xvii

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Pico-Hydro Power Generation, one way to help the residents to have access to

electricity through an alternative power source. A Pico-Hydro is designed to produce

enough electrical energy coming from the kinetic energy of a water flow. This project is

made up of recycled materials like a single cylinder diesel engine radiator exhaust fan

used to be a waterturbine, a motorcycle chain used to drive the generator shaft and

generate electricity.

The implementation of Pico-Hydro at Sitio Barangay Monte AlegreAmulung,

Cagayan were a big help to some resident that rely only on gas lamp and rechargeable

lamp. SItioMangga at Barangay Monte AlegreAmulung Cagayan has the access of free

flowing water or the Irrigation. To harness these available resources, a Pico-Hydro can be

installed and be used as alternative source of electricity. It can provide lighting for streets

and indigent houses.

This Pico-Hydro Power system generates environmentally-friendly and lesser

ecological impact. A 16cm blade diameter of a recycled turbine is installed outside a

16cm diameter gravity fed transmission pipeline coming from Amulung-Alcala National

Irrigation Administration (NIA). The turbine spins as water passes through it. This

turbine has a shaft that is connected to the speed multiplier to the generator. The pressure

of the water turns the turbine blade that will produce 240 watts of mechanical power. The

mechanical power is transform into electrical power to charge an 80AH battery for

lighting and other purposes.

 2

The researchers set this project to present a small scale of energy which can be an

alternative source of electricity. This project helps the indigenous resident to have a free

source of electricity for lighting purposes.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The researcher found out that oneSitioin Brgy. Monte AlegreAmulung, Cagayan

which is SitioMangga where it has an indigenous resident who doesn’t have access of

electricity and lack of street lighting due to remoteness of area and financial problem.

The challenge now lies to utilize the water flowing in an irrigation system in order to aid

the absence of electricity.

1.3 Objective of the Study

This project study aims to design and implement a Pico-Hydro Generator in SitioMangga

Monte AlegreAmulung, Cagayan. By utilizing the water pressure, the researchers

develop a renewable source of electricity by using recycled materials. This project can

provide a power up to 241.41 watts enough free power source of electricity for Street

lighting and other loads in SitioMangga in order to reduce their electric consumption.

1.4 Conceptual Framework of the Project Study

This project conceptual framework constructed by the researchers uses input,

process and the output approach to represent the relationship among the tools and

materials being used in this project.

 3

1.5 Scope and Delimitation

1.) This project will be conducted atSitioManggaBrgy. Monte Alegre, Amulung,

Cagayan/wherein it has access to the water transmission pipeline coming from

Amulung-Alcala pumping station.

2.) The design of this project is based on the location of water flowing through

transmission pipeline coming from the Irrigation System.

3.) This project will only supply streetand indigent household lighting because it has

only limited generator power up to 220 watts.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The researchers set this project to present a small scale energy which can be an

alternative source of electricity. This project helps the indigenous resident to have a free

source of electricity for lighting purposes. This project also helps the students have an

idea and gain knowledge on how to develop an alternative source of electricity. And this

project helps the researchers to gain new experience in fabricating small scale Hydro

Generator.
 4

1.7 Definition of Terms

Pico Hydro- is the term used in hydroelectric power of under 5 KW. It’s utilizing the

height of difference (Head) of flowing water (Flow) to run a hydraulic turbine that

coupled with electric generator producing electricity.

DC Generator - is an electrical machine which converts mechanical energy into Direct

Current electrical electricity.

Turbine - is a machine that transforms rotational energy from a fluid that is picked up by

a rotor system (shaft) into usable work or energy, the turbine is connected to the shaft

that is connected to a generator.

Chain Driver - is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to another. It

is often used to convey power tothe system. Most often, the power conveyed by a roller

chain, known as the drive chain or transmission chain passing over a sprocket gear, with

the tooth of the gear, meshing with holes is the links of the chain. The gear is turned and

this pulls the chain putting mechanical force into system.

Sprocket - is a profiled wheel with teeth, or cog that mesh with a chain, track or other

perforated or indented material. The name “sprocket” applies generally to any wheel

upon which radial projections engage a chain passing over it. Sprocket and chains are

also used for power transmission from one shaft to another where all page is not

admissible; they can be run at high speed.

