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Lecture 5 - Adjustment of Level Network

The document discusses least squares adjustment of leveling networks. It introduces differential leveling observations and how they are subject to random errors. These observations can be adjusted using the method of least squares. The functional relationship for elevation differences between stations is presented. An unweighted example network is worked through to determine the most probable elevations. The weighted case is also explained, developing the normal equations and residual equations. The concept of reference standard deviation is defined in relation to the overall adjustment. Two practice questions are provided to work through leveling network adjustments.

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Elisha Manishimwe
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769 views

Lecture 5 - Adjustment of Level Network

The document discusses least squares adjustment of leveling networks. It introduces differential leveling observations and how they are subject to random errors. These observations can be adjusted using the method of least squares. The functional relationship for elevation differences between stations is presented. An unweighted example network is worked through to determine the most probable elevations. The weighted case is also explained, developing the normal equations and residual equations. The concept of reference standard deviation is defined in relation to the overall adjustment. Two practice questions are provided to work through leveling network adjustments.

Uploaded by

Elisha Manishimwe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT

OF LEVELLING NETWORKS
Lecturer: Mphatso Soko;
Bsc (Surveying), Msc (Geomatics Engineering)
Department of Land Surveying and Physical Planning
School of Built Environment
LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT OF LEVEL NETS

Outline
✓Introduction
✓Functional relationship for elevation difference
✓Unweighted Example
✓Weighted Case
✓Practice Questions
LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT OF LEVEL NETS
Introduction
▪ Differential Levelling observations are subject to random errors.

▪ Can be adjusted using the method of Least Squares.

▪ We’ll go through the observation equation method of adjusting differential


leveling observations by least squares.
LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT OF LEVEL NETS

Functional Relationship
✓Functional relationship for an observed elevation
difference between two stations I & J:

✓Relates unknown elevations of two stations, I and


J, with differential leveling observation ∆Elevij
and their residuals V∆Elevij .
✓Equation fundamental for least squares adjustment
of level nets
LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT OF LEVEL NETS
Unweighted Example ▪ Arrows indicate the direction of levelling.
▪ For line 1, leveling proceeds from
Benchmark X to A, & observation diff. is
+5.10m.
▪ From previous equation, observation
equation for each observation results into
equations:
LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT OF LEVEL NETS
Unweighted Example ▪ Re-arranging that known Benchmarks be
on the RHS & substitute appropriate
elevations:
LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT OF LEVEL NETS
Unweighted Example
▪ Three unknows; A, B and C.
In Matrix form:
AX + B =L + V

From 1st Set of equations (on the left side)


B Matrix is the vector of constants (Benchmarks).
L Levelling observations

The right side of the 2nd Set of equations is a collection of


constants. Combination of Benchmarks and leveling
observations referred to L .

The above equation is simplified as:


AX = L + V
LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT OF LEVEL NETS
Unweighted Example

Solution for most probable elevations for A, B and C becomes…


LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT OF LEVEL NETS
Unweighted Example
▪ Re-arranging for the residuals
V=AX - L
LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT OF LEVEL NETS
Weighted Case
▪ Relative weights for adjusting level lines are inversely proportional to lengths of
lines
✓ Observation equations, each equation multiplied by its weight
LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT OF LEVEL NETS
Weighted Case
✓ Dropping the residual terms:
LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT OF LEVEL NETS
Weighted Case
▪ Normal Equations
LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT OF LEVEL NETS
Weighted Case
✓ Solution for X Matrix
LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT OF LEVEL NETS
Weighted Case
✓ Residual Equation
LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT OF LEVEL NETS
Reference Standard Deviation
✓ Relate to the overall adjustment and not a single quantity

In Matrix form

✓ m is the number of observations, and n is the number of unknowns

There are r = m − n redundant measurements or degrees of freedom.


LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT OF LEVEL NETS
Practice Question 1
1. From the leveling network , Compute
Line ∆Elev (m)
the most probable elevations for X
1 +3.68 and Y. Use unweighted least squares
adjustment with observed values
2 +2.06
given. Assume units in meters.
3 +2.02
2. Compute the reference standard
4 -2.37 deviation for both weighted and
5 -0.38 unweighted examples using the
matrix expression.
LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT OF LEVEL NETS
Practice Question 2
Perform LSE [via observation equation] of the data From To ∆h (m) Distance(km)
given a level network with 4 stations. Known B A 11.973 20
height of station A=281.130m. The standard
D B 10.940 12
deviation of the measurement [unit m] is 0.005√d
where d is the distance in km. All measurements are D A 22.932 15

uncorrelated. Show complete computational B C 21.040 28


procedure & all matrices. D C 31.891 20
The main results of LSE are parameters, standard A C 8.983 26
deviations & unit variances.
Parameters: Heights of stations B, C & D.
LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT OF LEVEL NETS

References
Ghilani, C. D. & Wolf, P. (2006). Adjustment Computation –Spatial Data
Analysis (4th edition). John Wiley & Sons. London.
END OF LECTURE

THANK YOU

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