COMPUTER HISTORY

Information Technology - the technology involving the development, maintenance, and use of
computer systems, software, and networks for the processing and distribution of data

Communication Technology - describe telecommunications equipment through which information

can be sought and accessed

Information and Communication Technology - use of different technological inventions, as well as

software and applications to locate, save, send, and manipulate information. Like mobile phones,
telephones, computer, Internet, and other devices.

Origin of COMPUTER

•4 Basic Period’s
● PRE-MECHANICAL PERIOD (WPBEA)
● MECHANICAL PERIOD (TMCJCA)
● ELECTROMECHANICAL PERIOD
● ELECTRONIC PERIOD

1. Premechanical Period - The earliest age of technology. It can be defined as the time
between 3000 B.C. and 1450 A.D. When humans first started communicating, they
would try to use language to make simple pictures - petroglyphs to tell a story, map
their terrain, or keep accounts such as how many animals one owned, etc.
○ WRITING AND ALPHABETS
○ PAPER AND PENS
○ BOOKS AND LIBRARIES
○ EGYPTIAN SYSTEM
○ ABACUS

a.Writing and Alphabets– The first humans communicated only through speaking and
picture drawings. In 3000 B.C., the Sumerians in Mesopotamia (what is today southern
Iraq) devised a writing system. The system, called "uniform" used signs corresponding
to spoken sounds, instead of pictures, to express words.

◆ CUNEIFORM - from the Latin word cuneus for 'wedge' owing to the wedge-
shaped style of writing. In cuneiform, a carefully cut writing implement known as
a stylus is pressed into soft clay to produce wedge-like impressions that
represent word-signs (pictographs) and, later, phonograms or `word-
 concepts' (closer to a modern-day understanding of a `word').
◆ Egyptians used reed brushes or pens (made of reed straw or bamboo) to
produce hieroglyphic and hieratic writings on papyrus scrolls. They used
papyrus until the first few centuries AD.
◆ Papyrus was an effective writing surface because it was thin, light and flexible
◆ Romans wrote on wooden tablets with the sheets of wax. They used a metal
stylus as a writing instrument.
◆ Europeans also used parchment and wax tablets during the Dark Ages. They
used a metal or bone stylus as a writing instrument.

b.Paper and Pens – For the Sumerians, input technology consisted of a penlike device
called a stylus that could scratch marks in wet clay.

c.Books and Libraries: Permanent Storage Devices. Religious leaders in Mesopotamia

kept the earliest "books' a collection of rectangular clay tablets, inscribed with
cuneiform and packaged in labeled containers - in their personal "libraries."

d. The First Numbering Systems : Egyptian System - is the first numbering systems
similar to those in use today were invented between 100 and 200 A.D. by Hindus in
India who created a nine-digit numbering system.

The Egyptians struggled with a system that depicted the numbers 1-9 as vertical lines,
the number 10 as a U or circle, the number 100 as a coiled rope, and the number 1,000
as a lotus blossom.

e. The First Calculator : Abacus - One of the very first information processors
permitted people to "store" numbers temporarily and to perform calculations using
beads strung on wires.

2. Mechanical Period - Served as the bridge between our current period and the premechanical
period. Started around 1450-1840. The interest in automating and speeding up numerical
calculation and communication grew.
○ THE FIRST INFORMATION EXPLOSION
○ MATH BY MACHINE
○ SLIDE RULES, THE PASCALINE, AND LEIBNIZ’S MACHINE
○ JACQUARD’S LOOM
○ CHARLES BABBAGE (DIFFERENCE ENGINE AND ANALYTICAL ENGINE)
○ AUGUSTA ADA BYRON

a.The First Information Explosion - Johann Gutenberg in Mainz, Germany, invented

the movable metal-type printing process in 1450 and sped up the process of
composing pages from weeks to a few minutes.

b. Math by Machine. The first general purpose "computers" were actually people who
held the job title "computer: one who works with numbers”

c. Slide rules, The Pascaline and Leibniz’s Machine

◆ Slide Rule. In the early 1600s, William Oughtred, an English clergyman, invented
the slide rule, a device that allowed the user to multiply and divide by sliding two
pieces of precisely machines and scribed wood against each other. The slide
rule is an early example of an analog computer - an instrument that measures
instead of counts.

◆ Pascaline. Blaise Pascal, later to become a famous French mathematician, built

one of the first mechanical computing machines as a teenage, around 1642. It
was called a Pascaline, and it used a series of wheels and cogs to add and
subtract numbers.

