chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 STRUCTURAL DESIGN “Tecesse request temas of th overal ropertons sad dimatons SScabo ln mo ur te favo dong cig te eaten! oe “inne fr nde orp ihe bese bys ate de eng ase ical ego een pete Spas telont "The sitet eciderbow te ung hol oo, te eager ant i acne he psy the sete eager ty, Ota ingen eat: omar od contortion avr Ateugh ts ete cab aly Sept yea at seguers misnn nut ear eng ‘iene wae by age mc nn sine ay “OR find gee son of tel ot ne conve degn shoul be pepted aod ni cous computed. Pore tasiag {bowen devin mist ede o the pinay bung teal ob wed ‘designs shouldbe prepared with each, Seal str! em in rer roe ane ad semomil Seis Ba7 | ‘cannot dso without thorugh understanding ofthe desig ofthe ompanent be lng Blok) the structure Ths compet desin's the oss this ook. embers Figure Lt shows a ruse with ete! concentrated nce pple tthe jain along the tp chor. In keeping withthe nl assumption of trae ana Ped connecuons and loads applied onl atthe jas each component of te truss willbe atwo-fore member subject tether aia compression or enon, For topchord members wl bein compestion andthe bottom howd members wil be Intenon. The web mener wil ether bein tension or compression, Sepending ‘e's location and erietation and onthe cation of he ke, ‘Otheriypes of members can be ilustatd wth the rig frame Fight 1.2, “The mumber ofthis fume are ipl connected by wei and canbe sumed ‘oor, continous sracture. At the supports the members are welded toa ete !nglar pate that fled to comet footing. Pls several of hese frames in pra and connecting thm with addtional members hat ze then covered ‘th roofing materia and walls produce yp building str. Many impor ‘onsractedeseatily in this manner. The desi and sais of cach frame in {urea showa a Figure 125 Because the frame hes pla of symmetry parallel, tothe page, we ae able fo tet the frame a wo-dimenstonal and represent the Frame momber by thee contains (Although it mot sown ot Figure this ‘ame Mclization mae wih trusses andthe members are tally repressed by their cenetines) Note thatthe supports ae represented as hinges (pins), not 28 fted supports If theresa possibly that the foun wll under alah fla toa, o ithe connections exible enough allow alight oan, the suppor ‘ator analges hat deformations ar try sll which means thst oa ‘ight oation ofthe support fenced gus 8 3 pnned connection. ‘Once the geometry and support enditons of the Weaized Tame have been ‘subishe, the loading mus be determined. This determination usally tvales “pportioning ase ofthe total lon to each frame I the hypoth strate der consideration i sjete to 4 urforaly dud oot loud the potion ‘ured one frame willbe a uniformly distributed ie oad meastred in ee pot Unt engi, as shown n Figure .2.Typsea nis woud be Kips ps oe4 For dhe lading showa ia Figure 2h the fame wil dorm a nda bythe asd ine (awn to agreatlyexagcried sale) The individual members the trame cane lasted aconding othe ype of behavior represented ty this deformed sap. The boreal members and BC ae sabeted primarily to bending (rear andar ale Ber The wera member BD i sbjced Yo coupes ‘unstered rom cach beam, bu forthe seal fame shown he a6 el Sn opposite, theehycancing each ther Ths member BD ie sbjcted ony ‘member sah an thes at erred ou column Te fhe wo vert member, ‘At and CF, mst eit nt ony sx compress from the eral ast 3 Sigiean smouot of bending. Such members ae called hewn alu In rea fllmembers, en thot cli as beams o columns, wl be abet to Bath ‘ening nd ail lat in many ese, the effets are nr and eam enh. Tn adn tothe members described, his book covers the desi of comme sions andthe flloving special members composte Beams, composite columns, fniplt girders1.2 Loaps “The fone that at ona truce ae called lads. They belong t on tt bod (tegorie dad load apdve load