Globalization means different things to different people, but a key economic

dimension of it is undoubtedly the opening up of economies to international competition,

allowing goods, ideas, capital and some people to move more freely between countries (Green
& O’Brien, 2002).
As a result, a global market where goods and services can be produced, purchased,
and sold on a global scale has emerged as a result of globalization. As people from various
countries and cultures have come into closer contact, it has also facilitated the exchange of
ideas and cultural practices. Despite the many advantages that globalization has brought, there
have also been some difficulties and controversies.
In this chapter, the students will be introduced to different definitions of Globalization
and the concepts that surround it. Students will differentiate the conceptions of globalization
and the underlying philosophies of the varying definitions of globalization. Through varied
activities students will have a higher level of understanding and appreciation of the concept
Globalization.

Chapter1:IntroductiontoGlobalization 1
At the end of the lesson, you must have:
1. Created your own definition of globalization;
2. Identified the effects of globlization in the Philippine setting;
3. Formulated working definition of globalization for greater understanding and
appreciation.

The concept of globalization has undergone numerous changes.

The word globe was adopted as a replacement for the word
planet following Magellan's discovery that the Earth is spherical. The
Oxford English Dictionary first used the term global, which means
world-wide, at the end of the nineteenth century.
During the 1940s, the terms globalism and to globalize
appeared in dictionaries. According to Oxford Languages, globalism
is the operation or planning of economic and foreign policy on a
global basis, and to globalize is the development or being developed
so as to enable international influence or operation.
To generalize Globalization is a term used to describe the changes in societies and the
world economy that are the result of dramatically increased trade and cultural exchange. In
specifically economic contexts, it refers almost exclusively to the effects of trade, particularly
trade liberalization or free trade.

Today's dictionaries all have different definitions for the term globalization, with Webster's
dictionary defining it as "growth on a global or international scale" and the Encyclopedia Of
Business And Management defining it as "the process of increasing integration in world
civilization.
The economies, cultures, and populations of the world are becoming more interconnected
and dependent on one another as a result of increased trade, investment, communication, and
cultural exchange. This process is being driven by the free flow of people, goods, and ideas
across international borders, which has been made possible by developments in transportation,
communication, and technology.

Chapter1:IntroductiontoGlobalization 2
 GLOBALIZATION by David Harvey

Globalization is the compression of social time–space

through economic activity that is the driving force behind
globalization.

Image retrieved from https://www.sociologygroup.com/anthony-

giddens-biography-and-contributions/

GLOBALIZATION by Anthony Giddens

Globalization is the world-wide development of social and

economic relationship.

Image retrieved from https://www.sociologygroup.com/anthony-

giddens-biography-and-contributions/

Globalization by Manuel Castells

Globalization is a network of production, culture, and power
that is constantly shaped by advances in technology, which
range from communications technologies to genetic
engineering.

Image retrieved from https://www.sociologygroup.com/anthony-

giddens-biography-and-contributions/

Globalization by Immanuel Wallerstein Globalization, or

the becoming of the world's system, is
aprocesscoterminous withthe spreadand development of
capitalism over the past 500 years.

Image retrieved from

https://newsocialist.org.uk/immanuel-wallerstein-1930-

Chapter1:IntroductiontoGlobalization 3
 While promoters of globalization point out that economic theories like comparative
advantage suggest that free trade results in a more efficient allocation of resources, with everyone
involved in the trade profiting, these theories do not necessarily support free trade. They contend
that this generally results in lower prices, more employment, and better resource allocation.
Globalization is defined by its detractors as the worldwide movement toward a globalized
economic system that is dominated by supranational, financial and corporate institutions that are
not subject to democratic procedures or national governments.

