Sefat Chhetr rheiBloeethanp Instat of Engineering 6.1.3. Factors affecting Manning's » The value of Manning's m is highly variable and depends on () Surface roughness: Roughness of wetted perimeter (P) producing retarding effect on flow. For fine grains, value of 'n'is low and for coarse grain, value of 'n’is high. (ii) Vegetation: ‘Vegetation is the another factor affecting the manning's n. It increases the value of 'n’. Gi) Channel alignment: ‘Smooth curve with large radius will give a relatively low value of 'n', whereas sharp curve will increase ‘n'. meandering (iv) Channel irregularity: Irregularities in wetted perimeter, cross section, size and shape along the channel length also affect the value of 'n', Gradual or uniform variations will not appreciably affect the value of 'n', while abrupt changes ‘inerease ‘n'. (vy) Silting and scouring: Silting of sediment may decrease the value of 'n' whereas in general, scouring may increase the value of ‘a’ (vi) Obstruction: Obstruction along the cross section of channel such as logs jams, bridge piers ete. increase the value of 'n' (vii) Shape and size of channel: There is no definite evidence about the shape and size of a channel. An increase in hydraulic radius may either increase or decrease ‘n’ depending on the condition of channels. (viii) Stage and discharge: While increase in stage and discharge then value of ‘n' deceases. If the banks are rough and grassy then value of 'n' increases at high stages. For flood plain, n depends on surface condition or vegetation. (ix) Seasonal change: Owing to the seasonal growth of aquatic plants, grass, weeds and trees in the channel or on the banks, the value of 'n" may increase in the growing season and diminish in the dormant season. (x) Suspended materials and bed load: The suspended materials and the bed load; whether moving or static would consume energy and cause head loss or increase roughness value ‘n'. 6.1.4 Determination of Manning's 7 In applying the Manning's formula, the greatest difficulty lies in the determination of the roughness coefficient 'n’. Manning’s n cannot be measured directly and there is no exact method of selecting the value of 'n! 97|PageSafat Chet rbaiBioeedanp Instat of Engineering Following approaches can be adopted for selecting the value of '’. @ Chow table: S.N, | Surface characteristics Value of 'n' 1 _ | Very smooth surface such as glass, plastic and brass 0.010 >| Very smooth concrete and planed fimber 0011 3 | Smooth conerete 0.012 4 | Ordinary concrete lining 0.013 3 | Glazed brick work 0.013, 6 | Good wood 0.014 7 | Vittified clay 0.014 g | Brick surface lined with cement mortar 0.015 9 | Cement conerete finish 0.015 10 | Unfinished cement surface 0.017 11 __| Earth channel in best condition 0.017 12 _ | Neaily excavated rock 0.020 13 | straight unlined earth canals in good condition and 0.020 14 _ | Rubber masonry 0.020 15 | Corugated metal surface 0.020 16 _| Rivers and earth canals in fair condition 0.025 17 __ | Earth channel with gravel bottom 0.025 18 Earth channel with dense weed 0.035 19 | Mountain stream with rock beds and rivers variable sections 0.045 (ii) Cowan approach: = (mo +n, + nz +3 + n4)ms (XX) Where, np - value for a straight, uniform and smooth channel = value for the effect of surface irregularities n= Value for the variation in shape and size of the channel n= Value for obstruction m= Value for vegetation and flow conditions ms= correction factor for meandering of channels 98|PageSafat Chew rbcieiowedu.np Instite of Engineering Grain size analysis (ic. Strickler Formula): (xxD (Xx) where ‘dso'and ‘dso’ are in meters and represents the particle size in which 50% and 90% of the bed material is finer respectively. (iv) Manning's Formula: 1 2 pe/sgil2 (XXII v (¥) Equivalent roughness or composite roughness (1): Equivalent roughness is the weighted average value of roughness coefficients for different parts of perimeter. let us divides the water area into ‘N’ parts having hydraulic radius ‘Ry’, ‘R,......,'Ry", wetted perimeter 'P/' 'P2', swcowes'Py'and roughness coefficients "1, 1224, seo AN Now, approaches for estimating equivalent roughness (a) Horton and Einstein equation: posit = S anslt (XxIV) (XXV) 99|PageSafat Chew rheiBloeethanp Instat of Engineering (c) Lotter equation: pRS/3 sani a 7 PRS/3 (XXxVD), 6.1.5 Velocity distribution coefficients The computation of kinetic energy at a flow section is usually based on the average velocity thereby ignoring the effect of non-uniformity of velocity distribution across the section. Asa result of non-uniform distribution of velocities over a channel section, the velocity head of flow is generally greater than the value computed by using the expression 'V/2g’, where ‘V” is the mean velocity. The true velocity is expressed as ’eV?