12/18/2022

MATHEMATICS FOR
CONSTRUCTION

Eng. C. M. Shafraz
BSc.Eng (Hons.)
AMIE(SL),Aeng(ECSL)

Introduction

People who are working in construction industry have to be very comfortable with
mathematical calculations

The sort of maths used by Quantity Surveyors is extremely

easy. All we are doing is quantifying/measuring construction
work and there is only three ways of doing that - linear meters,
square meters, and cubic meters.

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Contents

LO1 Use analytical and computational methods to solve construction related

problems

Analytical methods
Trigonometry
irregular areas and volumes
sine rule
cosine rule
area of triangles applications

Trigonometry
coordinate systems
basic trigonometric ratios and their inverses
trigonometric ratios for the four quadrants
solution of triangles
areas and volumes of regular solids

Algebra
Linear
simultaneous and quadratic equations (graphical or algebraic solving)

Matrices
Multiplication
Transposition
inversion (up to 2 x 2)

Application to construction problems

analysis and design issues
processes and operations
resource issues e.g. labour, finance
project planning
levelling, contouring
triangulation, traversing, cut and fill, setting out.

LO2 Investigate applications of statistical techniques to interpret, organize

and present data by using appropriate computer software packages

Statistical methods
presentation of data (histograms, frequency graphs, cumulative frequency
graphs)

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Central tendency and dispersion

dispersion (standard deviation, variance, interquartile range)
Distribution theory: normal distribution
confidence limits
Null hypothesis
significance testing.

Construction engineering problems

measures of central tendency (mean, mode, median)
measures of dispersion (range, variance, standard deviation, quartiles, deciles
and percentiles)
grouped and ungrouped data
Probability theory, Binomial and normal distribution

Applications
presentation of data
estimation
prediction
quality control

1- Analytical and computational

methods

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Trigonometry
• Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that studies
relationships between the sides and angles of triangles,
particularly right triangles.

• The principle Trigonometric functions are sine, cosine and tangent.

History of Trigonometry

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Trigonometry

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Pythagoras Theorem
• Pythagoras tell us about the relationship between the lengths adj, opp
and hyp

Example 1

Example 1 cont..

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Example

Example 2

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Example 3

Example 4

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Example 4

Speed of bird= 1.7568 ×(5/18) m/s

Distance travelled by bird in 30 sec. = 1.7568 × (5/18) × 30 = 14.64 m

In right angled triangle In right angled triangle

Tan 600 =AD/ED. Tan 450 =BC/EC.
EC=BC

EC - ED = DC = AB = 14.64

EC – ED = 14.64 = BC

Example 5

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Exercise

Exercise

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Angles of trigonometric functions

Sign conventions of trigonometric functions

θ = (n x 90)° - α

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Example

θ = (n x 90)° - α

Example

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Inverse trigonometric functions

• Pythagoras tell us about the relationship between the lengths adj, opp
and hyp

Particular solutions of trigonometric equations

Example

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Example cont…

(General solution)

Example

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Exercise

Sine rule

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Example

Cosine rule

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Example

Exercise
3

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Radian measure

Exercise

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Trigonometric identities

Example

Example

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Trigonometric identities

Example

Trigonometric identities

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Example

Trigonometric identities

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Exercise

Algebra Linear Simultaneous Equations

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Properties of real numbers in linear algebra

Examples

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Examples

Example 4

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Exercise

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Quadratic equations

Roots of the Equation

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Solution of a Quadratic Equation by Factorization

SOLUTION OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION BY COMPLETING

THE SQUARE

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SOLUTION OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION BY COMPLETING

THE SQUARE

SOLUTION OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION BY FORMULA

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SOLUTION OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION BY FORMULA

Example

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Example

Example

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Example

Graphs of Quadratic Equations

Example

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Graphs of Quadratic Equations

Domain and Range

Domain and Range

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Graphing Piecewise-Defined Functions

Matrics
Overview of the lecture
●
Matrices

●
Matrix algebra

●
Vectors

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What is a Matrix?
• Matrix: A two dimensional array with rows and columns used
to organize data.
• Denoted with a capital letter
• Has square brackets around it
• The data is often numerical, but does not have to be

Matrix is an array of numbers

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Things to consider in matrices

• Order: The dimension of the matrix "row x column“ m x n
• : The number of rows (horizontal)
• : The number of columns (vertical) (Do not use M or N as
names of matrices)
• Element: the term for each number in a matrix

Referring to entries in a matrix:

• Lowercase letter (the same letter as the name of the matrix)
Followed by numbers for row, column
• Ex: 1,2 would be the entry in the first row and the second
column of the matrix .

