Metals and Non- metals

What are Metals ?

Out of 118 elements known:

● 93 are METALS

● 18 are NON-METALS

● 7 are METALLOIDS
 METALS
The metal may be defined as an
element which leads to the formation
of positive ions easily Or readily by
losing its electrons.

For example-
Zinc, Iron, Copper etc.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
PHYSICAL CHANGES

● Metallic lustre :- The metals are

consists of shiny 🌟surface in their
pure state and this property is
known as metallic lustre.

For example - Gold, silver, platinum

etc.
● Hardness- the hardness of
metals varies from one to the
other. Mostly we see the hard
nature of metals but in case of
alkali metals like sodium ( can be
easily cut with 🔪knife), potassium
and lithium are of soft nature.

● Malleability- the metals

contains this property in
which they can be easily
beaten into thin sheets.
● For example- Gold, silver are
most malleable metals.
● Ductility- the property of metals
by which they can be easily drawn into
thin wires is known as ductility.
For example- Gold is the most ductile
metal.

● Electrical conductivity- the

metals, in their solid States are
found to be good conductor of
⚡electricity.
The conduction of electric current
is due to the flow of electrons
present in them while it depends
on the metal taken,whether it is
good conductor Or not because
all the metals do not show same
conductivity.
● Sonority - metals are sonorous
in nature as when they strikes to
a hard surface produces sound
🔊.
For example - school
🔔🔔🔔bells.

● Good conductor of heat -

Except lead and mercury which are
poor conductor of heat all other
metals are good conductor of heat
.
For example - silver and copper
are best conductor of heat.
 ● Melting and boiling point :-
The metals are generally consists
of higher melting and boiling
point.

Highest melting point- tungsten

Low melting point - gallium and caesium
( if kept on palm 🤲Gallium and Caesium
easily melts.)
Why do we need to know chemical properties of
Metals and Non-metals?
Why do we need to know chemical properties of
Metals and Non-metals?
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
METALS
¤ The REACTIVITY SERIES is the
arrangement of metals in a series
on the basis of their reactive
nature and also their tendency to
loose the electrons for cation
formation.

¤ According to the decreasing

activity, metals are arranged in a
reactivity series which is shown
ahead.
 Reaction of Metal with
oxygen

Metal + Oxygen → Metal oxide

( burning in air or oxide formation)
 ● Mostly metal oxides are basic in Nature. They
react with acids to form salt and water.

● But some of them show both acidic and basic

properties.

Such metal oxides that react with both acids/base to

form salt and water are known as AMPHOTERIC OXIDES!

Metal oxides are mostly insoluble in water but some of them

dissolve to form alkali!
 Reactivity of Metals with Oxygen!

● Sodium and Potassium react vigorously that

they catch fire in open. They are stored dipped
in Kerosene oil.

● At room temperature, magnesium and

aluminium are covered with their respective
oxides,. This prevents their further oxidation.

● Iron doesn’t burn but its filings does.

● Copper doesn’t burn but it is covered in its

oxide (CuO) which gives it a black appearance.

● Silver and Gold do not react with oxygen even

at high temperature.
Anodising - thick oxide layer
of aluminium is formed.
Clean Al article is made
anode and electrolysed with
dilute HCl as to evolve
oxygen at anode which
reacts with Al to form a
thick oxide layer for
protection and further the
layer is painted to give good
finishing.
Reaction of Metal with water

Metal + water→ Metal oxide + hydrogen gas

Metal oxide + water → Metal hydroxide

 Potassium and Sodium :

2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2(g) + heat

2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) + heat

Calcium : Bubbles of hydrogen gas stick to calcium

during the reaction and makes it float!

Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

Aluminium and Iron :

2Al(s) + 3H2O(g) → Al2O3(s) + 3H2(g)

3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) → Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)

Reaction of Metal with acids

Metal + dilute acid → Salt + hydrogen

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

 Metal + dilute HNO3 → Salt + NO2/ NO/N2O + H2O

HNO3 is a strong oxidising agent. When

most metals react with it, hydrogen gas is
not produced.

Why?
Because it oxides the hydrogen gas
produced to water, and gets reduced itself
to nitrogen oxide (N2O, NO, NO2).
Aqua regia - ( Royal water in
Latin) fresh mixture of conc.
HCl and conc. HNO3 in 3:1
ratio.
This is able to dissolve gold
but alone any of this acid
can't do so.
Mixture is fuming liquid and
highly corrosive.
Have the ability to dissolve
platinum and gold.
 Reaction of Metal with
solution of other metal salts

Displacement reaction
Metal A+ Salt solution of B → Salt solution of
A + Metal B

Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) →Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)

 NON-METALS
The non+metal may be defined as an
element which leads to the formation
of negative ions or anions by gaining
electrons.

