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Classification of Elements

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Classification of Elements

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Rakesh S
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(2) When the noble gases were dissoreres Mendeleev’s Periodic Law ‘The properties of the elements are a periodic function of are called series or periods. vane jeev's peri Significance of Mendcleev's periodic table or merit of the Mendel (® Systematic study of the elements. — (@) Prediction ofnew elements and their propertice,eg, Eke sluninio= (iii) Correction of certain atomic masses, eg., Beryllium. Defects in the Mendeleev’s periodic table pte oa eather © Position of hydrogen was not made clear because hydrogen can be placed in ei of the group ist or 7th. beeps @ Separation of chemically similar elements. Certain clements aa be chemically similar like Cu and Hg, Au and Pt ete.. have been placed in sepa: 2 3 = (ii) Grouping chemically dissimilar elements. (iv) Position of isotopes. (v) Position of lanthancides and actinoides. 3.3 MODERN PERIODIC LAW AND THE PRESENT FORM OF THE PERIODIC TABLE Henry Moseley observed regularities in the characteristi rays Aplot of vy against atomic number (2) gave a straight line and not the plot of Vv vsatomic weight. + Modern periodic law: The physical and chemical properties of the elements are Periodic functions of their atomic numbers, _ ‘Naas * Modern periodic table: The elements are arranged in incr... a atomic numbers. This table was prepared by Bohr and is mee order of the; configuration of elements. as E pon Spectra of the elements. CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES General Characteristics of the Long Form Periodic Table 1. There are in all 18 vertical columns called groups. 2. There are seven horizontal rows called periods. [cc Rerdod (SS he7 Representation 100 TUPAC recommended a system of naming the new element, until their official names are approved. The main points of their nomenclature are: (1) The names are derived directly from the atomic numbers using numerical roots for ~s fro} ~ zero and numbers from 1.9, and adding the suffix ium. 108 CHEMISTRY—X! oni] 88 nit | um [oi | ort | quan | pent | he Abbreviation a i . “ ve = h | j For example, the names of slements having atomic number more than 100 are: a Atomic number ‘Name abel | 101 Unnilunium| ooo | 102 Unailbium wb | 103 Unniltrium leeoee | 104 Unnilquadium ung | 105 Unnilpentium unp 106 Unnithexium eat 107 Unnilseptium uns 108 Unniloctium uno | 109 Unnilennium une 0 Ununnitium un | iu Unununium uuu 112 Ununbium wub | 113 Ununtrium uut | 14 Ununquardium oq [fl NCERT SOLVED PROBLEM Sra a 8.1. What would be IUPAC name and symbol for the element with atomic number | 120? Solution. Unbinilium (Ubn). | { 3.5 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE An electron in an atom is characterised by a set of four quantum numbers, and the principal quantum number (n) is represented as main energy level known as shell or orbitals. ‘The distribution of electrons into orbitals of an atom is called its electronic configuration. For examples: Li, = 1s?, 2s! 2° Period Nj, = 1s, 25%, 2p8, 3s! 3" Period Sey, = 1s”, 2s”, 2p5, 3s”, 3p%, 4s®, 3d! 4° Period. Electronic Configuration in Periods sin 6 filliny of electro The orresponds to the Now this energy level has only one orbital re, iF 088 first Per, socond clectrons. This means that there ean be only twovelements.” inter the ‘The second period starts with the electrons besiny po be shell (n=. ‘There are only four orbital: accommodate ei ns, Thus, second period has eH8BP™ ‘he he peo hx with the electrons entering ane one 3 may be recalled that out of nine orbitals of this energy level ur orbital to be five 3d orbitals have higher energy than 4s orbitals. As SUCH ™ jeyel begins three 3p) corresponding to n = 3 are filled before the fourth en Hence, there are only the third period. orbitals. ime turtipetiedcnrcpnt i= Testarts with the sings filled. Spee after the 4s but before the 4p orbitals, there are five 3d orbitals al such there ar nine orbital have té be filled and as ts from Se ( ‘elements in Temay bem 9 period. There are The a s similar to fo ae ginning with 5s oral ore therefore, there are in fifth period as well. there are