GENERAL

PHYSICS
I
Weeks 1- 4

Engr. Lawrence B. Leocadio

ONHS: Dapawan, Odiongan, Romblon
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Self-Assessment

Answer all the questions honestly. Please note that in this part there is/are no correct or wrong answer/s.

1. Information: Student No.: ________________________ Parent No.:

______________________________________
2. Email Address: ________________________________________________________________________
3. Present Address: _______________________________________________________________________
4. Microsoft Team Account: ________________________________________________________________
5. Birth date: _________________________ Age: _____________________
6. What is your preferred course in college?
a. __________________________________
b. __________________________________
7. Do you love math?
Yes No
8. List 3 situations/things math helps in our daily activities.
a. _____________________________________________________________________
b. _____________________________________________________________________
c. _____________________________________________________________________
9. Research the importance of Pre-calculus in your future career/ course/ profession. Write it down below.
a. _____________________________________________________________________
b. _____________________________________________________________________
c. _____________________________________________________________________
10. What is your favorite motivational/inspirational quotation?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Hoping that you will learn a lot in this subject. If you ever feel tired of reading or answering
this module, please remember your favorite quotation and the people who supports you.
Likewise, always put in mind that math will only be easy if you practice doing it regularly.
-Sir Law-

THINGS TO REMEMBER: REQUIREMENTS IN THIS SUBJECT

1. Provide a lecture notebook. Preferred specifications:

(a) 80 leaves or more
(b) not cattleya notebook
(c) presentable
2. Download the following applications:
▪ Facebook Messenger App (required) – for messenger room
▪ Google Classroom App (required) – for discussion, dissemination of lectures and assignments
▪ Microsoft Team App (required) – for discussion, dissemination of lectures and assignments
▪ Khan Academy App (optional) – for video tutorials
▪ YouTube app (optional) – for video tutorials
3. Scientific Calculator. Preferred model:
▪ Fx 991 ES plus or EX plus
▪ Fx 570 ES or EX
▪ Calculators with shift + solve capability

RESOURCE PANEL

1. For Microsoft teams, login using your given Microsoft team email and password.
2. For Google Classroom, ask for your teacher the class code and enroll to the subject.

General Physics I | Copyright 2020 Engr. Lawrence B. Leocadio

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PRE-TEST:
Name: ________________________________________________________________ Rating: ____________
Track& Block: __________________________________________________________ Date: _____________
Direction: Read and analyze the following problems. Write only the letter that corresponds to the correct answer by
writing it on the space provided for at the right margin. Erasures and/or alterations will be considered as
wrong. ANSWER THIS TEST INDIVIDUALLY AND WITH HONESTY.

1. Which of the following study forces acting on bodies at rest or in motion. 1. ____
A. Dynamics B. Kinematics C. Mechanics D. Physics
2. Which of the following deals with the study of forces at rest. 2. ____
A. Dynamics B. Kinematics C. Mechanics D. Statics
3. How many feet are present within a meter? 3. ____
A. 3.2808 B. 0.3028 C. 3.8208 D. 0.3828
4. How many significant figures are present in “12.002”? 4. ____
A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6
5. The significant figures present in a number is 4, which of the following is this number? 5. ____
A. 3200 B. 2.003 C. 2030 D. All of the these
6. Which of the following units of measurement is not from the English system? 6. ____
A. Feet B. Newton C. Pound D. Yard
7. Ron Mark wants to measure his height in English system. If his height is 1.67 meters, what will be the 7. ____
best possible answer after he converted it?
A. 65.75 in B. 5.48 ft C. 1.83 yards D. All of these
8. Lorenz is trying to convert 1236 micrometer to inches. The prefix “pico” in the given means ___________. 8. ____
A. 109 B. 1012 C. 10-9 D. 10-12
3
9. The density of water is 1 gm/cm . What is this value in kilograms per cubic meter? 9. ____
A. 100 kg/m3 B. 1000 kg/m3 C. 10000 kg/m3 D. 100 000 kg/m3
10. Dr. Navy Gale wants to study how time flows in different frame of reference, what branch of modern 10. ____
physics is this?
A. Atomic Physics B. Nuclear Physics C. Quantum Physics D. Relativistic Physics
11. Vectors are quantities with magnitude and direction, which of the following quantities is not a vector? 11. ____
A. Acceleration B. Mass C. Velocity D. Weight
12. It is the rate of how an object change position with a given period. 12. ____
A. Acceleration B. Displacement C. Gravity D. Velocity
13. Which of the following is not a scalar quantity? 13. ____
A. Energy B. Force C. Speed D. Time
14. Which of the following conditions are true? 14. ____
A. 40° North of West is equal to 60° West of South
B. 40° North of West is equal to 60° West of North
C. 40° North of West is equal to West 60° North
D. 40° North of West is equal to West 60° South
15. A cow is eating in a pasture when it started to move 200 meters to the north in search for water. Then, 15. ____
walk another hundred meters before starting to move 250 m to the West. What is the cow’s resultant
displacement?
A. 391 m B. 472 m C. 450 m D. 550 m

General Physics I | Copyright 2020 Engr. Lawrence B. Leocadio

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What are the Guide Graphics for?

Graphics have been placed inside the margins of the course to identify a specific task. Each graphic has a
specific purpose to guide you. A description of each graphic is described below:

Lesson Introduction: The introduction sets the stage for the lesson. It may draw upon prior knowledge
or briefly describe the organization of the lesson. It also lists the outcomes for the lesson. Outcomes
describe what you will learn.

Learning Activity: Complete this learning activity to help you review or practice what you have learned
and prepare for your assignment and exam. You will not send learning activities to your tutor/marker.

Assignment: This is an assignment that you complete and send to your tutor/marker. You will be
sending in your assignments at the end of every module.

Mail-in: Indicates when it is time to mail in your assignments.

Email: It is now time to email your completed assignment(s) to your tutor/marker for assessment.

Learning Partner: Indicates when the student may seek help from their learning partner.

Resource Sheet: Indicates material that may be valuable to include on your resource sheet.

Examination: It is time to write your midterm or final examination.

Note: Take note of and remember this important information or reminder.

Graphic Reference:
Grade 11 Pre-Calculus Mathematics (30S): A Course for Independent Study: Field Validation Version.

WHAT TO LEARN?

Learning objectives per topic.

THINGS TO REMEMBER

Formulas and other important things to remember.

KNOWLEDGE UPGRADE

Added tasks to boost your knowledge about the topic.

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Examples for the topic.

PRACTICE EXERCISES 1.2: Errors

Exercises to practice the given topic.

General Physics I | Copyright 2020 Engr. Lawrence B. Leocadio

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Lesson 1.1: Unit Measurement Week 1 – Quarter I

WHAT TO LEARN?