◆ Leibniz's Machine. Gottfried von Leibniz, an important German mathematician

and philosopher (he independently invented calculus at the same time as
Newton) was able to improve on Pascal's machine in the 1670s by adding
additional components that made multiplication and division easier.

c.Joseph Marie Jacquard’s Loom

First Mechanical Computing Machines

Jacquard’s Loom
– is a device fitted to a loom that simplifies the process of
manufacturing textiles with such complex patterns. Designed during the 1830.
– Parts remarkably similar to modern-day computers. The "store“, the "mill“, Punch
cards
– Punch card idea picked up by Babbage from Joseph Marie Jacquard's
(1752-1834) loom.
– Binary logic - permits three, and only three, operations to be performed, AND,
OR, and NOT

d.Charles Babbage : Father of Computer

Invented two Thinking Machines originated the concept of a digital programmable
computer.
 1. Difference Engine - An eccentric English mathematician named Charles
Babbage, frustrated by mistakes, set his mind to creating a machine that could
both calculate numbers and print the results. In the 1820s, he was able to
produce a working model of his first attempt, which he called the Difference
Engine (the name was based on a method of solving mathematical equations
called the “ method of differences")
2. Analytical Engine - Designed during the 1830s by Babbage, the Analytical
Engine had parts remarkably similar to modern-day computers.

e.Augusta Ada Byron (1815-1852)

– She helped Babbage design the instructions that would be given to the machine
on punch cards (for which she has been called the "first programmer") and to
describe, analyze, and publicize his ideas.
– Followed by the discovery that electrical waves travel through space and can
produce an effect far from the point at which they originated by Alexander
Graham Bell. As an American businessman, inventor, and statistician who
developed an electromechanical tabulating machine for punched cards to assist
in summarizing information and, later, in accounting

3. Electromechanical Period - This period started around 1840-1940. These are the beginnings
of telecommunication. The use of electricity for information handling and transfer bloomed.
This period saw the use of the telegraph to transmit information over long distances.

○ The Beginnings of Telecommunication.

a.Voltaic Battery
– The discovery of a reliable method of creating and storing electricity (with a
voltaic battery) at the end of the 18th century made possible a whole new
method of communicating information.
– VOLTAIC PILE - The first electrical battery that could continuously provide an
electric current to a circuit. It was invented by Italian physicist Alessandro Volta.
b.Telegraph
– the first major invention to use electricity for communication purposes, made it
possible to transmit information over great distances with great speed.
– The long-distance transmission of textual messages where the sender uses
symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an
object bearing the message.
c.Morse code
– The usefulness of the telegraph was further enhanced by the development of
Morse Code in 1835 by Samuel Morse, an American from Poughkeepsie, New
 York.
d.Telephone and Radio
– Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876

○ Electromechanical Computing
a.Herman Hollerith and IBM
– By 1890, Herman Hollerith, a young man with a degree in mining engineering
who worked in the Census Office in Washington, D.C.The company that he
founded to manufacture and sell it eventually developed into the International
Business Machines Corporation (IBM).

– b. Howard Aiken, a Ph.D. student at Harvard University, decided to try to

combine Hollerith's punched card technology with Babbage's dreams of a
general-purpose, "programmable" computing machine.

4. Electronic Period - It started in 1940’s and continues to the present. The highlight of this
period is focused on the advent of Solid State Devices or Electronic Devices.
a.First tries of Electronic Vacuum Tubes
– In the early 1940s, scientists around the world began to realize that electronic
vacuum tubes, like the type used to create early radios, could be used to replace
electromechanical parts.
– The First High-Speed, General-Purpose Computer Using Vacuum Tubes:
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) - Used vacuum tubes
to do its calculations. Hence, first electronic computer. Developers John
Mauchly, a physicist, and J. Prosper Eckert, an electrical engineer. Funded by
the U.S.
– Vacuum tube, electron tube, valve, or tube is a device that controls electric
current flow in a high vacuum between electrodes to which an electric potential
difference has been applied
b.Eckert and Mauchly
– began to design the EDVAC - the Electronic Discreet Variable Computer.
c.The first general-purpose for commercial use: Universal Automatic Computer
( UNIVAC)
– Late 1940s, Eckert and Mauchly began the development a computer
called UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer). First UNIVAC delivered to
Census Bureau in 1951.
– John von Neumann's influential report in June 1945: "The Report on the EDVAC".
British scientists used this report and outpaced the Americans.
– Max Newman headed up the effort at Manchester University where
the Manchester Mark I went into operation in June 1948--becoming the first
 stored-program computer.
– Maurice Wilkes, a British scientist at Cambridge University, completed
the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) in 1949--two
years before EDVAC was finished. Thus, EDSAC became the first stored-
program computer in general use (i.e., not a prototype).
d.Lyons Electronic Office (LEO)
– went into action a few months before UNIVAC and became the world's first
commercial computer.