Charge Controller - charge regulator battery regulator limits the rate at which electric

current is added to or drawn from electric batteries. It prevents overcharging and may

protect against overvoltage, which can reduce battery performance or lifespan, and may
 5

pose a safety risk. It may also prevent completely draining deep discharging a battery, or

perform controlled discharges, depending on the battery technology, to protect battery

life. The term “charge controller” or “charge regulator” may refer to either a stand-alone

device, or to control circuitry integrated within a battery pack, battery powered device, or

battery charger.

Rechargeable battery - storage battery or accumulator is a type of electrical battery

which can be charged, discharged into a load, and recharged many items, as opposed to a

disposable or primary battery, which supplied fully charged and discarded after use.
 6

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Since the population of the world is rapidly increases, power shortage becomes

the main problem in the electrical society. The researchers formulate theories and make

alternative sources as solution to the problem but until today power shortage is still latest

trend in the electrical department. “Electrical energy is a critical factor in developing

countries for economic growth as well as for social development and human welfare.”

(Singh, V., 2015)

There are some places in the Philippines which have not been reached yet by

electricity, particularly some rural remote areas due to the high cost of energy

transmission. Also, people who are less fortunate cannot afford to pay the price for

commercial electricity. To solve this problem, alternative sources of energy are used due

to limited electrification and unreliable electricity supply.

Alternative power source is one solution to provide lighting houses and does not

rely to utility company especially to remote areas that far from the power grid. Some of

the consumers used diesel generator to generate their own electricity but thus method is

inefficient and costly. “Diesel generators may have a relatively favourable capital cost,

they have exceptionally high operating cost due to their low efficiency, combined with

the high cost of transporting diesel fuel to remote sites, often under very difficult

circumstances.” (Glandt, J., 2012). “Moreover, diesel generators as alternative way to

generate electricity is not a clean source of energy and not suitable for an eco – friendly

environment like rural areas.” (Morgan, W., 2000)

 7

Many communities are interested in improving utility service to support social

well – being, while at the same time, reducing their dependence on diesel – powered

electricity for social and environmental reasons. “Renewable sources of electricity, such

as wind, hydropower and solar are particularly attractive for remote communities since

they offer a clean source of power in locations that cannot be economically served by

means of a grid extensions.” (Glandt, J., 2013) Renewable power generation can help

countries meet their sustainable development goals through provisions of access to clean,

secure, reliable, and affordable energy. “Electricity can also be generated using different

types of primary energy like solar, wind but not always reliable due to weather

conditions.” (Ho-Yan, B., 2012)

“Other use solar energy to power up their houses but as we all know doesn’t shine

24 hours a day. When the sun goes down, solar panels stop producing electricity. “If we

need electricity at that time, we have to get it from other source. In other words, we

couldn’t generate 100% powered by solar panels.” (Zachary Shahan)

Solar panels should be directly hit by the ultraviolet light in order to generate

energy and it can’t produce electric power during at night but they have a solution for

that, the store it to battery that can be used when the sun goes down. According to the

National Renewable Energy Laboratory, “The solar resource during foggy or low – cloud

conditions is approximately 10% of the value under clear – sky conditions.”

Human have used the strength of wind to push the sails, mill grain, water pump

and etc. The first known use was in 5000 BC when people used sails to navigate the Nile

River. Also Persians had already been using windmills for 400 years by 900 AD in order

to pump water and grind grain. Windmills may have even been developed in China
 8

before 1 AD, but the earliest documentation comes from the year 1219 where the Cretans

used literally hundreds of sail – rotor windmills to pump water for crops and livestock.

Though wind energy is more available than ultraviolet light. Wind power still

suffers from the same lack of energy density as to solar power plant. It takes a large space

to make a wind power plant because it uses large number of wind generators to produce

useful amounts of electricity. One of the dis – advantages of wind power is it cannot be

erected anywhere in this planet, it should be where the wind power is strong enough to

rotate the windmill. And also it costs a lot of money to build a windmill and a

maintenance building. (Alternative Energy)

The power of falling water has been used to produce electricity for 135 years; this

type of alternative source of energy is called Hydroelectricity. It provided 75% of the

world’s renewable electricity in 2013. Hydroelectricity is a highly developed as form of

alternative energy that can be also classed as a renewable energy source.

