512 180 9000 cortieation| + Quality standards and procedures should be documented in an conganisational qualty manual. “+ External body may certfy that an organisation's quality manual conforms to (ISO 9000) standards + Customers are, increasingly, demanding that suppliers are 1S0 222 Bley eptain 180 9000.3 quallty management eyetem Quality Management Customer focus Lasdership Involvement of people Process approach ‘System approach to management Continual improvement Factual approech to decision making Mutually supportive supplier relationships Landertie ee canto! Fla. 0.124 The sight qualty management princes tote than PHOTOCOPY Price Software Testing and Quality Aanerance _$-38 __Qualy Manag Sen |e trang i Abtly vo foo oe | spprnch to] "Gnranding andthe hey proces mieagenett| aging Sintered. Povaing ence) Frontal ae ‘aye ucts para w 6] Prince Benet Ehorae te] “Ge coy Eenomer fs and eevee and Pe | ache ee Strceny tn acheving | Saat. a. Incase flection a Secs ets cen ‘cone rer Semnstos rouse, emt] = conan provement af a Pe terrowed ag mam 7 Seiortan sod er a[a. "Petomance dvr ee Fomenen Sectve ell” cag impel a Erorpniscon cepa! eae ao Tess acaamw ae] Remedy ome | Sina based on the analyte er] challenge and change | peut goal on Snr thea” pin and dere sa I. Mincommuniton wi = An organization and tu[}- Inrased ality owt i min ppc we a part Fvlved in scleving the interdependent and "a[2. Optimisation of con _Sranluans seer ima at rer Tpvawenent] «people. all ee are Mostied, commited Sialentae, siheree te Spon | oe gt) ne ee pose sei Pe | acon snd thle i] win te organenton — itistvomenterule | 2:3 flute 180 9000.3 requtrament proces. ‘Sites tobe ued fort ‘Asa: The 150 9000-3 we ee ee a Includes about 29 requirements that 1 “= Tower cont and shore "plows aapecte of wottvace quality management classed Prose [A dened “rage | Loner cam sn ston the following five groupe ee Slecive no eure 3. Quality management system , Improved, conatent and 2. Management responsibilities & ues eal 3. Resource management : i ————— eee ESE HEE cece cen tworgror ee Giza nes nan rovoorT rice Safoure Testing end Quality Assurance 5-15 Quality Management 4 Product realization, 5, Measurement, analysis and improvement Requirements Functions Quality management |i. Establish « quality management sytem symm requirements |p, Document the quality management system Management ‘Management commitment esponaiies Lh. a 12 Customer focus [3 Ouatiy policy 's. Panning I Administaton 2. ls. ls n ‘Resource management |i, Provislon of rrourees | Human resuroes Facies [Proust realization Planing of realization proctnee Design andlor development Purchasing Production and serie operations Control of measuring, and mentoring devices Mesurenent enalyas fi Plaming sd improvement [2 afewurenent and monitoring I. cont of soncntomity | [6 Analy of date Ls. improvement 14 Explain certifeation process of 150 9000-8. Ans: + The ISO 90003 certification process verifies that an ‘organization's software development and maintenance processes ‘ally comply with the standard's requirements GECOBET @ Las then PHOTOCOPY Price Softwar Testing end Quality Avmrance 5-16 _Qualty Management +The objective of the Intemational Standards Organization 9000 series of standards isto certify that an organization has quality manufacturing processes Thus, if a supplier wanted to demonstrate competence of products, it would make application to demonstrate that it meets the ISO 9000 standards. + Documentation requirements : The 150 9000 aut is heavily focused on evaluation of documentation, Four Were of quality system documentation sre required = 2. That dere quay an 2 Second terqualty management "procedures (Le, core procedures). 3 Third tleraren work instructions (Le, standard operating procedures, test methods, calibration methods). 4 Fourth erforms, records, books and fs Certtetion process : 1. The company first implements the control and documentation procedures outlined in the series. 21 ‘then involves thorough iit by an. independent certification organization that is licensed to register quality systems by an-acreditation body esr Gamelan neve « rslaton cette and rane sinc Published of me oe Published directory of registered The systems will Be continually vert regi sontinually veriied by the registrar in tide survelace and fall suds are conducted every fem Development ofthe organization's SGA system : + Organization fat devel ess than PHOTOCOPY Price Seftoare Testing and Quality nnurance 5-37 Quality Management Sears Teting tt Qnty Anurencs 5-17 Quality Management * Lastiy the development of a project progress control system. \Implomentation of the organization's SQA system : 1 Setting up a staff instruction program ‘Leaders and managers aze expected to follow up and support the implementation efforts made by thels unite tintermal quality audits are carsied out to verify the success in implementation. ‘+The findings will determine of whether the organization ‘has reached a satisfactory level of implementation, Problems with certification 4, Costs « application and maintenance 2, Time - application and maintenance ‘Level of internal expertise Executive commitment 5. Selection of registration Lass than