Heat and Mass Transfer

Heat Exchanger
by Madam Nur Aisyah Binti Salman
 Course
CLO 1
Identify various type of Heat
Learning
Outcome
Exchanger

CLO 2
Apply LMTD/NTU Method in Heat
Excahnger Analysis

CLO 3
Describe Fouling in Heat Exchanger
 Heat
Exchanger

Introduction
Heat exchangers are used for transferring heat from one
medium to another.
These media may be a gas, liquid, or a combination of
both. The media may be separated by a solid wall
to prevent mixing or may be in direct contact.
 Heat
General Overview
Exchanger
A device that allows heat from a fluid (a liquid
or a gas) to pass to another fluid without the
two fluids having to mix together or come
into direct contact.
 Type HEX Heat
Exchanger

Double Pipe HEX Compact HEX Cross Flow HEX

Shell & Tube HEX

 Double Pipe HEX
The simplest type of HEX. One fluid flow through the smaller pipe
and the other fluid flows through the annular space between the
two pipes.There is two (2) flow arrangement:
1/ Parallel Flow
2/Counter Flow

Type of Compact HEX

Compact heat exchangers pack a large amount of heat transfer

Heat
surface area (≥400 m2/m3) per unit volume of the heat
exchanger.

Exchanger Cross Flow HEX

A crossflow heat exchanger is designed so that the two fluids
flow perpendicular to one another.

Heat Shell & Tube HEX

Exchanger Contains a large no. of tubes packed in the shellwith their axes
parallel to the shell
Flow Arrangement
Heat
Exchnager

Parallel Flow Counter Flow

 Shell & Tube Heat
Exchanger
Heat Exchanger
Header
Where the tube fluid
accumulates before entering
and leaving the HE

Baffles
Placed in the shell to force the shell
side fluid to flow across the shell to
enhance HT and maintain uniform
spacing between tubes
 Overall Heat Heat

Transfer Coefficient
Exchanger

Heat is transferred from the hot fluid to the wall

by convection, through the wall by conduction,
and from the wall to the cold fluid by
convection.
The thermal resistance network:
two convection
one conduction resistances.
 Heat
Overall Heat Exchanger

Transfer Coefficient
For a double-pipe heat exchanger,
the thermal resistance of the tube wall is

The total thermal resistance

 Heat
Overall Heat Exchanger

Transfer Coefficient
When one fluid flows inside a circular tube and
the other outside of it, we have:

It is convenient to combine all the thermal resistances in the path of

heat flow from the hot fluid to the cold one into a single resistance R
 Heat
Exchanger

Fouling Factor
The performance of heat exchangers usually
deteriorates with time as a result of the accumulation
of deposits on heat transfer surfaces.

The layer of deposits represents additional resistance

to heat transfer and causes the rate of heat transfer in
a heat exchanger to decrease.
 Heat
Exchanger

Fouling Factor
Two common types of fouling:

Precipitation of solid deposits in a fluid on the heat

transfer surfaces.
Corrosion and other chemical fouling.
 Heat
Exchanger

Fouling Factor
The overall heat transfer coefficient needs to be modified to
account for the effects of fouling on both the inner and the
outer surfaces of the tube.

For an unfinned shell-and-tube heat exchanger, it can be

expressed as:

Rf,i and Rf,o are the fouling factors at those surfaces.

Analysis Design
of
Heat Exchanger
 The log mean temperature
difference (LMTD) method
Analysis To select a heat exchanger that will achieve a specified
temperature change in a fluid stream of known mass flow

Method to rate

Design HEX The effectiveness–NTU method

To predict the outlet temperatures of the hot and cold fluid
streams in a specified heat exchanger.

