Physics and

Engineering
From Newton’s Laws
to Ampere’s Law,
PASCO has what Newton’s Laws
Simplified: Using
you need. Smart Carts eliminates
complicated setup.
pasco.com/smartcart
(page 322)

NEW! Ampere’s Law

Verify Ampere’s Law by direct
measurement. pasco.com/amperes
(page 366)
www.pasco.com/physics
Look to PASCO for all your physics needs.
Everything from Introductory to Advanced Apparatus

Zeeman
Effect
page 380
Mini Launcher
page 133

Plus Sensors and Interfaces

Wireless Sensors
pages 8-19 Interfaces
pages 20-30
Wired Sensors
pages 31-69

Plus Software for Data Collection and Analysis

PASCO SPARKvue
Capstone pages 74-75
pages 70-73

Plus Curriculum and Labs

Essential Physics Experiments with

Curriculum Word® Instructions and
pages 90-95 Capstone Workbooks
pages 318-380
Table of Contents
Page

TABLE OF CONTENTS
New Products___________________________________ 2-5
Products Probeware_____________________________________ 6-69
Wireless Sensors_____________________________ 8-19
Interfaces & Dataloggers_____________________ 20-30
PASCO’s Next GEN Dataloggers PASPORT & ScienceWorkshop Sensors________ 31-69

SPARK LX
Software_____________________________________ 70-77

& LX i Curriculum and Bundles________________________ 78-97

Mechanics___________________________________ 98-180
Carts & Tracks______________________________ 98-128
SPARK LX
®

Freefall & Projectile Launchers______________ 129-139

PS-3601 Statics___________________________________ 140-145
SPARK LXi Human Applications_______________________ 146-147
PS-3600 Structures System_________________________ 148-157
See page 20 Materials Testing__________________________ 158-164
Hooke’s Law & Springs ____________________ 165-167
Rotation__________________________________ 168-180
Fluids, Pipe Network, & Density_______________ 181-185
Lab Supplies________________________________ 186-199
Rods, Stands, & Clamps____________________ 186-189
Wireless Sensors Structures Pulleys, Spring Scales, Measuring, Balls______ 190-193
Wireless 3-Axis Magnetic Shaking Tower String, Storage, Mass Sets, Stopwatches,
Strobes__________________________________ 194-199
Field Sensor ®

EX-5555
Thermodynamics____________________________ 200-211
PS-3221 See page 343
Thermal Expansion & Conduction____________200-202
See page 13
Calorimetry, Gas Laws, & Heat Engines______ 203-208
Thermometers & Thermal Radiation__________ 209-211
Electromagnetism___________________________ 212-242
Electrostatics_____________________________ 212-216
Circuits & Supplies________________________ 217-229
Wireless 3-Axis Generators_______________________________ 230-232
Magnetism_______________________________ 233-242
Accelerometer/Altimeter
Power Supplies, Function Generators,
PS-3223 ®

& Meters_________________________________ 243-251

See page 10 Waves & Sound_____________________________ 252-263
Optics Systems_____________________________ 264-296
Basic Optics______________________________ 264-270
Polarization & Human Eye__________________ 271-275
Diffraction________________________________ 276-279
Optics Systems & Components_____________ 280-283
Demonstration Motor/Generator Set Spectrometers & Interferometers___________ 284-295
SF-7216 Microwave Optics_____________________________296
See page 232 Fundamental Constants______________________ 296-308
Atomic & Nuclear____________________________ 309-317
Experiments________________________________ 318-380
Professional Development____________________ 381-382
Index_______________________________________ 383-397
Order Information____________________________ 398-399
Teacher Support_________________________________400

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 1

NEW PRODUCTS

Wireless Sensors
Wireless Motion Wireless Rotary
Sensor Motion Sensor
PS-3219 PS-3220
See page 9 See page 9

Wireless Wireless Drop Counter

Temperature Link PS-3214
See page 15
PS-3222
See page 12

Products

Deflection of Speed of Light – Reflector

Beta Particles SF-7203
SF-7276 See page 308
See page 313

SE-8792

Alpha Particle
Spark Detector
SF-7219
See page 313

Compton Scattering
SF-7277
Complete
See page 312 Muon Observatory
SF-7270
See page 315

2 more information at pasco.com

 NEW PRODUCTS
Experiments
Driven Damped Cart
Oscillations Uses Smart Cart
EX-5551
See page 340

Ampere’s Law Experiment 550 Universal Physics System

EX-5552 UI-5830
See page 366 See page 82

Ampere’s
Law
Apparatus

Piping Systems Pumping Systems

EX-5553 Water Pipe EX-5554
See page 332 Systems See page 333

Basic Bridges Tensile Testing Metals MTS

EX-5556 EX-5557
See page 342 See page 345
3-Point and
4-Point Bending
EX-5559
See page 346
Column
Buckling
EX-5558
See page 347

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 3

NEW PRODUCTS

Products

Smart Cart Rod PhiTOP Rotational Inertia Accessory

Stand Adapter SE-7594 ME-3420
ME-1244 See page 181 See page 176
See page 107

Conical Loop-the-Loop
Pendulum SE-7591
SF-7206 See page 127
See page 173
Bell Jar
SE-7725
See page 261

Ball Ramp
SE-7596 Sound
See page 136 Pipe Vacuum Pump
SE-7724 SE-7726
See page 262 See page 261
Singing Rods
SE-7301
See page 262 Coated
Pith Balls Circular
SE-7719 Motion
See page 213 Apparatus
Ball and Ring
SE-7597 SF-7205
See page 173
UV UV
Beads Flashlight
SE-7729 SE-7730
Bi-metallic Strip See page 289
SE-7598 Drop-Shoot
See page 201 Demo
SE-7592
Dissectible See page 136
Leyden Jar
SE-7718
See page 213

Colliding Spheres Dropper Popper

SE-7303 Optical Fiber SE-7304
See page 208 See page 165
Model
SF-7201
See page 283

4 more information at pasco.com

 NEW PRODUCTS
Products

Cow Magnets Mirage Stroboscope

(Pair) SE-7302 SF-7202
See page 283 See page 199
SE-7722
See page 242

Iron Filings
SE-7723
See page 242

Modular Circuits Resistors for Determining Voltaic Cell

Expansion Kit Temperature Coefficient SE-7249
EM-3540 SF-7213 – Copper
See page 229
See page 220 SF-7214 – Constantan See page 220
SE-7215 – Nickel

Laplace Force Demo Handheld GM Counter Crooke’s Radiometer

with Magnet SF-7220 SE-7283
SF-7279 See page 316 See page 211
See page 235

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 Measurement Using Sensors
Measuring with Sensors
SENSOR TYPES

In Physics and Engineering, we measure everything in every way we can. Sometimes

sensors make it possible to perform measurements that we could not get any other way.
PASCO offers a couple of different ways to go: interface-based sensors or wireless sensors.
However, you can use a wireless sensor at the same time you are using sensors connected
to an interface. Which way you choose depends on your platform and your purpose.

Which platform do you use?

1. Mac® and/or Windows® Desktop Computers or Laptops
Recommendation:
• PASCO Capstone Software (see pages 70-72): This data collection and analysis software is the preferred
choice of physics and engineering teachers.
• 550 or 850 Universal Interface: Choose the 550 if you are teaching high school physics (unless you are one
of those high school teachers who has to have the most powerful tools). Choose the 850 if you are teaching
college physics or engineering.
®

Wireless Force
850 Universal Interface
UI-5000 (see page 26) Acceleration Sensor
PS-3202 (see page 11)
or 550 Universal Interface
UI-5001 (see page 28)
PASPORT
High Resolution
Force Sensor
PS-2189 (see page 37)

2. Tablets (iPad® or Android™) and/or Chromebook™

Recommendation:
• SPARKvue Software (see page 74): SPARKvue is our tablet and Chromebook™ software. While PASCO Capstone
is very powerful, it is only available for Mac® and Windows®.
• W
 ireless Sensors and Wireless AirLink Interface: Use wireless sensors because tablets may not have a
USB port. Whenever a wireless sensor is not available, use the AirLink with a PASPORT sensor.

®
®

vue®
SPARKvue
®
Wireless Force AirLink®
Acceleration Sensor PS-3200 (see page 30)
PS-3202 (see page 11)

3. Need a Stand-alone Datalogger?

Recommendation:
• SPARK LXi: This all-in-one datalogging solution works for classrooms without
computers or for outdoor use. The SPARK LXi can be used with wired PASPORT
sensors as well as PASCO’s wireless sensors. It is battery-powered, has a
large color touchscreen, and is loaded with PASCO SPARKvue, MatchGraph,
Spectrometry, and Lab Manager software.
®

SPARK LXi
SPARK LXi top view PS-3600 (see page 20)

6 more information at pasco.com

 Measurement Using Sensors

INTERFACES
New to sensors? Have sensors already?

1. New to Sensors?
• PASCO Capstone Software (see pages 70-72): Unless you
are using tablets or Chromebook™, we recommend Capstone
for physics and engineering labs.
• 5
 50 Universal Interface: The 550 Interface is perfect for 550 Universal Interface
UI-5001 (see page 28)
beginning data acquisition. It has multiple sensor ports to
accommodate those experiments that require more than one
sensor (as most experiments do). It also has a signal generator
Wireless Force Acceleration Sensor
and powered output for electronics and speakers. PS-3202 (see page 11)
• PASPORT Sensors: Many of these sensors have multiple
sensor elements in one sensor, such as the Absolute
Pressure/Temperature Sensor (page 48). Wireless Smart Cart
• Wireless Sensors (see pages 9-19): This is a low-cost ME-1240 (see page 102)
solution because no interface is required for the wireless
sensors. They are connected via Bluetooth® in PASCO
software (Capstone or SPARKvue).

2. Have ScienceWorkshop Sensors?

• P
 ASCO Capstone Software (see pages 70-72): Unless you are
using tablets or Chromebook™, we recommend Capstone for
physics and engineering labs.
• 850 Universal Interface: The 850 Interface is definitely the
right interface for the ScienceWorkshop veteran. It has twice
as many sensor ports as the 550 for those more demanding
experiments. It also has three signal generators, a high-power
output (15 V at 1 A) for speakers and heating elements, and 850 Universal Interface
UI-5000 (see page 26)
two high-frequency outputs (DC to 500 kHz) for electronics.
• Use Your Existing ScienceWorkshop Sensors and add
any PASPORT sensors you need: You may want to use the
PASPORT 2-Axis Force Platform (page 40) or the Absolute
Pressure/Temperature Sensor (page 48).

3. Have PASPORT Sensors?

• PASCO Capstone Software (see pages 70-72): Unless you are using
tablets or Chromebook™, we recommend Capstone for physics and
engineering labs. 550 Universal Interface
UI-5001 (see page 28)
• 550 or 850 Universal Interface: Choose the 550 if you are teaching
high school physics (unless you are one of those high school teachers
who has to have the most powerful tools). Choose the 850 if you are
teaching college physics or engineering.
• Use Your Existing PASPORT Sensors (see pages 31-69) and add the
UI-5100 Voltage Sensor (page 54) for high speed sampling of circuits
and the UI-5101 Sound Sensor (page 60) to detect sound waves.
• SPARK LXi: Choose the SPARK LXi if you want to use your PASPORT
sensors without computers or if you need to collect data outside. ®

SPARK LXi
PS-3600 (see page 20)

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 Wireless Sensors Index
PASCO’s Wireless Sensor Family Smart Cart
WIRELESS SENSORS

Our rugged, low-cost wireless sensors connect directly to computers, ME-1240 (red) ME-1241 (blue)
Chromebooks, and mobile devices to allow students to quickly collect
A Your mechanics lab on wheels
data, leaving more time for analyzing and interpreting data.
A Built-in wireless force, position, and
In logging mode wireless sensors collect data to their onboard acceleration sensors
memory for hours, days, weeks or even months at a time without
needing to be connected to a computer, tablet, Chromebook or The patent-pending Smart Cart is the ultimate tool for studying
smartphone. When the experiment is concluded, simply connect the kinematics, dynamics, Newton’s Laws and more. It is based on a
sensor to a device running PASCO software and download all the durable ABS body with nearly frictionless wheels just like our high
measurements it recorded. quality PAScars. But now we’ve added built-in sensors that measure
force, position, velocity, and acceleration. And the Smart Cart can
Wireless Physics Sensors make these measurements on or off a track and transmit the data
wirelessly over Bluetooth®. In essence it is a wireless dynamics cart
Smart Cart___________________________________ 8 that combines all the necessary sensors and doesn’t require any
additional hardware.
Motion Sensor_______________________________ 9
Smart Carts are ideal for studying mechanics (both kinematics and
Rotary Motion Sensor_________________________ 9 dynamics) and more. For instance, the built-in load cells make a
Smart Gate_________________________________ 10 pair of Smart Carts an easy way to visually demonstrate Newton’s
Third Law. And with measurements of both force and acceleration,
3-Axis Acceleration/Altimeter__________________ 10 Newton’s Second Law can be investigated in minutes with no other
equipment required. Smart Carts truly are a physics lab on wheels:
Force Acceleration__________________________ 11
The most advanced physics cart ever created and all without the
Load Cell/Accelerometer______________________ 11 hassle and restrictions of cables.

Pressure____________________________________ 12
Temperature________________________________ 12
Temperature Link____________________________ 12
Light_______________________________________ 13
3-Axis Magnetic Field________________________ 13
Current_____________________________________ 14
Voltage_____________________________________ 14
Wireless Chemistry Sensors
pH_________________________________________ 15
ORP Probe__________________________________ 15
Conductivity________________________________ 15
Drop Counter_______________________________ 15
Wireless Biology/Environmental Sensors • Built-in ±100 N force sensor
Exercise Heart Rate__________________________ 16 • 3-axis accelerometer
• Motion encoder (measures position and velocity
Hand-Grip Heart Rate________________________ 16
on or off a track)
Blood Pressure______________________________ 17 • Bluetooth® connectivity
CO2 Gas____________________________________ 17 • No interface required!
• Rechargeable battery
Weather____________________________________ 18
• Magnetic bumper for force sensor
Colorimeter/Turbidity_________________________ 18 • 3-position plunger
Wireless Accessories • Mass tray
• Velcro® tabs
AirLink_____________________________________ 19
• Force sensor hook and rubber bumper
Wireless Charging Stations___________________ 19
Wireless Storage Solutions___________________ 19
Smart Cart (red)..........................................................ME-1240
Bluetooth® Adapter__________________________ 19 Smart Cart (blue) .......................................................ME-1241

8 more information at pasco.com

 Wireless Physics Sensors
Wireless Motion Sensor Wireless Rotary Motion Sensor

WIRELESS SENSORS
PS-3219 PS-3220

The Wireless Rotary Motion Sensor measures angle,

angular velocity, and angular acceleration, as well as
their linear equivalents. The included three-step pulley
allows different torques to be applied, rotating a rigid
The Wireless Motion Sensor measures position, velocity, and system at different rates of acceleration. The
acceleration of objects using ultrasound. Students can measure included rod-mounting holes let you orient
themselves and watch their motion graphed in real time. The Wireless the sensor for different experiments.
Motion Sensor can detect objects within a range of 15 cm to 4 m The Wireless Rotary Motion
away. The fact that the sensor is wireless means no cables to get in Sensor connects directly to your
the way, which is key for handheld or ceiling-mounted applications. devices via Bluetooth® or USB.
The Wireless Motion Sensor connects directly to your devices via
Bluetooth® or USB.

Show that angular momentum is

conserved: The Wireless Rotary
Motion Sensor records the angular
velocity as a ring is dropped
on a spinning disk.