Hydroelectricity is electricity using the energy from moving water.

“Hydroelectricity exists as one option to meet the growing demand of electricity. One

good possible source of energy is hydro energy which can be derive from rivers, falls,

irrigation, and drainages considering the rich natural resources including the different

bodies of water found particularly in the more mountainous region.” (Campbell, R.,

2010)

Advantages of this process of energy generation is that it is environmental

friendly and renewable source of electricity since it only requires energy from moving
 9

water where Philippines is a high potential location for it and has proven to provide clean

electricity and minimal environmental impact on the irrigation and river eco – system

depending on the design and construction. It can help the people to do their activities

even though electricity grid is not available. At the same time, power consumption will

be reduced and more power will be conserved for the future due to the presence of this

project. It can also reduce possible causes of fire and gas emission because this is not

powered by any fuel; it is powered by the flow of water. “Pico – Hydro generation is the

effective way to help the remote communities by generates electricity using water as a

main source.” (Munim, 2014)

In this project, the researchers decided to use a water turbine for the Pico –

Hydroelectricity because of the substantial amount of water flowing and have a large

flow rates as well it has a valve to adjust manually the flow of water. To harness these

available resources, a Water Turbine Power Generator can be used as an alternative

source of electricity. These can produce current electricity that can provide lighting to

street lights and houses for a small community. It is applicable here in the Philippines

since the country has a plenty amount of rainfall and has significant number of moving

Bodies.

For a given flow rate an axial flow fan is considerably more compact than the

corresponding centrifugal fan, and fits very conveniently into a duct of circular cross-

section. The fan static pressure per stage is limited, typically to a maximum of abou t

600 Pa at the design point , while the fan dynamic pressure is about 70% of the total

pressure. Axial flow fan total efficiencies are in the range 65%-75%. “A.J. Martyr, M.A.

Plint, in Engine Testing (Fourth Edition), 2011”

 10

3. MATERIALS AND METHOD

Through gathering, related information from books, printed articles, and reports

from different articles. The researchers found out that generating electricity using the

force of water is more efficient and more eco-friendly than other sources of electricity.

Thus the researchers decided to completely finish this project for the benefits of the

resident around it.

Project Flow

Actual
locate the
Theoretical construction of
site
the design

If system
failed

Install the
Finalize and
constructed
complete the Test output
design in the
project
site

Figure 3-1. Project Flow Process

Figure 3-1 shows that the researchers need to locate first the site to have a

reference. It must be a place where water is strongly and continuously flowing. After that,

calculate the kinetic energy and the theoretical design in order to minimize error and

maximize the output. Lastly, construct and install the project in the site then test and

record the output in case the system fail the researcher will repeat from theoretical design

and continue the process.

 11

Block Diagram of the Pico-Hydro System

WATER DC
WATER FLOW
TURBINE GENERATOR

CHARGE

DC LOADS
BATTERY 12V
(LIGHTINGS)

Figure 3-2. Project Operation

In this figure, the electrical energy generation involves the extracting of the hydro

electric energy from the flowing water by the use of recycled exhaust fan as the turbine

will serve as the prime mover for the DC generator converting the mechanical energy into

electrical energy. The output is connected to a charge controller before the power

distribution for the protection of the battery.

 12

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Specification of the Piping and Pumping Station

As shown in table 4-1, these were the result of the parameters that computed in

Appendix A.

Table 4-1.Summary of the Computed Values in Pumps and Piping System

PARAMETERS VALUES
Pressure at the Pump 96.67375KPa
Minor losses in Fittings 0.06068 Pa
Major Losses at Straight Pipeline 2.7233 Pa
Reynolds Number (Re) 2135
Pressure at the Turbine 49.205 KPa
Power at the Turbine 241.41 Watts

Based on the result of computation of power in the turbine (Appendix A), there

was a power loss in the turbine because of the design used in the study.

4.2 Determination of the Output Required Speed of Turbine

In table 4-2, different ranges of specific speed have shown in order to determine

the appropriate turbine to be use.

