3.

4 ORGANISMS AND SUBSTANCE EXCHANGE – MASS TRANSPORT IN

ANIMALS (2) – MARK SCHEMES

Q1.
(a) 1. Haemoglobin carries oxygen / has a high affinity for oxygen / oxyhaemoglobin;

2. Loading / uptake / association in lungs;

3. at high p.O2;

4. Unloads / dissociates / releases to respiring cells / tissues;

5. at low p.O2;

6. Unloading linked to higher carbon dioxide (concentration);

6. Ignore reference to incorrect pH in relation to effect of
higher carbon dioxide concentrations for marking point
6

(b) 1. Allows comparison;

Do not credit 'temperature affects results' on its own;

2. (Different temperature) affects enzymes;

2. Allow reference to denaturation of enzymes.

3. (Different temperature) affects respiration / metabolism;

4. (Different temperature) affects amount of dissolved oxygen;

2 max

(c) 1. Increases then levels out / stops increasing / fluctuates slightly;

2. At 5 (cm3 dm-3) / 320 (cm3 g-1h-1);

Allow description of 'fluctuates slightly' in terms of candidate
quoting figures after 320.
2

(d) 1. Chronimus longistylus has higher uptake at low (oxygen) concentrations;

Chronimus longistylus has higher uptake to (oxygen
concentration of) 2 / lower uptake after 2; (= 2 marks)

2. (Higher uptake) up to 2 cm3 dm-3;

2. Award mark if candidate uses figures from table e.g.
higher at concentration 1 (220) or concentration 2 (285).
Higher uptake at concentration 1 or 2 = 2 marks.
2

(e) (i) More (than in African) lost via gills in Australian lungfish / less (than
African) lost via lungs in Australian lungfish;
1

(ii) 1. More / most exchange is via lungs (in African lungfish);

1. Allow converse for first point.

2. Gills will not function / function less efficiently (in air);

2. Allow water is required for gills to function.
2
 [15]

Q2.
(a) (i) Healthy volunteers have ‘normally’ functioning vessels;

OR

Blood vessel / lumen / diameter not affected by other factors / is of

normal size;
Accept: a valid ethical argument
e.g. treatment does not harm healthy volunteers
Reject: ref. to change in artery thickness
Accept: converse arguments for unhealthy volunteers
Must be related to this investigation
Neutral: to ensure that that the results are due to the
independent variable
1

(ii) Avoids bias / selection (by scientists);

Neutral: ref. to having the same number / gender / age of
people in each group;
1

(b) (i) Same as experimental group;

Chocolate with no flavenoids;

Neutral: no dark chocolate
Neutral: placebo
Reject: milk chocolate
Neutral: ref. to fair testing
2

(ii) (To ensure that results are) not due to some other substance in the
chocolate / due to flavenoids (only);
Must be related to this investigation
Neutral: to ensure that the results are due to the
independent variable
Neutral: to show results are not due to other factors
Neutral: to show results are only due to the chocolate
Neutral: to compare results for people who did and did not
have flavenoids
1
[5]

Q3.
(a) (i) G;
Neutral: name of blood vessel
1

(ii) E;
Neutral: name of blood vessel
1

(b) Pressure is greater below valve / in ventricle than (artery);

 Must be comparative
Reject: pressure is greater in ventricle than atrium
Neutral: pressure in ventricle increases
Accept: E / F / named artery
Accept: converse argument
1

(c) Allow atria to empty / contract / ventricles to fill;

Before ventricles contract;

OR

Delays contraction of ventricles;

Until after atria have contracted / ventricles have filled;

Neutral: ‘to pump blood’
2

(d) (i) Two marks for correct answer of 91 / 90.9;;

One mark for incorrect answers which clearly show understanding of the
relationship between SV = CO / HR;
Correct answer = 2 marks outright
5000 divided by 70, 55 or 15 = 1 mark for principle
2

(ii) Increase in size or volume of heart / ventricles / increased heart muscle /

increased strength of contraction / hypertrophy;

Cardiac output is the same (before and after training) so must be

increase in stroke volume / more blood leaves heart in each beat;
Accept: increased strength of heart muscle
Neutral: heart muscle contracts more
Q Do not allow ‘heart is stronger’
Neutral: more blood leaves the heart
If the term ‘stroke volume’ is not used, it must be defined
2
[9]