The Wireless Motion Sensor works with our free MatchGraph! software
(see page 76). It is an ideal way to teach the concepts of motion graphing,
interpreting graphs, and rate of change or slope.

Specifications
Angle resolution: 0.18° (0.00314 radian)
Specifications Linear resolution: 0.0157 mm (with 5 mm pulley radius)
Range: 0.15 to 4 m Three-step pulley: 10, 29, and 48 mm diameter
Resolution: 1 mm Shaft diameter: 6.35 mm
Maximum sample rate: 50 Hz Maximum rotation rate: 30 revolutions per second
Transducer rotation range: 180° Optical encoder: 2000 divisions/rev, bidirectional
Rechargeable battery: Lithium-polymer Rechargeable battery: Lithium-polymer
Logging: Yes Logging: Yes
Connectivity: Direct USB or via Bluetooth® (Bluetooth 4.0) Connectivity: Direct USB or via Bluetooth® 4.0

Wireless Motion Sensor.......................................................... PS-3219 Wireless Rotary Motion Sensor.................................... PS-3220

Recommended: Shown in use with:
MatchGraph! Software............................................................ See page 76 Rotational Inertia Accessory Kit .................................. ME-3420 p.176

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 Wireless Physics Sensors
Wireless Smart Gate Wireless 3-Axis Acceleration/Altimeter
INTERFACES & SOFTWARE

PS-3225 PS-3223
A Dual photogate beams A 3-axis accelerometer
A Laser switch A 3-axis gyroscope
A Photogate tape slot A Altimeter
A Auxiliary photogate/Time-of-Flight port A Rubberized case
The Wireless 3-Axis
Photogate Tape Slot Acceleration/Altimeter can
remotely log acceleration in
three dimensions and altitude,
making it ideal for recording
roller coaster rides.

The Wireless 3-Axis

Acceleration/Altimeter is
launched by a stretched Landing
Launch
rubber band that is
connected to one of many
attachment holes in the
rubberized case. The
graph shows the resultant
acceleration (measured in
g’s) and the altitude for the
four-second flight.
Auxiliary
Photogate
Pulley Port
Laser Attachment
Switch USB Tab
Charging
Port

The Wireless Smart Gate has all the features of the wired Smart
Gate. It has dual photogate beams spaced at 1.5 cm to accurately
measure speed. The built-in laser switch (when used with any laser)
allows you to time objects too large to fit through the standard
photogate. Use Photogate Tape passing through the photogate slot
to measure movement of objects. The auxiliary port is for adding an
additional photogate head or Time-of-Flight Accessory.

We do not recommend using two Wireless Smart Gates in the same

experiment unless the measured times are relatively long (greater
than one-half second) since synchronization is limited to 2 ms.

Specifications
Accelerometer
Ranges: ±16 g, ±100 g, ±200 g, ±400 g
Specifications Measurements: Acceleration (3 axes and resultant);
Logging: Yes Altitude; Angular velocity (3 axes)
Battery: Rechargeable Lithium-Polymer Logging: Yes
Connectivity: Direct USB or via Bluetooth 4.0 Battery: Coin Cell
Connectivity: Bluetooth 4.0

Coming soon! Coming soon!

Check pasco.com for availability. Check pasco.com for availability.
Wireless Smart Gate..................................................PS-3225 Wireless 3-Axis Acceleration/Altimeter.................PS-3223

10 more information at pasco.com

 Wireless Physics Sensors
Wireless Force Wireless Load Cell

INTERFACES & SOFTWARE

Acceleration Sensor PS-3216
PS-3202 A M easures loads in structures
A F reedom from wires A Built-in 3-axis accelerometer measures
A Measure force, acceleration, bridge vibrations
and rotation

The Wireless Force Acceleration Sensor permits live data collection

in a moving frame of reference. You can mount the sensor on
a rotating platform or on a moving cart to measure forces and
accelerations of the constantly changing dynamic system. The
wireless design offers improved measurements without a cable
affecting the experiment outcome.

Features
A  luetooth® and USB connectivity
B
A Logging
A ±50 N
A 3-axis accelerometer
A 3-axis gyroscope
A Finger-holes
A Built-in rod clamp

Specifications
Force Range: ±50 N
Force Resolution: 0.03 N
Accuracy: 0.1 N
Acceleration Range: ±16 g
Battery: Rechargeable lithium-polymer
Logging: Yes The Wireless Load Cell and Accelerometer is designed to measure
Bluetooth: BT 4.0 loads in all PASCO Structures Systems. It is particularly useful for
measuring vibrations because it includes an accelerometer and has
no wires to impede movement.

Specifications
Load Cell
Range: ±50 N
Resolution: 0.05 N
Accuracy: 0.1 N
Maximum Sample Rate: 2 kHz
Acceleration
Range: ± 6 g (three axis)
Maximum Sample Rate: 500 Hz
Measurements: Force; Acceleration (3 axes
and resultant)
Includes (1 each) Logging: Yes
• Eye bolt Battery: Rechargeable Lithium-Polymer
• Thumb screw Connectivity: Direct USB or via Bluetooth 4.0
• Bumper
• Rechargeable lithium-polymer battery
• USB connector

Wireless Load Cell/Accelerometer.................................PS-3216

Shown in use with:
Wireless Force Acceleration Sensor......................PS-3202 Building Better Bridges Kit (includes PS-3216).............ME-3581

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 11

 Wireless Physics Sensors
Wireless Pressure Sensor Wireless Temperature Sensor
SENSORS

PS-3203 PS-3201
Welcome to the modern thermometer. Students can access instant
With the new Wireless Pressure Sensor you can make accurate and
consistent measurements of gas pressure, regardless of ambient temperature readings but also continuously monitor, log, and plot
conditions, and explore how chemical reactions affect gas pressure. temperature data.
In combination with a wireless Temperature Sensor, you can study
the empirical gas laws. Features
A S implicity: just pair and go, no cables and adapters to manage
A Variable sampling rate for capturing small fast changes or
experiments that run for hours, days, or weeks
A Features convenient Bluetooth® wireless connectivity and long-
lasting coin cell battery
A Logs temperature data directly onto the sensor for long-term
experiments.
Specifications
Range: -40ºC to 125ºC
Resolution: 0.01ºC
Accuracy: 0.5ºC
Displays: ºC, K, and ºF
A test tube, piece of steel Battery: Coin cell included
wool, and a Wireless
Logging: Yes
Pressure Sensor are all you
need to have your students Bluetooth: BT 4.0
calculate the amount of
oxygen in the air.
The versatile Wireless Temperature Sensor
works well, both in the lab and outside.

Wireless Temperature Sensor.....................................................PS-3201

Recommended:
Coin Cell Battery Pack (US only).................................................PS-3504

Wireless Temperature Link

PS-3222
A Accepts three types of thermistor temperature probes
With these sensors, students A Includes Fast Response Temperature Probe
can easily study gas laws.

Specifications
Range: 0-400 kPa Specifications
Resolution: 0.1 kPa Compatible Temperature Probes: Skin/Surface (PS-2131);
Fast Response (PS-2135); Stainless Steel (PS-2153)
Accuracy: ±1 kPa
Range with included probe: -30oC to 105oC
Battery: Rechargeable lithium-polymer included
Jack: 3.5 mm stereo
Logging: Yes
Logging: Yes
Bluetooth: BT 4.0
Battery: Coin cell
USB cable for charging
Connectivity: Bluetooth 4.0
Includes Includes
• 2
 feet of polyurethane • 1 female barbed luer lock • Wireless Temperature Link
plastic tubing • 1 60 cc syringe • Fast-Response Temp Probe Coming soon!
• 1 tube connector • USB connector Check pasco.com for availability.
• 2 male barbed luer locks
Wireless Temperature Link..........................................................PS-3222
 ireless sensors connect directly to most classroom devices.
W
Compatible Temperature Probes:
Skin/Surface...................................................................................PS-2131
Fast Response (3-pack)................................................................PS-2135
Wireless Pressure Sensor................................................... PS-3203 Stainless Steel................................................................................PS-2153

12 more information at pasco.com

 Wireless Physics Sensors
Wireless Light Wireless 3-Axis

SENSORS
PS-3213 Magnetic Field Sensor
A Four sensors in one PS-3221
A Ambient lux A Simultaneous measurements on three axes
A Ultraviolet and infrared A Dual range: ±50 G and ±1300 G
A Detect RGB colors separately A Sensitive enough to measure the Earth’s magnetic field
A Bluetooth 4.0 wireless A Measure fields from bar magnets and coils
A New enhanced features measure PAR and irradient light!
This wireless sensor is four light sensors in one: It has UV and IR
sensors, as well as light level in lux and individual detectors for
red, green, and blue. The “spot” detector located inside the sensor
tube consists of several very small light detectors: red, green, blue,
and white. The “ambient” detector (located on the back side of the
sensor) consists of three more detectors: ultraviolet, infrared, and a
lux meter that sees light the way the human eye does.

This 3-Axis Magnetic Field Sensor can sense the Earth’s

magnetic field and fields from coils and bar magnets. There
Ambient sensor contains are two ranges: ±50 gauss and ±1300 gauss. This sensor is
lux, UV, and IR sensors. primarily for static fields.

Spot sensor contains

red, green, blue, and
white sensors.

A graph of Magnetic Field Strength vs. Position (from PASCO Capstone) is super-
imposed on a picture of a 3-Axis Magnetic Field Sensor riding on a Smart Cart
Use the ultraviolet through Helmholtz coils.
sensor on the back
side to measure Specifications
the amount of Ranges: ±50 G and ±1300 G
UVA and UVB Resolution: ±0.01 G (50 G range); ±2 G (1300 G range)
radiation that Maximum Sample Rate: 100 Hz
makes it through
Measurements: Magnetic Field Strength (3 axes and resultant)
sunglasses.
Logging: Yes
Specifications Battery: Rechargeable Lithium-Polymer
Light Level Range: 0 to 131,000 lux Connectivity: Direct USB or via Bluetooth 4.0
Ultraviolet Range: 300 nm to 400 nm (UVA and UVB)
Includes
Infrared Range: 700 nm to 1050 nm
• 3-Axis Magnetic Field Sensor
Maximum Sample Rate: 2 Hz (ambient); 20 Hz (spot)
• Sensor Mounting Rod
Battery: Coin cell
• USB Charging Cable Coming soon!
Bluetooth 4.0
Check pasco.com for availability.
Datalogging: Yes
Wireless 3-Axis Magnetic Field Sensor............... PS-3221
Recommended:
Wireless Light Sensor....................................................PS-3213....... Zero Gauss Chamber................................................ EM-8652 p. 58

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 13

 Wireless Chemistry Sensors
Wireless Current Wireless Voltage
® ®
SENSORS

PS-3212 PS-3211

This sensor’s wide current

range allows for introductory
and advanced explorations of
the fundamental concepts of
electricity and basic circuits.

Explore energy and energy transformations with this sensor.

Use it to:
A M
 easure the voltage of student-constructed batteries and see how
chemical energy can turn into electrical energy.
A Look at renewable energy by connecting to a wind turbine.
A Track the flow of energy by creating simple circuits.

Features
Features
A Two Ranges: ±15 V, ±5 V
A  wo Ranges: ±1A, ±0.1A
T
A Resolution: 7 mV (±15 V range); 2 mV (±5 V range)
A Resolution: 0.2mA (±1A range); 0.02mA (±0.1A range)
A Bluetooth® sampling rate of 1 kHz A Bluetooth® sampling rate of 1 kHz
A Higher speed sampling via USB A Higher speed sampling via USB
A Includes remote logging A Includes remote logging

Includes Includes
• Rechargeable battery and USB cable • Rechargeable battery and USB cable
• 1 red and 1 black shrouded, banana-to-alligator-clip test leads • 1 red and 1 black shrouded, banana-to-alligator-clip test leads

Wireless Current Sensor....................................................PS-3212 Wireless Voltage Sensor....................................................PS-3211

Wireless Current Sensor Module

EM-3534 Wireless Current Sensor Module EM-3534
Specifications (included in EM-3536 on page 219)
A Two ranges: ±1A, ±0.1A
A Resolution: 0.2mA (±1A range); 0.02mA (±0.1A range)
A Bluetooth® sampling rate of 1 kHz
A Higher speed sampling via USB
A Includes remote logging

Since the Current Sensor Module is in the same form factor as the other
modules, it naturally fits in series with the circuit components.
Wireless Current Sensor Module.................EM-3534
Required:
Modular Circuits..............................................pp. 218-219

14 more information at pasco.com

 Wireless Chemistry Sensors
Wireless pH Sensor Flat pH Probe Wireless Conductivity
® ®

SENSORS
PS-3204 PS-3514 PS-3210

This pH probe gives you the freedom

Here’s the best tool for measuring pH since to measure what you want, where you Use the Wireless Conductivity Sensor to
litmus paper. Students can quickly obtain want. Study pH levels in different kinds of measure the electrical conductivity of a
accurate pH readings but also log data to foods, investigate the pH of common skin water solution. With this wireless sensor you
their connected device and even program and hair care products, and easily collect can investigate the properties of solutions,
the sensor to collect data autonomously for pH data when doing soil analysis. as well as model and measure water quality.
hours or weeks. Use the sensor to study
water quality, environmental monitoring, Features
testing solutions, and chemical reactions. Includes A M easure both conductivity and total
• Soaker bottle dissolved solids
A Automatic temperature compensation
A Dust- and sand-proof and water-resistant
Flat pH Probe..............................PS-3514 A Battery life >1 year
Requires:
Wireless pH Sensor...................PS-3204

Get even more measurements out of the Includes

Wireless pH Sensor by using these ORP •1
 coin cell
or ISE electrodes. battery

Oxidation
With the Wireless pH Sensor, students can collect data Reduction Wireless Conductivity.................PS-3210
anywhere! Potential
Probe Wireless Drop Counter
PS-3515 PS-3214

The Wireless Drop Counter has a wider

(18 x 13 mm) drop window for better drop
Probes and Electrodes detection and easier alignment with burettes.
It works equally well with large or small, fast
or slow drops.
Easily measure and compare the pH of common acids Measures up to 40 drops per second with
and bases. drops as small as 0.5 mm.
Teaching Advantage
A Simplicity: just pair and go, no cables and
adapters to manage.
A Compatible with ion-selective electrodes
(ISE) and oxidation reduction probe (ORP).
A Features Bluetooth® wireless connectivity
and long-lasting coin cell battery.
A Logs pH data directly onto the sensor for
long-term experiments.
Includes
•1
 coin cell battery and a direct-connect Includes
pH probe with storage bottle
Includes
• Cable • Wireless Drop
Specifications Counter
Range: 0-14 pH • Micro Stir Bar
Resolution: 0.02 pH • Drop Dispenser
Accuracy: ±0.1 pH Oxidation Reduction Potential
Probe............................................PS-3515 with Stopcock
Battery: Coin cell included • Plastic Dispenser Rod Clamp
Logging: Yes Ion Selective Electrodes
Bluetooth: BT 4.0 Ammonium................................PS-3516
Carbon Dioxide.........................PS-3517 Coming soon!
Calcium .....................................PS-3518 Check pasco.com for availability.
Wireless pH Sensor.......................PS-3204
Recommended: Chloride ....................................PS-3519
Coin Cell Battery Pack..................PS-3504 Potassium ................................PS-3520
(US only) Nitrate .......................................PS-3521 Wireless Drop Counter...............PS-3214

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 15

 Wireless Biology Sensors
Wireless Exercise ®

Wireless Hand-Grip ®
SENSORS

Heart Rate Sensor Heart Rate Sensor

PS-3207 PS-3206

The Wireless Exercise Heart Rate Sensor has a chest strap and will
transmit data wirelessly up to 10 m away! The electrode belt fits
around the ribcage (worn against the skin for best results, but can
be worn over a shirt if saline solution is applied under the electrodes) With these wireless hand grips, conducting physiology labs on the
cardiovascular system or homeostasis is easier than ever before.
and wirelessly transmits the cardiac signal to the sensor.
Continuously monitor heart rate during exercise, or use the sensor to
take initial and final measurements with fast and reliable heart-rate
Typical Applications detection.
A Compare a student’s heart rate before, during, and after exercise
A C alculate recovery rate after physical activity
A Determine the effects of mild stimulants (e.g. caffeine)
A Investigate how heart rate changes when a student sits, reclines,
stands or moves suddenly

Graph shows the heart rate as

a student alternates between
exercising and resting.