Table 4-2. Types of Turbine with Diferent Ranges of Specific Speed

SPECIFIC SPEED
SPECIFIC
SR. NO TYPES OF TURBINE
SPEED
1 Pelton wheel with single jet(nozzle) 30-80
2 Pelton wheel with multiple jet(nozzle) 30-50
3 Francis turbine 50-250
4 Kaplan turbine 250-850
 13

As shown in table 4-2, the appropriate type of turbine to be used based on their

specific speed was Kaplan Turbine because it has a fully harness power in the water. But

because Kaplan turbine is not available an alternative type of turbine was used in the

study. This was the axial flow turbine.

As shown in Table 4-3, the Axial Flow specific speed was being dependent on the

general principle of pump operation.

Table 4-3. Axial Flow Specific Speed and Output Required speed
OUTPUT REQUIRED
SR. NO. FLOW TYPE SPECIFIC SPEED SPEED

1 Axial Flow 220-425 1407.66 Rpm

In solving for the speed that the turbine can produce, the researcher used the

formula in hydraulic turbine for specific speed. The researcher used the minimum

specific speed of axial flow (220).

The output required speed was computed in Appendix B. As shown in the table,

the output speed is too slow to produce enough power. In order to maximize the output

speed, additional gearing was added.

4.3 Determination of Theoretical Output Speed of Gear 2

It is shown in Table 4-2 the result of the combinations of two Gears and it shown

from Appendix B the computation of speed in Gear 2. The Number of teeth in gear 2 act

as independent variable and the speed of gear 2 act as the dependent variable.
 14

Table 4-2.Combinations of Gear 1 and Gear 2

N Gear1 Gear1speed Gear2 Gear2speed

Ns Trials
(Rpm) no. of teeth (Rpm) no. of teeth (Rpm)

Trial 1 8 9,149.73
Trial 2 10 7,319.78
1,407.65 220 52 1,407.65 Trial 3 12 6,099.82
Trial 4 14 5,228.41
Trial 5 16 4,574.86

Five trials were conducted in order to choose the best number of teeth in Gear 2 to

be used with constant no. of teeth and speed in Gear 1. It was showed that trial 1,2,3 and

4had converted the rpm in gear 1 higher than the rated rpm of the motor that the

researcher will be using, trial no. 4 is too close to the desired rpm but the researcher not

contented because there is possibility that the generator will damaged due to over rpm. So

the researchers conducted one more trial until they finally come up with the nearest rpm

base on their desired rpm. Until they come up with the rpm that is so close to the rpm of

their generator. It was the right no. of teeth to be used to protect the generator from

damage due to over rpm. Based from the result, it was concluded that 16 teeth is the

proper sprocket to be used in gear 2.

It shows in figure 4-1 that 16 teeth had the lowest speed. The researcher was

concluded to use 220 as the minimum specific speed, 52 teeth for gear1 and 16 teeth for

gear2 in actual construction.

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GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
10000
8000
Gear 2 speed
Generator
6000
speed
4000
2000
0
6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Gear 2 no. of teeth
Gear 1 no. of teeth as the reference

Figure 4-1.Number of Teeth vs. Speed in Gear 2

4.4 Ratings and Computations

The selection of proper rating of the generator is based on the output data

computed which has 241.38 watts and speed rotation 4,574.8 9Rpm.

4.4.1 Generator Rating

Power = 220.8 Watts (DC Generator) Voltage = 24VDc

Speed Rotation = 4,500 Current = 9.2A

Rpm
4.4.2 Charge Controller Rating

Voltage = 12-24Vdc

Current = 20A

The researcher uses charge controller to prevent the battery from overcharging

and also to regulate voltage output of the generator.

a. Computation of Loads

The researcher would like to supply a specific load only to prevent overloading of the
generator. A Street and indigent house lighting.
 16

Street Lighting: 3 – 5watts LED Lamp

PowerTotal = 3 x 5watts
PowerTotal = 15watts
Indigent House Lighting: 3 – 5watts LED Lamp
PowerTotal = 3 x 5watts
PowerTotal = 15watts
Total Load Connected: 15watts + 15watts
PowerTotal = 30watts
b. Load Ampere Hour (Ah)

The researcher assumes that the largest power load consumption is 30wattsand 11
hours operating time. For this ampere hour rating, the researcher used the formula:

largest pow er load

Ah= x operating time x 2
voltage rating of the battery

30 watts
Ah= x 11 x 2
12 vdc

Ah = 55Ah

The largest power load is divided by the rating of the battery and multiplied to the
operating time. Also the formula was multiplied by 2 to prevent depletion of the battery
below 50% charge, because discharging batteries below 50% reduces lifespan.