• Solve measurement problems involving conversion of units, expression of measurements in scientific notation

NATURE OF PHYSICS
Physics is the fundamental science of the world of nature. It deals with the study of matter and energy and
their interactions. It explains and describes the physical happenings in the universe. It can also be defined as a science
of measurement.

MEASUREMENT
Measurement is considered a quantitative description of a fundamental property. It is a process of comparing
one quantity with another quantity. It can also be used to describe quantities that can be measured out of matter such
as length, time, force, weight, volume, temperature, luminous intensity, and etc.

SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT
There are two systems that carry standardized units: the English System and the Metric System.

• English System (British Engineering System)

- First adopted in England.
- It is also known as FPS system derived from the names of the standard unit of length (foot), force (pound),
and time (second).
- This system of measurement evolved due to creative ways on how people measured for themselves. They
used familiar objects and human body parts as measuring devices.

THINGS TO REMEMBER: ENGLISH SYSTEM CONVERSION FACTORS

1 yd = 3 ft 1 ft = 12 in 1 in = 16 graduations 5280 ft = 1 mile

16 Oz = 1 lb 3 tps = 1 tbs 2000 lb = 1 ton

• Metric System
- Originated in France in 1971.
- The French Academy of Science was responsible for creating the new standard system of weights and
measures.
- It is based on a new unit of length metre derived from the Greek word metron which means measure.
- The modernized version is called the International System of Measurements (SI).
- It uses the decimal or base-10 system. This means that the larger and the smaller units can be derived by
multiplying or dividing the base unit by powers of 10.

KNOWLEDGE UPGRADE 1.1

1. Redefine major or important words above (written in bold format). You can research in the internet the meaning or
definition of those words. Write those definition in your notebook.
2. Research and read about the different branches of physics. Write in your notebook the list and its corresponding
definition. Cite the source/s or reference/s used by writing it at the last part.
a. Classical Physics (Major Branch of Physics)
-
b. Modern Physics (Major Branch of Physics)
-
3. Aside from the list of English Conversion Factors listed above research in books or the internet other examples.
Write those conversion factors in your notebook. Cite the source/s or reference/s used by writing it at the last part.

General Physics I | Copyright 2020 Engr. Lawrence B. Leocadio

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Lesson 1.1: Unit Measurement Week 1 – Quarter I

FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES AND SI BASE UNITS

SI or the METRIC SYSTEM UNIT PREFIXES

General Physics I | Copyright 2020 Engr. Lawrence B. Leocadio

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Lesson 1.1: Unit Measurement Week 1 – Quarter I

SYSTEM OF UNITS
System of Units is a complete set of units, both fundamental and derived, for all kind of quantities.

The three systems based on the fundamental units are:

▪ mks system for meter-kilogram-second
▪ cgs system for centimeter-gram-second
▪ fps system for foot-pound-second
CONVERSION OF UNITS
The development of two measurement system leads to a problem about how different units can be
represented by one another. For example, a man with a height of 1.5 meters can be converted to foot, inches or
centimeters depending on the prescribed or needed unit of length. This method also helped in harmonizing the SI and
the English system.

SAMPLE PROBLEMS 1.1: CONVERSION OF UNITS

1. Find the distance in (a) meters and (b) in miles, if the distance between Looc and Odiongan, Romblon is 25.9
kilometers.
Given: d = 25.9 km
Conversion factor: 1 km = 1000 m = 0.62 mi
Solution:
1000 𝑚
a. 𝑑 = 25.9 𝑘𝑚 𝑥 = 𝟐𝟓 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝒎
1 𝑘𝑚

0.62 𝑚𝑖
b. 𝑑 = 25.9 𝑘𝑚 𝑥 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟎𝟓𝟖 𝒎𝒊
1 𝑘𝑚

2. Starting with the definition of 1 inch = 2.54 cm., compute the number of kilometers in one mile, to five significant
figures.
Given: 1 mile
Conversion factor: 1 mi = 5280 ft; 1 ft = 12 in; 1 in = 2.54 cm;
1 m = 100 cm; 1 km = 1000 m
Solution:
5280 𝑓𝑡 12 𝑖𝑛 2.54 𝑐𝑚 1𝑚 1 𝑘𝑚
a. 𝑑 = 1 𝑚𝑖 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝟗 𝒌𝒎
1 𝑚𝑖 1 𝑓𝑡 1 𝑖𝑛 100 𝑐𝑚 1000 𝑚

3. What is the mass in kg of a person weighing 170 lb?

Given: W = 170 lb
Conversion factor: 1 kg = 2.2046 lb

Solution:
1 𝑘𝑔
𝑚 = 170 𝑙𝑏 𝑥 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒈
2.2046 𝑙𝑏

PRACTICE EXERCISES 1.1: CONVERSION OF UNITS

DIRECTIONS: Read, analyze and solve the following problems below. Write the solution in your notebook and encircle
your final answer. You can use the internet for clues or answer this part together with your classmates. Check your own
answer after the answer key was given by your teacher.
1. Compute the number of seconds in a (a) day, (b) a month and in a (c) year.
2. The density of water is 1 g/cm3. What is the value in kilograms per cubic meter?

General Physics I | Copyright 2020 Engr. Lawrence B. Leocadio

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SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Scientific notation is simply a method of expressing and working with very large or very small numbers. It is a
short hand method for writing numbers and easy calculations. Numbers in scientific notation are made up of three
parts: the coefficient, the base, and the exponent. It has basic notation N x 10n.
In order to be correct scientific notation, the following conditions must be true.
1. The coefficient must be greater than or equal to 1 and less than 10.
2. The base must be 10.
3. The exponent must show the number of decimal places that the decimal needs to be moved to change the number
to standard notation. A negative exponent means that the decimal is moved from left to standard notation.
5.67 x 105 where: 5.67 as the coefficient
10 as the base
5 as the exponent

RESOURCE PANEL

1. You can watch a video about this topic on Khan academy or YouTube.
2. You can also download the PowerPoint presentation to be uploaded in Google Classroom and/or Microsoft Teams.

Lesson 1.2: ERRORS Week 1 – Quarter I

WHAT TO LEARN?

• Differentiate accuracy from precision

• Differentiate random errors from systematic errors

ACCURACY AND PRECISION

Accuracy refers to how close a

measurement is to the correct value.
A description of how close a
measurement is to the true value of
the quantity measured
Precision the exactness of a
measurement.
Consistent indicates the
reproductibility of a measurement.

ERRORS

Random Errors are due to experimental or inherent difficulty in taking accurate measurements.

Systematic Errors are due to measuring device being biased in some way so that it reads consistently too high or too
low.