Includes
• Bluetooth® Heart Rate Module
Includes
• Hand-grips
• Coin-cell battery (1)
• Bluetooth® Heart Rate Module
• Chest strap (M-XXL)
• Coin-cell battery (1)

Wireless Exercise Heart Rate Sensor........................ PS-3207 Wireless Hand-Grip Heart Rate Sensor................................PS-3206

16 more information at pasco.com

 Wireless Biology Sensors
Wireless Blood ®

Wireless

SENSORS
®

Pressure Sensor CO2 Sensor

PS-3218 ®
PS-3208
Use this wireless sensor to measure the concentration of CO2 gas
in a closed system or open environment. Study core topics (including
photosynthesis, respiration, and carbon cycling) with this versatile
probe. CO2 data can be logged directly on the device for long-term
life science and environmental science studies.

PASCO’s Wireless Blood Pressure Sensor allows students to quickly

and easily measure both systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure Directly compare
(mmHg) as well as heart rate (pulse in bpm). Comparing the digits separate controlled
environments.
display for systolic and diastolic pressure with the display of blood
pressure from the real-time graph helps students gain a contextual Specifications
understanding of the physiology of blood pressure. Range: 0 to 100,000 ppm
Typical Applications Resolution: 2 ppm
A Determine effects of exercise on blood pressure and heart rate Connection: Bluetooth® 4.0 or USB
A C
 ompare the blood pressure and heart rate of different students Battery life: ≥18 hours of continuous use
in the class Accuracy: 0 to 1k: ±100ppm
A E xplore effects of body position on blood pressure & heart rate 1 to 10k: ±5% of reading ±100 ppm Includes
10k to 50k: ±10% of reading • 250-ml sampling bottle
Specifications 50k to 100k: ±15% of reading • USB charging cable
Heart Rate Warm-up time: 3 min (See pasco.com for the
A Units: beats per minute (bpm) Response time: 90% in 30 sec latest specs.)
A Range: 36 to 200 bpm
A Accuracy: ±1 bpm
Wireless CO2 Sensor........................................................ PS-3208
A Resolution: 1 bpm
Blood Pressure
A Units: millimeters of mercury (mmHg) Dissolved CO2 Waterproof Sleeve
A Range: 0 to 375 mmHg PS-3545
A Accuracy: ±3 mmHg The Wireless CO2 Sensor can be equipped for aqueous
A Resolution: 0.05 mmHg measurements using this semipermeable sleeve. The sleeve is
Gauge Pressure waterproof but allows CO2 gas to pass through the membrane,
A Units: mmHg, N/m2, kPa, atm, psi creating a headspace around the sensor. Monitor photosynthesis
and respiration of aquatic plants or animals with the sample bottle
A Range: 0 to 375 mmHg or with other chambers. (Please note: Improper use will void sensor
A Accuracy: ±3 mmHg warranty.)
A Resolution: 0.05 mmHg
Includes
Includes •S  leeves (5)
• Wireless Blood Pressure Sensor • O-rings (5)
• Standard-size arm cuff
• Bladder and pressure release valve

Wireless Blood Pressure Sensor...........................................PS-3218 Dissolved CO2 Waterproof Sleeve...............................PS-3545

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 17

 Wireless Environmental Sensors
Wireless Weather Sensor with GPS Wireless Colorimeter and Turbidity
®
®
SENSORS

PS-3209 PS-3215
The Wireless Weather Sensor is an all-in-one instrument for The Wireless Colorimeter simultaneously measures the absorbance
monitoring environmental conditions. By incorporating several and transmittance of six different wavelengths. The sensor can
sensing elements into a single unit, the sensor provides up to 19 be used to study enzyme activity, photosynthesis, and the rates
different measurements! Use the sensor in logging mode with of chemical reactions. By using the accessory cuvettes and a
the Weather Vane Accessory for long-term monitoring, or use calibration standard, the colorimeter also functions as a turbidimeter
it as a handheld instrument to study microclimates and record for water quality analysis.
ambient conditions relevant to many biological and environmental
phenomena.

Simultaneously measure
the absorbance and
transmittance of a
solution at six different
Measurements wavelengths.

1. Ambient Temperature
(Tripod and 2. Barometric Pressure Create Beer’s Law plots to
weather vane 3. Wind Speed help students understand the
not included.) relationship between absorbance
4. Wind Direction (true)
Weather

and concentration.
5. Relative Humidity
6. Absolute Humidity
7. Dew Point
8. Wind Chill
9. Heat Stress Index

10. Ambient Light (lux)

Graphically analyze how a
Light

11. UV Index
reaction changes over time.
This sensor can measure latitude, longitude, 12. PAR
and other GPS functions! 13. Irradiance
Specifications 14. Latitude Specifications
Battery: Rechargeable Color detection/peak wavelengths detected: 650 nm (red),
15. Longitude
GPS

Water-resistance: IP-64 splash-proof 600 nm (orange), 570 nm (yellow), 550 nm (green), 500 nm
(Please see pasco.com for detailed 16. Altitude
(blue), 450 nm (violet)
specifications.) 17. Speed
Detector ranges: ±25 nm from peak
18. Magnetic Direction
Includes Absorbance: 0-3 Abs units; useful range (0.05 -1.5 Abs)
19. True Direction
• USB charging cable Transmittance: 0-100%
Turbidity range: 0-400 NTU
Accuracy: ±5% NTU
Wireless Weather Sensor with GPS................. PS-3209
Suggested: Includes
Weather Vane Accessory................................... PS-3533 • USB charging cable
• Cuvettes (9)
Weather Vane Accessory • 100 NTU Calibration WARNING! This product can expose you to
PS-3553 Cuvette (1) chemicals including Formaldehyde, which is known
to the State of California to cause cancer.
Equip your Wireless Weather Sensor for • Cuvette racks (2) For more information go to www.P65Warnings.ca.gov.

extended environmental monitoring with the

Weather Vane Accessory. Once deployed
the sensor will freely rotate to capture
wind speed and direction, whether you are Includes Wireless Colorimeter and Turbidity Sensor......................... PS-3215
monitoring data in real time or using the • Tripod Also available:
sensor in logging mode to capture hours (or Replacement Cuvettes/Caps (6 each)................................... SE-8739
days!) of data for later analysis. • Tripod adapter
• Weather vane 100 NTU Cal Standard.............................................................. SC-3512
Cuvette Rack.............................................................................. EC-3590
Weather Vane Accessory.................................... PS-3553

18 more information at pasco.com

 Wireless Sensor Accessories
Charging Stations Wireless Sensor Storage Trays

SENSORS
Each tray can store up to 10 wireless sensors.
Wireless Sensor Charging Station
PS-3599 Wireless Temperature, pH and
Conductivity Sensors Storage Tray
A Charge all types of PASCO wireless sensors PS-3585
A Remove partitions to resize sensor bays
Wireless Pressure Sensor
Storage Tray
PS-3586
Wireless Colorimeter and
Turbidity Sensor Storage Tray
PS-3587
Wireless Voltage and
Current Sensors Storage Tray
PS-3588

Wireless Light Sensor and AirLink Storage Tray

PS-3594
This versatile charging station can be configured to fit any size
sensor by adding or removing partitions. Wireless Force Sensor Storage Tray
PS-3595
Wireless Weather Sensor Storage Tray
PS-3596
Wireless Hand-Grip Sensor Storage Tray
PS-3597
Wireless CO2 Sensor Storage Tray
PS-3598

Wireless Temperature, pH and Conductivity Sensors

Storage Tray.............................................................................. PS-3585
Wireless Pressure Sensor Storage Tray.............................. PS-3586
Wireless Colorimeter and Turbidity Sensor
Includes Storage Tray.............................................................................. PS-3587
• Wireless Sensor Charging Station (13 cm x 35 cm)
Wireless Voltage and Current Sensors
• Power Adapter Storage Tray.............................................................................. PS-3588
• 10 USB Charging Cables Wireless Light Sensor and AirLink
• 9 Removable Partitions Storage Tray.............................................................................. PS-3594
Coming soon! Wireless Force Sensor Storage Tray.................................... PS-3595
Check pasco.com for availability.
Wireless Weather Sensor Storage Tray............................... PS-3596
Wireless Sensor Charging Station..........................PS-3599 Wireless Hand-Grip Sensor Storage Tray............................ PS-3597
Wireless CO2 Sensor Storage Tray....................................... PS-3598

Does your Bluetooth need a boost? ®

Make any PASPORT sensor wireless by

USB Bluetooth 4.0 Adapter connecting to an AirLink®
PS-3500
AirLink®
®

If you are using our wireless sensors and working

PS-3200
on an older Mac® (without Bluetooth® 4.0 connectivity)
or if you are using some Windows® computers and Connect one PASPORT sensor via
Chromebooks™, you will need a USB Adapter. Bluetooth® or through a USB connection.
USB cable included.

USB Bluetooth 4.0 Adapter..................................................... PS-3500

See pasco.com/compatibility if you have questions about Bluetooth connectivity. AirLink...........................................................................PS-3200

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 19

 SPARK LX and LXi

SPARK
SPARK
DATALOGGERS

Introducing PASCO’s New LX LX

LXi Datalogger
LX i & &

PASPORT
Sensor Port
SPARK LXi Voltage Port PASPORT
PS-3600 Temperature Sensor Port
Port

Built for Student Use

• Portable
• Shock-absorbing ruggedized case
• See all the detail in your data: 9.6” Color
Capacitive Touchscreen (1280 x 800 pixels)
• 2 GHz Quad Core Processor, 1.5 GB RAM,
16 GB Memory

Built-in Features
• Built-in voltage and temperature sensor
ports (probes included), accelerometer,
microphone
• Speakers and GPS
• Two cameras
• Loaded with PASCO software: SPARKvue®
for data collection and analysis, MatchGraph,
and Spectroscopy

Connections
• Wi-Fi enabled
• New wireless sensors and Smart Carts*
connect via Bluetooth®
• Connect to AirLink, SPARKlink Air, or 550
Universal Interface via USB or Bluetooth
• Connect blue sensors via two PASPORT
sensor ports (SPARK LXi only)

*Patent pending

20 more information at pasco.com

 SPARK LX and LXi

SPARK LX LX i

DATALOGGERS
Choose from Two Models: &

SPARK LXi SPARK LX

PS-3600 PS-3601

Designed for use with wired and wireless sensors, the SPARK Designed for use with PASCO Wireless sensors, the SPARK
LXi can simultaneously accommodate up to five wireless LX can also connect via Bluetooth to the following interfaces:
sensors and also includes two ports for blue PASPORT AirLink, SPARKlink® Air, and 550 Universal Interface. The
sensors, plus two ports for the included Fast Response SPARK LX can simultaneously connect up to five wireless
Temperature Probe and the Voltage Probe. The SPARK LXi can sensors.
also connect via Bluetooth to the following interfaces: AirLink,
SPARKlink® Air, and 550 Universal Interface.

Feature SPARK LXi (PS-3600) SPARK LX (PS-3601)

Ruggedized case for indoor/outdoor and wet/dry lab use 4 4
9.6” full-color capacitive touchscreen (1280 x 800 pixels) 4 4
Simultaneously connects up to 5 PASCO Wireless Sensors 4 4
SPARKvue® in-app proximity pairing 4 4
Includes 2 PASPORT ports 4
Includes Voltage Probe and port 4
Includes Fast Response Temperature Probe and port 4
Can connect more PASPORT sensors with the AirLink,
SPARKlink Air, and 550 Universal Interface 4
Installed software: PASCO SPARKvue, MatchGraph, and
Spectrometry; Microsoft Office Suite; Google Suite 4 4
PASCO Lab Manager application 4 4
Hands-free retractable stand 4
1.2 GHz quad-core processor 4 4
1.5 GB RAM, 16 GB memory 4 4
Android operating system 4 4
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and USB connections 4 4
Can export data to third-party apps 4 4
Operates online or offline 4 4
Front and back cameras 4 4
Accelerometer 4 4
Microphone and speaker 4 4
GPS 4 4

SPARK LXi.....................................................................PS-3600 SPARK LX...............................................................PS-3601

Recommended: Recommended:
SPARK LXi Charging Station......................................PS-3602 p. 23 SPARK LX Charging Station................................PS-3603 p. 23
Replacement Parts:
Voltage Probe...............................................................PS-2165
Fast Response Temperature Probe (3 pack)...........PS-2135

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 21

 SPARK LXi/LX Software
SPARK LXi and SPARK LX come loaded with
DATALOGGERS

useful software!

SPARKvue for data collection

SPARKvue is the software for data collection and analysis. It
allows the SPARK LX/LXi dataloggers to connect to PASCO
sensors and record data. Data can be displayed on graphs,
meter displays, digits displays, and in tables.

Analysis tools include curve fits, statistics, and finding the

area under the graph.

MatchGraph! for learning how

to interpret motion graphs
Use a Wireless Motion Sensor with
the SPARK LXi or SPARK LX with
MatchGraph software. It is an ideal
way to teach the concepts of motion
graphing, interpreting graphs, and rate
of change or slope. See page 76 for
details.

Spectrometry
Use a PASCO Wireless Spectrometer (PS-2600) with this
Spectrometry software on a SPARK LX or LXi to analyze light
spectra in physics and chemistry experiments. See page 77
for details.

Plus more!
A Microsoft Word® A Microsoft PowerPoint® A Scientific Calculator
A Microsoft Excel® A Google Science Journal A Periodic Table

22 more information at pasco.com

 SPARK LXi/LX Software
Lab Manager

DATALOGGERS
With Lab Manager on the new SPARK dataloggers, PASCO delivers a comprehensive lab management experience.
Teachers have visibility and control over student lab devices, which ensures greater efficiency and student engagement.

With Lab Manager teachers can:

• Monitor student screens (or lock student screens to get students’ attention).
• Broadcast teacher or student screens to class.
• Control student devices for guidance.
• Quiz students and view responses in real time.
• Message all student devices.
• Easily send and collect any file to and from student devices.

SPARK LXi/LX Charging Stations

SPARK LXi Charging Station SPARK LX Charging Station
PS-3602 PS-3603

These convenient charging stations have a wire rack to hold the dataloggers and multiple charging cables, so a
complete set of SPARK LXi/LX dataloggers can be charged from one power connection to the wall. The charging
station is built into a Gratnells® case (size F3).
A PS-3602 can simultaneously charge up to six SPARK LXi dataloggers.
A PS-3603 can simultaneously charge up to nine SPARK LX dataloggers.
Dimensions: 312 x 427 x 300 mm
Coming soon!
Check pasco.com for availability.
SPARK LXi Charging Station................................................... PS-3602
SPARK LX Charging Station.................................................... PS-3603

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 23

 PASCO Interfaces
Interfaces
INTERFACES & SOFTWARE

Use an interface to connect sensors to your computers or mobile devices running

PASCO software.
Connect one PASPORT sensor via Bluetooth® or
through a USB connection. USB cable included.
AirLink
®

PS-3200

The AirLink is the most cost-effective

way to connect sensors.
AirLink...........................................................................PS-3200

SPARKlink® Air
Connect two PASPORT sensors via Bluetooth® or through
PS-2011
a USB connection. Also includes dedicated ports for the
included temperature and voltage probes. USB cable included.