sixteen orbitals s with the filling of Gs orbital (w=). iige before the next 3 e t 6p) in which filling of electrons takes PIO™? De an of df energy level starts. As such a in sixth period. The se ihe first orbitals begins with cerium (: 1 11). It constitutes f-transition series which is called lar ae ee n =). It would also have containe elements correspon: But it is still incomplete. The filling up of 5f orbitals begins with thorium (Z = 9 ut constitutes second f-transition series which is called actin« Tt mostly in n- made radioactive elements. In order to avoid undue expansion o! eriodic table the 4f and 5f-transition elements have been placed separately. The relationship between number of elements in a period and electron filling of orbitals have been summed up in table. and, ements in Different Periods Number of elements 2s, 2p 246 2 3s, 3p 246 8 48, 8d, 4p 241046 5 5s, 4d, Bp tiibee is. 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p 241441046 a8 1s, 5f, 6d, 7p 241441046 ae SOO ee ee Re a eae CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES AAA + 444 Electronic Configurations in Groups _ e said to ea similarly group’ 16 It may be noted that family. For example, elements of constitutes cl x6 Table 3.2. Electronic Configurations of Alkali Metals Kiement.|| (ABNo.(@). | Electronic configuration | Li 3 ‘18%, 2s) r. | Na Se 152, 2s 2p%, 3s" > K 19 12, 2s? 2p%, 35% 3p%, 4s* * Rb ¢ 1.87 15%, 2s? 2p%, 3s? 3p® 3d", 4s? 4p%, 5s! Cs 55 152, 2s? 2p%, 35? Sp® 3d", As? 4p® 4d, 5s? 5p®, 6s! Fre. 87 a 2s? 2p8, 3s% Sp® 3d”, Ag? Ap® 4d, 58? 5p® 5d”, 63? 6p®, 7s" ——__—___#& NCERT SOLVED PROBLEM 5% period of the 3.2. How would you justify the presence of 18 elements in the periodic table? Solution. When n = 5,1 = 0, 1, 2, 3. The orde} orbitals 4d, 5s and 5p increases is 5s < dd < 5p. {2 9, The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodate: 18 elements are there in the 5" period. : +: in which the energy of the available ‘The total number of orbitals available .d is 18; and therefore ‘TRONIC CONFIGURATIONS AND TYPES OF ELEMENTS: 5, P> d, 3.6 ELEC f-BLOCKS Elements in the long form of the periodic table have been di to four block: @ — es-block elements « p-block’elements d-block elements ¢ f-block elements 5 4 (A) Charseteniae of s-block Elements (vi). Most of ine) metals of this block i | Ikali metal (ns'.) is than that of metals. (viii) (el) They aro vory navn, een Ikaline earth metal (ns*.) her a au See eee, ) (©) Characteristics of d-block Elements (Transition Elements) oxida (@ General electronic soaiaasatigh — (x) Transition elements form i (D) Characteristics of f-block Elements me SLASSIFIGATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES ie Types of Elements £A) On the basis of chemical be j> Representative elements 0 ; + Alls an Jere fe The elements belong to th + The number of rel ging to Seishgetecmrtaemabeck. al as below: eal elements, jour elements are class Yormal elements ov 'Tyy elements, For paitoak Sto" + Grou > Genin Noble gases . * Outer electronic configuration #2gmp*UlGroup 18") f which are occupied are ey ‘ified a: = (@ Metals ‘on-metals Gii) Semiconductors (metalloids). Prediction of Period, Group and Block of a given Element she pring quanti number ofthe dalence ¢ ) The blo (iii) The group of element is predicted from the no. of electron in mite valence shell or in = penultimate shell as follows: Mh NCERT SOLVED PROBLEMS 3.3. The elements Z = 117 and 120 have not yet been discovered. In which family group would you place these elements and also give the electr ‘oni configuration in each case. Solution. We see periodic table, an element with atomic number (Z) = 117, wou’ belong fo the ne helpers family (Group 17) andt the electronic ic configuration would be (R ‘he element, 3.4, Solution. Metallic char, moving from left to right Pp>d>f (iv) Penetration effect of the electrons, s-orbitals penetrate more closer to the nucleus as compared to p-orbitals, Thus, electrons in s-orbitals are more tightly held by the nucleus than electrons in p-orbitals. Due to this, more energy is required to remove iod so cation has smaller radii J anclern hom anasto shell in the order. penetration power decreases in a given n is stable ift (v) Electronic configuration. The electronic configuration (@ The at ; one (except He which has 2 electrons). () The 