Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics 289 (2023) 171305

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Optik
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijleo

Analysis of Brownian motion in stochastic Schrödinger wave

equation using Sardar sub-equation method
Hamood Ur Rehman a, Rehan Akber a, Abdul-Majid Wazwaz b, *,
Hashim M. Alshehri c, M.S. Osman d, *
a
Department of Mathematics, University of Okara, Pakistan
b
Department of Mathematics, Saint Xavier University, Chicago, IL 60655, USA
c
Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21521, Saudi Arabia
d
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

JEL classifications: In this paper, the stochastic nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) forced by multiplicative noise
02.30. Jr that represents the temporal change of fluctuations is examined in a more extended form. Sym­
05.45. Yv metry reduction (nonclassical symmetry) is used to convert the nonlinear partial differential
02.30. Ik
equation into a nonlinear ordinary differential equation to obtain new optical soliton solutions.
Keywords: The Sardar sub-equation method is suggested to solve this stochastic nonlinear problem. The
Nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE)
obtained stochastic solitons illustrate the dispersion of waves in optical fiber transmissions. This
Sardar sub-equation method
approach enables us to study a wide range of solutions with significant physical perspectives,
Brownian motion
Multiplicative noise including dark solitons, bright solitons, singular and periodic solitons with their noise term effects
involved in Brownian motion based on the Itô sense. The noise term effects on the solitons are
presented using 3D and 2D graphs. The results and calculations show the significance, accuracy
and efficiency of the method. Various stable and unstable nonlinear stochastic differential
equations that are found in mathematics, physics and other applied areas can be solved using this
technique.

1. Introduction

Nonlinear partial differential equations (NLPDEs), which are employed in many applied sciences and engineering domains like
fluid dynamics, physics, biology, and chemistry, are widely acknowledged to govern various nonlinear wave problems. According to
many researchers, the analytical solution of NLPDEs has recently become the most exciting and fascinating scientific discipline. A
soliton, often referred to as a solitary wave, is a wave packet that self-reinforces and maintains its shape while propagating at a constant
speed. Solitons are explicit solutions of NLPDEs describing physical systems. Transmission of digital information across optical fibers is
the most notable scientific benefit of soliton [1–9]. Various methods have been developed in recent years to get the exact solutions of
NLPDEs to understand the dynamical processes and to get precise solutions in the form of solitons and other phenomena, such as the
new extended direct algebraic method [10], the simplest equation method [11], F-expansion scheme [12], functional variable method
[13,14], the extended hyperbolic function method [15], the general improved Kudryashov’s scheme [16], the φ6 model expansion
techniques [17], the modified Khater method [18], the sub-equation method [19], Hirota’s direct method [20,21], extended trial

* Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (A.-M. Wazwaz), [email protected] (M.S. Osman).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2023.171305
Received 28 July 2023; Accepted 12 August 2023
Available online 14 August 2023
0030-4026/© 2023 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
H.U. Rehman et al. Optik 289 (2023) 171305