SPARKlink Air..............................................................PS-2011

SPARK LXi Designed for use with wired and wireless sensors, the
PS-3600 SPARK LXi can simultaneously accommodate up to five
wireless sensors. It also includes two ports for blue PASPORT
sensors, plus two ports for the included Fast Response Temp
Probe and the Voltage Probe.

SPARK LXi....................................................................PS-3600

550 Universal Interface

UI-5001 The 550 Universal Interface is fast, flexible, and powerful
while staying affordable. The 550 has half the ports and
many of the great features of our 850 Universal Interface
in a smaller package with Bluetooth® and
USB connectivity.

550 Universal Interface..............................................UI-5001

850 Universal Interface

UI-5000
The 850 Universal Interface is the most powerful science
education lab interface in the world, with the most ports,
highest sampling rates, and the most powerful functionality
and future expandability. It can also replace several pieces of
lab instrumentation, which represents great value.

850 Universal Interface..............................................UI-5000

24 more information at pasco.com

 PASCO Interfaces
Interface Comparison

INTERFACES & SOFTWARE

Compare the features and capabilities and see which interface works best in your lab.
®

AirLink SPARKlink Air SPARK LXi 550 Universal Interface 850 Universal Interface
PS-3200 PS-2011 PS-3600 UI-5001 UI-5000
PASPORT Ports 1 2 2 2 4
Built-in
Temp and Voltage No Yes Yes No No
Analog Inputs 0 0 0 2 (±10 V, optional gain 4 (±20 V, optional gain
voltage 10x, 100x) voltage 10x, 100x,
1000x)
Digital Inputs 0 0 0 2 4
Connects via USB Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Connects via Bluetooth Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Rechargeable battery
for cordless operation Yes Yes Yes No (AC adapter only) No (AC adapter only)
Works with PASCO
Capstone Software Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Works with
SPARKvue Software Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Accepts PASPORT
Sensors Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Accepts
ScienceWorkshop
Sensors No* No* No* Yes Yes
Maximum Sensor-dependent Sensor-dependent Sensor-dependent Up to 2 MHz on 10 MHz on
Sampling Rate <1000 Hz <1000 Hz <5000 Hz one channel two channels
simultaneously
Signal Generator N/A N/A N/A ±8 V, at 400 mA, #1 ±15 V at 1 A,
DC to 100 kHz DC to 100 kHz
#2 & #3 ±10 V at
50 mA DC to 500 kHz,
independent
Included Items USB Cable AC adapter, USB cable, AC adapter, USB cable, USB cable, USB cable,
fast response fast response power supply power supply
temperature probe, temperature probe,
voltage probe voltage probe

Expansion Port No No No No 44-pin port with

voltage outputs,
analog inputs,
and digital I/O
channels

* The AirLink, SPARKlink Air, and SPARK LXi can accept most ScienceWorkshop sensors with the proper adapter (see page 45),
although they won’t have the same high maximum sample rates. One exception is the Sound Sensor (UI-5101), which is not
recommended for use with an adapter.

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 25
 850 Universal Interface for Lab Bench Use
The PASCO 850 Universal Interface:
INTERFACES

The Ultimate Sensor Interface for Physics and Engineering

Clear the clutter on your lab bench. The 850 Universal Interface combined with
PASCO Capstone software can replace multiple expensive pieces of equipment.

An incredible value!

+ =
850 Universal Interface PASCO Capstone Software DC Power Supply, Oscilloscope,
Digital Multimeter, and Function
Generator

4 Photogate 4 Analog Sensor High Power

Ports Ports AC/DC Output
(up to 10 MHz) (±15 V at 1 A)

4 PASPORT 2 High Frequency

Sensor Ports Outputs
(DC to 500 kHz)

A Study AC Circuits: 10 MHz sample rate on two analog channels simultaneously; two independent high
frequency outputs (50 mA at 10 V; DC to 500 kHz)
A Power Speakers and String Vibrators: High power function generator (1 A at 15 V; DC to 100 kHz)
A Use Any Sensors You Have: Compatible with ScienceWorkshop and PASPORT sensors; use at the same time
A Explore Modulation: External trigger input/output for synchronizing multiple 850s
A Do 87 Core Physics Experiments: Check out the Comprehensive
850 Physics Lab Manual (UI-5813; see page 78). Download online
at pasco.com/comprehensivephysics
850 Universal Interface..............................UI-5000
A See detailed specifications: www.pasco.com/850
Requires:
PASCO Capstone Software...................................... p. 70-73
Recommended:
BNC Function Generator Output Cable.................. p. 27
Replacement Part:
850 Power Supply.......................................UI-5200

26 more information at pasco.com

 850 Universal Interface Accessories

INTERFACES
Four Channel Oscilloscope in PASCO Capstone

Dual Independent High Frequency Function Generators

Independent control of frequency, waveform, and amplitude. The voltages across
the source, inductor, capacitor, and resistor are displayed in the oscilloscope.

BNC Function Generator Output Cable Resistor Capacitor

UI-5119 (unshrouded) UI-5129 (shrouded) Inductor Network
A C
 onverts the BNC output to two banana cords for UI-5210
the 850’s function generators #2 and #3. Board components can be used to investigate
Kirchhoff’s Circuit Laws, Ohm’s Law, RC circuits,
and A.C. LRC circuit theory with resonant
frequencies between 55 kHz and 135 kHz,
UI-5119 depending on values used.

Includes
• Two inductors: 6.8 mH, 2.5 mH
• Two capacitors: 3900 pF, 560 pF
UI-5129 • Four resistors: 4
 7 kΩ, 3.3 kΩ, and
two 1.0 kΩ.

Shown in use with the 850 Universal Interface.

Resistor Capacitor Inductor Network..................................... UI-5210

8-Pin DIN Extension Cable

UI-5218
A U se to connect analog sensors
to ports A through D on the 850.
A Analog sensors can also be
Shown in use with the plugged in directly to the 850 ports.
850 Universal Interface. The 1.8 m long Extension Cable allows ScienceWorkshop Sensors to
be used even further away from the interface. Multiple cables CAN
be used in series. Also works with 750 and 500 interfaces.
BNC Function Generator Output Cable
(Set of 2 unshrouded)......................................................... UI-5119
(Set of 2 shrouded)............................................................. UI-5129 8-Pin DIN Extension Cable.................................................... UI-5218

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 27

 550 Universal Interface for Lab Bench Use
The PASCO 550 Universal Interface…
INTERFACES

This powerful interface for Physics connects wirelessly or via USB.

This is the interface with the measurement capability for all types
of physics experiments. It features:

A 2 MHz sampling rate A Use with other PASPORT interfaces

A 2 high-speed analog inputs A Connect to computers via USB
A 2 digital inputs for photogates and other timing sensors A Bluetooth® classic connectivity
A 2 PASCO PASPORT sensor inputs
With the 550, your Physics lab is equipped with high-
A Signal generator with built-in Voltage and Current speed data collection, signal generation and power
sensors. supply, oscilloscope and FFT displays, timers, and more.

550 Universal Interface Specifications:

2 High-speed Analog Inputs Signal Generator
Measurement Range: ±10 V differential input Waveforms: sine, triangle, square wave, positive and
Input Impedance: 1 MΩ negative ramps, DC
Input Protection: ±250 V continuous Frequency Range: 0.001 Hz to 100 kHz; 1 mHz resolution
Selectable Voltage Gain: X1, X10, X100
Amplitude Range: ±8 V
Resolution: 14-bit, 0.12 mV
Resolution: 1.33 mV, 12-bit DAC.
2 Digital Inputs Max Output Current: 400 mA at 8 V, over-current detection
Digital sensors such as Photogates and Time-of-Flight Selectable Voltage Limit
plug directly into the 550 Interface. Selectable DC Offset
A Compatible with all ScienceWorkshop digital sensors Frequency Sweep Function
A Sensor Connect Detection
Measure Output Current, Voltage, Frequency,
A 0 -5 V TTL
Peak Amplitude
A Bi-directional

2 PASPORT Inputs
Compatible with PASCO’s complete line of more
than 80 PASPORT sensors.
550 Universal Interface..............................UI-5001
A Sample rates depend on sensors
Requires:
PASCO Capstone Software...................................... pp. 70-73
or
SPARKvue Software.................................................. p. 74

28 more information at pasco.com

 ScienceWorkshop Sensors
Advantages of Using ScienceWorkshop Sensors

INTERFACES
with the 550 and 850 Universal Interfaces
The 550 and 850 Universal Interfaces are called “Universal” because they are capable of using
ScienceWorkshop sensors as well as PASPORT sensors. Although the PASPORT sensors are the
newer digital line of sensors, there are advantages to using the older analog technology in the
ScienceWorkshop sensors. Here are a few examples:
1. High Speed Collision with the Force Sensor (CI-6537); see page 36.

A cart colliding with a Force Sensor with a clay

bumper was recorded at 5000 Hz sampling rate.
Detail of the collapse of the clay can be seen in
the data.

2. D
 etecting the Violet Hydrogen Lines with the High Sensitivity Light Sensor (CI-6604);
see page 52.

This light sensor has a high gain that, when

combined with the interface gain, allows even
the dimmest of the Balmer series to be detected.

3. Sound FFT Spectrum of a Clarinet Note with the Sound Sensor (UI-5101); see page 60.

Now with Auto-ID

This FFT of a note being played on a clarinet
was captured at a sample rate of 20 kHz. The
waveform can also be seen on an oscilloscope
in Capstone software.

4. LRC Circuit with the Voltage Sensor (UI-5100); see page 54.

Now with Auto-ID

This oscilloscope display in PASCO Capstone
shows the voltages across several components
of an LRC circuit. Sample rates required for this
can be as high as 10 MHz.

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 29

 Bluetooth® Interfaces for Mobile Data Collection
AirLink® and SPARKlink® Air
SENSORS

Capture data remotely inside or outside of the lab.

The AirLink and the 2-port SPARKlink Air allow users to connect any of PASCO’s 80+ PASPORT sensors via
USB or Bluetooth. When used wirelessly they allow a freedom and range of movement not available with
cabled interfaces. They also provide the ability to easily collect data in the field when needed.

The SPARKlink Air is used here with two Angle Sensors,

part of the PS-2137 Goniometer System. The data is sent via
SPARKlink Air
Bluetooth to the desktop computer and displayed live with the PS-2011
video recorded by the web cam.
Includes
• Two sensor ports
• Built-in temperature and voltage sensors with probes
• USB and Bluetooth Classic connection

SPARKlink Air............................................................ PS-2011

Goniometer Probes Shown in use with:
The probes are fastened in place Goniometer................................................................ PS-2137......... p. 61
using the blue Velcro® straps, and Additional Goniometer Probe................................. PS-2138
can be positioned to measure the Required:
motion of the knee, hip, or elbow.
PASCO Capstone Software..................................... pp. 70-73

SPARKlink Air Charging Station

PS-2577

Conveniently store and charge up to

five SPARKlink Air interfaces with a
single power source.
SPARKlink Air sold separately.

SPARKlink Air Charging Station...............................PS-2577

AirLink ®

Webcam PS-3200
Record live video
synched to
sensor data. Includes
• One built-in PASPORT sensor port
• USB and Bluetooth 4.0 connection
• USB cable

AirLink......................................................................... PS-3200

10-port USB Charging Station

Data Playback PS-3501
Play back the synched
data and video at normal Charge up to 10 wireless sensors via USB
or slow speed. cable, included with the sensor.
(Go to pasco.com for more info.)

10-port USB Charging Station..................................PS-3501

30 more information at pasco.com

 Index
PASPORT and ScienceWorkshop Sensor Index

SENSORS
PASPORT Sensors: ScienceWorkshop Sensors:
•H
 ave digital outputs that allow multiple measurements • PASCO’s original line of sensors
per channel with reduced noise • Analog Voltage output perfect for teaching about sensing elements
•C
 ompatible with all current PASCO interfaces, as well as •C
 ompatible with 550 and 850 Universal Interfaces, as well as discontinued
discontinued PASPORT interfaces ScienceWorkshop interfaces.

Sensor Description Product Page Sensor Description Product Page Sensor Description Product Page
# # # # # #
Acceleration/Altimeter 3-Axis PS-2136A 41 Light, Broad Spectrum Temperature - Stainless Steel PS-2153 50
Accelerometer - Visual PS-2128 41 PASPORT PS-2150 53 Temperature - Quad PS-2143 50
Analog Adapter PS-2158 45 Light, High Sensitivity Temperature - Non-contact PS-2197 51
PASPORT PS-2176 53
Angle Sensor PS-2139 61 ScienceWorkshop CI-6604 52 Temperature - Type K
Breath Rate PS-2187 62 PASPORT PS-2134 51
Light, Infrared PASPORT PS-2148 53
Charge Thermocline PS-2151 67
Load Cell & Amplifier Sets
PASPORT PS-2132 59 PASPORT PS-2199 38 Time-of-Flight Accessory ME-6810A 45
Chemistry Sensor Load Cell Amplifiers Voltage UI-5100 54
PASPORT PS-2170 68 PASPORT PS-2198 38 (Shrouded) UI-5110 54
Chemistry Sensor, Advanced Load Cell, 5N PS-2201 39 Voltage/Current PS-2115 56
PASPORT PS-2172 68 Water Quality Colorimeter PS-2179 66
Load Cell, 100N PS-2200 39
Colorimeter PS-2121 68
Magnetic Field
Current CI-6556 54 PASPORT PS-2112 57
Current, High ScienceWorkshop CI-6520A 58 PASPORT Sensor
PASPORT PS-2193 56 Magnetic Field (2-Axis) PS-2162 58 Extension Cable
Current Probe PS-2184 55 Motion PS-2103A 32 PS-2500
Digital Adapter PS-2159 45 Motion Sensor II CI-6742A 32
Displacement Sensor PS-2204 39 Oxygen Gas (O2) PS-2126A 64
Dissolved Oxygen, Optical PS-2196 63 pH Sensor PS-2102 69
Drop Counter (High Accuracy) PS-2117 58 Photogate -Accessory ME-9204B 43
Extends the distance a sensor can
EKG Photogate Head ME-9498A 43 reach by 2 m. Two cables CANNOT
PASPORT PS-2111 62 be connected together or used on a
Photogate/Pulley System ME-6838A 43
Ethanol PS-2194 63 sensor that already has a cable.
Photogate Smart Gate PS-2180 42
Flow, General PS-2222 47
Flow, General Pressure - Absolute
w/Venturi Tube PS-2225 47 PASPORT PS-2107 46 PASPORT Sensor
w/Pitot Tube PS-2226 47 ScienceWorkshop CI-6532A 46 Extension Cable......................... PS-2500
Flow Rate/Temperature PS-2130 67 Pressure - Dual PS-2181 47