PRACTICE EXERCISES 1.2: Errors

DIRECTIONS:
1. Is it Accurate, Precise, Both or Neither?
2. Write your final answer in your notebook. You can use the internet for clues or discuss this part together with your
classmates. Check your own answer after the answer key was given by your teacher.
Known Density = 3.11 g/mL
1) Test Results 3.77, 3.81, 3.76, 3.80
2) Test Results 3.01, 3.89, 3.50, 5.99
3) Test Results 3.04, 3.20, 3.13, 3.07
4) Test Results 3.11, 3.12, 3.12, 3.10

General Physics I | Copyright 2020 Engr. Lawrence B. Leocadio

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Lesson 1.3: Scalar and Vector Quantity Week 1 – Quarter I

WHAT TO LEARN?

• Differentiate vector and scalar quantities

• Perform addition of vectors
• Rewrite a vector in component form

SCALAR QUANTITY

• Scalar quantities are quantities that can be expressed completely

by a single number with appropriate units.
• Can be manipulated by ordinary arithmetic.
• Follows the usual laws of algebra.

Examples of Scalar Quantity

1. Length – Distance between any two points.

2. Speed – distance traveled per unit time.
3. Mass – amount of matter that a body contains.
4. Time – interval separating two points on continuum in which events occur
irreversibly from past through the present to the future.
5. Temperature – hotness or coldness of a body
6. Energy – the capacity to do work

VECTOR QUANTITY
• Are quantities which require both magnitude and direction for their complete direction.
• Recall that magnitude is a numerical value with corresponding unit. An example of a vector quantity is a force.
In other words, you need to know the direction of the force as well as its magnitude.

Examples of Vector Quantity

1. Displacement – is the straight-line distance between starting and end points.

2. Velocity – is the rate of change in displacement
3. Acceleration – is the rate of change in velocity
4. Force – is the product of mass and acceleration.

RESOURCE PANEL

1. You can watch the video of TED ED Channel on YouTube about scalars and vectors.
2. You can also download the PowerPoint presentation to be uploaded in Google Classroom and/or Microsoft Teams.
Parts of a Vector

1. Arrowhead (c) – indicates direction

2. Length of the Arrow (Body) (b) – indicates magnitude
3. Tail (a) – represents origin

Vector Operations

• Vectors can be added or subtracted graphically and analytically.

• Vectors that add together are called component vectors.
• The sum of component vectors is called Resultant Vectors (R).

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Lesson 1.3: Scalar and Vector Quantity Week 1 – Quarter I

RULES FOR VECTOR ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

▪ Vectors in the same direction are added and subtracted if they are in opposite direction.
▪ Vectors acting at right angle with each other use Pythagorean theorem.
▪ Vectors acting at an angle use cosine law.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1.3.1: Vector Addition

1. A runner runs 50 m east and stops to drink water, then, runs another 25 m (A)
east to finish his daily practice.

2. A runner runs 50 m east and stops to drink water, then, runs another 25 m
west to finish his daily practice.
(B)

COMPONENT VECTORS
▪ Any vector directed in two dimensions
can be thought of as having two parts
▪ Each part of a two-dimensional vector
is known as a component.
▪ The single two-dimensional vector
could be replaced by the two
components.

Multiply the magnitude of the original vector by the sine & cosine of the angle made with the
horizontal. The units of the components are the same as the units for the original vector.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1.3.2: Component Vectors

1. A helicopter is flying at 34 m/s at 25 S of W (south of west).

(A)

2. Find the vertical and horizontal components of a 50 lb force that is

directed 50° above the horizontal.
(B)

PRACTICE EXERCISES 1.1: CONVERSION OF UNITS

DIRECTIONS: Read, analyze and solve the following problems below. Write the solution in your notebook and encircle
your final answer. You can use the internet for clues or answer this part together with your classmates. Check your own
answer after the answer key was given by your teacher.
1. A bear, searching for food wanders 35 meters east then 20 meters north. Frustrated, he wanders another 12 meters
west then 6 meters south. Calculate the bear's displacement.
2. A plane moves with a velocity of 63.5 m/s at 32 degrees South of East. Calculate the plane's horizontal and vertical
velocity components.
3. A storm system moves 5000 km due east 10°North, then shifts course at 40 degrees North of East for 1500 km.
Calculate the storm's resultant displacement.

General Physics I | Copyright 2020 Engr. Lawrence B. Leocadio

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Lesson 2.1: Kinematics: A Description of Motion Week 2 – Quarter I

WHAT TO LEARN?

• Interpret displacement and velocity, respectively, as areas under velocity vs. time and acceleration vs. time curves
• Interpret velocity and acceleration, respectively, as slopes of position vs. time and velocity vs. time curves
• Construct velocity vs. time and acceleration vs. time graphs, respectively, corresponding to a given position vs.
time-graph and velocity vs. time graph and vice versa
• Convert a verbal description of a physical situation involving uniform acceleration in one dimension into a
mathematical description
• Solve for unknown quantities in equations involving one dimensional uniformly accelerated motion, including free
fall motion
• Solve problems involving one-dimensional motion with constant acceleration

Mechanics is a branch of physics that deals with the motion of objects and the forces that change. It also deals with the
particles that are moving either with less velocity or they are at rest.

Motion is the displacement of an object in relation to objects that are considered to be stationary. Motion can also be
defined as the continuous change of position with respect to a certain reference point.
• Rectilinear/Translatory Motion is the motion of a body along a straight line. An example of this is that of a ball
thrown straight up and falling back straight down.
• Curvilinear/Rotational Motion is the motion along a circular path. An example is a car negotiating a curve.
• Vibrational motion is a to-and-fro motion of a body. An example is a moving pendulum.
▪ Kinematics – branch of physics; study of motion
▪ Position (x) – where you are located
▪ Distance (d) – how far you have traveled, regardless of direction
▪ Displacement (∆x) – where you are in relation to where you started

SPEED, VELOCITY and ACCELERATION

▪ Speed (v) – how fast you go
▪ Velocity (v) – how fast and which way; the rate at which position changes
▪ Average speed (v) – distance / time
▪ Acceleration (a) – how fast you speed up, slow down, or change direction; the rate at which velocity changes

SPEED VS. VELOCITY

▪ Speed is a scalar (how fast something is moving regardless of its direction).
Ex: v = 20 mph
▪ Speed is the magnitude of velocity.
▪ Velocity is a combination of speed and direction.
Ex: v = 20 mph at 15° south of west
▪ The symbol for speed is v.
▪ The symbol for velocity is type written in bold: v or hand written with an arrow: v.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2.1.1: Speed / Velocity

1. What is the speed of a cheetah that travels 112.0 meters in 4.0 seconds?
Given: d = 112.0 meters t = 4.0 seconds
𝑑 112 𝑚 28 𝑚
Solution: 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = = =
𝑡 4𝑠 𝑠

ACCELERATION
Acceleration – how fast you speed up, slow down, or change direction;
it’s the rate at which velocity changes. Two examples:

𝑚
𝑚
a1 = +2 mph / s 𝑎2 = −3 𝑠 = −3 2
𝑠 𝑠

General Physics I | Copyright 2020 Engr. Lawrence B. Leocadio

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Lesson 2.1: Kinematics: A Description of Motion Week 2 – Quarter I

KNOWLEDGE UPGRADE 2.1

1. Research and write in your notebook the difference between distance and position? Velocity and speed?

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2.1.2: Acceleration

1. As a shuttle bus comes to a normal stop, it slows from 9.0 m/s to 0.0 m/s in 5.0 s. Find the average acceleration of
the bus.
Given: vi = 9.0 m/s, v = 0.0 t = 5.0 s Negative acceleration is also called
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 0−9 𝑚/𝑠 DECELERATION
\Solution: 𝑎ത = = = −1.8 𝑚/𝑠
𝑡 5.0 𝑠

CONSTANT SPEED

Constant speed refers to how fast an object changes its position. Using
the formula of distance traveled over time, you can determine the speed of the
object.