Q4.
(a) (i) 1. Removes water vapour / moisture / saturated air;

2. Increases water potential gradient / more diffusion / more

evaporation;
2

(ii) 1. Increases kinetic energy so water molecules move faster;

2. Increases diffusion / evaporation;

2

(b) (i) Positive correlation / as light intensity increases so does rate of water
movement / follows same pattern / directly proportional;
1

(ii) 1. Stomata open and photosynthesis increases / transpiration

 increases;

2. More water pulled up due to cohesion between water molecules /

by cohesion tension;
2

(iii) 1. Water pulled up trunk / moves up at fast rate under tension;

2. Sticking / adhesion (between water and) cells / walls / pulls xylem

in;
Adhesion is not a specification requirement.
Accept cohesion in this context
2

(c) Elastic tissue

1. Elastic tissue stretches under pressure / when heart beats then recoils /
springs back;

2. Evens out pressure / flow;

Do not allow credit for expands / contracts / relaxes in this
context.
From a marking viewpoint ignore all specific references to
arteries and arterioles. Consider all points as applying to
both.
2 Do accept controls

Muscle

3. Muscle contracts to reduce diameter of lumen / vasoconstriction /

constricts vessel;

4. Changes flow / pressure;

Epithelium

5. Epithelium smooth;

6. Reduces friction / blood clots / less resistance;

6
[15]

Q5.
(a) More that one polypeptide / chain;
Ignore references to haem / other groups
1

(b) (i) 141;

1

(ii) 1. Stop / start sequences;

2. Non coding DNA (in the gene) / introns / multiple repeats / junk
DNA;
Do not credit “some bases repeated”

3 Two chains / a non-coding strand / complementary base pairs;

 4. Addition of base by mutation;
2 max

(c) Different primary structure / amino acids / different number of polypeptide

chains;
Question is about haemoglobin so do not credit differences
in DNA
1

(d) 1. Low partial pressure of oxygen in lungs;

2. (Llama) haemoglobin able to load more oxygen / (llama)

haemoglobin saturated (at low / particular partial pressure of oxygen);

3. Higher affinity for oxygen;

The terms used in the graph (or near approximations) should
be used in this answer.
Ignore references to unloading
The answer must relate to llamas
3
[8]

Q6.
(a) 0.1 and 0.5;

Pressure in ventricle greater (than pressure in atrium);

Both figures must be correct.
Comparison needed.
2

(b) 1. (Ventricle has) thick wall / more muscle;

2. So contractions are stronger / harder;

Neutral: Contracts to produce more pressure.
Neutral: Pump harder.
Neutral: Reference to a need to pump blood further / round
the body.
2

(c) 85 / 86 / 85.7;
Ignore additional decimal places
1
[5]

Q7.
(a) More red blood cells;

More haemoglobin;
2

(b) Given (only) salt solution;

(Otherwise) treated the same way;

Accept: ‘Placebo’ in salt solution.
Reference to salt solution is essential for first marking point.
2
 (c) Allows comparison to be made;

Different masses / weights (of volunteers) / different weeks / lengths of

treatment;
Accept: ‘Both were different’ for one mark.
Neutral: Size for second marking point.
2

(d) To determine (most effective) dose / length of treatment / to find the most cost
effective treatment;
Investigate long term effect / toxicity / side effects;
Do not credit marks for descriptions of the information in the
table in terms of dose and length of treatment.
2

(e) More haemoglobin / more red blood cells;

(More) oxygen can be absorbed / transported (for) respiration / to respiring

tissues / cells;

(More) energy released / more ATP for muscle contraction;

Delays anaerobic respiration / delays build up of

lactate / lactic acid;
Reject: ‘Energy produced or made’ but allow ‘energy made
in form of ATP’.
4

(f) Large sample / wide range (of individuals tested);

Random (sampling);

Tested at different times / more than once;

Mean / average value determined;

Idea of establishing a range for the normal concentration / reference

to use of standard deviation;
2 max

(g) Blood thicker / denser / more viscous / more ‘concentrated’ / heart

contraction greater / increases volume of blood;
Accept: More blood cells in same volume / ’space’.
Neutral: ‘more red blood cells’ / ‘more blood’ on its own.
Neutral: ‘Heart pumps / beats more / harder’.
1
[15]

Q8.
(a) (i) plasma;
1

(ii) tissue fluid;