approach [22,23], the F-expansion method [24], the extended Tanh-Coth method [25], generalized form of Riccati equation mapping
method [26] the e− φ(ξ) expansion method [27], the homogeneous balance method [28], the extended FAN sub-equation method [29],
the Kudryashov method [30], the Sardar sub-equation method [31–36], the first integral method [37], and many others.
A stochastic process, often called a random process, is a mathematical representation of the probabilistic evolution of a system or
event through time. It is a set of random variables that change over time in accordance with predetermined dynamics or rules, and the
results are uncertain but in accordance with probabilistic uncertainty. In many disciplines, including engineering, physics, biology,
statistics, economics, and others, it is used to represent a wide variety of events. Discrete-time and continuous-time processes as well as
many particular forms, including Brownian motion in the form of Itô sense, Poisson processes, autoregressive processes, and Markov
processes are examples of stochastic processes.
Numerous phenomena in medicine, biology, turbulence, and economic data have been modelled using stochastic differential
equations (SDEs) with noise terms. The stochastic KdV equations have been studied by various authors. Debussche et al. explored the
numerical solutions of the stochastic KdV equation [38]. de Bouard et al. studied multiplicative noise of the stochastic NLSE [39].
Konotop et al. [40] explored the kink dynamics of the weakly stochastic φ4 model. Holden et al. [41] provided a white noise functional
technique for studying Wick-type stochastic PDEs. To investigate the stochastic PDEs in Wick versions and their stochastic soliton
solutions, Xie [42] suggested the homogeneous balancing method and the Hermite transform based on Holden’s work.
NLSEs are NLPDEs that play a crucial role in various scientific areas, like optical fibers, financial mathematics, fluid dynamics,
biological sciences, wave mechanics, optics, and more [43–48]. The importance of the NLSEs cannot be denied. It explains the par­
ticle’s behavior in the field of quantum mechanics. There are various forms of NLSEs that have been elaborated to give their solutions
in the form of solitons using various analytical methods. Optical fiber communications have changed completely the way information
is transported over vast distances, enabling high-capacity and high-speed data transfer for various applications. The behavior of light
propagation in optical fibers is modeled mathematically using the NLSE. In recent years, stochastic solutions for NLSEs based on the Itô
sense, a type of stochastic calculus, have emerged as a promising approach to explore the effects of noise on the performance of optical
fiber communication systems.
In this paper, we present the stochastic solutions of NLSEs in optical fiber communications in detail. We emphasize the possible uses
of these solutions in the design and optimization of upcoming optical fiber communication systems and explain the importance of
stochastic solutions in interpreting the impacts of noise in NLSE dynamics. We propose the Sardar sub-equation method to study the
noise term in the NLSE. We begin by considering the stochastic nonlinear Schrödinger equation provided by:
1
iut + uxx − αδ u − ξ|u|2 u + σ u βt = 0, (1)
2

where α,δ,ξ ∈ R − {0}, β(t) is the noise term describing the Brownian motion, βt its time derivative, σ the noise strength and δ is the
Dirac measure that represents potential. This potential is either repulsive or attractive depending upon α > 0 or α < 0 respectively [49,
50].

2. Brownian motion

β(t) is said to be Brownian motion satisfying the following axioms:

i.β(t) = 0 at t = 0.
ii.β(t) is continuous function of t where t ≥ 0.
iii.β(t) − β(̂t) does not depend on t > ̂t.
iv. β(t) − β(̂t) defines a Gaussian distribution whose mean is 0 and variance is t − ̂t.
v. lim Δβt = 0.
Δt→0
{
n 1, &n = 2
vi. lim (Δβ t)
= .
Δt→0 Δt 0, &n = 3, 4, 5, …

Itô sense is a potent mathematical tool that has applications in many areas where it is necessary to analyze the dynamics of sto­
chastic processes, such as Brownian motion and other random processes. Due to its adaptability, it is a useful tool for comprehending
and estimating uncertainty in complex systems. It is used in areas such as statistical mechanics, quantum mechanics, particle physics,
mathematical finance, quantitative risk management, various engineering and biological processes to understand the dynamics of
particles and fields under stochastic influences.

3. The Sardar sub-equation method

To explain Sardar sub-equation method, consider the following form of NLPDE

℘(u, ut , ux , utt , uxx , ...) = 0, (2)

where ℘ is a polynomial in u and its partial derivatives with respect to x and t. To solve Eq. (3) for u = u(x,t), we apply the following
transformation on Eq. (3).

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H.U. Rehman et al. Optik 289 (2023) 171305

u(x, t) = U(η), η = μ(x − ωt), (3)

where ω ∕
= 0 is a constant.
Above transformation is used to turn Eq. (3) into the following ODE containing the ordinary derivatives of U w.r.t. η:

P(U, U′, U′ , U′′, …) = 0, (4)

where U = U(η), U′ = dU
dη
, U′ = d2 U
dη2
and so on.
We may assume the series solution of Eq. (4) as:
∑s
U(η) = i=0
ωi φi (η) (5)

where ωi , (i = 0, 1, 2, …s) are unknown constants, ωi ∕

= 0, and s is the balancing number that can be computed by balancing the
involved nonlinear term and the highest order derivative. φ(η) satisfies the following ODE:

(φ′(η))2 = ρ + aφ2 (η) + φ4 (η) (6)

where ρ, a ∈ R. The solutions of Eq. (6) highly depend upon the values of ρ and a and can be described in the form of the following
cases:
Case1: If ρ = 0 and a > 0 then
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ( √̅̅̅ )
φ±
1 (η) = ± − pqa sechpq aη ,
√ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅ ( √̅̅̅ )
φ±
2 (η) = ± pqa cschpq aη ,

where
2 2
sechpq (η) = , cschpq (η) = η .
peη + qe− η pe − qe− η
Case 2: If a < 0 and ρ = 0 then
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ )
φ±
3 (η) = ± − pqasecpq − aη ,
± √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ )
φ4 (η) = ± − pqacscpq − aη ,

where
2 2i
secpq (η) = , cscpq (η) = .
peiη + qe− iη peiη − qe− iη

Case 3: If a < 0 and ρ = a4 then

2

√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ (√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ )
− a − a
φ±5 (η) = ± tanhpq η ,
2 2
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ (√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ )
− a − a
φ±6 (η) = ± cothpq η ,
2 2
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅( (√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ) √̅̅̅̅̅ (√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ) )
− a
φ±
7 (η ) = ± cothpq − 2a η ± pq cschpq − 2a η ,
2
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅( (√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ) (√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ) )
− a − a − a
φ±8 ( η ) = ± tanh pq η + cothpq η ,
8 8 8
where
peη − qe− η peη + qe− η
tanhpq (η) = η − η , cothpq (η) = .
pe + qe peη − qe− η

Case 4: If a > 0 and ρ = a4 then

2

√̅̅̅ (√̅̅̅ )
a a
φ±
9 (η) = ± tanpq ξ ,
2 2

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H.U. Rehman et al. Optik 289 (2023) 171305

Fig. 1. 3D plots of u1 for x ∈ [ − 1, 1] and t ∈ [ − 3, 3] and 2D plots at x = 0 for t ∈ [ − 3, 3]. showing noise behavior for various values of σ.

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H.U. Rehman et al. Optik 289 (2023) 171305

Fig. 1. (continued).

√̅̅̅ (√̅̅̅ )
a a
φ±10 (η ) = ± cot pq η ,
2 2
√̅̅̅( (√̅̅̅̅̅ ) √̅̅̅̅̅ (√̅̅̅̅̅ ))
a
φ±
11 (η) = ± tanpq 2a η ± pq secpq 2a η ,
2
√̅̅̅( (√̅̅̅̅̅ ) √̅̅̅̅̅ (√̅̅̅̅̅ ))
a
φ±
12 (η) = ± cotpq 2a η ± pq cscpq 2a η ,
2
√̅̅̅( (√̅̅̅ ) (√̅̅̅ ) )
a a a
φ±13 (η) = ± tan pq η + cot pq η ,
8 8 8
where
peiη − qe− iη peiη − qe− iη
tanpq (η) = − i iη , cotpq (η) = i .
pe + qe− iη peiη + qe− iη

4. Algorithm of SSM

• Find s in Eq. (5) by the virtue of classical balancing rule.

• After finding s, put Eq. (5) and Eq. (6) in Eq. (4) to get an equation in powers of φ(η).
• Equate the coefficients of φ(η) to zero and get a system of algebraic equations.
• Solve this system to obtain values of ωi where i = 0, 1 2, 3, .s, such that ωs ∕= 0 and ω ∕
= 0.

5
H.U. Rehman et al. Optik 289 (2023) 171305

Fig. 2. 3D plots of u2 for x∈ [–1, 1] and t∈ [–3, 3] and 2D plots at x = 0 for t∈ [–3, 3]. showing noise behavior for various values of σ .

6
H.U. Rehman et al. Optik 289 (2023) 171305

Fig. 2. (continued).

• Substitute these ωi in the system along with the solutions of Eq. (6), substitute back η = μ(x − ωt) and obtain the required solutions
ui .

4.1. Application of SSM

In this section, we will use Sardar sub-equation method to get the exact solutions of Stochastic Schrödinger equation.
Using the travelling wave transformation

u(x, t) = q(η) ei(kx+ct+κ+σ β(t))

, η = μ(x − ωt), (7)

in Eq. (1) yields an equation consisting of real and imaginary parts. The imaginary part gives ω = k and from the real part, we get the
following equation
( )
µ2 q′ − 2ξq3 − k2 + 2(c + αδ) q = 0 (8)

In Eq. (2), using balancing rule, we find s to be equal to 1. Thus

q(η) = ω0 + ω1 ϕ(η). (9)

putting Eq. (8) and Eq. (9) into Eq. (3) to get the following polynomial in ϕ(η):
(
− 2cω0 − k2 ω0 − 2αδω0 − 2ξω30 + − 2cω1 − k2 ω1 − 2αδω1 + aµ2 ω1

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H.U. Rehman et al. Optik 289 (2023) 171305

Fig. 3. 3D plots of u5 for x∈ [–3, 3] and t∈ [–3, 3] and 2D plots at x = 0 for t∈ [–3, 3]. showing noise behavior for various values of σ .