VELOCITY-TIME GRAPHS

A plot of the velocity versus time is called the velocity-time graph. Velocity time graphs have very significant
since, at constant acceleration, the slope of the v-t graph is the acceleration of the body.

Consider a car moving with a constant,

rightward (+) velocity - say of +10 m/s. For example, a car
moving with a constant velocity is a car with zero
acceleration.

If the velocity-time data for such a car were graphed,

then the resulting graph would look like the graph at the right.
Note that a motion described as a constant, positive velocity
results in a line of zero slope (a horizontal line has zero slope)
when plotted as a velocity-time graph. Furthermore, only
positive velocity values are plotted, corresponding to a motion
with positive velocity.

Now consider a car moving with a rightward (+),

changing velocity - that is, a car that is moving rightward
but speeding up or accelerating. Since the car is moving in
the positive direction and speeding up, the car is said to
have a positive acceleration.

If the velocity-time data for such car were graphed,

then the resulting graph would look like the graph at the right.
Note that a motion described as a changing, positive velocity
results in a sloped line when plotted as a velocity-time graph.
The slope of the line is positive, corresponding to the positive
acceleration. Furthermore, only positive velocity values are
plotted, corresponding to a motion with positive velocity.
The velocity vs. time graphs for the two types of motion -
constant velocity and changing velocity (acceleration) - can be
summarized as shown in the image on the right.

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Lesson 2.2: Kinematics: Uniformly Accelerated Motion Week 2 – Quarter I

UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION

When an object is moving at constant acceleration along a straight line, the motion of the object is described
to be uniformly accelerated. The following equations can be used for any object that is moving with constant
acceleration.

FORMULA TABLE

VELOCITY 𝒗 = velocity
𝑑 𝑑2 − 𝑑1 𝒅 = distance
𝑣= =
𝑡 𝑡 𝒕 = time

ACCELERATION
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 𝒂 = acceleration
𝑎ത = 𝒗𝟎 = 𝒗𝒊 = 𝒗𝟏 = initial velocity
𝑡
𝒗𝟏 = 𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝟐 = initial velocity
UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION
𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝒊 + 𝒂𝒕 𝒔 = distance (vector quantity)
𝟐
𝒂𝒕
𝒔 = 𝒗𝒊 𝒕 +
𝟐
𝒗𝒇 𝟐 = 𝒗𝒊 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒔

The equations for constant acceleration could tell the positions of the object and the velocity of the object at any
given time.
Uniformly accelerated motion has the following features:
• Distances traveled after each unit of time are not equal.
• The graph of distance against time is a parabola; hence distance is directly proportional to time squared.
• The graph of speed against time is straight line. The slope of a velocity vs. time graph represents constant
acceleration.

Not all accelerations are constant. But motion can best be understood in terms of constant acceleration. A free-
falling body is an example of motion of uniform acceleration.

FREE FALLING BODY

Is a freely falling body is defined as a body that is moving freely under the influence of gravity. It is assumed that
the effect of air resistance is negligible. The motion of any falling objects is found to be under a constant acceleration
due to gravity, 𝑔.

GRAVITY

Gravity (𝑔) is a fundamental physical force that is responsible for interactions which occur because of mass
between particles and between aggregations of matter. It can also be defined as the force that pulls an object towards
the earth’s center. The value of an object’s gravity depends on its mass.

THINGS TO REMEMBER: ENGLISH SYSTEM CONVERSION FACTORS

9.8 m/s2 - mks system

980 cm/s2 - cgs system
32 ft/s2 - ps system

KNOWLEDGE UPGRADE 2.2

1. Riza drop a marble ball and a steel ball at the same time from the top of a 10-story building, (a) which of the two
balls will accelerate the fastest? (b) Which of the two ball will reach the ground first?

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Lesson 2.2: Kinematics: Uniformly Accelerated Motion Week 2 – Quarter I

FREE FALLING MOTION

A freely falling body is any object that is falling due only to the pull of gravity. We can therefore say that it has
uniform acceleration as it falls. Its acceleration increases by 9.8 m/s after each second of fall.

FORMULA TABLE: Free Falling Motion

𝑣𝑓 = 𝑔𝑡
𝑔𝑡 2 Since a freely-falling body has a zero-initial velocity.
𝑠=
2
𝑣𝑓 2 = 2𝑔𝑠

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2.2: Free falling motion

1. A driver brings a car travelling at 20 m/s to a full stop in 2 sec. (a) What is the car’s acceleration? (b) How far does it
travel before stopping?
Given: vi = 20 m/s, v = 0.0 t = .0 s
Solution:
𝑣 −𝑣 𝑚
a.) 𝑎= 𝑓 𝑖 b.) 𝑣𝑓 2 = 𝑣𝑖 2 + 2𝑎𝑠 −400 2
𝑠
𝑡2 −𝑡1 2
𝑣 −𝑣 2 𝒔 = 𝑚
𝑚 −20 2
0 − 20 𝒔= 𝑓 𝑖 𝑠
𝑠 2𝑎 𝑠 = 20 𝑚
𝑎= 02 − 202
2𝑠 𝒔=
2 2 (−10)
𝑎 = −10 𝑚/𝑠

KNOWLEDGE UPGRADE 2.3

1. Why is air resistance being neglected in solving free-fall related problems?

RESOURCE PANEL

1. You can watch a video about Kinematics on YouTube; or specifically, watch physics videos (kinematics) on Crash
Course.

PRACTICE EXERCISES 2.1: Uniformly Accelerated Motion

DIRECTIONS: Read, analyze and solve the following problems below. Write the solution in your notebook and encircle
your final answer. You can use the internet for clues or answer this part together with your classmates. Check your own
answer after the answer key was given by your teacher.