2 ; value of first ionization enthalpy. Elements with stable configuration have high Successive ionization enthaly It is possible to Yemove more : Ie pre : : na r Sthe energies required For example, the ionization energiés of Al are as fel Alig) Alig) tes LE = 577 kJ mol ANG) AIM) +e; LBq= 1616 67 mol where LE AiG) APG) +5 Eg = 2744 kd mol ere LE.,, 1E., and LE., are the first, second and third ionization enthalpy respe ctively. due to the simultaneous ons are held more keeps ee of ionization enthalpy in periodic table S ariation in a period. On moving across a period from left to right, i ani the valence electr fightly by the nucleus, Therefore, the amount of energy required to remove 20 electron oni tom in a group of periodic table, the ionization Variation in a group. As we move from top to bo CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES 119 @ Ionization enthalpy of hitrogenlis greater thanthatofearhorItis due n. to thi 4 configuration of nitrogen (1s? 2s? 2p, '2p,12p,") which is * Sleetronie electrome more stable than i more stable tha configuration of carbon (1s? 26? 2p,' 2p.) 3p). O fe di apy (@) Halogens have the highest negative electron gain ental r alkals'> e© +e in NAM CHEMISTRY—XI 220 f chlorine. that ol y negative than Be, Mg, N Gi) Blectron gain eather of fluorine is unexpectedly less DoF Je those 3 (Gi) Electron gain enthalpy values of noble gases are post and Pare almost, zero. ‘nd P are almost-zero. Successive electron gain enthalpies jveionand the. enthaley When the first electron i forms a uninega! nis added to ctr s ii s 2 ul 1 lect ro! change during fe adided toa gaseous atom, ior NO the energy ; xe Dro ions tro) Hheluninexative ion, it experiences ese ee trom the ani. = ad the second electron, as to be supplied to overcome the repucive feeee Thus, in Order te reecond electron gain the energy is required ero ehe epulsive force, Thus, -OUIEE TF cond electron Hain a ither than released. Therefore, the val o require: Fuithalby is Bositive. Similarly, addition of third, fourth electrons. 2 example, let us study Hence, the values of successive electron gain enthalpies are positives For the addition of electrons teeter ain enthalpies are posusves ns to oxygen atom. ii O@ +e —" Ow) alt= (4,40, =~ 141 kd mol? (Enersy is OW) +e OF) att = ATED, = + 720 kd mot (Enerey is s released) abserved) NCERT SOLVED PROBLEM 2 2 — rs in enthalpy 3-7. Which of the following will have the most negative electron gain and which is the least negative? Explain your answer. P,S, CLF. 7 is Solution. As we move in a period from left to right the electron enthalpy is generally more negative. Within a group, electron gain enthalpy becomes les lsign’ down a group. However, adding an electron to the 2p-orbital leads to greater rep si than adding an electron to the larger 3p-orbital. Hence the element with suost negate electron gain enthalpy is chlorine; the one with the least negative electron gain enthalpy is phosphorus. Soe ©) Electronegativity Itis the tendeney of an atom in'a molecule to attract towards itself the shared pair of electrons. Factors on which electronegativity depends (@) Greater the effective nuclear charge greater is the electronegativity. (4) Smaller the atomic radius greater is the electronogativity- atomic radius greater is the electronegativit Variation of electronegativity in periodic table Variation in period. When we move from Jeftito’right ina petiod! Of periodic table, clectronegativity increases due to increase in nuclear ch: shag and decrease in atomic radius, Halogens have the highest value of electronegativity in their respective periods, Variation in group. When we move from top to bottom in a group of periodic table, electronegativity decreases due to increased atomic radius. Fluorine has the highest value of lectronegativity among all the elements. _ Hatogens - 4 vatue yo Hechonegalivd, CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES cana Difference between Electron Gain Enthalpy and Electronogativity e Electron Gain Enthalpy s Electronegativity j 1. Itis the tendency of an isolated gaseous | 1. It is the tendency of an atom in a molecule to x atom to attract an electron. attract the shared pair of electrons. 