8
H.U. Rehman et al. Optik 289 (2023) 171305

Fig. 3. (continued).

) ( )
− 6ξω20 ω1 ϕ(η) − 6ξω0 ω21 ϕ(η)2 + 2µ2 ω1 − 2ξω31 ϕ(η)3 = 0. (10)

Equating all coefficients of ϕ(η)to zero:

ϕ(η)0 − 2cω0 − k2 ω0 − 2αδω0 − 2ξω30 = 0, (11)

ϕ(η)1 − 2cω1 − k2 ω1 − 2αδω1 + aµ2 ω1 − 6ξω20 ω1 = 0, (12)

ϕ(η)2 − 6ξω0 ω21 = 0, (13)

ϕ(η)3 2µ2 ω1 − 2ξω31 = 0. (14)

Solving Eqs. (11) to (14), we get:

µ 2c + k2 + 2αδ
ω0 = 0, ω1 = ±√̅̅̅, a = . (15)
ξ µ2

Using Eq. (9) and Eq. (15) we obtain the solution of Eq. (3) as:
Case1: Ifρ = 0 and a > 0 then

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H.U. Rehman et al. Optik 289 (2023) 171305

Fig. 4. 3D plots of u6 for x∈ [–1, 1] and t∈ [–1, 1] and 2D plots at x = 0 for t∈ [–1, 1]. showing noise behavior for various values of σ .

( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( )) (√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ )
± − pq 2c + k2 + 2αδ sechpq 2c + k2 + 2αδ (x − kt)
u1 = √̅̅̅ eⅈ(ct+kx+κ+σβ(t) ) ,
ξ

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H.U. Rehman et al. Optik 289 (2023) 171305

Fig. 4. (continued).

( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( )) (√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ )
± pq 2c + k2 + 2αδ cschpq 2c + k2 + 2αδ (x − kt)
u2 = √̅̅̅ eⅈ(ct+kx+κ+σβ(t) ) .
ξ

Case 2: Ifρ = 0 and a < 0 then

( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( )) (√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ )
± − pq 2c + k2 + 2αδ secpq − 2c + k2 + 2αδ (x − kt)
u3 = √̅̅̅ eⅈ(ct+kx+κ+σβ(t) ) ,
ξ
( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( )) (√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ )
± − pq 2c + k2 + 2αδ cscpq − 2c + k2 + 2αδ (x − kt)
u4 = √̅̅̅ eⅈ(ct+kx+κ+σβ(t) ) .
ξ

Case 3: If ρ = a4 and a < 0 then

2

⎛ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ⎞ ⎛√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ⎞
⎝ − 2c + k2 + 2αδ ⎠ ⎝ − 2c + k2 + 2αδ
u5 = ± tanhpq (x − kt) ⎠eⅈ(ct+kx+κ+σβ(t) ) ,
2ξ 2

⎛√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ⎞ ⎛√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ⎞
− 2c + k 2 + 2αδ − 2c + k 2 + 2αδ
u6 = ⎝ ± ⎠cothpq ⎝ (x − kt) ⎠eⅈ(ct+kx+κ+σβ(t) ) ,
2ξ 2

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H.U. Rehman et al. Optik 289 (2023) 171305

Fig. 5. 3D plots of u9 for x∈ [–3, 3] and t∈ [–3, 3] and 2D plots at x = 0 for t∈ [–1, 1]. showing noise behavior for various values of σ .

⎛ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
− 2c + k2 + 2αδ ( (√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( )̅ )
u7 = ⎝ ± cothpq 2 − 2c + k2 + 2αδ (x − kt)
2ξ
⎞
√̅̅̅̅̅ (√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( )̅ ))
± pq cschpq 2 − 2c + k2 + 2αδ (x − kt) ⎠eⅈ(ct+kx+κ+σβ(t) ) ,

( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ( (√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ) (√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ )))