/2g’, where ‘a’ is known as Energy coefficient (Energy correction factor) or Coriolis coefficient (frst proposed by G. Coriolis). The non-uniform distribution of velocities also affects the computation of momentum in open channel flow. The momentum of fluid passing through a channel section per unit time is expressed as ‘Bp QV’, where 'f’ is known as Momentum coefficients (Momentum correction factor) or Boussinesq coefficient (irst proposed by J. Boussinesq). Here, 'p'is density; 'Q' is discharge, 'V' is mean velocity. Both coefficients are equal to or greater than unity. In general, for straight prismatic channel ‘a varies from 1.03 to 1.36 and ‘6 varies from 1.01 to 1.12. For straight and prismatic channel, the effect of non-uniform: velocity distribution on the computed velocity head and momentum is small. Therefore, these coefficients are often assumed to be unity. @ Energy correction factor (or Energy coefficient): Consider, 'v'is the velocity of flowing fluid at any point through any elementary cross-sectional area 'V'is the mean velocity of flowing fluid at given section through cross-sectional area of channel ‘4’, So, Elementary mass of flowing fluid per unit time = pudA KE of flowing fluid per unit time in terms of point velocity = 3 (pvdA)v? = Zpv7dA :.Total KE per unit time possessed by the fluid across the entire cross-section= f ; pv3dA (XXVII) «Total KE per unit time of flowing fluid in terms of mean velocity (V) = a3 pV3A (XXVIID Equating the equations (XXVID) and (XXVIIN), we get 1 1 -4+>Iny dQnk) _1dQnc) | NdQny) or ay 2 dy 12 dy _dQnk) _N aye 25, Equating the equations (LXVIII) and (XLV), we get dy bs -G22) te Gall T Bar| Which is the general expression for ‘Hydraulic exponent (N)'. Now, we can evaluate the value of 'N’ for several channel sections () — Rectangular channel: Let us assume that the channel is wide (ie. -y) From the equations (XLVI), we know 105|Page Safat Chew rbcieiowedu.np Instite of Engineering (XLV) (4 Since, R = A/P) (XLV)Safat Chew rhc@ioeedinp Insti of Engineering aye) de) 2 [sr —2R 5 or. = 3a 3a Oo], (2. Since,A = By,P = B+2y = B,R= N (XLVI, (i) Triangular channel: From the equations (XLVI), we know by sr—2r oe al"? ay = [t+7| or,N Ray [sx2zy- 2nd 142], A ay. ap Since, A = Zy*,P = 2yJ1+ Z?,R = = = ———,T = 27y &—_ = 2V 142? ( d . P wit? oy ) 2 = yzy lM0zy — dey] 16 (XLVI) (ii) Trapezoidal channel: From the equations (XLVI), we know ary _y a [sr 2R dy! or,N= [xe ‘+ 22y) — —Y 3(By + Zy?) =B+ 2yJ14Z4,R T= B42 @E = IFA) 10 el-3( wit? ) SIB+Zyl 3\ 4 21422 (- Since,A = By +2Zy2, 2/5 (e422) _ “( wire ) or,N == ss Br zy B+ 2yv1 +z? (XLIX) ae see vis7(8 ai 3|14+2(2) 1+2y1+7( u 106|PageSafat Chew rbcieiowedu.np Instite of Engineering 6.1.8 Compound channel section Taf Figure 6-3: Compound channel section Itis assumed that there is no resistance along the dashed vertical line, Actually the flow in area ‘42" tends to speed up the flow in area ‘4,’ while the flow in ‘4,'tends to slow down the flow in area ‘A; These two effects come very close to balancing out one another. So, effect of boundary resistance along vertical dashed line is uniformly distributed over the flow x-section and different parts of channel perimeter may have different roughness value ‘n’, then Q= +02 + Qs = AiWi + AgV2 + AaVs 1 1 1 or. = 2 ayniltst + ys 4 2 aga! 1 1 1 (L) 2 QHD Anes 4D Aypilisil? 4 2 agpeltsil 4 © my ne ny But, if different parts of channel perimeter may have same roughness (n) and channel bottom slope (S), then, equation (L) becomes 1 1 i 1 Q= SARs? + a Aaki/s¥? +5 Aak/*5V2 + at Ana SSM? 5 is 2/3 2/3 23) 5 oa aay or,Q= [Ake $F ARRE? + AGB? +. +AgRG!] =——[AR*?] qa tarsi ap n Where, A= Ay + Ay + Ag+ o.+Ay, P .+P, &R = A/P 107|Page