PHOTOCOPY Price 6.1 : Total Quality Management 2.4 Explain component Involves in TOM. ‘Ana.: + TQM involves following basle concept 1 Leadership 2 Customer Satisfaction 3 Employee Involvement 4. Continuous Process Improvement 5 Supplier Partnership 6. Performance Measures. "Lesdernhip : Top management must realize importance of ality. Quality is responsibility of everybody, ter ultimate Reaponatbillty is CEO. Quality excellence must become pent of busines strategy. Lead in the implementation procece * Customer Satisfaction : Customer is always right in Japan ‘customer is "King’. Customer expectations constantly changing * Satisfaction ts a function of total experience with organization. It ‘rust give customers a quality product or service reasonable Dilce, on-time delivery, and outtaruiny mvs **Heneed to continually examine the quality systems and practices to [be responsive to ever changing needs, requirements and expectations ‘Employee Involvement : People are the most important esource/atet, Quality comes rom people * Continuous Process Improvement : View all work as process, production and business. Proceas means purchasing desige, ware Tsting and Qualty Assurance 6-2 SoftoareQualty Toots ‘Supplier Partnership : The 40 % product cost comes. from pporchased materials; therefore supplier quality management is important ‘The substantial portion of quality problems comes from suppliers and need partnership to, achieve quality improvement. Le. long-term purchase contract. Its supplier management activites. ‘Performance Measures : It is managing by fact rather than feelings. The effective management requires measuring performance, It uses a baseline, o identify potential projects, t0 asses results from improvement. (622: Product Quality Metrics 2 Explain help disk metric. Also explain benefit of 22 plain ely dak quay ext [Ans Product metrics refer to the software systen's operational phase, In most of the projet, software developer is required to provide customer service during the softwares operational phase. * Customer services aze divided into to category 1. Help Desk services (HD) 2. Corrective maintenance services HD imetrice are based on all customer calls while corective ‘maintenance metrics are based on file reports ‘+ HD quality metrics are as follows 1. HD calle dencity metrics - Measured by the number of call. 2. HD calls severity metrics - The severity ofthe HD issues raised, 3. HD success metrics - The level of success in responding to HD calls HD calls density metrics : HD calls Density (HDD) = Rene GaCODES © tess han PHOTOCOPY Price Softee Testing and Quality Asvrance__6-3___ Software Quality Toole WHDD Weighted HD calls Density WHDD = Rrne WHDF Weighted HD calls per Function point WHDF = Wee + NHYC = Number of HD cills during a year of service. + KLMC = Thousands of Lines of maintained software code. + WHYC = Weighted HD calls received during cine year of service. + NMEP = Number of function points to be maintained Severity of HO Cale Metce and HO Success Metrics Average severity of HD cals (ASHO Ae a cus recredcartg one yea of sevice WENO) 2 aT HD as doeng yar eee HD service success (D5) ‘uber af ey HD calls competed on __Nne dutag ane yun ofsersce NENINOT) [Naber of HD el ring + year of service NHPC} Wo productivity and atectivaness matics ‘rredutvty snes relate fo the fetal of resources invested ding + spied paved. It wie the ewytoapply KLMC ‘measure of maintained software system + Eifctivoness. metrics relate to the resources invested in responding to a HD customer call ‘Total yearly working hours investedin HD HD Productivity (HDP) = SETS of the software system (HDYH), Hy (HDR) «Se potsands oflnes of raivained software code(KLMC) Failures of maintenance services metrics +A customer call related to a software failure problem that was supposed to be solved after a previous call is commonly treated 3s 8 maintenonce service failure. ‘Maintenance repeated repair failure (MRepF) (GcoDES ana thon PHOTOCOPY Pe Softore Tet and Quality Anurance 6-4 _Softoare Quality Tools __ Number of repeated software aure calls (RepYF) er rsteacitueeamaed Guring a year of maintance servicetNYF) Benefits of product metrics 4. Assist in the evaluation of the analysis and evaluation model 2. Provide indication of procedural design complenty and source code complexity 23, Facilitate design of more effective testing 6.3 + In Process Quality Metrics 123 Explain err density mettle and error severly metres Error density metrics Calculation of error density metrics involves two measures : Software volume and erzors counted. «+ Software volume measures. Some density metrics use the number Of ines of code while others apply function points. Errors counted menrures. Some felate to the number of errors tnd others to the weighted number of errors, Name Formule Gade Bear Devaty ‘Gap Nee/RLoc evelopment Error Desay (DED = NDE AKLOC Weighted Code Exor Denaty | WEDE = WCE / LOC “Weighted Development Ear | WDED = WDE / KLOC Dosity ‘Weighted Code Brom per WeaF = WOE 7 NFP Puneton Point ‘Weighted Development Emam por | WOEF= WDE / NFP Fineon Pott Gecaai tse on PHOTOCOPY ree NCE = The numberof code

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