In our modern world, there are indications of globalization. Countries now have the
freedom to engage in trade with one another, and this growth is outpacing the expansion of the
global economy. Associations and organizations with a focus on economic prosperity are
increasingly common. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and European Union (EU) are some examples of associations
and organizations.
The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTTP),
is an example of a Free trade agreement of countries. Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement
for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTTP) is a free trade agreement that is signed by 11 countries
that boreder the pacific ocean. The 11 membering countries are include: Australia, Brunei,
Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, and Vietnam. The
CPTPP is helping in the creation of employment, the strengthening of economic links, and the
expansion of trade between trading partners (Government of Canada).
Another Free trade agreement is the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership.
This Free Trade Agreement is between ASEAN's 10 member countries (Brunei, Cambodia,
Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) and its
five FTA partners (Australia, China, Japan, New Zealand and Republic of Korea). The RCEP
Agreement's goal is to create a modern, comprehensive, high-quality, and mutually advantageous
economic relationship that will allow the expansion of regional trade and investment while also
contributing to global economic growth and development.
The Philippines will be diretcly benefited by this agreement because it will lead to
cheaper cost for sourcing key inputs for the manufacturing sector; convenience for businesses in
trading with key FTA partners; foster competitiveness for Philippine industries; and the
agreement will complement existing government programs.
The expansion of global capital flows is another indication of globalization. Through
Foreign Direct Investments, international businesses can make investments abroad. An ownership
stake in a foreign company or project is known as a foreign direct investment (FDI) and is made
by a foreign investor, business, or government. Building infrastructure, expanding the number of
international retailers in a region, establishing manufacturing plants for retail stores, and
establishing back-support operations abroad are all examples of ways that foreign direct
investments can be made.

Chapter1:IntroductiontoGlobalization 4
 The Chinese initiative known as One Belt One Road (OBOR) is one of the most
significant examples of FDI in the world today. According to Wade (2016) this initiative, also
known as the Belt and Road Initiative, entails China's commitment to significant FDI in a number
of infrastructure projects throughout Africa, Asia, and even some regions of Europe. Typically,
the program is supported by Chinese state-owned businesses and other entities with strong ties to
the Chinese government. Other countries and international organizations, such as the United
States, the European Union, and Japan, run programs of a similar nature. Another example would
be McDonald's investing in an Asian nation to expand the number of restaurants there. In this
case, a company enters a foreign economy to strengthen a portion of its supply chain without
fundamentally altering its business.
Amazon also invested in India’s small and medium-sized business. This would create
million new jobs and export billions worth of India-made goods for India (India Times,2023).
Another notable Foreign Direct investment is Japan Simitomo Corporation’s $1.3 billion dollar
investment in the Philippines. The project focuses on wind power generation in the Philippines.
This involves the construction of wind farms in the country.
The use of technologies like the Internet, communication satellites, and telephones is
another indicator of globalization that there is a greater flow of transborder data. Technology will
continue to advance. Charles Wheatstone created the telegraph in 1837; it takes two minutes to
send a single character. With today's technology, messages can be sent instantly around the world.
The internet allows you to communicate with people all over the world. Another sign of
globalization is the rise in cross-cultural interaction. Sharing ideas, customs, and knowledge with
someone who may have come from an entirely different background than your own is known as
cultural exchange. Religious, artistic, athletic, and linguistic cultural practices have all been
incorporated into the fabric of many nations as a result of globalization. Through the lowering of
international barriers brought about by the diffusion of cultures, a homogenized world with
shared values is created (Matthews & Thakkar, 2012).
Individuals from all over the world are migrating to other nations for employment,
education, or personal reasons, taking their culture and traditions with them. This enables the
interchange of ideas and behaviors between civilizations.
Countries now appreciate one another's art, religion, languages, sports, and way of life as
a result of cultural exchange. Multiculturalism's growth and individuals' access to cultural
diversity are positive, but on the flip side, assimilation, hybridization, Westernization,
Americanization, or Sinosization of cultures have a negative impact on diversity.
International agreements that have led to groups like the World Trade Organization
(WTO) and Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC) have eroded national borders
and sovereignty. Globalization has also increased the role of international organizations that deal
with international transactions, such as the WTO, and IMF.
A bigger role for international organizations that deal with international transactions, like
the WTO, WIPO, and IMF. International organizations perform a wide range of diverse tasks,
such as data collection and trend monitoring (e.g., the World Meteorological Organization),
service and aid delivery (e.g., the World Health Organization), and providing forums for
negotiation and dispute resolution (e.g., the European Union). International organizations can
promote cooperative behavior by offering political institutions through which states can cooperate
to achieve shared goals. IGOs are useful for individual states as well, who frequently employ