Dead loade ate hoe tat te permanent lad ibe the weight of the strutce ise waih someones eld ae Peleg [ehionto the weight ofthe stout, dead onde in bung inlet meg ot ‘outretral compemests pacha tr everings peti sod etpendeneniogt {Goth light Gxt, mechareal equipeest sad plusebig). AL ofthe loads me ‘ed thus a aefoves resting tom gravity and ate eered 1 a8 rai oad. Ie loads ch cam als be gaily lu, ae tose Unt ate aot perc at dead lone They may tay not be ating on there any ren ie 0d lin ocspante of balings In general the maaitue of Uve lad towel Structural ember must be esugaed for Ysiouspoutons f+ Le load so ait potential are eonction not overlooked “alive loads apie sony ands ol semoved and reapplied a excessive su ‘er of tines. the sete can be aajaed afte lod Wete ate Ite oe isa ‘dean ot woud bs the Cue en he strate suppors a ving rae the ‘Mee fimpactesn be ccouted othe lad apled and emoved tay tes ver the leo he eae ftgue cee Decomes a problem, she elles et Se accousted or inert onding ores in else) fe buen oth) di ‘lings aga loading rare with thorands flog eser ve thei ofthe ‘endions inthis book wl be ested wa and fg wl ot e cone "Wind ete a pressure or nuction on the enero surfaces of» oulng and because ofits tune nature, propelybeloag asthe category of ive loud. hate ofthe relative comply of ceterminng wi loads however, wind iay {alto call strates, wind londs ae usally noo inporat fr low bls, but ‘pt iit sod store canbe cal. Although wid poset mot ofthe {e, wind leads ofthe tngaideconiered in eign ae atequett and ae not "Enthguaks luds reste pei etegory and need to be conderedcaly inthore geogrphilocttons where hee ira reasonable probably of orerrence Steutues response tothe gound motion prodiced bythe earthgueke Simpler Inetbod are semetines edn which he elec he srtguake ae slated ‘ya open of heizotal lewd als to hee tcoing tom wid preeie ac Inga exch lore fhe baling. sncerunty of thi load ithe conpieation o rife which ca ese mh the ‘Other 'ypesoflveloecare tea tated assepatate categories sh as hyeosttie prsere snl rene the cases we hate nsmerted te the one croaty ‘ocounesed i the dng rte el bung frames ad thelr meses,13 1 BUILDING CODES Budings mt be desigoed and construed acorn othe provisions of» bul Ing code which legal dcsment containing reuiementerelited Tork things Suractara salty, Ere sale plumbing ventlaen apd acer othe ply fay esbled A bling code bos the fore of lw and admis by» eo ‘oasolidated government. Building codes donot give design procedures but they do ‘pci the den regiment and conn hat mit esate Of pater [portance othe auuetural engines the pesrption of sm ive lead fot balingr Althoagh the engineer encoocaped to investigate the atl ang ‘ippot these specie mise ods wil modi “zoel building code to vu tei pariuat Seeds and adap iat ‘otifid Model odes are writen by varios nonpest xpnizatons i aor hat lave developed model Duiling codes the Uniform Building Code (aeration Contrence of Buding Offical, 1999), the Standard Buldng Code (Souther Busing Code Congress International. 199), abd the BOCA National Bul Ing Cade (BOCA, 1988) (BOCA ita seonym for Belding Oticale snd Cade ‘Adsiniatatrs) Theve codes have geoecaly been Ud indent selon the United Sater, Phe Unsorm Buding Code bas deen esenally the only oe Sed {a states andthe BOCA Natio! Bulding Code hs evn sen the orate in parte he cote. ‘Rated bling code, the International Building Code tereational Code ‘Counc 2015) has been developed to eliminate some ofthe inconsiences mong Bastions (CBO, BOCA, and SBCCT. Toes organizations have marge ito the “Although itso! «bling code, ASCE Minimum Design Lous for Bul nay and Other Sucre (Arsen Soy of Ci Pngieers 2016 ila {orm os buidng code. This sande provides load seqrmeni i format su She for adoption a pao cose The Intemational Bling Code nerportet DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS In cones to building codes, design speifeaton give more specie guidance for sete tht enable srl engice to ae he ojetves mandated « Bralsingcode Design peiestionsrepetet what irconidered oe oodeniner sng prvlce based on tae tet esate The ae peroealy seed aad updated bythe sence of apples or onpietely new eaons Ar with mol Baling15 go thr ows but by peste design ete nial {nthe form of legal mandates aad prion thy ean cay be adopted by rele: “Fhe ipecitctone of mor ineret to the sructrl sel designe ae thote ‘bliced bythe following organist 1. America Itite of Stel Consrton (AISC): Tit speciation pte ‘ide forthe eng otros eel buldinge and ins conteton ithe ‘ne of primary eoncenin this book nde daca etal (ATSC, 201), 2 American Atsocation of State Highmay and Transportation Officials (AASHTO: Thirspecitestion cover the denigh of ughway bridge td bridget icudig sel entree concrete, and timber (AASHTO, 201), ‘American Railway Engineering sad Maintenance ot Way Arsecai (AREMA) The ARENA Manual for Raloay Brgiecring cover the ‘esign of railway Bridger and slated sructorer (AREMA, 206), Tht Crpnization war fermesy rows a the American Rslvat Engineerg ‘Assoition (AREA). 4 American tron and Steel Tnattte (AISI: This secitetion dese with litoranedel which ne acueia Seton Ls ofthis book (ASL, 203, STRUCTURAL STEEL ‘The cates we of eo, the chet component of sel, was for sal ols, in Spororimtely adn (Mrphy, 1957) The materi warn the form of wrought ‘Bon produced by heating orn charcoal sen he late pat oh eige ‘tury anda the ely mneieath eatuy, aston and waought cn wete ed ‘n'ariour pes of btge. Stee apoyo primary on ane earbo, wih fener Inputs and lest eatbon than ction. war ated in ean conection ia ‘begun dplce wrought xo ad estos in construction, the Uned Stats, ‘he et etactrl tcl aro bridge ws the Eade Didge contracted in 184 in St Lous, Misour (Tall 964). fn 14, the st bud th sel ame at completed in Chez ‘eexamined by pleting the rents ofatense tent Materapceimensubeted oa ‘fl lond far shown io Fgure I, he sen and stn ca be computes floTang tae tthe ons inerentdin neesent from zero tothe point of facture, ad test andstan are computed at each step a stes-strain curve sich s the one shown fn Figure Ib canbe plotted. This carve tps of clase of sel Known 35 ‘dete, or mist. The eaionsip between sues and stain seat up othe ‘proportional mi; the materia it said fo follow Hooke’ law. A peak vale, The upper ld pot quchly seach fr that followed by eve la th lower ied point. The sires then remains constant, even though the tain ‘longate as long se the load fs not femoved,éven though the load cannot be Increased This constant stress repon Isclled the yield plata oF peste range and addnal fod (and stes) required to cause addon elongation (abd ‘rin)A'maimam vale stress is reached after which the specimen begins to “Although the eross section is reduced during loading (the Poisson effet) the ‘orginal eros setional area i used Yo compte al tess, Sess computed in ‘he tan iis elle engineering sanSte ehibing the behavior shows a Figuve 18h aed duce becase of ‘ably to undergo lage deormtons belo rating Dotty ean be tex sored bythe elongation dete st Lyne . 100 on = angio xpeted ts peeen) 1 engmaogt ‘The eat it ofthe materi ea ees that ie Bete the proportions ‘ichowt permanent define daloding wil be slong the heat potion ot siagrom is called the elavicrange Besond! the elastic init unlosdig Wl be alone | Atuigh line pacllel tothe il bear pat ofthe loading path andere lb {permanent sin, For example if th load ie eaoved a pout Ai igue 3, ‘he uleacng wil be slong line AB, resuking in the permanent sean OB ‘onal iit elastietoadth upper aed lower eld potas ate all ery lose to ne ancther apd are rested as sngle pon ale the eld pont, defines bythe ‘ens The