Heat
Exchanger
 Heat
Exchanger

First Law of Thermodynamic

To calculate the heat transfer rate Q , sensible heat expressions are used in order to relate the heat
transfer rate to the temperature different between the hot & cold fluid
 Analysis of
HEX

The Log Mean

Temperature Difference
(LMTD) Method
Newton's Law Cooling

Where;
Q = total heat transfer
U = overall ht transfer coefficient
A = total heat transfer area
Tm = Log mean temperature difference
The Log Mean Temperature
Difference Method
(LMTD)
Difference Tm varies with position in the HEX :
parallel-flow OR counter-flow HEX
The Log Mean Temperature
Difference Method
(LMTD)
Difference Tm varies with position in the HEX :
parallel-flow OR counter-flow HEX
The Log Mean Temperature
Difference Method
(LMTD)
Parallel Flow
The Log Mean Temperature
Difference Method
(LMTD)
Counter Flow
 Analysis of
HEX

The Log Mean Temperature

Difference Method
(LMTD)
LMTD method is the most suitable method for determining the
size of the heat exchanger to determine outlet temperature when
the mass flow rates and inlet and outlet temperatures of hot and
cold fluids are specified.
 The Log Mean Temperature Analysis of
HEX
Difference Method
(LMTD)
For specified inlet and outlet temperatures, the LMTD:

Counter-flow HE GREATER than Parallel-flow HE.

Thus a smaller surface area (smaller HE) is needed to achieve a specified

heat transfer rate in a counter-flow HE.
Smaller AREA means Smaller HEX thus LOW Cost in design

Therefore, it is common practice to use counter-flow arrangements in HE.

 Analysis of
HEX
To select HEX using LMTD Method
1. Select the type of heat exchanger suitable for the application
Shell &Tube HEX or Double Pipe HEX
Parallel or Counter Flow arrangement
2. Determine any unknown inlet/outlet temperature and heat transfer rate using
energy balance

5. Calculate the Log Mean Temperature Difference

 Analysis of
HEX
To select HEX using LMTD Method

3. Calculate the Log Mean Temperature Difference

4. Obtain (select or calculate) the value of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U.

5. Calculate the heat transfer surface area, A
 A counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger is to heat water
(Cp = 4.18 kJ/kg. C) from 20 C to 80 C at a rate of 1.2 kg/s.
The heating is to be accomplished by geothermal water
(Cp = 4.31 kJ/kg. C) available at 160 C at a mass flow rate of
2 kg/s. The inner tube is thin-walled and has a diameter of 1.5
cm. If the overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat

Example 1 exchanger is U = 640 W/m2. C, determine the length of the

heat exchanger required to achieve the desired heating.
 Water at the rate of 68 kg min-1 and specific heat is 4.180 kJ

Example 2
kg-1 K-1 is heated from 35 to 75 °C by an oil. The fluids are
used in a counter flow double pipe HEX, and the oil enters the
HEX at 110 oC & leaves at 75 oC.The overall heat transfer
coefficient is 320 Wm-2K-1. Calculate the HEX area.
 Analysis of
HEX

The effectiveness
NTU Method
 Analysis of
HEX

The effectiveness - NTU Method

This method is based on a dimensionless parameter called the
heat transfer effectiveness,
 Analysis of
HEX

The effectiveness - NTU Method

Where the actual heat transfer rate in a heat exchanger:
 Analysis of
HEX

The effectiveness - NTU Method

Where the maximum possible heat transfer rate in a heat exchanger:
 Analysis of
HEX

The effectiveness - NTU Method

The fluid which might undergo max temp. the difference
is the one having the minimum value of mCp (hot or cold )

C min = mCp
which have the lowest value
 Coldwater enters a counter-flow heat exchanger at 10°C at a
rate of 8 kg/s, where it is heated by a hot water stream that
enters the heat exchanger at 70°C at a rate of 2 kg/s.
Assuming the specific heat of the water to remain constant at
Cp = 4.18 kJ/kg · °C, determine the maximum heat transfer

Example 3
rate and the outlet temperatures of the cold and the hot
water streams for this limiting case.
Thank you!