1

(b) fluid Y contains little / no protein; reject blood cells

molecules too large (to pass through capillary wall);

OR
 fluid Y contains less glucose;
some will have entered tissue cells;
accept any other biologically correct difference marked in a
similar way.
2 max

(c) hydrostatic pressure / blood pressure / arterial pressure;

greater than osmotic effect which forces molecules / fluid out;
ignore references here to diffusion or osmosis.
2
[6]

Q9.
(a) (Blood) plasma;
1

(b) More / larger proteins / less urea / carbon dioxide / more glucose / amino acids
/ fatty acids / oxygen / high(hydrostatic) pressure;
Q Reference to blood cells / water potential = neutral
Q No Protein should not be credited
1

(c) (i) Contracts;

Q Do not accept pumping of heart / heart beating
1

(ii) Loss of fluid / volume;

Friction / resistance (of capillary wall);

Q Reference to a narrow lumen is not sufficient to gain a
mark unless friction or resistance is mentioned.
1 max

(d) Water potential (in capillary) not as low / is higher / less negative / water
potential gradient is reduced;

More tissue fluid formed (at arteriole end);

Less / no water absorbed (into blood capillary) by osmosis; (into blood

capillary);
Q The last two marking points must be in context of
movement into the blood capillary
3
[7]

Q10.
(a) 1. Large surface area provided by lamellae / filaments increases diffusion /
makes diffusion efficient;;
Q Candidates are required to refer to lamellae or filaments.
Do not penalise for confusion between two

2. Thin epithelium / distance between water and blood;

3. Water and blood flow in opposite directions / countercurrent;

4. (Point 4) maintains concentration gradient (along gill) / equilibrium not

reached / as water always next to blood with lower concentration of
 oxygen;

5. Circulation replaces blood saturated with oxygen;

6. Ventilation replaces water (as oxygen removed);

6

(b) Mixing of air and water (at surface);

Air has higher concentration of oxygen than water;

Diffusion into water;

Plants / seaweeds near surface / in light;

Produce oxygen by photosynthesis;

2 max

(c) Not much oxygen near sea bed;

Toadfish haemoglobin (nearly) saturated / loads readily at / has higher affinity

for oxygen at low partial pressure (of oxygen);
2

(d) The chimpanzee and the bonobo are more closely related (than to the gorilla);

They have identical amino acids / one of the amino acids is different in the
gorilla;
2
[12]

Q11.
(a) Sends out electrical activity / impulses;
Initiates the heartbeat / acts as a pacemaker / (stimulates) contraction of atria;
Q Ignore reference to ventricles.
2

(b) Fluctuation and overall decrease;

Steep decrease first / after two years and then gradual decrease;
2

(c) Diet low in cholesterol / LDLs;

Less absorbed into blood / from intestines;

2

(d) Diet has greater effect in decreasing blood cholesterol concentration;

Difficult to judge effect of drug as it is used at same time as diet / drug is not
used on its own;

Decrease in blood cholesterol concentration linked to reduced risk of heart

disease;
Q Allow converse for third marking point.
2 max
[8]

Q12.
 (a) Arrows on all five vessels in correct direction;
1

(b) E;
1

(c)
Feature Vessel C Vessel E

Valves Absent Present

(Relative) thickness of walls Thicker Thinner

Elastin / elastic tissue / fibres More Less

Muscle More Less

Lumen Narrow Wide

Two marks for two correct rows

Accept any pair of contrasting terms with same meaning as
those used.
2 max

(d) Contracts;

(Causing) vasoconstriction / narrows lumen;

2

(e) (Elastic tissue) stretches when pressure is high;

Springs back / recoils / returns to normal;

Q Do not credit references to contracting, relaxing or
expanding
2 max
[8]

Q13.
(a) (i) Faster / greater / more effective response in children;
Do not accept children have more haemoglobin
1

(ii) Use line of best fit;

1

Extrapolate / extend line (and read from graph);

Allow calculation using rate of increase per day = one mark.
However for both marks this must be linked to line of best fit.
1

(iii) More than one polypeptide chain;

Allow many polypeptide chains.
‘Haemoglobin has four polypeptide chains’ must be in
correct context to gain mark.
1

(b) (i) Has same water potential;

Allow converse for effect of using distilled water or a
 concentrated solution.
1

No (net) water movement / osmosis;

1

Cells will not swell / burst / change size;