1. What is the acceleration of a car that goes from 20 mi/hr to 30 mi/hr in 1.5 seconds? (b)At the same
acceleration, how long will it take for the care to go from 30 mi/hr to 36 mi/hr?
2. A car has an acceleration of 8 m/s2 (a) how much time is needed for it to reach a velocity of 24 m/s if it starts
from rest? (b) How far does it go during this period?
3. A stone is dropped from a cliff 50 m high. Disregarding air resistance, (a) how long does it take for it to reach
the ground? (b) What is its speed when it strikes the ground?

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Lesson 3.1: Motions in 2 Dimensions Week 3 – Quarter I

LESSON 3.1: PROJECTILE MOTION

A projectile is an object upon which the only force acting is gravity. There are a variety of examples of
projectiles. An object dropped from rest is a projectile (provided that the influence of air resistance is negligible). An
object that is thrown vertically upward is also a projectile (provided that the influence of air resistance is negligible).
And an object which is thrown upward at an angle to the horizontal is also a projectile (provided that the influence of
air resistance is negligible). A projectile is any object that once projected or dropped continues in motion by its own
inertia and is influenced only by the downward force of gravity.

By definition, a projectile has a single force that acts upon it – the force of gravity. If there Free body diagram
were any other force acting upon an object, then that object would not be a projectile. Thus, the
free-body diagram of a projectile would show a single force acting downwards and labeled force
Fg
of gravity (or simply Fgrav). Regardless of whether a projectile is moving downwards, upwards,
upwards and rightwards, or downwards and leftwards, the free-body diagram of the projectile is
still as depicted in the diagram at the right. By definition, a projectile is any object upon which the
only force is gravity.

TYPES OF PROJECTILES

a. an object dropped from rest

b. an object thrown vertically upward
c. an object thrown at an angle

PROJECTILE IN MOTION

A projectile is an object upon which the only

force is gravity. Gravity acts to influence the vertical
motion of the projectile, thus causing a vertical
acceleration. The horizontal motion of the projectile
is the result of the tendency of any object in motion
to remain in motion at constant velocity. Due to the
absence of horizontal forces, a projectile remains in
motion with a constant horizontal velocity. Horizontal
forces are not required to keep a projectile moving
horizontally. The only force acting upon a projectile is
gravity!

Projectile motion is any motion of an object

projected by some means into the air at an angle.
Projectile motion can be analyzed by the use of
vector components.

Trajectory is the path of a projectile that is determined by vertical and horizontal motions.

FORMULA TABLE: Projectile Motion

2𝑠𝑦 Where:
Total time spent by a projectile on air: 𝑡=ට
𝑔 • s = displacement
• g = gravity
𝑔𝑡 2
The total distance fallen: 𝑠= • R = range
2
• 𝑠𝑦 = Vertical displacement
The range or the horizontal displacement of the projectile: 𝑅 = 𝑠𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑡 • 𝑠𝑥 = Horizontal displacement

Ref: Physicsclassroom.com, Google images

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Lesson 3.2: Motions in 2 Dimensions Week 3 – Quarter I

SAMPLE PROBLEM 3.1: Projectile Motion

1. A ball rolls off the edge of the table 1.2 meters high and strikes the floor at the point 2 m horizontally from edge of
the table. Find the (a) time of its flight; and (b) its initial horizontal velocity.
Solution:

Given: 2𝑠𝑦 b. 𝑠𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑡
a.) 𝑡=ට
• 𝑣𝑜𝑥 =? 𝑔
𝑠𝑥
• t=? 𝑣𝑥 = Derived Formula
𝑡
2(1.2 𝑚)
• 𝑠𝑦 = 1.2 m 𝑡=ට 2𝑚
9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑣𝑥 =
• 𝑠𝑥 = 2 m 0.5 𝑠
𝑡 = 0.495 𝑠 𝒗𝒙 = 𝒗𝒐𝒙 = 𝟒 𝒎/𝒔
𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒔

PRACTICE EXERCISES 3.1: Projectile Motion

DIRECTIONS: Read, analyze and solve the following problems below. Write the solution in your notebook and encircle
your final answer. You can use the internet for clues or answer this part together with your classmates. Check your own
answer after the answer key was given by your teacher.

1. A ball is thrown horizontally with a velocity of 12 m/s. (a) How far has the ball fallen in 1 s later? 2 s later?

LESSON 2: PROJECTILE AT AN ANGLE

Some examples of Projectile Motion are Football, A baseball, A cricket

ball, or any other object. The projectile motion consists of two parts – one is the
horizontal motion of no acceleration and the other vertical motion of constant
acceleration due to gravity. The projectile motion is always in the form of a
parabola which is represented as: y = ax + bx2.

Projectile motion is calculated by a way of neglecting air resistance in

order to simplify the calculations. The above diagram represents the motion of
an object under the influence of gravity. It is an example of projectile motion (a special case of motion in a plane). The
motion of a projectile is considered as a result:

Few Examples of Two – Dimensional Projectiles

1. Throwing a ball or a cannonball
2. The motion of a billiard ball on the billiard table.
3. A motion of a shell fired from a gun.
4. A motion of a boat in a river.
5. The motion of the earth around the sun.

What is Motion in Plane?

When a particle is projected obliquely near the earth’s surface, it moves simultaneously in the direction of
horizontal and vertical. The motion of such a particle is called Projectile Motion and if a particle is projected at an angle
θ, with an initial velocity u. For this particular case, we will calculate the following:
1. The time is taken to reach point A from O
2. The horizontal distance covered (OA)
3. The maximum height reached during the motion.
4. The velocity at any time “t “during the motion.

Ref: toppr.com, Google images

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Lesson 3.2: Motions in 2 Dimensions Week 3 – Quarter I

If a projectile is shot at an angle with the horizontal, projectile follows a curved path upward and reaches a peak,
and then falls into a curved path, too. These are the formulas to be considered:

Where:
u = 𝑣𝑜 = initial velocity
s = displacement
v = final velocity
a = acceleration
t = time interval

SAMPLE PROBLEM 3.2: Projectile Motion at an angle

1. A stone is thrown from a sling at a speed 40 m/s at an angle of 50°. Find the (a) time of ascent; (b) maximum height
reached; and (c) range.
Solution:
𝑣𝑜 sin 𝜃 (𝑣𝑜 sin 𝜃)2
a.) 𝑡= b. 𝑡= c. 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑡
Given: 𝑔 2𝑔
• 𝑣𝑜 = 40 m/s (40 𝑚/𝑠) sin 50° 2
𝑚
𝑣𝑥 = ቀ40 ቁ cos 50° (6.24 𝑠)
• 𝜃 = 50°
𝑡= ൫(40 𝑚/𝑠) sin 50°൯ 𝑠
9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑡=
2(9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) 𝒗𝒙 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎. 𝟒𝟒 𝒎
• t =? 30.64 𝑚/𝑠
𝑡= 𝒕 = 𝟒𝟕. 𝟗 𝒎
• 𝑠𝑦 = ? 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2

• 𝑠𝑥 = ? 𝒕 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟑 𝒔

KNOWLEDGE UPGRADE 3.1

1. Find at least 2 another sample problem about projectile motion and write it down to your notebook. Cite the
sources or references used.
2. READINGS: Read about the use of projectile motion in old and modern warfare.