4.4.3 Battery Rating

Voltage = 12V

Current = 80Ah

The selection of proper rating of the battery is based on the output data computed
from the load ampere-hour.
 17

4.5 Charging and Discharging Time

Table 4.3 Theoretical Output

CHARGING DISCHARGING
VOLTAGE CURRENT
TIME(T) TIME(T)
(V) (A)
(Hours) (Hours)

24 9.2 8.7 64

Table 4.4 Actual Output at Loaded and No Load Condition

VOLTAGE CURRENT
CHARGING DISCHARGING
(V) (A)
TIME(T) TIME(T)
(Hours) (Hours)
NO LOAD LOADED NO LOAD LOADED

16 12.5 0 2.46 20 32

Table 4.3 and 4.4 shows that charging current depends on the battery condition

whether fully discharged or fully charged. And also NIA operates at 4pm – 6am but the

water flow in the pipeline last almost 24 hrs.

4.6 Equation Presentation

List of Equations in Computation

A. Bernoulli’s Equation

2 2
P1 V 1 P2 V 2
H1+ + =H 2+ + + H loss
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g

B. Formula forMinor Losses in Fittings

 18

3
v2
H l, min =( K l )( )
2g

C. Formula forMajor losses at straight pipeline

2
lv
H l= 2 f
D2g

D. Formula forSolving for the Reynolds number

ρvD
ℜ=
μ

E. Formula for Solving for Fanning Friction Factor

0. 046
f=
Rea

F. Formula for Solving the Power of Turbine

V 23 V 22
KE= −
2 2
Δ PE=gz 3−gz 2
P P
ΔP= 3 − 2
ρ ρ
FL=2. 78
W= Δ KE+Δ PE+ΔP +FL
P=ṁ W
P=Pη
 19

G. Formula for Solving Specific Speed and Output Speed in Gears

Gear 1speed
N√p Gear 2speed =
Ns= 5
Gear 2 no . of teeth
H4 gear 1 no. of teeth

where:
H1 = Head at point 1
H2 = Head at point 2
Hloss= Head Loss
P1 = Pressure at point 1
P2 = Pressure at point 2
ρ = Density
g = Gravitational Acceleration

Kl = loss coefficient constant for pipe components @ Valve gate ½ closed

Kl = 2.1
l = Length
v = velocity
D = Pipe Diameter
F = Fanning Friction Factor

For iron or steel:

a = 0.16

N = Output Required Speed

Ns = Specific Speed
 20

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary of Findings

Upon conducting the research, the researcher finds out that in harvesting power in

an irrigation system with the use of the researchers design the sprocket combination must

be first computed to maximize the mechanical power transfer from the sprocket of the

turbine to the sprocket of the generator. It was found out that when properly computed

and design the proper sprocket combination, the kinetic energy flowing from the water

will be efficiently utilize to harvest more electricity coming from the water.

5.2 Conclusion

With this power generation characteristics, it is able to generate electricity from

wasted kinetic energy in water flowing in irrigation through the anchors of efficiency.

The advantage of this process of energy generation is, it is environmental friendly

and renewable source of electricity since it only requires kinetic energy from moving

water coming from Irrigation system.

The researchers made the project prior to the background of the problem

mentioned in this study. For those places that lack electricity but had a similar scenario

with the setting of the project, this system is suitable and at the same time/The

performance of the system can still be observed as a basis for the further improvement of

the project. Although, the system was not able to fully harness the power output.
 21

5.2 Recommendation

1. The researchers recommend constant maintenance of the generating equipment

like greasing of bearings that should be done at least twice a month or whenever

necessary because it will optimize the spin of the turbine.

2. The researchers recommend maintenance of the sprocket and chain at least every

week to reduce the friction between the sprocket and chain, and also to achieve

its longer life.

3. Since the installation of Pico hydro generator is direct on the mouth of pipeline in

irrigation, the researchers recommend that the maintaining technician are

required to check and control the valve gate of the pipeline to ensure the safety

of the generator from over excitation.