No osmotic lysis = two marks
1

(ii) Pernicious anaemia (cells) greater range / spread / variation of diameters

/ widths;

Some pernicious anaemia (cells) wider than 9 (µm) / some

less than 5.5 (µm) / without pernicious anaemia none more than 9 (µm) /
none less than 5.5 (µm);

Pernicious anaemia (cells) peak / most frequent at 8.5 (µm) / peak /

most frequent at higher diameter / / without pernicious anaemia peak /
most frequent at 7 (µm) / peaks at lower diameter;
There are several alternatives for marking points 2 and 3
2 max
[9]

Q14.
1. SAN initiates heartbeat / acts as a pacemaker / myogenic;
Q Must be in context

2. (SAN) sends wave of electrical activity / impulses (across atria) causing atrial
contraction;
Reject: signals / electronic / messages / nerve impulses
once only

3. AVN delays (electrical activity / impulses);

Neutral: reference to non-conducting tissue delaying
impulses instead of the AVN

4. (Allowing) atria to empty before ventricles contract / ventricles to fill before they
contract;

5. (AVN) sends wave of electrical activity / impulses down Bundle of His /

Purkyne fibres;

6. (Causing) ventricles to contract (from base up) / ventricular systole;

5 max
[5]

Q15.
(a) Increase in / more carbon dioxide;

Curve moves to the right / depressed;

Q Any reference to haemoglobin increasing affinity for
oxygen disqualifies second mark point.
2

(b) (i) More haemoglobin;

 So can load / pick up more oxygen (in the lungs);
Q Second mark point must relate to idea of loading oxygen.
Answers referring only to transport of oxygen should not be
credited this mark.
2

(ii) (Haemoglobin) has lower affinity for oxygen / more oxygen released;

In / to the cells / tissues;

2
[6]

Q16.
(a) (i) Protein on (surface of) chlamydia;

That initiates an immune response (in mice) / causes antibody

production;
Neutral “foreign protein”
Do not accept glycoprotein.
2. Accept description of initiating immune response.
2

(ii) 1. Antibodies / memory cells against chlamydia (protein / antigen) are

present;

2. Protein on heart (muscle) similar to chlamydia protein / antigen so

T cells / antibodies (attack heart muscle cells);
2. Look for idea that both proteins are similar
2. Detail of what is attacking the heart muscle cells
2

(b) FOR

1. Prevents / reduces heart disease / attacks;

2. Cheaper to vaccinate than treat heart disease;

AGAINST

3. Vaccination costly;

4. Don’t know frequency of chlamydia infection;

5. Research in mice might not be replicated in humans / humans might

have a different protein;

6. Vaccine could cause heart disease or immune response against heart

(muscle);
2 max for arguments against
Accept other valid answers
3 max
[7]

Q17.
(a) Diet including saturated fats leads to higher plasma cholesterol concentrations;
Higher in all age groups;
 But sample size is very small;
Standard deviations overlap / suggest wide variation;
3 max

(b) The sex of individual is a risk factor for high cholesterol;

To remove a / one variable / to establish a fair test;
2

(c) Monkeys and humans closely related therefore similar conclusions might be
drawn;
High concentrations of plasma cholesterol lead to an increased risk of
cardiovascular disease in humans;
Don’t know if diet has the same effect in monkeys (as in humans) / could have
different effects because not the same species;
3
[8]

Q18.
(a) Loading / uptake / association of oxygen at high p.O2;

In lungs (haemoglobin) is (almost) fully saturated / in lungs haemoglobin has a

high affinity for oxygen;

Unloads / releases / dissociates oxygen at low p.O2;

Unloading linked to higher carbon dioxide concentration;

Allow converse for second marking point in tissues i.e.
haemoglobin has low affinity / releases most of its oxygen.
Mark for haemoglobin having high affinity for oxygen must
be ‘in lungs’.
3 max

(b) (i) Larger the mammal the more to the left / steeper / ‘higher’ is the
curve / the higher the affinity for oxygen;
Allow converse.
Ignore references to Bohr shift
1

(ii) Smaller mammal has greater surface area to volume ratio;

Smaller mammal / larger SA:Vol ratio more heat lost (per unit body
mass);
Allow converse explanation for larger mammals or lower
surface area to volume ratio.

Smaller mammal / larger SA:Vol ratio has greater rate of respiration /

metabolism;
Allow suitable named mammal as alternative to smaller or
larger mammal.