PRACTICE EXERCISES 3.2.1: Projectile Motion

DIRECTIONS: Read, analyze and solve the following problems below. Write the solution in your notebook and encircle
your final answer. You can use the internet for clues or answer this part together with your classmates. Check your own
answer using the answer key from your teacher.

1. A toy rifle is fired at an angle of 60 degrees above horizontal (a) if the pellet’s initial velocity is 40 ft/s, how far
does it go? (b) What is its time of flight?
2. A football is kicked with a speed of 15 m/s at an angle of 30 degrees. (a) How far does it travel until it hits the
ground? (b) How long is its flight? (c) How high does it rise?

RESOURCE PANEL

1. Link about projectile related videos will be provided. A PowerPoint presentation will also be uploaded to the
Microsoft Teams app or Google classroom app.

Ref: Worktext in Gen Physics 1 for SHS by Christopher G. Reyes

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Lesson 3.1: Motion in 2 Dimensions Week 3 – Quarter I

LESSON 3.3: UNICIRCULAR MOTION

Before discussing the dynamics of uniform circular motion, we must explore its
kinematics. Because the direction of a particle moving in a circle changes at a constant rate, it
must experience uniform acceleration. But in what direction is the particle accelerated? To find
this direction, we need only look at the change in velocity over a short period of time:

The diagram above shows the velocity vector of a particle in uniform circular motion at two
instants of time. By vector addition we can see that the change in velocity, Δv, points toward the
center of the circle. Since acceleration is the change in velocity over a given period of time, the
consequent acceleration points in the same direction. Thus, we define centripetal acceleration as an acceleration towards
the center of a circular path. All objects in uniform circular motion must experience some form of uniform centripetal
acceleration.

We find the magnitude of this acceleration by comparing ratios of velocity and position around the
circle. Since the particle is traveling in a circular path, the ratio of the change in velocity to velocity will be the same as
the ratio of the change in position to position.

CENTRIPETAL FORCE

Any motion in a curved path represents accelerated motion, and requires a force
directed toward the center of curvature of the path. This force is called the centripetal force
which means "center seeking" force. The force has the magnitude.

Swinging a mass on a string requires string tension, and the mass will travel off in a
tangential straight line if the string breaks.
The centripetal acceleration can be derived for the case of circular motion
since the curved path at any point can be extended to a circle.

Note that the centripetal force is proportional to the square of the velocity,
implying that a doubling of speed will require four times the centripetal force to
keep the motion in a circle. If the centripetal force must be provided by friction
alone on a curve, an increase in speed could lead to an unexpected skid if friction is
insufficient.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2.1.2: Acceleration

1. A 2 kg ball on a string is rotated about a circle of radius 10 m. The maximum tension allowed in the string is 50 N.
What is the maximum speed of the ball?
The centripetal force in this case is provided entirely by the tension in the string. If the maximum value of the tension
is 50 N, and the radius is set at 10 m we only need to plug these two values into the equation for centripetal force:

T = Fc = implies that v =
Thus,

v= = 15.8 m/s

KNOWLEDGE UPGRADE 3.2: Readings

1. Readings: Research and find out (a) How roller coasters work and the physics behind them? (b) What is the
relationship of centripetal and centrifugal force to heavenly objects like our planet and the stars?

Ref: Sparknotes.com

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Lesson 4.1: Newton’s First Law of Motion Week 4 – Quarter I

FORCES

A force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's interaction with another object. Whenever
there is an interaction between two objects, there is a force upon each of the objects. When the interaction ceases, the
two objects no longer experience the force. Forces only exist as a result of an interaction.

FOUR FUNDAMENTAL FORCES

• Gravitational Force
- is the force with which the earth, moon and other massive object attracts another object towards itself.
- The force of gravity is always equal to the weight.
• Electromagnetic Force
- A type of interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles and is the combination of all electrical
and magnetic forces.
- Electromagnets, Atomic Bonding (Van der waals, attractive and repulsive)
- give rise to the short – range inter atomic interactions
• Strong force
- Nuclear force or Color Force
- Force that binds quarks together to form protons and neutrons, then bind these together to form nuclei.
- The strong force holds most ordinary matter because it confines quarks into hadron particles such as a neutron
or a proton.
• Weak Force
- Charge proton into neutron and is also responsible for the slow decay of radioactive atoms.

THE CONCEPT OF FORCE AND NET FORCES

• Net force
- is the vector sum or the resultant of all forces acting on an object or system.
- It can also be defined as the magnitude of force that accelerates an object or the magnitude of force that
could stop a moving object.
• Balance force
- are forces equal of magnitude which are acting on an object in opposite direction.
- When forces are balanced, the net force is zero.
• Unbalanced force
- is a nonzero net force which makes an object to accelerate.

CLASSES OF FORCES
For simplicity sake, all forces (interactions) between objects can be placed into two broad categories:
• contact forces, and
• forces resulting from action-at-a-distance

• Contact forces
- are forces that arise because of physical contact between objects.
- an example of this is when two cars collide head – on, the forces of collision produce
damage on the vehicles, forces of gas colliding to the container and forces of our feet
colliding with the ground.

• Action-at-a-distance-forces
- Field forces
- are forces that have an inverse square relationship for the separation of distance
between interacting particles, and an infinite range.
- Examples: forces of gravity, the magnetic force between two magnets, electrical force
between two charges

Ref: Worktext in Gen Physics 1 for SHS by Christopher G. Reyes, physicsclassroom.com

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Lesson 4.1: Newton’s First Law of Motion Week 4 – Quarter I

TYPES OF FORCE (AND SYMBOL)

• Applied Force (Fapp)