For example-
Chlorine, hydrogen,
iodine, sulphur etc.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIE OF
PHYSICAL CHANGES
NON-METALS

● Lustre :- The non-metals do not

consists of shiny 🌟surface and
thus shows now lustrous property.

For example -
Exception
allotropes of carbon ( diamond and
graphite) , iodine have lustre.
● Hardness- most of the
non-metal shows soft nature .

Exception- Diamond💎the
allotrope of carbon is the
hardest non-metal.

● Malleability- the non-metals

do not contains this
property in which they can
be easily beaten into thin
sheets.
● Ductility- Non-metals cannot
be easily drawn into thin wires .
Hence are non ductile in nature.

● Electrical conductivity and

heat energy - the non- metals
are bad conductor of
⚡electricity as well as heat.

Graphite allotrope of carbon is a

good conductor of heat and
electricity.
● Melting and Boiling point-
Non-metals have lower melting
as well as boiling point.
But in case like B, Si, C are solid
in nature and this have higher
melting point then others
comparatively.

● Brittleness - non-metal
shows brittle nature.
Sulphur shows brittle
behavior when hammered
breaks into pieces.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
NON-METALS
● Non-metals basically are electron
acceptor which leads to anion
formation and hence Non-metals do
not reacts with water and dilute acids
to form hydrogen gas.
 Reaction of Non-metal with
Conc. Acid upon heating

Non-Metal + conc. Acid → Salt /oxides

S(s) + 2H2SO4(conc.) → 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

Reaction of Metal with
non-metal
 IONIC BOND FORMATION
We know metals have the tendency to lose
the electrons to make positive ion or
cation, Similarly non- metals have the
property to gain electrons to form a
negative ion or anion.

Ionic bond is the type of chemical bond

formation taking place between the metal
and non metal by complete transfer of
electrons from one atom to the other.
 Examples given ahead are showing
the formation of ionic bond by
complete transfer of electrons between
the atoms of metal and non metal.
Here Na, Mg are metals and Cl is non-
metal.
 PROPERTIES OF
IONIC COMPOUNDS
 Physical nature

❖ Solids
❖ Hard due to strong force of attraction
between cation and anion.
❖ Are brittle in nature, easily breaks when
hammered.

Melting and boiling points

❖ Have higher melting and boiling point

❖ Because of the amount of energy required
to break the strong attractive force.
 Solubility

❖ Are soluble in water

❖ Insoluble in solvents.
E.g. Kerosene, petrol etc.

Conduction of electricity

❖ Solid ionic compounds do not conduct

electricity as theirs ions do not forms due to
strong force of attraction.
❖ Molten state of ionic compounds leads to
conduction of electricity as there is less
force of attraction between the cation and
anion and thus moves to separate electrode
to conduct electricity.
What is not true in case of sodium metal in the
following
(a) kept in water
(b) can be easily cut with knife
(c) reactive metal
(d) reacts with moisture and air
(e) kept in kerosene

Elements that can donate electrons to form positive

ions are
(a) Metalloid
(b) Non-metals
(c) Metals
(d) Alloy

Electrical wires generally have the coating of

insulating material and this material generally uses
(a) graphite
(b) diamond
(c) PVC
(d) sulphur
(e) all of the above
Dullness is a property which is not shown by -----
(a)Non-metal
(b) Metal
(c) metalloid
(d) none of the them

The ability of the metals to be drawn into thin sheets is known as

(a) Malleability
(b) ductility
(c) both a and b
(d) sonority

----- is used for making cooking utensils because of its high

melting point and good thermal conductivity.
(a) Na
(b) Mg
(c) Al
(d) C

----- is the metal which do not react with cold as well as hot water.
(a) K
(b) Na
(c) Cu(d) Ag
 OCCURRENCE OF METALS

❖ Major source of occurrence is Earth's crust

❖ Sea water contains soluble salts in it.
E.g. NaCl
 EXTRACTION OF METALS

❖ The process through which we are

able to get the pure metal from its
ore is known as extraction of metals.
 Enrichment of Ores

❏ When the metals are extracted from earth's

crust or mined they usually contains a lot of
unwanted substance or impurities with
them which is known as Gangue.