Terminology

A row of the matrix

1 4 3 1
1 0  6 43
 
7 0 87 0 
 5 56 5 0 
 

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Terminology

A column of the matrix

1 4 3 1
1 0  6 43 
 
7 0 87 0 

 5 56 5 0 

Terminology

An element of the matrix

1 4 3 1
1 0  6 43
 
7 0 87 0 
 5 56 5 0 
 

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Terminology
If a matrix has m rows and n columns we say that its
dimension is m x n.
The dimension of this matrix is 3 x 5

 3.2  0.9 1 1.4  8 

 9.3 3.1 5  9.1
 0
0.9  0.9 0 11 8.3 

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Addition

The addition of matrices is component-wise.

The two matrices must have the same dimension.

a11 a12  b11 b12   a11  b11 a12  b12

  
a 21 a22  b21 b22  a 21  b21 a 22  b22 

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Addition
Example 2.1:
2 3 1 3 3 6 
1 2  0 9  1 11
     

Multiplication by scalar

The multiplication of a matrix by a scalar

(by a number) is again component-wise.

a a12   c  a11 c  a12 

c   11 
a21 a22  c  a21 c  a 22 

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Multiplication by scalar
Example 2.2:
1 7  3 21
3    
 0 2  0 6 

Things to consider in matrices

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Matrix multiplication

Example 2.3:
1 3 40 0 2 15 
5 2 11 1 0   
    
0 1 23 1 1  

Matrix multiplication

Example 2.3:
1 3 40 0 2 15 7 
5 2 11 1 0   
    
0 1 23 1 1  

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Matrix multiplication

Example 2.3:
1 3 40 0 2 15 7 6
5 2 11 1 0   
    
0 1 23 1 1  

Matrix multiplication

Example 2.3:
1 3 40 0 2 15 7 6
5 2 11 1 0   5 
    
0 1 23 1 1  

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Matrix multiplication

Example 2.3:
1 3 40 0 2 15 7 6 
5 2 11 1 0   5 3 11
    
0 1 23 1 1 7 3 2 

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Example

Example cont..

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Short review of matrices

Null matrix: O AO  OA  0A

Orthogonal matrix A'A  AA'  I

Cos()  Sin()
A
 Cos() 
 Sin()

Cos() Sin() 
A' 
 Sin() Cos()

1 0
AA'   
0 1 

• Homogeneous equations: AX=0

1. unique solution
2. Infinite solution

• Nonhomogeneous equations: AX=B

1. No solution
2. unique solution
3. Infinite solution

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Example

A'A  AA'  I

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SOLVE SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONs

Example

Example

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Example 2

Example 2

Exercise

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Exercise

Applications of matrices
• Solutions of simultaneous linear Homogeneous and
Nonhomogeneous equations.
• Balancing the chemical reactions.
• Determine the current in the circuit.
• Array used in programming.
• Matrix transformations are used in computer graphics
(CAD).
• Cryptography (Secrete writing and Store the data.).
• New view of complex number.

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Applications of matric transformations

Example 1- Rotation

Example 1- Rotation

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Example 1- Rotation

Example 2- Scaling

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Example 3- Transformation

Example 3- Transformation

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Exercise

Assignment - 01
Evaluate analytical findings from construction problems and
justify the techniques adopted to solve such issues related
to Algebra, Trigonometry & Matrices

• Analysis and design issues

• Processes and operations
• Resource issues eg: labor, finance
• Project planning
• Levelling, contouring
• Triangulation, traversing, cut and fill and setting out

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