ober ott oes tobe suet eagincer tbe tani vlc ‘tszet tha ean be anned elle the alimate tena srength Fy The bape of {hi curve pial of mild strut ste Wie ae flere om one thet primary nthe van of and Ry The ratio of esto stain within he ease ng, densted Band eae Youre’ modular or modular of eet she tame Iorallsgurtrelstecis a hs «vale of 2200000) ps (pounds pet sate ne) ot 28.000 kip perme ne) Figue 1 show (pen set-in cure for highstength ess, which se Jee ie than hemlet ested tha fat Ao hee line eaticesa sin ‘ltst. To ue thee higersenath tous aa manace consistent wih the we af ‘Scie sels some vale of tress mist be sen ve fF, that he same ‘rocedies ad fore ca be sed wih allstar ets ANough Bete ‘ed point, one needs tobe dene. As previously shown, when a tel ses ‘yoni lt ii anthem uno the patio oer sess il tbe ‘he orignal pth fom zr ste i wllbslnga ine having the slope othe ier portion of he path lowed dringhading—tha slope equal 0 E the mods ‘tela. Ha there wil be a eid sree peretaoent sr walang “Th yield ses frstel with sentra curve ofthe type shown in Figure 13 ‘sortesponis toa permanent strain of some arbitrarily defined amount. stain of ‘ha lly selected, nd this method of determing he ye rents eal hed. offetmetho. As previo meatone, the wo properties usally needed Instruct tec design ae F and F,-reaatless of the shape of he tessain ‘sess used, and ican mean either yield point oe yield strength. “The mri propre of ruta tec inne strength and duct, are etrminedytochomicalcompution Stes lysis componcal bint irom, Another component of al ital scl alogh in mh sale amon some grade of tel include copper, manganese nike, chromium, molybdenum, and Sco, Strctral secsean be poupedacoring hi compeston afin 2. Lawally sees fon and carbum plus other componont (sully less ‘hans Theaditonal components ate primary for inteasing strength shen sacompinid at theese fection in diy. oy orapeialy sets composition othe olay sts tela ge peeemage lh component ad oon an cabo. ‘hese secs are higher in strength than the plain carbon sels and also1.6 Props A AstGe stam “Yd pot a seks ou sou ‘Yield to tense rato, max, — — ons Blengation 8 Sia. 20% we us to than bythe Ati Society for Testing and Mate (ASTID, Tis erga ination develop standards for defining material ip terme of thet componon, [bute (ASTM, 20154) Oe ofthe most commonly ed struct sels « ‘ofthe type shown i Figures 1.30 abd 14 and has the following tense properties. ‘Yield res: F, = 36.000 ps 6s) “Tense suength: Fy = $8.000ps129 80.000 pl Esl to SO ks) ‘Ad6 selec a pin etbon sel, and tha the folowing componente {otter thas on) ‘Carbo: 026% (maximum) Phoshorour: 004% (maximem) Sule 003% aaximu) the uted scl product Aveit «date reel with an elongation st defined by TRguation I 020% based on an endefonme orignal length of # nce. ‘Stel producers who provide AS6 sel sus eer tha sees the ASTM stands The vals for yield sess and tense stength shown afe minimum ‘engi is gies sr arangeof aes beste for ASG ster th propery eat be Sehictedtothe same depres of precision othe el ext ‘Other commonly ued strata sels ae ASTM AS72 Grade 50 abd ASTM _Ass2. These two scl ate sey simian both tee propersee and cena ‘ile propesice of A3s,AST2 Grae 0, nd A892 given n Table 11 STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES Tithe devgn prosecuted eres one lh bjectiee—and th rary empass ‘thi hooks the selection othe appropriate era scons forthe ingle anazdcorsctional shape thats wide avalible at than eng th tabie Sel em wl albst avas beth mest evoomicleboe even ft meats Using hy more mater The arent category of tandar shaper nade ore rosie‘yhoo. ta th mantis proce whic ke place i il men tas taken fom an elec ar funace ad poured into conte casing stem where ‘he tee ier ater allowedta colcmpltly Teh tes pesto seve ofl ha aqucer the teil nto te dsr err scool