- An applied force is a force that is applied to an object by a person or another object. If a person is pushing a desk
across the room, then there is an applied force acting upon the object. The applied force is the force exerted on
the desk by the person.
• Gravity Force (Fgrav)
- (also known as Weight) The force of gravity is the force with which the earth, moon, or other massively large
object attracts another object towards itself. By definition, this is the weight of the object. All objects upon earth
experience a force of gravity that is directed "downward" towards the center of the earth. The force of gravity
on earth is always equal to the weight of the object.
- Fgrav = m * g
• Normal force (Fnorm)
- The normal force is the support force exerted upon an object that is in contact with another stable object. For
example, if a book is resting upon a surface, then the surface is exerting an upward force upon the book in order
to support the weight of the book. On occasions, a normal force is exerted horizontally between two objects
that are in contact with each other. For instance, if a person leans against a wall, the wall pushes horizontally on
the person.
• Frictional Force (Ffric)
- The friction force is the force exerted by a surface as an object moves across it or tries to move across it. There
are at least two types of friction force - sliding and static friction. Though it is not always the case, the friction
force often opposes the motion of an object. For example, if a book slides across the surface of a desk, then the
desk exerts a friction force in the opposite direction of its motion. Friction results from the two surfaces being
pressed together closely, causing intermolecular attractive forces between molecules of different surfaces. As
such, friction depends upon the nature of the two surfaces and upon the degree to which they are pressed
together. The maximum amount of friction force that a surface can exert upon an object can be calculated using
the formula below:
- Ffrict = µ • Fnorm
• Air Resistance (Fair)
- The air resistance is a special type of frictional force that acts upon objects as they travel through the air. The
force of air resistance is often observed to oppose the motion of an object. This force will frequently be neglected
due to its negligible magnitude (and due to the fact that it is mathematically difficult to predict its value). It is
most noticeable for objects that travel at high speeds (e.g., a skydiver or a downhill skier) or for objects with
large surface areas.
• Tension Force (Ftens)
- The tension force is the force that is transmitted through a string, rope, cable or wire when it is pulled tight by
forces acting from opposite ends. The tension force is directed along the length of the wire and pulls equally on
the objects on the opposite ends of the wire.
• Spring Force (Fspring)
- The spring force is the force exerted by a compressed or stretched spring upon any object that is attached to it.
An object that compresses or stretches a spring is always acted upon by a force that restores the object to its
rest or equilibrium position. For most springs (specifically, for those that are said to obey "Hooke's Law"), the
magnitude of the force is directly proportional to the amount of stretch or compression of the spring.

KNOWLEDGE UPGRADE 4.1: READINGS

1. Research what is the difference between mass and weight.

2. If you were teleported to Jupiter or Mars,
(a) will your mass change?
(b) will your weight change?

Ref: physicsclassroom.com

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Lesson 4.2: Newton’s First Law of Motion Week 4 – Quarter I

Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion

Newton’s laws determine how all motion works in the universe. Whether if that is in sport, in science class, or
in daily life. Anywhere, anytime Newton’s laws are always in effect.

Newton’s First Law: Law of Inertia

Newton’s first law says that all matter has inertia, so if an object is moving it will not stop unless affected by an
unbalanced force. The same goes for an object not moving will not move unless affected by an unbalanced force. This
applies even more to objects with more mass, as they have more inertia.

Projectiles continue in their motions, so far as they are not retarded by the resistance of air, or impelled
downwards by the force of gravity. A top, whose parts by their cohesion are continually drawn aside from rectilinear
motions, does not cease its rotation, otherwise than as it is retarded by air. The greater bodies of planets and comets,
meeting with less resistance in freer spaces, preserve their motions both progressive and circular for a much longer
time.
Newton’s Second Law: Law of Acceleration
Newton’s second law talks about how mass and force affect acceleration. It says that an object with more
mass won’t accelerate as quickly as an object with less mass. It also says when a larger force is applied to an object,
there will be more acceleration. So, mass and force both affect an object’s acceleration.

If any force generates a motion, a double force will generate double the motion, a triple force triple the
motion, whether that force is impressed altogether and at once or gradually and successively. And this motion (being
always directed the same way with the generating force), if the body moved before, is added or subtracted from the
former motion, according as they directly conspire with or are directly contrary to each other; or obliquely joined,
when they are oblique, so as to produce a new motion compounded from the determination of both.

Newton’s Third Law: Law of Interaction

Newton’s third is about pairs of forces. It says that every action will have a reaction of equal force and
opposite motion. For example, a force upwards of 2 newtons will also cause a force downwards of 2 newtons.

Whatever draws or presses another is as much drawn or pressed by that other. If you press on a stone with
your finger, the finger is also pressed by the stone.

The Newton

Force is a quantity that is measured using the standard metric unit known as the Newton. A Newton is
abbreviated by an "N." To say "10.0 N" means 10.0 Newton of force. One Newton is the amount of force required to
give a 1-kg mass an acceleration of 1 m/s/s. Thus, the following unit equivalency can be stated:

THINGS TO REMEMBER: Newton

1 Newton = 1 kg • m/s2

KNOWLEDGE UPGRADE 4.2:

1. Research another definition of Newton’s Three Laws of Motion and write it down to your notebook.

Ref: Hyperphysics.com

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Lesson 4.2: Newton’s First Law of Motion Week 4 – Quarter I

LESSON 4.2: INERTIAL REFERENCE FRAMES

Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its motion. Inertia is quantified by mass:

• large mass ↔ large inertia

• small mass ↔ small inertia

An inertial reference frame is a reference frame in which Newton's 2nd Law (and therefore Newton's 1st law)
is valid, i.e., a reference frame that is not accelerating.

Example 1:

A traffic light turns green. The driver steps on the gas, accelerating. Dice hanging from the rear-view mirror
swing towards the back of the car. Relative to the car itself, Newton's 1st law is not valid, i.e., inside the car is not an
inertial reference frame. At one moment, the dice are hanging straight down, then suddenly they move back. Inside
the car, there is no causal force. BUT, if you were watching from the sidewalk, the dice would remain stationary with
respect to you until tension in the string (i.e., a force) holding them to the rear-view mirror pulls the dice forward, along
with the car. So, on the sidewalk, you can observe the force causing the change in motion, as well as the resulting
motion. The sidewalk IS an inertial reference frame in this case. SO, Newton's 1st law is true from the sidewalk, but
not inside the car.

Example 2:

If a driver, cruising along at 100 km per hour, slams on the brakes, the dice
swing forward. Inside the car is NOT an inertial reference frame. An observer on
the side of the road IS in an inertial reference frame.

Example 3:

If a driver turns to the left, the dice will swing to the right. Again, inside the car is NOT an inertial reference
frame. An observer on the side of the road IS in an inertial reference frame.

LESSON 4.3: FREE BODY DIAGRAM

Free-body diagrams are diagrams used to show the relative magnitude and direction of all forces acting upon an
object in a given situation. A free-body diagram is a special example of the vector diagrams that were discussed in an
earlier unit. These diagrams will be used throughout our study of physics. The size of the arrow in a free-body diagram
reflects the magnitude of the force. The direction of the arrow shows the
direction that the force is acting. Each force arrow in the diagram is labeled to
indicate the exact type of force. It is generally customary in a free-body diagram
to represent the object by a box and to draw the force arrow from the center of
the box outward in the direction that the force is acting. An example of a free-
body diagram is shown at the right

The free-body diagram above depicts four forces acting upon the object. Objects do not necessarily always have
four forces acting upon them. There will be cases in which the number of forces depicted by a free-body diagram will be
one, two, or three. There is no hard and fast rule about the number of forces that must be drawn in a free-body diagram.
The only rule for drawing free-body diagrams is to depict all the forces that exist for that object in the given situation.
Thus, to construct free-body diagrams, it is extremely important to know the various types of forces. If given a description
of a physical situation, begin by using your understanding of the force types to identify which forces are present. Then
determine the direction in which each force is acting. Finally, draw a box and add arrows for each existing force in the
appropriate direction; label each force arrow according to its type. If necessary, refer to the list of forces and their
description in order to understand the various force types and their appropriate symbols.