❏ These impurities should be removed to get

a pure metal which involves the process
based on the physical and chemical
properties of gangue.
 Extracting Metals Low in the
Activity Series

❏ When ore of mercury cinnabar is heated it

leads to mercuric oxide formation which
further reacts to form mercury.
❏ 2HgS(s) + 3O2 (g) → 2HgO(s) + 2SO2(g)
2HgO(s) → 2Hg(l) + O2 (g)

❏ Similarly, copper is obtained from its ore

❏ 2Cu2S + 3O2 (g) → 2Cu2O(s) + 3SO2 (g)
2Cu2O + Cu2S → 6Cu(s) + SO2 (g)
 Extracting Metals in the Middle of the
Activity Series

❏ Roasting - process in which concentrated

ores are heated strongly in presence of
excess air.
2ZnS(s) + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2
❏ Calcination - process in which concentrated
ores are heated in absence of excess air.
ZnCO3(s) → ZnO(s) +CO2(g)
❏ Reaction of metal oxide with carbon to form
metal.
E.g.
ZnO(s) + C(s) → Zn(s) + CO(g)
❏ Thermite reaction or aluminothermy
process-
( reduction with Aluminum)

3MnO2(g) + 4Al(s) → 3Mn(s) + 2Al2O3(s)

Fe2O3(g) + 2Al(s) → 2Fe(l) + Al2O3(s) +heat

 Extracting Metals towards top of the
Activity Series

● Electrolytic reduction of molten sodium

chloride
● Metal will be produced at cathode
(-ve charged
Non-metals will be produced at anode
(+ve charged)
NaCl(l) → Na+ + Cl-
Sodium sodium chloride
Chloride cation anion
Electrolytic refining or
Refining of impure metals
CORROSION
❏ Corrosion may be defined as the oxidation
reaction taking place on the surface of a
metal in presence of water and atmospheric
oxygen .

Fe (s) + xH2O(l) + 3O2(g) ----> Fe2O3. xH2O(s)

(Brown rust)

Rusting of iron requires both presence of oxygen

and water
 CORROSION

The slow destruction or eating up of metals

by the reaction of water, some atmospheric
gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen
sulphide with metals is called corrosion.

4 Fe (s) + 3 O2 (g) + 2x H2O 2 Fe2O3.xH2O

2 Cu (s) + CO2 (g) + O2 (g) + H2O (l)

CuCO3.Cu(OH)2

2 Ag (s) + H2S (g) Ag2S(s). + H2 (g)

Rusting of Iron
 Corrosion occurs with the following

● Iron and steel

● Aluminum undergoes oxidation but doesn't

oxidize and corrode as quickly.

● Sodium corrodes in presence of oxygen

thus needs to be stored in oil.
❏ Prevention of Corrosion
❏ Painting
❏ Oiling and greasing
❏ Galvanization - may be defined as the
process of applying a zinc coating on iron.

❏ Alloy - homogenous mixture of two or more

metals. (Prepared by melting the metals and
then mixing them properly)

❏ Properties of alloy -
:- Stronger than metals from which they are
made

:-Have lower melting point and lower electrical

conductivity

:-Are more resistant to corrosion and are harder

❏ Some common amalgam are :-

❏ Amalgum- alloy of mercury

❏ Brass - alloy of copper(80%) and zinc (20%)
❏ Bronze - alloy of copper(90%) and tin(10%)
 Comparison of metals and
non-metals on the basis of
their chemical properties
 Metals Non-metals

Strong tendency to loose Have strong tendency to

electrons. gain the electrons.

Easily displaces the From dilute acids it

hydrogen gas from dilute doesn't displaces
acids hydrogen gas.

Reacts with oxygen to Reacts with oxygen to

produce basic oxides form acidic oxides.

Reacts with hydrogen to

Reacts with hydrogen to
produce covalent
produce Hydrides.
compounds
 Comparison between metals
and non-metals on the basis of
their physical properties
Property Metals Non-metals

In all 3 states
Solid except Hg, Ga
State of matter except Br
and Cs

High density Low

Density
except Na,Ca, k

High except
Melting point Low
Hg,Ga,Pb, Sn

Beaten into thin

Malleability Brittle in nature
sheets

Usually no hard
Hard except Na,Ca,
Hardness except diamond💎
K, Pb, Hg

Drawn into wires Non ductile

Ductility
except Na k, Ca

Conduction of heat Poor or not

Good conductor
and electricity⚡ conductor