4. The researcher recommends using different ratio of sprocket when upgrading the

power of generator to upgrade also the power it delivers.

5. The researcher recommends inverter when using ac loads like TV, radio and fan.

6. The researcher recommends to use DC bulb exactly 5 watts or lowers to increase

the life of the battery.

7. The researcher recommend additional load to be added to fully harness the power

availability of the battery.

 22

REFERENCES

1. Dorji, N. (2014). “Pico Hydro Power Plant”.

2. Singh, V. Glandt. J., & Morgan, W. (2000).Alternative Source of Electricity.

3. Wikipedia. “Hydroelectricity”, “Electricity”.

4. Energypedia.info, June 28, 2015, “How to plan a mini Hydro Power Plan”.

5. http;//www.waterturbinefactory.com

6. www.alternative-energy-tutorials.com/hydro-energy/design.com

7. Gromicko, N. (2006). “Disadvantages of Solar Energy”.

8. Bratley, J.(2013). “Disadvantages of Solar Energy”.

9. Josh, K. J.(2010). “Diesel Generators: Advantages and Disadvantages”

10. Donaldson, W. (2010). www.hydro/principles_of-construction_and_efficiency.pdf

 23

APPENDICES
 24

APPENDIX A
Computation in the Piping System

Specification of the pump at Amulung-Alcala Pumping Station

D = Pipe diameter (mm) = 0.7 m

ṁ = Flow rate (m3/s)
H = Dynamic Head (m)
ῥ = Density of water = 1,000kg/m3
g = Gravity = 9.81 m/s2
P = Power (watts)
ɳ = Efficiency of the axial turbine (65%-75%)
L= Length = 900 m
Solving for the Pressure at the pump:

Velocity 1 (V1) = 0; Due to its wide area

Pressure 1 (P1) = 1 Atm or 101,325 Pa; the source is open river
Velocity 2 (V2) = 3.05m/s
Pressure 2 (P2) =?

P1 → Pump →P 2

Figure A-1. Open sources going to the pump

Using Bernoulli’s Equation to find pressure at the pump going to pipeline:

P 1 V 12 P 2 V 22
H1+ + =H 2+ + + H loss
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
 25

Neglecting Frictional Head loss;

101325 Pa 02 P2 (3. 05 )2 m/s

0+ + =0+ + +0
(1000 kg/m 3 )(9 .81 m/s 2 ) (2 )(9. 81 m/s 2 ) (1000 kg/m 3 )(9 . 81 m/s 2 ) (2)(9 . 81 m/s 2 )

P2 = 96. 67375 KPa

Finding thePressure at the turbine:

half −open−valve

P3
P2
Figure A-2. Pipeline from the water pump to the output pipe (P)

P 2 V 22 P 3 V 32
H1+ + =H 2+ + + H loss
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g

To solve for the pressure at the turbine, the researcher solve first for the losses due

to friction piping.

For minor losses in fittings:

3
v
H l, min =( K l )( 2 )
2g

2
(0 . 7530 m/s )
H l, min =(2 .1 )[ ]
2(9 .81 m/s 2 )

Hl,min= 0.06068 Pa
 26

For major losses at straight pipeline:

lv22
H l= f
D2g

( 900 m ) (3.05 m/s)2

H l= (4.46739 x10−3 )
(0. 7m)(2)(9.81m/s)

Hl = 2. 7233 Pa

Solving for the Reynolds number:

3
ρVD = (1000 kg/m )(3 . 05 m/s)(0.7 m)
ℜ= (0. 001 kg /m−s)
ν

Re = 2135 Pa

Solving of the fanning friction factor (f) in turbulent flow:

0 .046
f=
Rea
0 .046
f=
(2135 )0.16
f =4 .46739x 10−3

After solving for the value of Head losses, the researcher solve for the Pressure (
P3 ) at

the turbine.

P 1 V 12 P 2 V 22
H1+ + =H 2+ + + H loss
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g

96.673 Pa 02 P3 (.735 )2 m/s

0+ + =2.5+ + +2.7840
(1000 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 ) (2)(9.81 m/s 2 ) (1000 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 ) (2)(9.81 m/s 2 )

P3 = 49. 205 KPa

 27

After solving for the Pressure at the turbine, the researcher now solve for the

Power in the turbine.