Chapter1:IntroductiontoGlobalization 5
them as tools of foreign policy to defend their actions and control the behavior of other states.
Additionally, increased international travel, tourism, and immigration—including illegal
immigration—are all effects of globalization.
As a result of globalization, there is increased trade, investment, communication, and
cultural exchange, the economies, cultures, and populations of the world are becoming more
interconnected and dependent on one another. Transport, communication, and technological
advancements have facilitated the free flow of people, goods, and ideas across international
borders, which is what is driving this process. Depending on how it is controlled and regulated,
globalization can have both positive and negative effects. Increased economic growth, easier
access to new markets and opportunities, and the exchange of ideas and cultural customs are
some advantages of globalization. The growing wealth gap, resource and worker exploitation, and
the loss of cultural diversity are just a few of the negative effects of globalization.

Chapter1:IntroductiontoGlobalization 6
Name Me. Identify the logo of each association and organization with their flags on the left side
of the box below. Afterwards, write 3 sentences that define the organization. Write your answer
on the space provided on the right side of the box.

1.

2.

3.

Globalization in the Philippines. In this activity, you are going to list down 5 signs of
globalization as an evident phenomenon in the Philippines. Use the space provided below.
Signs of Globalization in the Philippines
1.

2.

3.

4.

Chapter1:IntroductiontoGlobalization 7
Defining Globalization. Create a cluster map that will eventually define globalization in the box
given below. Afterwards, write a technical functional definition of globalization to further expand
the concepts in the cluster map. Share your answer to the class and agree on a working definiton
of globalization. Give it a try!

Chapter1:IntroductiontoGlobalization 8
Essay. In this activity, you are going to construct your own perspective as to the effects of
globalization. Does globalization do more good or bad for the Philippines? Support your claim
with real-life observations and experiences.

Retrieved from https://dribbble.com/shots/4961806-Around-The-World

Chapter1:IntroductiontoGlobalization 9
ASEAN (2022). Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership.
Castell, M. (1996). The rise of the network society. Cambridge MA, and Oxford,
Blackwell Publishers.
Chinnammai, S. (2005). Effects of globalization on education and culture. New Delhi.
Government of Canada.(2023) CPPT Explained. (2023) retrieved from
https://www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-
commerciaux/agr-acc/cptpp-ptpgp/cptpp_explained
Giddens, A. (2003). Runaway world: How globalization is reshaping our lives.
Taylor & Francis.
Harvey, D. (2005). From globalization to the new imperialism. Critical globalization
studies, Pp. 91-100.
Kentor, J. (2001). The long term effects of globalization on income inequality,
population growth, and economic development. Social Problems, 48(4).
pp. 435-455.
Steger, M. B. (2017). Globalization: A very short introduction (Vol. 86). Oxford
University Press.
Stromquist, N. P., & Monkman, K. (2014). Defining globalization and assessing its
implications for knowledge and education, revisited. Globalization and
education: Integration and contestation across cultures, 1, Pp. 1-21.
Wallerstein, I. (1979). The capitalist world-economy. Cambridge University Press.

Chapter1:IntroductiontoGlobalization 10
Print Media
Steger, M., Battersby, P. and Siracusa, J.M. (2014). The SAGE Handbook of
Globalization. Two vols. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
Steger, M.B. (n.d.) Approaches to the Study of Globalization (Chapter 2).
Steger, M.B. (2005) Ideologies of Globalization. Journal of Political Ideologies
10(1): 11–30.

Online Retrievals
https://www.myaccountingcourse.com › Accounting Dictionary
https://www.investopedia.com › Economy › Economics › Macroeconomics
https://www.igi-global.com › dictionary › global-market-trends
https://www.sciencedirect.com › topics › agricultural-and-biological-sciences
https://www.informea.org › terms › international-cooperation
https://www.piie.com/microsites/globalization/what-is-globalization.html

Chapter1:IntroductiontoGlobalization 11