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Polynomials

This document provides a summary of key concepts in polynomials from CBSE Class 09 Mathematics including: definitions of constants, variables, algebraic expressions, terms, and polynomials; classification of polynomials based on degree and number of terms; and important theorems regarding zeroes, remainder, and factorization of polynomials. Key topics covered include linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomials; monomials, binomials, and trinomials; zero and constant polynomials; and algebraic identities for factorization.

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Zakir Ahemad
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25 views

Polynomials

This document provides a summary of key concepts in polynomials from CBSE Class 09 Mathematics including: definitions of constants, variables, algebraic expressions, terms, and polynomials; classification of polynomials based on degree and number of terms; and important theorems regarding zeroes, remainder, and factorization of polynomials. Key topics covered include linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomials; monomials, binomials, and trinomials; zero and constant polynomials; and algebraic identities for factorization.

Uploaded by

Zakir Ahemad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CBSE Class 09 Mathematics

Revision Notes
CHAPTER – 2
POLYNOMIALS

1. Polynomials in one Variable


2. Zeroes of a Polynomial
3. Remainder Theorem
4. Factorisation of Polynomials
5. Algebraic Identities

Constants : A symbol having a fixed numerical value is called a constant.

Variables : A symbol which may be assigned different numerical values is known as


variable.

Algebraic expressions : A combination of constants and variables connected by some or all


of the operations +, -, *,/ is known as algebraic expression.

Terms : The several parts of an algebraic expression separated by '+' or '-' operations are
called the terms of the expression.

Polynomials : An algebraic expression in which the variables involved have only non-
negative integral powers is called a polynomial.

(i) is a polynomial in variable x.

(ii) is an expression but not a polynomial.

Polynomials are denoted by p(x), q(x) and r(x) etc.

Coefficients : In the polynomial , coefficient of


respectively and we also say that +1 is the constant term in it.

Degree of a polynomial in one variable: In case of a polynomial in one variable the highest
power of the variable is called the degree of the polynomial.

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A polynomial of degree n has n roots.

Classification of polynomials on the basis of degree.

degree Polynomial Example

(a) 1 Linear

(b) 2 Quadratic

(c) 3 Cubic

(d) 4 Biquadratic

Classification of polynomials on the basis of number of terms

No. of terms Polynomial & Examples.

Monomial -
(i) 1

(ii) 2 Binomial - etc.

Trinomial-
(iii) 3

Constant polynomial : A polynomial containing one term only, consisting a constant term is
called a constant polynomial.The degree of non-zero constant polynomial is zero.

Zero polynomial : A polynomial consisting of one term, namely zero only is called a zero
polynomial.

The degree of zero polynomial is not defined.

Zeroes of a polynomial : Let be a polynomial. If =0, then we say that "a" is a zero
of the polynomial of p(x).

Remark : Finding the zeroes of polynomial p(x) means solving the equation p(x)=0.

Remainder theorem : Let be a polynomial of degree and let a be any real


number. When f(x) is divided by then the remainder is f ( a)

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Factor theorem : Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree n > 1 and let a be any real number.

If f(a) = 0 then, (x – a) is factor of f(x)

If f(x – a) is factor of f(x) then f(a) = 0

Factor : A polynomial is called factor of divides exactly.

Factorization : To express a given polynomial as the product of polynomials each of

degree less than that of the given polynomial such that no such a factor has a factor of

lower degree, is called factorization.

Some algebraic identities useful in factorization:

(i) = +2xy+

(ii) = -2xy+

(iii) - =(x-y)(x+y)

(iv) (x+a)(x+b)= +(a+b)x+ab

(v) = +2xy+2yz+2zx

(vi) = + +3xy(x+y)

(vii) = - -3xy(x-y)

(viii) + + - 3xyz =(x+y+z) ( + + - xy - yz - zx)

+ + =3xyz if x+y+z=0

(ix)

(x)

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