Force Pressure - Quad PS-2164 48

PASPORT PS-2104 37 Pressure/Temperature PS-2146 48
Force Rotary Motion PASPORT PS-2120A 33 8-Pin DIN
ScienceWorkshop CI-6537 36 ScienceWorkshop CI-6538 33 Extension Cable
Force, High Resolution PS-2189 36 Salinity PS-2195 66 UI-5218
Force Platform Soil Moisture PS-2163 66
PASPORT PS-2141 40 Sound UI-5101 60
Force Platform (2-Axis) PS-2142 40 Sound Level PS-2109 60
Free Fall Adapter ME-9207B 45 Spectrometer The 1.8 m long Extension Cable allows
Galvanometer PS-2160 57 Wireless PS-2600 77 ScienceWorkshop Sensors to be used
Geiger-Muller SN-7927A 60 Spirometer PS-2152 62 even further away from the interface.
Multiple cables CAN be used in series.
General Science PS-2168 59 Temperature PASPORT PS-2125 49
Goniometer PS-2137 61 ScienceWorkshop CI-6605A 49

Light Temperature - Fast Response PS-2135 50 8-Pin DIN Extension

ScienceWorkshop CI-6504A 52 Temperature - Skin/Surface PS-2131 50 Cable........................................... UI-5218

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 Motion
Motion Sensor Elastic Bumper
SENSORS

PS-2103A ME-8998
PASPORT The Elastic Bumper protects Bracket
the Motion Sensor from
the carts, but doesn’t
interfere with the
PASCO’s PASPORT Motion Sensor is used to measure position, ultrasonic pulse.
velocity and acceleration. Ultrasonic pulse-ranging technology has Elastic Bumper
a switch-selectable Standard Beam or Narrow Beam to reject false Includes
signals and produce cleaner data. The Motion Sensor sits firmly on a • Two pairs of brackets Shown with PAStrack (see page 100)
desktop or easily mounts to a rod stand or PASCO Dynamics Track. • 10 meters of elastic material

Specifications
Elastic Bumper.................................................................. ME-8998
Minimum Range: 0.15 meters
Maximum Range: 8 meters
Resolution: 1 mm Motion Sensor Guard
Transducer Rotation: 360° SE-7256
Cable Length: 1.8 meter
Use this wire guard to protect the Motion
Near/Far Switch Settings: Sensor when dropping objects from above.
Narrow: For distances up to 2 meters to reject false
target signals or ignore air track noise.
Standard: For longer distances up to 8 meters.
Mounting Options: Motion Sensor
- 12.7 mm diameter rod or smaller Guard................. SE-7256
- Directly to the PASCO Dynamics Track
- Non-skid rubber feet for table mount
Magnetic Motion Sensor Bracket
Typical Applications PS-2546
A S tudy conservation of energy and momentum during collisions This magnetic bracket allows a Motion Sensor
to be easily hung from a drop ceiling. Simply
A Monitor the sinusoidal motion of a mass on a spring screw the bracket into the 1/4”-20 threads on
A Measure the motion of large objects, such as students the sensor and use the included adjustment nut
to hold the sensor in the desired orientation.
Measure force applied The bracket can also be used to hold the Motion
by spring and resulting Sensor on vertical surfaces such as filing cabinets
velocity of cart. and magnetic whiteboards.

Magnetic Motion Sensor Bracket................................. PS-2546

Cart Adapter Accessory

ME-6743
A Motion Sensor can be directly mounted to
Dynamics Carts, PAScars or GOcars using the Cart
Adapter Accessory. Mounting a Motion Sensor on a
Motion Sensor.................................................................. PS-2103A
cart is ideal for the study of relative motion.
Recommended:
The adjustment knob on the
Motion Sensor Guard...................................................... SE-7256 bracket allows the Motion
Magnetic Motion Sensor Bracket................................ PS-2546 Sensor to face any direction.
Cart Adapter Accessory................................................. ME-6743 Cart Adapter Accessory.................................................. ME-6743

Motion Sensor II Connector: Dual

 stereo phone plug for 850, 550,
CI-6742A and ScienceWorkshop interfaces.
ScienceWorkshop

Motion Sensor II.............................................................. CI-6742A

PASCO’s digital ScienceWorkshop Motion Sensor II is used Recommended:
to measure position, velocity and acceleration. Ultrasonic Motion Sensor Guard...................................................... SE-7256
pulse-ranging technology has a switch-selectable Standard
Magnetic Motion Sensor Bracket................................ PS-2546
Beam or Narrow Beam to reject false signals and produce
cleaner data. The Motion Sensor sits firmly on a desktop or Cart Adapter Accessory................................................. ME-6743
easily mounts to a rod stand or PASCO Dynamics Track. Accessory Cable ............................................................. CI-6748
Allows CI-6742A to be used with CBL/EA100.

32 more information at pasco.com

 Rotary Motion
Rotary Motion Linear Accessory Kit

SENSORS
PS-2120A PASPORT Thumb Screw CI-6688A
Three-step
Rod Stand Clamp Pulley
Clamp can also be
mounted on the right or
left side of the sensor.

Platform Includes rod

Slot for Linear clamp and solid
Motion Accessory for Mounting
aluminum rack.
PASCO Super Pulley

PASCO’s PASPORT Rotary Motion Sensor is the most versatile Shown in use
position and motion-measuring device available for the physics lab. measuring
Measure angle and angular velocity or measure distance and linear magnetic field
velocity using the rack or the pulley. This sensor is also bi-directional,
from a coil.
indicating the direction of motion.
The 6.35 mm diameter, dual ball-bearing shaft extends from both See page 58.
sides of the unit and provides an excellent platform for rotational
experiments. The rod clamp (which can be attached on three
sides of the sensor) allows the unit to be mounted in almost any
orientation. A three-step pulley and a mount for the PASCO Super Linear Accessory Kit.................................................CI-6688A
Pulley make it easy to perform torque experiments.
Specifications Rotational Inertia Accessory
Three-step Pulley: 10 mm, 29 mm and 48 mm diameter
Sensor Dimensions: 10 cm x 5 cm x 3.75 cm, 6.35 mm
ME-3420
diameter shaft Use the Rotational Inertia Accessory to study
Rotary Motion: rotational inertia, pendulum oscillations, and
Resolution: 0.09°/0.0078 mm conservation of angular momentum.
Maximum Speeds: 30 revs/sec See page 176.
Optical Encoder: bidirectional, indicates direction of motion;
4000 divisions/rev

Conservation of
Angular Momentum
The angular speed of the
disk decreases when the
ring is dropped onto the
disk.

Rotary Motion Sensor ...................................................... PS-2120A

Coming soon!
Recommended: Check pasco.com for availability.
Linear Accessory Kit......................................................... CI-6688A
Rotational Inertia Accessory....................................... ME-3420
Three-step Pulley............................................................... CI-6693

Rotary Motion Specifications

CI-6538 Resolution: 1°/0.087 mm and 0.25°/0.022 mm (software selectable)
ScienceWorkshop Maximum Speeds: 13 rev/sec at 1° resolution
(360 data points/revolution); 3.25 rev/sec at 0.25° resolution
(1440 data points/revolution)
Optical Encoder: Bidirectional, indicates direction of motion
Connector: Dual stereo phone plug for 850, 550, and
ScienceWorkshop interfaces

Rotary Motion Sensor ...................................................... CI-6538

Measure angle and angular velocity or measure distance and Recommended:
linear velocity using the rack or the pulley. This sensor is also
Linear Accessory Kit......................................................... CI-6688A
bi-directional, indicating the direction of motion.
Three-step Pulley............................................................... CI-6693

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 How the Rotary Motion Sensor is used
Chaos/Driven Harmonic Accessory Ballistic Pendulum Accessories
SENSORS

CI-6689A Ballistic Pendulum Accessory ME-9892

Magnetically damped pendulum disk for studying exponential Mini Launcher Ballistic Pendulum Accessory ME-6829
damping, driven harmonic motion, and chaos

See page 177.

See page 139.

Chaos/Driven Harmonic Accessory............................CI-6689A

Centripetal Force
ME-9821
Turn your PASCO Launcher into a Ballistic
The Centripetal Force Sensor mounts onto Pendulum using the Rotary Motion Sensor.
the Rotary Motion Sensor to directly
measure Centripetal Force.
Ballistic Pendulum Accessory......................................ME-9892
See page 174. Mini Launcher Ballistic
Pendulum Accessory.....................................................ME-6829

Track String Adapter

ME-6569

Centripetal Force............................................................ME-9821
Dynamics Track Mount
CI-6692
Educational Spectrophotometer
OS-8539
The 60:1 gear ratio of rotating disk and pin gives the Rotary
Motion Sensor a higher resolution for spectrophotometry.
Use a Rotary Motion Sensor to measure
position of a cart on a Dynamics Track.

See page 112.

See pages 286-287.

Track String Adapter......................................................ME-6569

Educational Spectrophotometer System....................OS-8539
Dynamics Track Mount..................................................CI-6692

34 more information at pasco.com

 Rotary Motion Sensor uses
Linear Translator Heat Engine

SENSORS
OS-8535A TD-8572A
The Rotary Motion Sensor’s
built-in gear system accepts Use a Rotary Motion Sensor
the geared rack to create with PASCO’s Heat Engine
a high-resolution linear Apparatus to graph a real
translator for optics. Heat Engine Cycle.

See page 207.

See page 279.

Linear Translator.............................................................OS-8535A

Gyroscope
ME-8960
Use two Rotary Motion Sensors
to measure both the nutation and
precession of this demonstration
gyroscope.

See pages 178-179.

Gyroscope........................................................................ME-8960 Heat Engine......................................................................TD-8572A

Polarization Analyzer
OS-8533A
The drive belt allows the Rotary Motion Sensor
to measure the rotation of the polarizer.
See page 272.

Graph shows the intensity of

the reflected polarized light as
a function of the incident angle.
See Brewster’s Angle Experiment on page 375.

Polarization Analyzer.....................................................OS-8533A

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 Force
How to Select the Right Force Sensor or Load Cell for You
SENSORS

Part # Sensor Interface Purpose

CI-6537 Force 550/850 interfaces or • Higher sample rates up to 10 MHz (depends on interface)
legacy 500/750 interfaces • Extra strain gauges cancel side-loads

PS-2189 High Resolution Any PASPORT interface, • More sensitive: 0.002 N resolution
Force 550, or 850 • Maximum sample rate is 1000 Hz
• Good for Hooke’s Law and Newton’s Third Law
PS-2104 Force Any PASPORT interface, • Sample up to 5000 Hz on 550/850 interface
550, or 850 • For more resolution, use PS-2189
• For lower price, use PS-3202.
PS-2141 Force Platform Any PASPORT interface, • Measures normal force only
550, or 850 • Good for measuring hang time when a person jumps.
PS-2142 2-Axis Force Any PASPORT interface, • Measures normal force and tangent force
Platform 550, or 850 • Excellent for measuring human walking
PS-2200 100 N Load Cell Any PASPORT interface, • Requires PS-2198 Six Load Cell Amplifier or
550, or 850 PS-2206 Dual Load Cell Amplifier
• For measuring loads in bridges or other structures made
with PASCO Structures System
PS-2201 5 N Load Cell Any PASPORT interface, • Requires PS-2198 Six Load Cell Amplifier or
550, or 850 PS-2206 Dual Load Cell Amplifier
• Used with PASCO Structures System to measure smaller
loads or to measure accelerations during bridge vibrations

Force Sensor High Resolution Force

CI-6537 ScienceWorkshop PS-2189 PASPORT Also see the
Wireless Force
A ±50 N range A 0
 .002 N resolution Acceleration
A High sample rate A Dynamic over-sampling Sensor
on page 11.
Although this Force Sensor has the same case as the
PS-2104 and can perform all of the same experiments,
it has much better resolution. And the dynamic variable over-sampling
greatly reduces the measurement noise at low sample rates.
PASCO’s durable, reliable Force Sensor has been
designed specifically for the student physics lab. Specifications The High Resolution Force Sensor
Wide-range, high-frequency response and a low Range: ±50 N has 10 times the resolution of the
noise transducer help generate excellent impulse PS-2104, and can measure changes
Measurement Resolution: 0.002 N or 0.2 g in force of less than 0.01 N.
graphs, smooth harmonic motion data, and more.
Zero (Tare) Function: Push-button
The sensor’s special strain gauge consistently The digital design of the PS-2189
generates the same output for the same force Max Sample Rate: 1000 Hz results in very little drift, ensuring
and is designed to minimize side loads. Damping Force Overload Protection: Up to 75 N that the tare will hold for hours.
materials reduce vibrations caused by collisions without damage You can use this force sensor
without affecting results. Any dynamics cart as a pan balance for long-term
accessories can be mounted on top of the Force Graph shows experiments, like investigating
Sensor. force data for the evaporation of liquids such as
the oscillation alcohol or liquid nitrogen, and the
Specifications
of a mass and sublimation of dry ice!
Force Range: ±50 N
spring system.
Resolution: 0.03 N or 3.1 grams
Zero (Tare) Function: Push-button
Force-overload Protection: Mechanical stop
prevents forces of more than 50 N from
damaging the sensor
Pin Configuration: 8-pin DIN plug
Mounts on standard 12.7 mm support rods High Resolution Force Sensor................PS-2189
Maximum Sample Rate: Depends on interface Shown in use with:
Force Sensor Balance Stand..................CI-6460
Mass and Hanger Set..............................ME-8979 p. 197
Force Sensor....................................CI-6537 Spring Set...................................................ME-8999 p. 167

36 more information at pasco.com

 Force Sensor Accessories
Force Sensor Bumper Accessory Set Force Bracket

SENSORS
PS-2104 PASPORT ME-9884 ME-6622
The Force Bracket with bumpers mounts the
A B
 inocular force PASCO Force Sensor directly to a dynamics
beam minimizes track. It includes 5 collision attachments for
side force the Force Sensor and conveniently stores
each attachment on the bracket itself.
measurements
Using any of these attachments, the bracket
serves as an excellent support or target for
The Force Sensor is ideal for the student lab. collision studies using the Force Sensor.
Finger holes are provided for handheld use.
It will mount directly to a PASCO Dynamics
Cart or 1.2 cm rod.
This set of bumpers can be used with
Typical Applications any PASCO Force Sensor to perform both
elastic and inelastic collisions. The standard
A M easure force exerted by an
hook for each Force Sensor can be easily
oscillating mass removed and replaced with any of these
A Measure force during elastic bumpers. Use a spring and a cup for elastic
and inelastic collisions collisions. Combine two cups with clay to
A Measure force of a swinging explore inelastic collisions.
pendulum Includes
•S
 pring Bumpers (2)
Specifications Includes
(different spring constants)
Range: ±  50 N • Stiff Spring
• Magnetic Bumper (1)
Resolution: 0.03 N or 3.1 grams • Light Spring
• Rubber Bumper (1)
Zero (Tare) Function: Push-button • Empty Cup (2)
Max Sample Rate: 1000 Hz; 5000 Hz •C
 lay Cup for Inelastic Collisions (1)
• Modeling Clay (clay included)
for the 550 and 850 interfaces
Force Overload Protection: Up to 75 N •#
 0 Phillips Head Screwdriver
without damage (to attach to Force Sensor)
Bumper Accessory
Set......................................... ME-9884
Force Bracket................... ME-6622

Magnetic Bumper Set Rocket Engine Test Bracket

ME-9885A
ME-6617
A A perfect supplement for
rocketry studies
With the Rocket Engine Test Bracket attached
to a Force Sensor (ScienceWorkshop or
PASPORT), students can measure and
graphically display the impulse of Estes™ and
other model rocket engines. A perfect sup-
plement for rocketry studies. Accommodates
rocket engine sizes A, B, C and D.

For outdoor use only.

This set of magnetic bumpers can be used
with any PASCO Force Sensor to perform
This graph displays Newton’s Third Law
elastic collisions without any contact. The
during a “Tug of War” experiment.
bumpers screw directly into the beam of
the sensor. They can also be used with the
Force Bracket (above right).