V 23 V 22 (0 .7530)2 (3 . 05 )2
Δ KE= − = − =−4.3677
2 2 2 2
Δ PE=gz 3−gz 2 =(9 . 81m/ s2 )(2 .5 )−(9.81m/s 2 )(0)=24 .525
P3 P2 (49 .205 KPa) (96 . 673 KPa)
ΔP= − = − =−47 . 46829 Pa
ρ ρ 1000 kg /m3 1000 kg/m3
FL=2.78

W= Δ KE+Δ PE+ΔP+FL
W=−4 .3677+34 . 525−47 .46829+2 .78
W=−24.53099
P=ṁ W
P=(15.14)(−24.53099 )
P = -371.3991 watts

η=65%
The efficiency of the Turbine used is

P=(371. 3991)(0 . 65)

P = 241. 41 watts
 28

APPENDIX B
Output Speed of Turbine and Gearing computation

Output speed of the turbine

N √p
Ns= 5
4
H

N √ 0.24141 kw
220¿ 5
2.5 m4

N = 1,407.66 Rpm

Gearing Computation

To Generator Shaft

Gear 2

Gear 1

To Water Turbine Shaft

Figure B-1. Gear 1 and Gear 2 Combinations

 29

Trial 1: Trial 2:

Gear 1 speed Gear 1 speed

Gear 2speed = Gear 2speed =
Gear 2 no . of teeth Gear 2 no . of teeth
gear 1 no . of teeth gear 1 no . of teeth

1407 . 65 1407 . 65
Gear 2speed = Gear 2speed =
8 10
51 52

Gear 2speed =9 , 149 .73 rpm Gear 2speed =7 , 319 .78 rpm

Trial 3: Trial 4:

Gear 1 speed Gear 1 speed

Gear 2speed = Gear 2speed =
Gear 2 no . of teeth Gear 2 no . of teeth
gear 1no . of teeth gear 1 no . of teeth

1407 . 65 1407 . 65
Gear 2speed = Gear 2speed =
12 14
52 52

Gear 2speed =6 , 099 . 82 rpm Gear 2speed =5 , 228 . 41 rpm

Trial 5:
 30

Gear 1 speed
Gear 2speed =
Gear 2 no . of teeth
gear 1no . of teeth

1407 . 65
Gear 2speed =
16
52

Gear 2speed =4 , 574 .86 rpm

APPENDIX C
Axial Flow Turbine

Figure C-1. Actual Image of Turbine

Figure C-2. Axial Flow Turbine

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The axial flow impeller discharges fluid along the shaft axis. For this reason an axial flow

pump is by definition not “centrifugal” in its function.

APPENDIX D
Bill of Materials

UNIT
No. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION QTY UNITS AMOUNT
PRICE

1 Auto metal exhaust fan 1 Pc 1,500 1,500

2 24V Dc Generator 1 Pc 1,200 1,200
3 160mmØ, 90o elbow pipe 1 Pc 400 400
4 50mmØ pipe joint 1 Pc 50 50
5 15in long rod(shaft) 1 Pc 50 50
6 52 tooth bike sprocket 1 Pc 200 200
7 16 tooth bike sprocket 1 Pc 100 100
8 Motor chain 1 Pc 300 300
9 Steel epoxy 1 Pc 100 100
10 Wood screw 1 set 30 30
11 Screw and nut 1 Pc 20 20
12 17x28x7mm ball bearing 1 Pc 160 160
13 5watts LED lamp 12VDC 6 Pcs 220 1,320
14 Charge controller 1 Pc 1700 1,700
15 Service drop 60 Pc 20 1,200
16 Safety switch 3 Pc 30 90
 32

17 Receptacle 6 Pc 50 300
18 12V battery, 80Ah 1 Pc 3,000 3,000
19 Electrical tape 1 Roll 80 80
Other fees 1,000 1,000
TOTAL 12,800

Note: This data is based on the 2019 price-list of different distributors.

APPENDIX E
Documentation

1. Location

2. Junk-Shopping
 33

3. Materials used in the Design

4.

5. Preparation of Materials for Installation

 34

6. Installation of Turbine in Pipes

7. Product Formed from the Design