sap, Rong ‘este while tsa alow tobe dtermed with no esi sin Jct os intengh and sco to standard ents ws a mmm of S07 et hich ae ‘begun retin shop) othe ng egies alr sac ‘Cross secons of some o the more commonly use hot-ledshapes ae sows Jn Figue 16. The dimensions and designations of th stander available shapes are ‘ined nthe ASTM stands (ASTM, 20109, Thc Wahu, calle we {flange shoe, consists of to paral anges separated by asingle web The oe ‘Wola designation would be WIS = Si” where W ladcats the ype of shape, 18 {isthe nominal depth paral othe we, and Ss the weight in pounds pr fot of ‘engi The aominalJpihs the approtimate depth expecssed a Whole in. For ome ofthe lighter shapes, sea tothe dpe to the nearest inh but hs nak ‘roupd into families that have the same depth rom ieside-aange to inside o flange bat wth ferent linge thickness (sx ts Seshomn) (LA A showa) (C8 ADshawn) is issiows)pall anges. single web and wo axes of symmetry. The diferecesinthepro= Portions: The anges of the W are wider neato othe web than ae the anges [tthe In addton, he aside and nse fas othe fangs othe W-ahape sre Parallel, whereas he inside aes ofthe anges of the S-shape slope with respect the S indicating the type of shape, and the two nunbers ving the depth in inches 'ndhe weight n pounds pr fot. Thi shape was forme clled an bem “Theanglshapesare sala in either equaleg or unequal verso A typi 10S has minal depth of [igh a a weg of 105 pounds pe ot. ndiscu fom a Wal 210 Sta an S10 Ssneut aan 820» 6a NTS 4 isct fom an MIO 8, The “MF flormiscllancaus™ The Methape hat to pall ange nd me, bt doesn fi excita ce the W or Set ‘pores. The HP shapes sd fo bearing piles, as pralls lange surfs. aprox matey the same width and dept, and equa lange ad web hcknescs Psp Ie deigntedin th same manne tthe W-shape fr exp, HPI 17 ‘Other fequenly wed erossectional shapes ate shown n Figure 17. Bars can eune 2 = ——>s Oo lee} Le J 9 omei clasiied av a plate. The ws designation for both the abbreviation PL (or pte cven though cold stale ar) flowy the thickener, the {nth ih inch andthe mgt i et ad aces for example, PLIQ 8 35 [Ath lates and ars areal neem of nc te toma 0 speci dimensions tthe near nc Bars al pn ar ore yo li “Aso shown in Figure 1 are hallow shapes, whch can te produced either ‘by bending pate materi the devred shape and wel the team or by ho ‘woking to produce a scamless shape The shupes ae ealeorized sy Sel pipe ound HSS, and square and rectangUlar HSS, The designation HSS sor “Halow ‘Sta pipe i salable as standard, extrestong. or doubl-extaston, with designations such ts Pipes Si Pipe Stony. Pipe Ssastong, where Sethe ‘ominal cuter diameter in inches Te diferent sient correspond to dierent ‘all thickness for the sme outer dhamster For pipes whose nominal ameter ‘expressed to thre decimal places: for example, Pipe 1400 0500. to tse decimal paces fr exams HSS Rea % 2S Square and ctangular HSS are designated hy nominal outside dimensions and mall thicknes.expresed ‘a rahnal pumburs: or exams, HSS 7» 5» Mos halo srbtura scctons stale inthe United Stats tay are produced by cloning ad weing (Sterna 1997, ‘Oer shapes are uaa, but thos jus described are the ones most equenty sed In os eases, nef these standard shapes wills desenrequiemens If the requirements ae expecially severe then a uileupsetion bch one othe showin Figure 1 may be needed, Sometimes standard shape is augmented by flanges of & W-shape. Building up sections isan effective way of strengthening an ‘xiting strate thi ing ehaitated or mie for some ane othe than {he one for which sas dsgped. Sonatinas tuiltp shape must be used be ‘aus ne ofthe standard led shapes ae lar enough tht tbe ss section ‘sed. These an be shaped sextios with wo ange and awe, of Box etn ‘sith wo anges and yo webs The components cn Be welded together and ea be ‘ened wave