Test
Bracket
Includes
Force Sensor............................. PS-2104 • Magnetic Bumper (2)
Recommended:
Force Bracket............................ ME-6622
Rocket Engine Test Magnetic
Bracket....................................... ME-6617 Bumper Set....................... ME-9885A Rocket Engine Test Bracket...........ME-6617

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 37

 Load Cells
Choice of Load Cell Amplifiers:
SENSORS

Load Cell Amplifier Dual Load Cell

(6 ports) Amplifier
PS-2198 PS-2205
PASPORT PASPORT

This Load Cell Amplifier can accommodate up to six load cells and This Amplifier is for applications where only one or two load cells are
only needs a single port on any PASCO interface to connect to the needed, such as measuring the force on the track at the top of a roller
USB port on a computer. This is useful for doing an extensive analysis coaster loop. If you only want to examine the forces in a bridge one
of a bridge by inserting six load cells at various points in the structure at a time, you can move a single load cell around in the bridge.
to see if theory matches reality.
The Amplifier accepts either the 100 N load cell or the 5 N load cell
The Amplifier accepts either the 100 N load cell or the 5 N load cell or or a combination of both. The maximum data sample rate is 1000 Hz
a combination of both. The maximum data sample rate is 500 Hz for for each port.
each port.

Use load cells to measure force

exerted on car at the top of the loop.
Display of the forces
measured using the
four load cells shown.

The top two numbers are the left

and right diagonals and the bottom
two numbers are the left and right
horizontal forces.

Shown in use with Physics

Shown in use with Structures Systems Truss Set (ME-6990). See page 149. Structures Set (ME-6989).
See page 138.
Includes
• Load Cell Amplifier
Includes
• 100 N Load Cell (4)
• Dual Load Cell Amplifier

Load Cell Amplifier (6 ports)...........................................PS-2198 Dual Load Cell Amplifier.................................................PS-2205

Required for Use: Required for Use:
Load Cell 100 N.................................................................PS-2200 Load Cell 100 N.................................................................PS-2200
Load Cell 5 N.....................................................................PS-2201 Load Cell 5 N.....................................................................PS-2201

Also Available
Also Available
Load Cell and Amplifier Set............................................PS-2199
Load Cell and Dual Amplifier Set..................................PS-2206

Set Includes Set Includes

• Load Cell Amplifier • Dual Load Cell Amplifier
• Load Cells 100 N (4) • Load Cell 100 N (1)
• Instruction manual

38 more information at pasco.com

 Load Cell/Displacement
Two ranges of load cells Measure support forces Measure bridge deflection

SENSORS
Load Cell Load Cell with a Force Platform with a Displacement Sensor
100 N 5N Force Platform Displacement Sensor
PS-2200 Also see the PS-2201 Structures Bracket PS-2204
new Wireless ME-6988A
Load Cell on The Displacement Sensor measures the
page 11. Measure the support forces of a crane by travel of a spring-loaded indicator pressed
connecting it to a Force Platform (PS-2141) against a bridge as the bridge is loaded. It
using the special Force Platform Structures consists of a PASPORT sensor that plugs
Load Cell 5 N Bracket (ME-6988A). The Force Platform is into the included Digital Indicator, a digital
supported by four individual load cells that travel indicator that has its own digital LED
combine to measure the total vertical force readout and can be used as a stand-alone
on the platform. These four readings can device. When the PASPORT sensor is
also be viewed separately to measure the plugged into an interface, the reading can
unequal forces on the crane supports. be recorded.

2 1/4”
Load Cell 100 N

Load cells are available in two different

ranges: ±100 N and ±5 N. Both types
of load cells can be used with the same
amplifier in any combination. The semi-
transparent case lets students see the
strain gauge and beam inside.
Tower Crane
(2.3 m tall)
built using the
Large Structures
Set (ME-7003),
see page 152.

Specifications
Maximum Travel: 10 mm
Maximum Sample Rate: 5 Hz
I-Beams key into the load cell and are fastened Resolution: 0.013 mm (0.0005 in)
with thumb screws.

Specifications (PS-2200)
Range: ±100 N
Accuracy: ±1% (±1 N) Includes
Force Platform (PS-2141)
Resolution: 0.02 N • Sensor
Safe Overload: ±150 N • Bracket
Includes
• Dial Gauge
Specifications (PS-2201) • Brackets (2)
Range: ±5 N • Screws (4)
Accuracy: ±1% (±0.05 N)
Resolution: 0.001 N Displacement
Sensor.................................PS-2204
Safe Overload: ±7.5 N
Force Platform Structures Shown in use with:
Bracket.............................. ME-6988A Hooked Mass Set..............SE-8759 p. 197
Shown in use with: Small “A” Base.................ME-8976 p. 186
100 N Load Cell...................... PS-2200 Force Platform.................. PS-2141 p. 40 Steel Rod 60 cm long
5 N Load Cell.......................... PS-2201 Large Structures Set....... ME-7003 p. 152 (threaded)...........................ME-8977 p. 186

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 Force Platform
Force Platform 2-Axis Force Platform
SENSORS

PS-2141 PS-2142
A Rugged design A Large jumping and
A Force overload protection landing surface
The 2-axis Force Platform has a second plate that rides on rollers on the
The sturdy glass-filled nylon platform is supported by four force base force platform to measure the force parallel to the platform. There
beams that combine to measure the total force on the platform. are a total of five force beams: four corner beams to measure the normal
The Force Platform has two loops on the side to hang it on a wall. force and a fifth beam to measure the parallel (sideways) force.
Typical Applications
A Measure the sideways force during a broad jump
A Measure the normal and parallel forces on a wall as a ladder leans
against the wall
A Measure the normal and parallel forces as a person walks or runs
across the platform
A Pull an object across the platform and measure the normal and
frictional forces

The normal and parallel

forces are recorded as the
girl jumps off the platform.

Impulse data for a bouncing playground ball.

Typical Applications
A Determine “hang time” by jumping up from the platform, then
landing on it
A Measure impulse and maximum force when jumping
A Use two Force Platforms to investigate Newton’s Third Law as
two students push against each other
A Measure the normal force on a person riding in an elevator
A Use a Motion Sensor and a bouncing ball to compare the impulse Specifications
and change in momentum as the ball collides with the platform Range: -1100 N to +4400 N
(in normal direction)
Specifications -1100 N to +1100 N
Range: -1100 N to +4400 N (in parallel direction)
Platform Size: 35 cm x 35 cm Platform Size: 35 cm x 35 cm
Zero (tare) Function: Push-button Platform Mass: 6.4 kg (without handles)
Force Overload Protection Zero (tare) Function: Push-button Developed in cooperation
Max Sample Rate: 1000 Hz (2000 Hz Force Overload Protection with Nancy Beverly, Associate
with the 850 Interface) Max Sample Rate: 1000 Hz Professor of Physics at Mercy
(2000 Hz with the 850 Interface) College, Dobbs Ferry, New York.
Resolution: 0.1 N
Mass: 4 kg (without handles) Resolution: 0.1 N

Force Platform.............................................................PS-2141 2-Axis Force Platform.................................................PS-2142

Recommended: Recommended:
Handle Set....................................................................PS-2548 Handle Set....................................................................PS-2548

Force Platform Handle Set Force Platform

PS-2548
By standing on a 2-Axis Force Platform Structures Bracket
Confirm Newton’s Third Law by while pushing against the wall with a ME-6988A
pushing on a Force Platform 1-Axis Force Platform, a real-life statics
using two sets of handles problem can be analyzed. See page 33.
(available separately). Handles
bolt onto the Force Platform Includes
and can be mounted on • Brackets (2)
either side or both sides.
• Screws (4)

Includes Force Platform Structures

Force Platform Handle Set........................ PS-2548 • 2 sturdy metal handles Bracket.............................. ME-6988A

40 more information at pasco.com

 Acceleration Sensors
Visual Accelerometer

SENSORS
PS-2128
PASPORT
A L EDs indicate direction and magnitude of acceleration
A 1-axis acceleration sensor
The Visual Accelerometer provides acceleration data and visual clues that allow
students to better understand the concept of acceleration. The sensor features 10 high
output, wide-angle LEDs that indicate the magnitude and direction of acceleration. The
case of the sensor fits directly into a dynamics cart, and features ties for pendulum
motion and a pass-through so the sensor can be thrown vertically along a rope.
The Visual Accelerometer features three fixed ranges, an auto-scale and a peak-hold
option. The peak-hold mode stores the maximum acceleration experienced by the sensor
after a countdown appears on the LEDs. The zero button on the sensor negates the
effect of changing the orientation of the sensor.
The Visual Accelerometer can also be used in stand-alone mode. While away from the For freefall studies, the
computer, the LEDs give students a meaningful, visual measurement of acceleration. bottom of the Visual
Accelerometer has a
Typical Applications Specifications channel that accepts a
A Real-time measurement of acceleration  1.0 m/s2, ±5.0 m/s2, ±20 m/s2
Ranges: ± cord or small rope.
during simple harmonic motion Accuracy: 0.2 m/s2
A Measure acceleration due to gravity Resolution: 0.01 m/s2
A Measure acceleration of a cart on an
Max Sample Rate: 100 Hz
inclined plane
A Discover the acceleration of an elevator
See page 104 for more applications. Includes
• Sensor extension cable (1)
• Three AA batteries

Visual Accelerometer................................................PS-2128

3-Axis Acceleration/Altimeter
PS-2136A PASPORT* Weight Lifting
During a bench press, the weight lifter accelerates and then decelerates
A 3-axis acceleration data to 500 Hz
the weights. The acceleration is zero at the top of the lift where the weights
A 16 g on each axis are held at rest. This graph shows the resultant acceleration calculated from all
A 10 cm resolution altitude data three axes, so the orientation of
Also see the the sensor does not affect the
This one acceleration sensor does it all! new Wireless measurement. The acceleration
Measure acceleration in all three dimensions, Accelerometer/ due to gravity has been
as well as changes in altitude. Altimeter on subtracted out.
Measure acceleration data up to 500 Hz. page 11.
Dynamic variable over-sampling automatically reduces
the measurement noise at slower sampling rates.

Typical Applications
A Attach to a dynamics cart for the study of Newton’s Laws.
A Investigate centripetal acceleration on a rotating platform
A Sports physics
A Roller coaster amusement park physics

Specifications
 cceleration for each axis: 16 g with 0.002 g resolution
A
10 cm altitude resolution
Acceleration readout: in g or m/s/s
Sample Rate:
Max sample rate for acceleration: 500 Hz
Max sample rate for acceleration with simultaneous altitude
data: 100 Hz
Max data rate for altitude: 20 samples/second 3-Axis Acceleration/Altimeter............................PS-2136A
Five Simultaneous Measurements: Shown in use with:
Acceleration in x, y and z axes, resultant acceleration and altitude. 550 Universal Interface........................................UI-5001 p. 28

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 41

 Smart Gate
Smart Gate... It’s four photogates in one!
SENSORS

PS-2180 PASPORT High Resolution

A  ual Photogate beams
D Photogate Tape
Also see the
ME-6666
A Laser switch new Wireless
A Photogate Tape Slot Smart Gate Flexible picket
on page 11. fence tape can be
A Daisy chain auxiliary cut to any length.
Photogate or Time-of-Flight
The Smart Gate has dual Photogate beams spaced at
1.5 cm to accurately measure speed. Built-in laser switch
(when used with any laser) allows you to time objects too
large to fit through the standard Photogate. Other features
include a slot for Photogate Tape and an auxiliary port for an
Slot for photogate tape
additional Photogate or the Time-of-Flight Accessory.

Auxiliary port for

Time-of-Flight or
other photogates

Direct measurement
of speed with single
Smart Gate

Connects directly to a PASPORT

interface.

Dual photogate beams

Includes
• Smart Gate
• Interface Cord

Laser switch

Smart Gate........................................................ PS-2180

Shine any laser onto Recommended:
the built-in receiver Time-of-Flight Accessory............................... ME-6810A p. 45
to time large objects. High Resolution Photogate Tape................... ME-6666 p. 44
Required:
PASPORT Interface
*See page 24 for the complete information about PASPORT and ScienceWorkshop sensors.

Smart Gate System Smart Gate Pulley System

PS-3701 PS-3702
Needs only one PASPORT The Super Pulley attaches directly to the Smart Gate, providing
connection. Photogate a simple, low-friction system to measure position, velocity and
daisy-chains to Smart Gate. acceleration. Additionally, with the pulley removed, the photogate
can be used to perform standard photogate experiments.
Includes (1 each) Includes (1 each)
• Smart Gate PS-2180 • Smart Gate PS-2180
• Photogate Head ME-9498A • Super Pulley ME-9450A
• Super Pulley Rod ME-8736

Smart Gate System..................................................... PS-3701 Smart Gate Pulley System......................... PS-3702

42 more information at pasco.com

 Smart Gate Accessories
The Photogates and Time-of-Flight Accessory on this page

SENSORS
plug directly into the auxiliary port on the Smart Gate.

Photogate Head Photogate/Pulley System

ME-9498A ME-6838A

Specifications Specifications
Photogate Width: 7.5 cm Pulley:
Rotational inertia: 1.8x10-6 kg m2;

Fall Time: < 50 ns
Coefficient of friction: <7x10-3;
Spatial Resolution: < 1 mm Diameter: 5 cm, Mass: 5.5 g
Timing Resolution: 0.1 millisecond Photogate:
Connector: Stereo phone plug Width: 7.5 cm; Fall time: < 50 ns;
Spatial resolution: < 1 mm
Timing Resolution: 0.1 millisecond
Connector: Stereo phone plug Includes
• Photogate Head
• Super Pulley with Rod
Photogate Head..................................................................ME-9498A
Recommended:
Photogate Stand.................................................................ME-9805 Photogate/Pulley System ......................................... ME-6838A

Accessory Photogate Photogate Pendulum Set

ME-9204B ME-8752
Includes both a Photogate Head The Photogate Pendulum Set is a unique set
and a Photogate Stand for flexible of pendulums that have exactly the same
experiment design. The Photogate shape and size, but different masses. These
Stand is also sold separately. pendulums are ideal for use with photogates
due to their cylindrical shape. One pendulum
each of brass, plastic, wood and aluminum is
included.

Photogate not included.

Accessory Photogate................................................. ME-9204B

Photogate Stand......................................................... ME-9805
Photogate Pendulum Set .......................................... ME-8752

Time-of-Flight
Accessory
ME-6810A
Photogate
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Typical Applications
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A F ind Time-of-Flight for a ball shot

from a Projectile Launcher
A Conduct freefall experiments
Time
t = 1.39 s Time-of-Flight Pad

The Time-of-Flight Accessory is designed primarily for freefall or

projectile experiments. When an object hits the plate, a signal is sent
to the interface. Note: When used with the Projectile Launcher, a
photogate is used to start the timer and the 20’ extension cable is
recommended. Time-of-Flight Accessory .................................................ME-6810A

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 43

 Photogates, Fences and Tape
The sensors on this page are digital sensors that plug directly into
SENSORS

ScienceWorkshop, 550, and 850 Universal Interfaces. To use the sensors

with a PASPORT interface, a Digital Adapter is required.
Photogates and Fences Large Picket Fence
ME-9471A ME-9377A
When used with the computer for data recording, display, and Conduct freefall experiments by dropping this
analysis, the photogate/pulley timing system can provide a wide Picket Fence through the PASCO Photogate.
range of time, speed, and velocity measurements. The photogates
The distance from the leading edge of each
mount to the dynamics track using the provided brackets. The
black bar to the leading edge of the next black
picket fences provided mount directly to the dynamics carts.
bar is 5.0 cm. The Picket Fence has eight black
bars and is 40 cm long.