2. It is the property of an isolated atom. 2. It is the property of a bonded atom. 8. It does not change regularly in a 3, It changes regularly in a period or a group. period or a group. , 4. It is measured in electron volts/atom 4, It is a number and has no units, or kcal/mol or kJ/mol. Relationship between electronegativity and Non-metallic (or metallic) character of an element () Electropositivity or Metallic Character The tendeny of atoms ofan element tle ‘sletrs anid form positive fon is known as j ‘The periodic trends of various physical properties are given below. radii deorens® ocron gain ens ONES eres? renizaton ona ase Tecvonegatviy vies nee eee s:block ae Noble gasses n gain enthalpy values decrease Atomic radiates Metallic properties increase Electronegatvity values decrease Metals” \ non-metal inner transition elements ay block properties in the periodic table. (G) Valence or Oxidation States i : n Glements of group'1'have valency equal to 1 and those of group 2 have an pat rhe oe 0 2. "Using the peers, desdlict the fobiaclas ot formed by the following pairs of elements; "POURS Which might be | (@)silicon and bromine ©) aluminium and sutph ur, clas: ‘SIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES: 423 : Solution. (a) Silicon is group 14 e i i | a . ip 14 element with a valency of 4; bromine belongs to the halog family with a valency of 1. Hence the formula of the compound formed would be “4 (>) Aluminium belongs to group 19 with 9 valency of 3; sulphur belongs to group 16 elements witha valeney of, Hence, the formula of the compound formed would be 2S 4 Anomalous properties of second period elements. The figstelement of the group .. This anomalous behaviour } ‘attributed to the following factors. ¢ . @ atomicsize s -. | ie ‘Mg Cause of diagonal relationship state and covalency of Al in [AIC(H,0),]** same? f Al is +3, and the covalency is 6. “Are the oxidation Solution. No, the oxidation state 0 "periodic trends and chemic oiaiy gainjenthalpy and valency. al reactivity. a. CHEMISTAY—xI 124 i i i for the element at the extreme left As already discussed the, a z Hest of the period/and the electron is most negative for the elemé the extr right of the period (For grou} elei is), the elements ong hae pe Gain enthalpies due to thelrstableslecieonic configurations. Ava result the chemical re is maximum at the two extremes and lowest in the centre. The extreme reactivity of sroup-L elaments is due to the ease with which these elements can lose an electron leading to the formation of corresponding cation. On the other hand the gence eee te ase with which these elements can wrm_the corresponding anion. Thus, clomonta at (gsi Hl ubehaviour whereas thetélements at (atta Nature of oxide. Wh: compound is called oxide. The ndrimal oxides of the elements at thé/extféiie IéfPlof the periodic table are most basic in nature, On the other hand, the elements at the extreme right of the periodic table are most acidic in nature. Oxides of the elements in the centre are amphoteric or neutral. For example, Na,O is strongly basi¢ whereas C1,0, is strongly acidic, Al,O, is amphoteric while CO, NO and N,O are neutral. See Se OSES A baie oxide when dissolved ini water gives a Basie solution whereas ah acidic oxide gives an aci ion. For example, — Na,0(s) + H,O() > 2NaOH(aq) Basic oxide A strong base €1,0,(0) + H,0 —— 2HCI0,(aq) Acidic oxide A strong acid An amphoteric oxide exhibits acidic behaviour in the presence of bases and basic behaviour in the prasence of acids. A neutral oxide exhibits neither acidic nor basic properties. ‘The amphoteric nature of aluminium oxide is evident from the following reactions: Al,0,(s) + 6HCl(ag) ——> 2AICI,(ag) + 3H,00) Al,0,(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H,0@) > 2Na[Al(OH),] (aq) (fi NGERSOWVED Pron D PROBLEM 3.10. Show by a chemical reaction with water that Na,0 is a basic oxide and C1,0, is an acidic oxide. Solution. Na,O with water forms a strong base whereas C1,0, forms strong acid. Na,O + H,O —— 2Na0H (base) C1,0, + H,O ——> 2HCIO, (acid) Their basic or acidic nature can be qualitatively tested with litmus paper. What is Solution. The basic theme of organisation of elements in the periodic table is to facilitate the study of the properties of all the elements and their compounds. On the basis 0 similarities in chemical properties, the various elements have been divided into differen

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