Ref: K. McWilliams, Physicsclassroom.com

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Lesson 4.3: Newton’s First Law of Motion Week 4 – Quarter I

In each of the above situations, there is an unbalanced force. It is commonly said that in each situation there is
a net force acting upon the object. The net force is the vector sum of all the forces that act upon an object. That is to say,
the net force is the sum of all the forces, considering the fact that a force is a vector and two forces of equal magnitude
and opposite direction will cancel each other out.

At this point, the rules for summing vectors (such as force vectors) will
be kept relatively simple. Observe the following examples of summing two forces:

Observe in the diagram above that a downward vector will provide a

partial or full cancellation of an upward vector. And a leftward vector will provide
a partial or full cancellation of a rightward vector. The addition of force vectors
can be done in the same manner in order to determine the net force (i.e., the
vector sum of all the individual forces). Consider the three situations below in
which the net force is determined by summing the individual force vectors that
are acting upon the objects.

A NET FORCE CAUSES AN ACCELERATION

As mentioned earlier, a net force (i.e., an unbalanced force) causes an acceleration. In a previous unit, several
means of representing accelerated motion (position-time and velocity-time graphs, ticker tape diagrams, velocity-time
data, etc.) were discussed. Combine your understanding of acceleration and the newly acquired knowledge that a net
force causes an acceleration to determine whether or not a net force exists in the following situations.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 4.3.1: Net Force

1. Identify the free-body diagrams for the situations shown below. For each situation, determine the net force acting
upon the object.

Solution to Situation A:
The net force is zero Newtons. All individual forces balance each other.
Solution to Situation B:
The net force is 5 Newtons left. The vertical forces balance each other. The leftward force (friction) remains
unbalanced.

Ref: Physicsclassroom.com

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Lesson 4.3: Newton’s First Law of Motion Week 4 – Quarter I

SAMPLE PROBLEM 4.2: Free body diagram

1. A book is at rest on a tabletop. Diagram the forces acting on the book. See answer.

2. A gymnast holding onto a bar, is suspended motionless in mid-air. The bar is supported by two ropes that
attach to the ceiling. Diagram the forces acting on the combination of gymnast and bar. See answer.

3. An egg is free-falling from a nest in a tree. Neglect air resistance. Diagram the forces acting on the egg as it
is falling. See answer.

PRACTICE EXERCISES 3.2.1: Projectile Motion

DIRECTIONS: Read and analyze the following situations below. Then, write in your notebook its corresponding free body
diagram. You can use the internet for clues or answer this part together with your classmates. Check your own answer
after the answer key was given by your teacher.

1. A flying squirrel is gliding (no wing flaps) from a tree to the ground at constant velocity. Consider air
resistance. Diagram the forces acting on the squirrel. See answer.
2. A rightward force is applied to a book in order to move it across a desk with a rightward acceleration.
Consider frictional forces. Neglect air resistance. Diagram the forces acting on the book. See answer.
3. A rightward force is applied to a book in order to move it across a desk at constant velocity. Consider frictional
forces. Neglect air resistance. Diagram the forces acting on the book. air resistance. Diagram the forces acting
on the book. See answer.

LESSON 4.3: NET FORCE

In the statement of Newton's

first law, the unbalanced force refers to
that force that does not become
completely balanced (or canceled) by the
other individual forces. If either all the
vertical forces (up and down) do not cancel each other and/or all horizontal forces do not cancel each other, then an
unbalanced force exists. The existence of an unbalanced force for a given situation can be quickly realized by looking at
the free-body diagram for that situation. Free-body diagrams for three situations are shown below. Note that the actual
magnitudes of the individual forces are indicated on the diagram.

Ref: Physicsclassroom.com

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Lesson 4.3: Newton’s First Law of Motion Week 4 – Quarter I

Frictional Force refers to the resistance which opposes every effort to slide or roll one body over another.

FRICTION
Friction is caused by the adhesion of one surface to the other and the interlocking of irregularities of the
rubbing surfaces. Friction is calculated by the formula.
Friction is advantageous in many cases. Walking would be impossible without it. It prevents belts slipping from
their pulleys. Friction between tires and road prevents skidding. Without friction you cannot light a matchstick.
Although friction is useful, it also causes wearing of parts of machine. It results in loss of work thus reducing efficiency.
It produces heat which causes expansion of the machine.

CASUES OF FRICTIONAL FORCES

Static Friction is the frictional force exerted by one surface on another where there is no relative motion of the two
surfaces.
Kinetic Friction is the frictional force exerted by one surface on another when one surface slides over the other. Is the
force that exceeds the maximum possible value of static friction which makes an object to slide on another object.

Other References:

Static Friction - It is the friction experienced by a body, when it is at rest. In other words, it is the friction when the body
tends to move.
Dynamic Friction - It is the friction, experienced by a body when it is in motion. It is also called kinetic friction. The
dynamic friction is of the following two types:
1) Sliding friction: It is the friction, experienced by a body when it slides over another body.
2) Rolling friction: It is the friction, experienced by a body when it rolls over the other. In other words, when balls or
rollers are interposed between the two surfaces.

LAWS OF FRICTION:
Prof. Coulomb, after extensive experiments, gave some laws of friction, which may be grouped under the
following heads:

Laws of Static friction

Following are the laws of static friction:
1) The force of friction always acts in a direction, opposite to that in which the body tends to move, if the force of
friction would have been absent.
2) The magnitude of the force of friction is exactly equal to the force which tends to move the body.
3) The magnitude of the limiting friction bears a constant ratio to the the normal reaction between the two surfaces.

Mathematically:
F/R = constant
where, F = limiting friction
R = Normal reaction
4) The force of friction is independent of the area of contact between the two surfaces.
5) The force of friction depends on the roughness of the surface.

Laws of Kinetic or Dynamic friction

Following are the laws of kinetic or dynamic friction:
1) The force of friction always acts in a direction, opposite to that in which the body is moving.
2) The magnitude of kinetic friction bears a constant ratio to the normal reaction between the two surfaces. But this
ratio is slightly less than that in case of limiting friction.
3) For moderate speeds, the force of friction remains constant. But it decreases slightly with the increase of speed.

Ref: Physicsclassroom.com

General Physics I | Copyright 2020 Engr. Lawrence B. Leocadio