•5 Generations of Computing

● 1940 – 1956: First Generation – Vacuum Tubes

– These computers were limited to solving one problem at a time.
– Input was based on punched cards and paper tape.
– Output came out on print-outs.
– The two notable machines of this era were the UNIVAC and ENIAC machines – the
UNIVAC is the first every commercial computer which was purchased in 1951 by a
business – the US Census Bureau.

● 1956 – 1963: Second Generation – Transistors

– Despite still subjecting computers to damaging levels of heat, it make computers
smaller, faster, cheaper and less heavy on electricity use.
– They still relied on punched card for input/printouts.
– Transistor-driven machines were the first computers to store instructions into their
memories he language evolved from cryptic binary language to symbolic (‘assembly’)
languages.
– This meant programmers could create instructions in words. About the same time high
level programming languages were being developed (early versions of COBOL and
FORTRAN)

● 1964 – 1971: Third Generation – Integrated Circuits

– Transistors were now being miniaturised and put on silicon chips (called
semiconductors).
– This led to a massive increase in speed and efficiency of these machines. Users
interacted using keyboards and monitors which interfaced with an operating system
– This enabled these machines to run several applications at once using a central
program which functioned to monitor memory.
– Machines are much cheaper and smaller
 ● 1972 – 2010: Fourth Generation – Microprocessors
– The chip-maker Intel developed the Intel 4004 chip in 1971, which positioned all
computer components (CPU, memory, input/output controls) onto a single chip. What
filled a room in the 1940s now fit in the palm of the hand.
– The Intel chip housed thousands of integrated circuits. Computers meant they could be
linked, creating networks. Which ultimately led to the development, birth and rapid
evolution of the Internet.
– Other major advances during this period have been the Graphical user interface (GUI),
the mouse and more recently the astounding advances in lap-top capability and hand-
held devices.

● 2010- : Fifth Generation – Artificial Intelligence

– AI is a reality made possible by using parallel processing and superconductors. Leaning
to the future, computers will be radically transformed again by quantum computation,
molecular and nano technology.

“ICT Hub of Asia”

– Business Process Outsourcing (Call Centers)

– ICT Industry shares 19.3% total employment population
– Annual Survey of Philippines Business and Industries 2010
– Filipinos used the Internet for transactions in Government Agency, 2017

WEBSITE
– collection of publicly accessible, interlinked Web pages that share a single domain name
– all publicly accessible websites constitute the World Wide Web.

WEBPAGE
– A Web page is a document for the World Wide Web that is identified by a unique uniform
resource locator (URL).

TYPES OF WEBPAGES

WEB 1.0 The Web. - cannot be manipulated by users

WEB 2.0 The Social Web. - users can interact, make comments and user accounts
WEB 3.0 Semantic Web. - data generated will be shared

ONLINE PLATFORMS

1. Presentation/Visualization Platform
 – Present and share presentations, infographics and videos with other people
2. Cloud Computing Platform
- “The Cloud”, using a network of remote servers hosted on the internet

Cloud Computing Platform

● Private cloud: A private cloud is a server, data center, or distributed network wholly
dedicated to one organization.

● Public cloud: A public cloud is a service run by an external vendor that may include servers in
one or multiple data centers. Unlike a private cloud, public clouds are shared by multiple
organizations. Using virtual machines, individual servers may be shared by different
companies, a situation that is called "multitenancy" because multiple tenants are renting
server space within the same server.

● Hybrid cloud: Hybrid cloud deployments combine public and private clouds, and may even
include on-premises legacy servers. An organization may use their private cloud for some
services and their public cloud for others, or they may use the public cloud as backup for
their private cloud.

● Multicloud: Multicloud is a type of cloud deployment that involves using multiple public
clouds. In other words, an organization with a multicloud deployment rents virtual servers and
services from several external vendors – to continue the analogy used above, this is like
leasing several adjacent plots of land from different landlords. Multicloud deployments can
also be hybrid cloud, and vice versa.

3. File Management Platform

– Used for storing, naming, sorting and handling of computer files.

4. Mapping Platform
– compilation and publication of Web sites that provide exhaustive graphical and text info.

5. Social Media Platform

– computer-mediated tools that allow large group of people to create, share or exchange
information, interest and the information shared can be in the form of ideas, pictures, videos
or anything that you want to create and share to virtual communitiesrmation in the form
of maps and databases

SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORM

Social Networks - connect with other people with the same interests or background
Bookmarking Sites - store and manage links to various websites and resources
Social News - post their own news items or links to other news sources
Media Sharing - upload and share media content like images, music, and video
Microblogging - Focus on short updates from the user. Those subscribed to the user will be able to
receive these updates. Posts are brief that range typically from 140 – 200 characters
Blogs and Forums - post the content. Other users can comment on the said topic