Oxygen required for respiration so (haemoglobin) releases more

oxygen / oxygen released more readily / haemoglobin has lower affinity;
4
[8]

Q19.
(a) High(er) affinity for oxygen / absorbs / loads more oxygen;
 At lower partial pressure (of oxygen) / lower pO2;
Accept: Loads oxygen ‘quicker’, ‘more readily’, ‘higher
saturation’, use of figures from graph for first point.
Neutral: References to unloading.
2

(b) 1. (Hydrostatic) pressure lower in capillary / blood / higher in tissues /

tissue fluid;

2. Water (returns);

3. By osmosis;

4. Water potential lower / more negative in blood / capillary / higher / less

negative water potential in tissues / via water potential gradient;

5. Due to protein (in blood);

6. (Returns) via lymph (system / vessels);

First marking point must be in context of between blood and
tissue fluid.
Neutral: References to hydrostatic pressure and water
potential at arteriole end of capillary.
3 max
[5]

Q20.
(a) Endothelium / epithelium;
Allow endothelial / epithelial
Reject: epidermis / endodermis
1

(b) Measurement divided by 8;

1

Allow answer in range of 3-3.3 for two marks;

Correct answer gains 2 marks.
1

(c) (i) Stretches / ’expands’ under high pressure / when ventricle

contracts / systole and recoils / ’springs back’ under low pressure / when
ventricle relaxes / diastole;
Q References to aorta contracting or relaxing negates marks
for stretch and recoil.

Smooths blood flow / maintains blood pressure / reduces pressure

surges;
Stretch and recoil without reference to blood pressure etc. =
one mark.
Stretch and recoil to smooth blood flow etc. = two marks
Ignore references to aorta withstanding blood pressure or
not being damaged.
2

(ii) (Muscle) contracts;

‘It’ in answer = muscle
1
 (Arteriole) constricts / narrows / alters size
of lumen / reduces / regulates blood flow (to capillaries);
Allow converse (muscle) relaxes and (arteriole) dilates etc /
increase blood flow etc.
Ignore references to pressure
1

(d) (i) Large / increase in (total) cross sectional area / friction / resistance;
1

(ii) (More) time for exchange of substances;

1
[9]

Q21.
(a) Records every heart beat / does not miss heart beats / gives more precise /
accurate measurements;
Qualified reference to human error e.g. in counting
1

(b) (i) 1. 67 / 69.2 / the same;

All that is required here is a connection to be established
between heart rate and pulse rate

2. There is one surge in pressure / pulse each time the heart

contracts / beats;
2

(ii) Two marks for correct answer in range 90.0 – 113.0;;

One mark for incorrect answer in which duration of one heart beat is
clearly identified as between 0.53 and 0.66 seconds;
2

(c) Allow two marks for quantitative statement: e.g. filling time decreases from
0.55 ± 0.1 to 0.30 ± 0.1 s;;

Allow one mark for qualitative statement: e.g. Filling time decreases;
Accept other quantitative statements such as those based
on proportion of cardiac cycle
2

(d) One mark for more general answer, e.g. increase exercise;
This is the general principle. Detail may vary if centre uses
different exercise

Two marks for detailed answer, e.g. increase frequency / duration of exercise;;
Reject comments not related to method used
2
[9]

Q22.
(a) Amino acid / amino acids ;
If anything else is given as well do not award mark.
1

(b) (i) 1. Affects one monomer / amino acid;

 i.e. What is affected

2. Not found in all active sites;

i.e. Where it is found.
2. Must relate to active site. Enzyme is insufficient.
2

(ii) 1. X;

2. Enzyme in both pathways;

2. Award independently
2

(c) 1. Occupies / blocks / binds to active site;

i.e. What it does in terms of the active site.