− 2c + k2 + 2αδ − 2c + k2 + 2αδ − 2c + k2 + 2αδ
u8 = ± √̅̅̅̅̅ cothpq √̅̅̅ (x − kt) + tanhpq √̅̅̅ (x − kt) eⅈ(ct+kx+κ+σβ(t) ) .
2 2ξ 2 2 2 2
2
Case 4: If ρ = a4 and a > 0 then
⎛ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ⎞ ⎛√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ⎞
2 + 2αδ
⎠tanpq ⎝ 2c + k + 2αδ
2c + k 2
u9 = ⎝ ± (x − kt) ⎠eⅈ(ct+kx+κ+σβ(t) ) ,
2ξ 2

⎛ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ⎞ ⎛√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ⎞
2 + 2αδ
⎠cotpq ⎝ 2c + k + 2αδ
2c + k 2
u10 = ⎝ ± (x − kt) ⎠eⅈ(ct+kx+κ+σβ(t) ) ,
2ξ 2

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H.U. Rehman et al. Optik 289 (2023) 171305

⎛ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ⎞
2c + k2 + 2αδ ( (√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( )̅ )
√̅̅̅̅̅ (√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( )̅ ))
u11 = ⎝ ± tanpq 2 2c + k2 + 2αδ (x − kt) ± pq secpq 2 2c + k2 + 2αδ (x − kt) ⎠eⅈ(ct+kx+κ+σβ(t) ) ,
2ξ

⎛ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ⎞
2c + k2 + 2αδ ( (√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( )̅ )
√̅̅̅̅̅ (√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( )̅ ))
u12 = ⎝ ± cotpq 2 2c + k2 + 2αδ (x − kt) ± pq cscpq 2 2c + k2 + 2αδ (x − kt) ⎠eⅈ(ct+kx+κ+σβ(t) ) ,
2ξ

( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ( (√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ) (√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ )))

2c + k2 + 2αδ 2c + k2 + 2αδ 2c + k2 + 2αδ
u13 = ± √̅̅̅̅̅ cotpq √̅̅̅ (x − kt) + tanpq √̅̅̅ (x − kt) eⅈ(ct+kx+κ+σβ(t) ) .
2 2ξ 2 2 2 2

4.2. Noise effects on solitons

Graphs can be used to represent physical systems, such as wave phenomena, electrical circuits and robotics etc. Solutions in this
context may refer to find the behavior or characteristics of the physical system represented by the graph. So, graph is the strong tool to
check the clarity of the solutions. Therefore, graphs are presented in this section giving physical interpretation of the calculated so­
lutions ui , i = 1, 2, 5, 6, 9 for different values of the noise strength σ.
Fig. 1 represents the bright solitons for considered stochastic Schrödinger equation given by u1 at p = 4, q = 5, k = − 0.9, α = 1, δ =
1.395, c = − 0.3, ξ = − 5, κ = 0.1, and a = 0.51. 3D and 2D plots are given for |u1 | and Re(u1 ) showing noise behavior for various
values of σ . In Fig. 3, 3D and 2D plots of dark solitons for u5 are presented at p = 4,q = 4.2,k = 1, α = 0.3,δ = 0.5,c = − 0.7,ξ =
0.5, κ = 0.1, and a = − 0.1. Singular solitons are given in Fig. 2 and Fig. 4 for u2 and u6 at
p = 4, q = 4.2, k = − 0.9, α = 1, δ = 1.4, c = − 0.3, ξ = − 5, κ = 0.1, a = 3.01 and p = 4, q = 4.2, k = 1, α = 0.3, δ = 0.5, c = − 0.7, ξ =
0.5,κ = 0.1,a = − 0.1. At the end, periodic solitons are shown in Fig. 5 for u9 at p = 4,q = 4.2,k = 1, α = 0.3,δ = 0.5,c = 2.8,ξ = 1,κ
= 0.1, a = 6.9. It can be noted from all the plots that the noise behavior depends on σ that increases as the term σ increases and
vanishes as σ goes to zero.

5. Conclusion

In the current study, the stochastic analysis of NLSE is investigated forced by multiplicative noise in the Itô sense. The stochastic
solutions for the presented model are discussed using the Sardar sub-equation method. It is declared that the method under discussion
has never been employed before to investigate the stochastic solutions of NLSE. 3D and 2D graphs are plotted for bright, singular, dark,
and periodic solitons, and they are consistent with previous results in the literature, demonstrating the validity of the Sardar sub-
equation method for this model. Graphs also represent the behavior of noise term via Brownian motion process. This analysis will
help the engineers, physicists, and mathematicians to explore the stochastic non-linear partial differential equation.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

Data Availability

No data was used for the research described in the article.

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