Position and velocity graphs are

obtained using a Picket Fence
and Photogate.

Large Picket Fence..............................ME-9377A

Cart Picket Fences

(set of 2)
ME-9804

Cart Picket Fences (set of 2)..........................................ME-9804

Smart Timer Picket Fences

(set of 2)
ME-8933
See Smart Timer on
pages 120-121.

Includes Smart Timer Picket Fences (set of 2).................................ME-8933

• Photogate Heads (2) •S
 uper Pulley with attachment screw
(attaches Super Pulley to Photogate)
Photogate Tape (Hi Res)
• Photogate Brackets (2)
ME-6666
• Picket Fences (2) • Pulley Mounting Rod
Attach this tape to moving
objects to track their velocity.
This photogate tape slides
Photogates and Fences .......................................ME-9471A through the slot in the Smart
Gate or Wireless Smart Gate.
Individual Components:
The High Resolution Photogate
Photogate Head.....................................................ME-9498A p. 43 Tape has a distance of 1 cm
Photogate Brackets (2).........................................ME-9806 p. 112 between edges for more data
Cart Picket Fences (2)...........................................ME-9804 p. 112 points during high velocity or acceleration phenomena.
Super Pulley............................................................ME-9450A p. 145
Pulley Mounting Rod.............................................SA-9242 p. 145
High Resolution Photogate Tape........................... ME-6666
Required for use with SPARKlink Air or AirLink: Shown in use with:
Digital Adapter.......................................................PS-2159 p. 45 Smart Gate................................................................ PS-2180

44 more information at pasco.com

 Time-of-Flight and Adapters
The sensors on this page are digital sensors that plug directly into

SENSORS
ScienceWorkshop, 550, and 850 Universal Interfaces. To use the sensors
with a PASPORT interface, a Digital Adapter is required.
Time-of-Flight Accessory Freefall Adapter Digital Adapter
ME-6810A ME-9207B PS-2159
A Required for
counting and timing sensors
A Allows digital ScienceWorkshop
sensors to be used with
DESIGN PASPORT interfaces
The Digital Adapter is required when
photogates, timing and counting sensors
are used with any PASPORT interface. Each
Digital Adapter accommodates two sensors
When the steel ball is dropped from the at once. Each port on the Digital Adapter
release mechanism, the computer automatically detects a connection and
The Time-of-Flight Accessory has a new initiates a selection of pre-configured
rugged case. When an object hits the automatically starts timing.
When the ball hits or user-defined options. Several Digital
plate, a signal is sent to the interface Adapters can be used simultaneously
Note: When used with the Projectile the receptor pad,
timing stops. Timer when required. See next page for a list of
Launcher, a photogate is used to start counting/timing sensors that require
the timer and the 20’ extension cable is measurements of
“g” are accurate a Digital Adapter.
recommended.
and repeatable. Specifications and Special Features
2 µs resolution for counting and timing
Typical Applications
1 µs resolution for motion sensing
A F ind Time-of-Flight for a ball shot from Two 1/4” stereo phone jacks
a Projectile Launcher
A Conduct freefall experiments
Digital Adapter...........PS-2159

Photogate
Analog
Freefall Adapter ................ME-9207B
Adapter
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Required for use with SPARKlink Air or AirLink:

E.
–
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EN SES
GL FET
WE

IN
WH AS

Digital Adapter...................PS-2159 PS-2158

A Use your black ScienceWorkshop

Time
t = 1.39 s Time-of-Flight Pad
G-M Tube/Power Supply sensors with blue PASPORT
SN-7927A interfaces
A Ideal general purpose A No need to buy new sensors
nuclear sensor
Time-of-Flight Use an Analog Adapter to connect
Accessory .........................ME-6810A The G-M Tube/Power ScienceWorkshop sensors with an
Required for use with SPARKlink Air or AirLink: Supply senses alpha, beta, and gamma 8-pin or 5-pin DIN connector such as:
Digital Adapter..................PS-2159 radiation. Power for the tube is supplied • Colorimeter (CI-6747)
through the connection to an interface • Current (CI-6556)
that supplies an operating voltage of +5 V. • Force (CI-6537)
Phone Jack Specifications • Force, Economy (CI-6746)
Extender Sensitivity: Beta, gamma, alpha • Infrared (CI-6628)
Cable Count Detection: Audio signal
Window Thickness: 1.5 to 2 mg/cm2, mica
• Light (CI-6504A)
• Light, High-Sensitivity (CI-6604)
PI-8117 Gas Filling: Neon, argon, and halogen • Light, UVA (CI-9784)
Starting/Operating Voltage for Tube: • Magnetic Field (CI-6520A)
This six meter phone jack-to-phone jack 450 VDC/500 VDC • Pressure Sensor-Absolute (CI-6532A)
extension cord can be used with any Dead Time: 90 µs • Sound (CI-6506B)
Photogate/Timing accessory. • Temperature (CI-6605A)
• Temperature, HIgh Accuracy (CI-6525)
G-M Tube/Power Supply .. SN-7927A
Phone Jack Extender Cord Required for use with SPARKlink Air or AirLink:
(20’ cable).............................................PI-8117 Digital Adapter.................... PS-2159 Analog Adapter....................PS-2158

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 45

 Pressure
How to Select the Right Pressure Sensor for You
SENSORS

Part # Sensor Interface Purpose

CI-6532A Absolute Pressure 550/850 interfaces or • Higher sample rates up to 10 MHz (depends on interface)
legacy 500/750 interfaces • Measures up to 700 kPa
• Fast enough for Ratio of Specific Heats
PS-2107 Absolute Pressure Any PASPORT interface, • Measures up to 700 kPa
550, or 850 • Good for Absolute Zero experiment
PS-2181 Dual Pressure Any PASPORT interface, • Measures up to 200 kPa
550, or 850 • Maximum sample rate 1000 Hz
• Best for heat engine experiment
• Fast enough for Ratio of Specific Heats
PS-2164 Quad Pressure
Any PASPORT interface, • Measures up to 200 kPa
550, or 850 • Maximum sample rate 1000 Hz
• For Venturi experiments
PS-2146
Absolute Any PASPORT interface, • Measures up to 200 kPa
Pressure/Temp 550, or 850 • Maximum sample rate 100 Hz
• Excellent for Absolute Zero and Ideal Gas Law

Absolute Pressure Absolute Pressure

CI-6532A ScienceWorkshop PS-2107 PASPORT

A Measure absolute pressure up to seven atmospheres A Measure absolute pressure up to seven atmospheres
A Includes syringe for Gas Laws A Includes syringe for Gas Laws
A High sample rate

The Absolute Pressure Sensor measures the gas pressure in a The Absolute Pressure Sensor measures the gas pressure in a
container or the surroundings. Includes a 20 cc syringe and quick- container or the surroundings. Includes a 20 cc syringe and quick-
connect tubing for investigating the Gas Laws. The sensor’s wide connect tubing for investigating the Gas Laws. The sensor’s wide
range makes it an excellent general purpose pressure device. range makes it an excellent general purpose pressure device.
Typical Applications Typical Applications
A Measure chemical reaction rates A Measure chemical reaction rates
A Verify Gas Laws (Ideal, Charles’, Boyle’s) A Verify Gas Laws (Ideal, Charles’, Boyle’s)
A Study Vapor Pressure vs. Temperature A Study Vapor Pressure vs. Temperature

Specifications
Range: 0 to 700 kPa
Specifications Accuracy: ±2 kPa
Pressure Range: 0 to 700 kPa Resolution: 0.1 kPa
Reference Vacuum Pressure: 40 mTorr Maximum Sample Rate: 200 Hz
Number of Pressure Ports: One Repeatability: 1 kPa
Pin Configuration: 8-pin DIN plug on case
The Absolute Pressure Sensor is used in a
Maximum Sample Rate: Depends on interface Boyle’s Law experiment in which a syringe
is compressed.

Absolute Pressure Sensor...........................................CI-6532A Absolute Pressure Sensor...........................................PS-2107

46 more information at pasco.com

 Pressure
Dual Pressure General Flow Sensor

SENSORS
PS-2181 PASPORT PS-2222 General Flow Sensor only
PS-2225 General Flow Sensor with Venturi Tube
PS-2226 General Flow Sensor with Pitot Tube
PASPORT
The Dual Pressure sensor is capable of read-
ing two absolute pressures, one gauge pres- The General Flow Sensor determines fluid
velocity in air or water by measuring the
sure, or one differential pressure. Dynamic difference in pressure between the two
variable over-sampling automatically reduces input tubes. Either the Venturi Tube or
the measurement noise at low sampling the Pitot Tube must be connected to the
rates. Sample rates up to 1000 Hz make General Flow Sensor. The type of fluid (air
studies of both transient and steady-state or water) being used is selectable in the
pressure possible. Includes quick-connect software.
tubing.
Applications
Typical Application The Venturi Tube is used in a pipe network
A M
 easure pressure in Heat Engine
that carries water or air. The Pitot Tube is
used in an open water channel or in air.
Venturi
(TD-8572). See page 352. Tube
A Measure pressure drops in pipes Specifications ME-2220
Pressure Range: 0 to 50 kPa
Pressure Accuracy: ±2.5% of Full Scale The Venturi Tube is made of clear PVC so
(0 to 85ºC) the water can be seen flowing through it.
Resolution: 0.2% of Full Scale It has a constriction and two pressure ports
Venturi Range: 0 to 84 gpm (water); with tubing attached. The Venturi Tube is
connected to the General Flow Sensor by
0 to 773 gpm (air)
the matching couplers. The General Flow
Venturi Accuracy: ±2 gpm (water); Sensor measures the difference in fluid
±2.5 cf/min (air) pressure between the two different cross-
Pitot Range: 0 to 9.98 m/s (water); sectional areas and the software does a cal-
0 to 92.1 m/s (air) culation to convert this pressure difference
into a velocity or volumetric flow rate. The
Venturi Tube slip joints are designed to be
glued into any 3/4” PVC pipe network.

Pitot
Tube
ME-2221
Instrument your pipe network with the Pressure Taps
connected to the Dual Pressure Sensor (PS-2181).
See page 182.
Specifications
The Pitot Tube is designed to be placed in
Absolute Pressure: 0 to 200 kPa, 0.01 kPa
the air flow or water flowing in a channel.
resolution at 10 Hz and 1 kPa repeatability The General Flow Sensor, connected to
Differential Pressure: ±100 kPa, 0.01 kPa the Pitot Tube, measures the pressure
resolution at 10 Hz and 1 kPa repeatability difference between the fluid inlet and the
Maximum Sample Rate: 1000 Hz static side taps of the Pitot Tube and the
software calculates the fluid velocity from
the pressure difference.
Dual Pressure Sensor............. PS-2181
See page 182-183 for
more applications.
Pressure
Taps General Flow Sensor with Venturi Tube................................................PS-2225
ME-2224
General Flow Sensor with Pitot Tube.....................................................PS-2226
Required:
PASPORT Interface................................................................................................................ p. 30
PASCO Capstone Software................................................................................................... pp. 70-73
Also available separately:
General Flow Sensor without Probes................................................... PS-2222
Venturi Tube............................................................................................... ME-2220
Pressure Taps (set of 6).......... ME-2224 Pitot Tube................................................................................................... ME-2221

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 47

 Pressure/Temperature
Quad Pressure Absolute
SENSORS

PS-2164 PASPORT Pressure/Temperature

PS-2146 PASPORT

This combination sensor is specifically designed for use in studying

gas laws. The included thermistor temperature probe has both a fast
response and very low thermal mass.
The 4-port Quad Pressure sensor is capable of reading up to four Typical Applications
absolute pressures, or two gauge pressures, or two differential
pressures. Dynamic variable over-sampling automatically reduces the A E xtrapolate absolute zero
measurement noise at low sampling rates. Sample rates up to 1000 A Explore Gas Laws (Ideal, Charles’, Boyle’s)
Hz make studies of both transient and steady-state pressure possible.
Includes quick-connect tubing. Specifications
Pressure: 0 to 700 kPa with ±2 kPa accuracy, 0.1 kPa resolution and
Typical Application 1 kPa repeatability (displays pressure in kPa, N/m2, and psi)
A Study pressure through a fluid circuit Maximum Sample Rate: 100 Hz
Temperature with Included Fast Response Probe: -10 to 70°C
Specifications with ±0.5°C accuracy (displays Temperature in °C, K and °F)
Absolute Pressure: 0 to 200 kPa, 0.01 kPa resolution at 10 Hz and Sensor Extension Cable: Included
1 kPa repeatability (displays pressure in kPa, N/m2, and psi)
Differential Pressure: ±100 kPa, 0.01 kPa resolution at 10 Hz and
1 kPa repeatability (displays pressure in kPa, N/m2, and psi)
Maximum Sample Rate: 1000 Hz

Extrapolating Absolute Zero

The pressure at various points in a Venturi tube decreases as the water flow is
turned on. Pressure variability due to cross-sectional area and fluid friction are
readily seen in the data.
Measure pressure and
temperature of air in
the sphere.

Absolute Pressure/Temp Sensor ......................PS-2146

Recommended:
Quad Pressure Sensor ...................................PS-2164
Absolute Zero Sphere..........................................TD-8595 p. 206
Venturi Tube......................................................ME-2220 p. 47 Ideal Gas Law Apparatus....................................TD-8596A p. 206

48 more information at pasco.com

 Temperature
How to select the right Temperature Sensor/Probe

SENSORS
Part # Sensor Interface Purpose
CI-6605A Temperature 550/850 interfaces or • Higher sample rates: maximum depends on the probe
legacy 500/750 interfaces • General purpose for water/air from freezing to boiling
PS-2125 Temperature Any PASPORT interface, • Maximum sample rate 10 Hz
550, or 850 • General purpose for water/air from freezing to boiling
PS-2143 Quad Temperature Any PASPORT interface, • Use for measuring up to four temperatures at once
550, or 850 (different depths in water as it is cooled to freezing)
Temperature probes available for the above sensors CI-6605A, PS-2125, PS-2143:
PS-2135 Fast Response • Small mass changes temperature quickly
Temperature Probe • For calorimetry
PS-2131 Surface
Temperature Probe • Attaches to skin or surfaces

PS-2153
Stainless Steel • Sturdy for mixing
Probe • -35°C to +135°C
• More mass means it changes temperature more slowly
PS-2197 Non-Contact Any PASPORT interface, • -70°C to 380°C
Temperature 550, or 850 • Measure radiation from surfaces without touching
PS-2134 Type K Any PASPORT interface, • -200°C to +1,000°C
Temperature 550, or 850 • Measure temperature of liquid nitrogen and flames

Temperature Temperature
CI-6605A ScienceWorkshop PS-2125 PASPORT Also see the
new Wireless
A Rugged sensor Temperature
Link on
page 12.