2. Substrate will not fit / does not bind / no longer complementary to /

enzyme-substrate complex not formed;
1. Ignore references to change in shape and shape of aspirin
molecule.
Ignore reference to competitive inhibitor i.e. Consequence
required
2
[7]

Q23.
(a) correct answer: 77 - 78 ;; allow 75 - 80 = 2 marks
OR Use of 55 AND 17 saturation / fall = 38; = 1 mark

OR (Fall = y % +) use of ; = 1 mark

2

(b) (in exercise) - faster respiration rate meaning more CO2 production;
CO2 is acidic / forms carbonic acid / lactic acid production;
release of H+ ions;
3
[5]

Q24.
(a) The muscle in the wall / sphincter contracts;
Accept converse

Reducing blood flow / narrowing / closing arteriole;

The muscle to which the candidate is referring must be
clearly in the wall of the arteriole.
2

(b) (i) Blood flow increased in humans / reduced in seals;

1

(ii) Less oxygen / blood taken to muscles;

None is incorrect

(More) oxygen available for organs / brain;

Can stay under water longer (without breathing);
max 2
 [5]

Q25.
(a) (i) Identifies anomalies / minimises effect of anomalies / unusual results / results
more likely to be representative / more reliable mean;
Accept likely to see side effects
1

(ii) Minimises / avoids regional bias / effects;

This is the basic principle. Accept examples that make this
basic point, e.g.
There may be factors that affect people living in different
areas
1

(b) 1. Treated the same as those on ivabradine / experimental group;

2. Given dummy pill / placebo;

Do not accept: given no pill
2

(c) (i) Increases filling time;

1

(ii) 1. Maximum / large amount of blood leaves heart / ventricles /

increases stroke volume / cardiac output;
Must be in context of blood leaving the heart

2. More blood / more oxygen to heart muscle / heart tissue;

Accept wall of heart

3. Via coronary arteries;

3 max
[8]

Q26.
(a) B – It is the 2nd contraction / occurs (immediately) after A / occurs after atrium;
Larger / more force / more pressure;
2

(b)

= 37 to 38
allow 1 mark if correct working shown
max 2

(c) (i) (Heart rate) reduced;

(Stroke volume) no effect;
2

(ii) Reduced because C.O. = H.R. x S.V. / connection argument based on

reduced H.R;
1

(iii) Parasympathetic;
1
 (d) (i) 1. Coordination via medulla (of brain) / cardiac centre;
2. (Increased) impulses along sympathetic ( / cardiac accelerator)
nerve
3. To S.A. node / pacemaker;
4. More impulses sent from / increased rate of discharge of S.A. node
/ pacemaker;
Not “beats”; not “speeds up”
4

(ii) In exercise – More energy release / more respiration / actively respiring

muscles / for aerobic respiration;
Higher cardiac output – Increases O2 supply (to muscles);
Increases glucose supply (to muscles);
Increases CO2 removal (from muscles) /
lactate removal;
Increases heat removal (from muscles) /
for cooling;
If no “increase” – max 2 marks
3
[15]

Q27.
(a) 0.1 – 0.6 seconds;
Volume (in left ventricle) increasing / ventricle filling;
2

(b) (i) 2 marks for correct answer of 75 (beats) per minute;

1 mark if heart beat correctly identified as lasting 0.8 seconds;
2

(ii) 70 cm3;
1

(c) Multiply them;

1

(d) 750;
Accept a small increase – up to 800 cm3
1

(e) (i) 4 : 1 / 4;
Ratio must be expressed in simplest terms
1

(ii) 18 cm3;
1
[9]

Q28.
(a) 0.01 / 0.0105;
(allow 1 mark for 52 500 / 5 000 000)
2

(b) (at the tissues at low pp oxygen) the shrew’s haemoglobin is less
saturated with oxygen / has reduced affinity;
oxyhaemoglobin dissociates more readily / haemoglobin releases
oxygen more readily / more oxygen released;
allowing greater demand / respiration rate;
 3
[5]

Q29.
(a) (i) 1 Reduces heart rate;
2 Keeps heart rate stable / reduces variation in heart rate;
3 Nullifies external stimulus;
Individual points must be supported with information from
the graph
If no information quoted max 1 mark
2

(ii) To ensure change in heart rate due to beta blocker and not person’s
behaviour / knowing may affect heart rate;
1

(b) (i) Beta blockers reduce mortality (following myocardial infarction) /

Greater reduction in the older group;
1

(ii)

x100;
2
[6]

Q30.
(a) made of (different) tissues / specified tissues;
1

(b) (i) 20 µm as it consists of endothelium only / does not contain muscle,

connective tissues and elastic tissue;
(consider other answers and credit understanding.)
1

(ii) 1 mark calculation derived from diameter - (2 × wall thickness) /

answer of 3mm;
2 marks 2mm / 2000µm;
2

(c) stretches as a result of high pressure / surge of blood;

then recoils;
2
[6]