eal) the propria needed. Bultapshapes cam aso be created IldxrTABLE Shape Pred te Pats aw S.M.CMe AM w aon Pipe ‘ASS Grade B (cay choice) Ss ASO Gre CF, = 46k (rou) ot ‘AS00 Giade C.F, ~ Ski estangula) ty attaching wo ormestandard rolled shapes to eachother. widely sed combi- nation a pair anges laced bockto-back and conncced attra ang tit length. This ealed double angle shape. Another combination is the dole ‘hana shape (ether America Standard oe iscallaeous Chana). Thete are any ater posites some of which we illustrat throughowt his book "Phe mon commonly ted sts for vale shape and pst aera ae ASTM |A36,AST2.and ASOD. ASTM As uslly specified for angles plates, Mand ‘hannel shapes; AST2 Grade 0 for HP shapes an ABD for W shapes (These thre scl wee compared ia Table 11 in Setion LS) Steal pipe sable [ASTM ASS Grade B only. ASTM AS00 is usually specified for bllow strstr sctions (HSS). These ecommendations ae summrvedis Table 12 Othe sels ‘an be used or these shapes, ut the ones Ist in Tale 2 are the os common {Anderson Carter Sebi 205). ‘Another category of ste eoducts for structural aplication is coldformed steal. Stuctral shapes ofthis type are ected by bending tin material sich as Shot scl oe plate fto the sited shape without Beating Typed ross Seton. tye shown in Figure 19 On reitivey tin matriatean Be used andthe sulting ‘shape rentable ony fr pt sppition. Am advantage of hs pret ee ‘ermal sine toe ny coesiable cow sectional shape canes before, Indio, cold-sorking wil ineeas the ye point of the steel, and under cer lain conditions st may be ecountod for indesign (AISI 2012), This acease comes ate expense of eduction In ductit,however. Because ofthe thinnest the ‘rosesectonal elements the problem of nstbiiy(dneueed in Chaps and 3) isa particu important ftv inthe design of ok-ovmed ste sutures. COLL LEAL Oo odPROBLEMS [Nelo The following problems lls tbe concepts fret and sri covered Section 15 The material edi teve problems ate not necssallystee ‘ton The deter was mearuted to be 080 inch, Two maths were ude Sport Thi estace i delined the gage length al length mea Srements are made between the wo marke The specimen war loaded to {hen easeabed, and the cles abd gage length were measured to Be 1 Ulinate tee resin 1 Elongation at a pereatae. Redetion in rosesetional zea a a pecentge. 1S.2-_A tenes war performed on meal specimen having «cela cote Section wih s ameter of inch. Tae gage lend (be length oer We the slngtion is measured) 2 inhes Fo Toa 135 ks the dogs las ange ofthe mel determine the modus of las ALS:8_ Aten es was performed on a metal specimen having» circulas eos ‘ection with slater of 0.50 inch For each incest lnd applied, {he tenn wat etety determined by means of sn gape sacked 0 Plot these data to obtain a tetera eave Bo not connect the dita ose daw bes fi enigh ne though the, «Determine the modus of arc athe slope of the Best se ent) tainted i ms 0 be 300 bas15-4 A tose test wat pertrsed on a mstal speison wih a dhueter of ‘ainch and a gnge length ie length over wai the elongation i mea red) of Cinches The daa were plaled on » ludedplaceest orp, Pss ALA best ine was drow though the peat, and ihe slope of fe wrigline portion war ealeulated tobe Pal. 1592 kp in What Isthe moduli of eat? fovmed oa metal specisen with» tails ess section The dete seer nc ab the gage lenge length over which te elongation ie ‘Beasred) was Dine 1, Pll thesreesein data and dra aber are, Compute the moguls of last fom teil lope othe eave. A. zuma the yield ses Load by __Hlngton x tiny 7 7 1100 730 00 500 2400 160 400 asso ss 00 ‘men with « ectangalr coe tection of 02011 in in are and gee leapt ie length oer wich he slongation measured) of 2.000 inches ‘The specinea Was no loaded o Lae {Determine the modo acy fom the lope fhe ies potion4. Estate eve of the proportional i, esd ips