Q31.
(a) 0.1 / 0.9 (s);
1

(b) Two marks for correct answer of 75 (beats per minute);

One mark for incorrect answer based on cardiac cycle taking 0.8 seconds;
 2

(c) (i) Pressure in ventricle higher than pressure in atria;

1

(ii) Prevents backflow of blood / prevents flow from ventricles to atria;

1

(d) Increase (in stroke volume) as blood pressure increases, remains constant /
plateaus; after 3 kPa / when stroke volume = 82cm3
2

(e) Two marks for correct answer of 80;

One mark for incorrect answer recognising that ventricle contracts once every
cardiac cycle / stroke volume = 70 cm3
2

(f) 1 Muscles (surrounding veins) contract and press on (walls of) vein and
squeezes blood along veins;

2 Valves prevent backflow / ensure flow in one direction;

3 Systole / contraction of heart pumps blood (through arteries) into veins /

residual arterial pressure / negative pressure in chest due to inspiration;

4 Recoil of heart muscle during diastole / after contraction;

5 Draws blood from veins into atria;

Accept sucks

6 Wide lumen little resistance / friction

6
[15]

Q32.
(a) (i) C and D;
1

(ii) left ventricle with thicker wall / more muscle / (muscle in)
left ventricle contracts more forcefully / beats more strongly;
1

(b) higher in atria / lower in ventricles;

atrioventricular valves / valves between atria and ventricles open;
(position of valves must be identified.
Do not accept an unqualified reference to valves.
Assume pronouns refer to atria.)
2

(c) (i) allows blood to pass into ventricles / from atria / so that atria
can empty; before ventricles contract;
2

(ii) ventricle contracts from base / upwards;

blood pushed through B and C / arteries / all blood ejected;
2
[8]

Q33.
 (a) (variation in) temperature will affect the solubility of oxygen / rate of respiration / use
of oxygen by cells / diffusion / gas exchange;
to gain credit point made must concern oxygen
1

(b) (i) there is no difference between the partial pressure of oxygen in the two groups
/ the partial pressure of oxygen is the same in each group;
1

(ii) results may have been due to chance and statistical test allows us to
determine the probability of this / of the difference between results
being significant;
enables acceptance or rejection of null hypothesis;
The key points here are chance and probability used in the correct context.
2

(c) A;
because partial pressure of oxygen only reduced when zinc in water / in Y / because
when injected zinc / in X has no effect on partial pressure of oxygen in blood;
2

(d) less oxygen transport to cells / in fish / in blood;

anaerobic respiration;
lactic acid produced / less carbon dioxide removed (from gills);
more H+;
3 max

(e) (i) copper;

calculation based on comparing concentration in woodlice with that in leaves;
accept any suitable method here, giving marks for the method and
explanation. For example, calculating ratio of concentration in woodlice to
concentration in leaves.
2

(ii) not absorbed from gut / passes out in faeces / egested / urine / excreted;
1

(iii) woodlice eat large amount of leaves;

copper stored / accumulates in body;
2

(f) (i) mutation;

1

(ii) (as a component of) nucleic acids / DNA / RNA / nucleotides;

phospholipids;
ATP / ADP;
2 max

(iii) arsenic-tolerant plants would not be able to take up phosphates / take up a

little phosphate;
since likely to involve same mechanism / same carrier / protein;
(process of ) growth would be poorer than non-tolerant plants;
3
[20]

Q34.
(a) (i) the atrioventricular / mitral / bicuspid / tricuspid valves (closing);
1

(ii) pressure in artery greater than pressure in ventricle;

 1

(b) correct answer 5250 = 3 marks;

where answer incorrect:
one heart beat identified as taking 0.8 s;
heart rate calculated as 75 (beats per minute);
cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume;
marking points to be awarded independently but onus on
candidate to show clearly what has been done
3
[5]

Q35.
(a) (i) Left ventricle;
1

(ii) Thick muscle / thick walls;

Accept more muscle / more muscular.
Ignore stronger muscle.
1

(b) (i) 85.7 / 86;

Accept 85
Ignore additional decimal places.
1

(ii) Two marks for correct answer of 7905 - 7998;

Accept either formula or illustration with figures from table.

One mark for incorrect answer in which candidate provides evidence of

multiplying heart rate by stroke volume;
2

(c) 1. Closed open;

2. Open closed;
2
[7]