PASCO’s Stainless Steel Temperature Sensor

offers a superior range, resolution and
accuracy. It reports temperature (in °C, °F,
or K) whether it is immersed in liquids, held
in the air, or touching a solid surface.
Typical Applications
A C onduct general temperature experiments
PASCO’s Stainless Steel Temperature Sensor
A Measure rapid temperature changes found
offers a superior range, resolution and
accuracy. in endothermic-exothermic reactions
A Conduct environmental studies

Specifications Specifications
Temperature Range: -35°C to +135°C Range: -35°C to +135°C
Accuracy: ±0.5°C Accuracy: ±0.5°C Capstone graph showing the temperature inside
Resolution: 0.0025°C a parked car on a summer day. We turned on the
Resolution: 0.05°C
Maximum Sample Rate: 10 Hz air conditioning when we drove to lunch.
Pin Configuration: 8-pin DIN plug
Displays: °C, K and °F
Repeatability: 0.1°C

Temperature Sensor........................ CI-6605A Temperature Sensor........................ PS-2125

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 49

 Temperature
Quad Temperature Temperature Probes
SENSORS

PS-2143 PASPORT*
Skin/Surface Temperature*
PS-2131

A Flat
 sensing element ideal
for surfaces
A Quickly reaches equilibrium
temperature with surface

Range: -10 to +70°C

Make a temperature profile of the

Connect up to four Temperature Probes for an experiment. Use human hand.
with any combination of Stainless Steel, Fast Response or Skin/
Surface Temperature probes for a wider variety of temperature
measurements in the classroom or in the field.

Skin/Surface Temperature Probe*...................................PS-2131

Typical Applications
A  hermal heat flow (one or two dimension)
T
A Comparative body temperatures
A Side-by-side chemical reactions Fast Response Temperature Probe* (3 pack)
A Solar radiation PS-2135
A Properties of insulation
A Accurately measures temperature
changes in real time
A Ideal for small or hard-to-reach spaces
A Includes 10 Adhesive Patches
A Adhesive patches hold the
Temperature Probe in place.

Range: -30 to +105°C

Fast Response Temperature Probe* (3 pack).................PS-2135

Four Fast Response Temperature Probes were used to study the temperature Stainless Steel Temperature Probe*
in a glass of water at four different levels as the water was cooled. PS-2153

Specifications Range: -35 to +135°C

Accuracy: -35 to +135°C at ±0.5°C
Displays: °C, K and °F
Resolution: 0.0025°C
Maximum Sample Rate: 100 Hz Stainless Steel Temperature Probe*..................... PS-2153

Includes *All of the probes above require one of the following temperature sensors:
• Two Stainless Steel Temperature Probes (PS-2153)
Temperature Sensor................................................. PS-2125 p. 49
• Three Fast Response Probes
Quad Temperature
Sensor......................................................................... PS-2143 p. 50

Quad Temperature Sensor.................................................PS-2143 Temperature............................................................... CI-6605A p. 49

50 more information at pasco.com

 Temperature
Non-Contact Temperature Type K Temperature

SENSORS
PS-2197 PASPORT PS-2134 PASPORT

A Non-contact A Extra-long probe

A -70°C to 380°C

The Non-Contact Temperature Sensor measures surface

temperature by detecting the emitted infrared light. Record
the temperature of objects without touching them!

The PS-2134 is a single channel sensor that uses the same Type K
Typical Applications thermocouple probe as the PS-2127 shown on this page.
A Compare temperature of hands, skin, face and clothes Includes one Type K Thermocouple.
A Measure the temperature of different outdoor ground surfaces
A Map the temperature profile of an exterior wall Typical Applications
A Measure temperatures down to -200°C
Specifications A Measure temperatures in hard-to-reach places
Range: -70°C to 380°C
Accuracy: ±0.5°C A Use in high temperature applications where the
narrow tip of the probe can be applied without
Response Time: Less than 0.1 s
burning the insulation cover (such as a candle
Maximum Sample Rate: 200 Hz flame)
Field of View: ±35°

Specifications
Temperature Range: -200°C to +1000°C
Maximum Sample Rate: 10 Hz
Accuracy: ±
 3ºC or 3%, whichever
is greater

The student measures the late-morning ground temperature over four distinct
surfaces. Starting in the shade under the distant tree, she then crosses bare dirt
The Type K Temperature Sensor can be used to measure the temperature
(in sun), a rock border, pavement, and lawn.
of a flame. Works with any industry standard Type K thermocouple.

Non-Contact Temperature Sensor......................... PS-2197 Type K Temperature Sensor ...........................................PS-2134

Shown in use with: Replacement Supply:
PASCO Capstone Software............... pp. 70-73 Type K Thermocouple.......................................................PS-2155

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 51

 Light
How to Select the Right Light Sensor for You
SENSORS

Part # Sensor Interface Purpose

CI-6504A Light 550/850 interfaces or • Higher sample rates up to 10 MHz (depends on interface)
legacy 500/750 interfaces • Good for measuring the AC fluctuation of fluorescent
and incandescent light bulbs
CI-6604 High Sensitivity 550/850 interfaces or • Higher sample rates up to 10 MHz (depends on interface)
legacy 500/750 interfaces • Good for diffraction and atomic spectra
PS-2176 High Sensitivity Any PASPORT interface, • Great dynamic range
550, or 850 • Good for diffraction and atomic spectra
• Less noise at slower sample rate
PS-2148 Infrared Any PASPORT interface, • For a lower price, use PS-3213 and get more functionality
550, or 850
PS-2150 Broad Spectrum Any PASPORT interface, • 300 to 10,000 nm range
550, or 850 • Required for the blackbody experiment

Light High Sensitivity Light

CI-6504A CI-6604
ScienceWorkshop ScienceWorkshop

Typical Applications
A S pectrophotometry
A Interference and diffraction patterns
A Measure light intensity vs. distance

Typical Applications
A Compare light intensity vs. distance
A Study interference/diffraction/polarization
A M
 easure relative light intensities
in daylight Helium spectrum
recorded using the
A Monitor a solar eclipse High Sensitivity
Light Sensor and the
OS-8539 Educational
Spectrophotometer
Specifications System.
Sensing Element: Si PIN photodiode
Spectral Response: 320 nm to 1100 nm
Specifications
Gain Levels: 1
 00x, 10x, 1x, switch-selectable
Sensing Element: Si PIN photodiode
Output Voltage: 0 V to 5 V
Spectral Response: 320 nm to 1100 nm
Pin Configuration: 5
 -pin DIN plug on case
Gain Levels: 100x, 10x, 1x, switch-selectable
Maximum Light Intensity Levels (lux):
Output Voltage: 0 V to 5 V
Gain Setting: 1x 10x 100x
Pin Configuration: 8
 -pin DIN plug on case
Approximate Lux: 500 50 5
Maximum Light Intensity Levels (lux):
Gain Setting: 1x 10x 100x
Approximate Lux: 5 0.5 0.05

Light Sensor..................................................................... CI-6504A High Sensitivity Light Sensor.............................................CI-6604

52 more information at pasco.com

 Light
High Sensitivity Light Infrared Light Broad Spectrum Light

SENSORS
PS-2176 PASPORT PS-2148 PS-2150 PASPORT
A 
Ideal for low light experiments PASPORT A For use with Spectrophotometer
A Ideal for Black Body Spectrum

The High Sensitivity Light Sensor is designed

to perform visible light studies from low
intensity spectral studies to daylight. Built- A For heat studies The Broad Spectrum Light Sensor is
in automatic variable oversampling reduces designed specifically for use with our
noise. The Infrared Light Sensor is sensitive in Educational Spectrophotometer System
the infrared portion (up to 40,000 nm) of OS-8539 and Prism Spectrophotometer
Typical Applications the spectrum, but also detects the visible Accessory OS-8543 for Black Body experi-
A S pectrophotometry spectrum. It can detect the radiation from ments. The Broad Spectrum Light Sensor
A Interference and diffraction patterns a person’s hand. The response is linear uses a thermopile and window combination
A Measure light intensity vs. distance over its entire frequency range. that respond to both the near infrared and
Specifications visible light necessary for the Black Body
Typical Applications experiment.
Sensing Element: Si PIN photodiode A Measure black body radiance
Spectral Response: 320 nm to 1100 nm A Perform Leslie’s Cube experiments Typical Applications
Gain Levels: 10,000x, 100x, 1x,
A M easure solar radiance A Black Body Experiment
switch selectable
Approximate Lux Ranges: 0 to 1, 0 to 100, A Evaluate heat flow into or out of
the sensor
Specifications
0 to 10,000
Sensing Element: BaF2 window, xenon gas-
Maximum Sample Rate: 1000 Hz A Simulate a non-contact temperature
filled thermopile
Resolution: ±0.01 Lux at 1000 Hz on sensor
Spectral Response: 300 to 10,000 nm
0 to 100 scale; ±0.0005 Lux at 5 Hz on
0 to 100 scale Maximum Sample Rate: 100 Hz
Specifications
Measure intensity in Watts/Meter
Maximum Sample Rate: 100 Hz
Spectral Response: 580 to 40,000 nm
Built-in Thermistor to measure temperature
of the “cold” side of the thermopile in
°C, °F or K

The classic textbook diagram of the intensity versus

wavelength blackbody curves can be produced with
Computer scan of a single-slit and double-slit having real data. In this graph, the peak wavelength in the
the same slit width. blackbody curve shifts as the source temperature is
lowered. See page 290.

High Sensitivity Broad Spectrum

Light Sensor................................ PS-2176 Infrared Light Sensor ................ PS-2148 Light Sensor .........................PS-2150

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 53

 Voltage/Current
How to Select the Right Voltage and Current Sensor for You:
SENSORS

Part # Sensor Interface Purpose

UI-5100/ Voltage
UI-5110 550/850 interfaces or • Higher sample rates up to 10 MHz (depends on interface)
CI-6556 Current legacy 500/750 interfaces
UI-5100/ Voltage
UI-5110 550/850 interfaces or • Higher sample rates up to 10 MHz (depends on interface)
PS-2184 Current Probe legacy 500/750 interfaces • Ideal for LRC circuits
PS-2115 Voltage/Current Any PASPORT interface, • Gives voltage and current in one sensor. However,
550, or 850 sample rate is limited to 1000 Hz so is not the best for
high frequency circuits.
PS-2193 High Current Any PASPORT interface, • Use when you need to measure high currents.
550, or 850 • Limited to 1000 Hz.
PS-2160 Galvanometer Any PASPORT interface, • Use when you need to measure small currents or voltages.
550, or 850 • Limited to 1000 Hz.

For ScienceWorkshop 500 or 750 Interfaces:

Voltage Current
UI-5100 ScienceWorkshop CI-6556 ScienceWorkshop
UI-5110 (Shrouded) ScienceWorkshop

A For use with 500, 750, 850 and 550 interfaces A 1 Ω sensing resistor
A Standard banana plugs and alligator clips A High sample rates

UI-5100

UI-5110 (Shrouded) The Current Sensor determines the current

through it by measuring the voltage across
This voltage sensor plugs into any analog Similar to the UI-5100 shown at left, but the internal 1.00 Ω resistor. Up to 1.5 A can
channel on a ScienceWorkshop Interface, has shrouded banana jacks and shrouded be measured.
the 850 Universal Interface, and the 550 alligator clips.
Universal Interface. The voltage range and Specifications
frequency response depend on the interface. Maximum Current Input: 1.5 A*
When the voltage sensor is plugged into
either the 550 or 850 Universal Interface, Maximum Differential Voltage: 1.5 V*
the sensor is automatically recognized. Maximum Common Mode Voltage: 10 V
Resolution: 5 mA (1X gain), 0.5 mA
Specifications *DC or AC RMS (root mean square)
Voltage Range: ±20 V AC/DC (850 interface)
±10 V AC/DC (other than 850)
Pin Configuration: 8-pin DIN plug Voltage Sensor.........................UI-5100
Probe ends are standard banana plugs. Voltage Sensor
Two alligator clip adapters included. (Shrouded)................................UI-5110 Current Sensor.........................CI-6556

54 more information at pasco.com

 Voltage/Current
For 550/850 Interfaces and for High Speed Sampling:

SENSORS
Voltage Sensor UI-5100/UI-5110
Current Probe PS-2184
When you’re measuring voltage and current in AC circuits and need to
sample fast, these sensors can sample as fast as 10 MHz on an 850 Universal
Interface and up to 2 MHz on a 550 Universal Interface. The Voltage Sensors
plug into the analog ports of these interfaces. The Current Probe is attached
to the Voltage Sensor to measure the voltage drop across a precision 0.10 Ω
resistor and outputs the resultant current calculation.
Since the 850 Interface analog gain can be set to x1000, very small currents
(0.024 mA resolution) can be read with the Current Probe.
The 850 Universal Interface can measure at a rate of 10 MHz
on two channels simultaneously; 1 MHz on three or four
channels simultaneously. The 550 Universal Interface
has a maximum sample rate of 2 MHz on one
channel; 1 MHz on two channels simultaneously.

The high speed of the 850 Universal Interface, in scope mode, allows the examination
of time varying voltages in an RC circuit to verify that Kirchhoff’s loop theorem holds
even when voltage is not constant.

Voltage Current Probe

UI-5100 ScienceWorkshop UI-5110 (Shrouded) ScienceWorkshop PS-2184
A For use with 500, 750, 850 and 550 interfaces
A Standard banana plugs and alligator clips

Current Current
UI-5100

Current Voltage
Probe Sensor
(not included)

This voltage sensor plugs into any analog The PS-2184 attaches to any PASCO voltage
channel on a ScienceWorkshop Interface, UI-5110 (Shrouded) sensor to allow the measurement of current
the 850 Universal Interface, and the 550 between -4 A and +4 A. The probe contains
Universal Interface. The voltage range and Similar to the UI-5100 shown at left, a precision 0.10 ohm resistor and allows the
frequency response depend on the interface. but has shrouded banana jacks and precise measurement of the voltage drop
When the voltage sensor is plugged into shrouded alligator clips. across the resistor.
either the 550 or 850 Universal Interface,
the sensor is automatically recognized. Specifications
Resistor: 0.10 Ohm, 3.0 W, 1.0%
Specifications
Maximum Current: 4 A
Voltage Range: ±20 V AC/DC (850 interface)
Maximum Voltage Without Damage: 30 V
±10 V AC/DC (other than 850)
Terminals: 4
 mm Banana Jacks
Pin Configuration: 8-pin DIN plug Voltage Sensor.........................UI-5100
Probe ends are standard banana plugs. Maximum Sample Rate: Depends on interface
Voltage Sensor
Two alligator clip adapters included. (Shrouded)................................UI-5110
See page 22 for the complete information about PASPORT and ScienceWorkshop sensors. Current Probe........................ PS-2184

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 55

 Voltage/Current
Voltage/Current High Current
SENSORS

Also see the

PS-2115 PASPORT Wireless Current PS-2193 PASPORT
and Voltage A 10 Amp
Sensors on
page 14. A Over-current LED

The High Current Sensor has a low (0.01 Ω) resistance sensing

element, can measure up to 10 A, and has an LED over-current
The Voltage/Current Sensor combines both sensors in one case. indicator. Dynamic variable over-sampling greatly reduces the
This multi-measure probe uses only one connection so a single measurement noise at low sample rates.
AirLink can be used. With overload protection, audible overload
notification and automatic reset this sensor provides an ideal Specifications
student measurement tool.
Current Range: ±10 A, resolution of 0.5 mA
Typical Applications Sensing Element Series Resistance: 0.01 Ω
A Study circuit properties for both series and parallel electrical circuits Maximum Common Mode Voltage: 10 V
A S
 tudy the relationship of voltage and current in series-parallel Maximum Continuous Current Without Damage: 12 A
circuits (Ohm’s Law) Maximum Continuous Overvoltage Without Damage: ±40 V
A Measure power used by an electrical device (P = I * V) Maximum Sample Rate: 1000 samples/second
A Measure resistance of any circuit element (R = V / I)

The capacitor is charged with a power supply to 10 volts, and then discharged
through the Air Core Solenoid. The graph of the data shows the effect of the coil’s
inductance on the rise time of the current.

Capacitor voltage is shown as it is charged and discharged. The lower graph shows
current through the series RC Circuit.

Specifications
Voltage Range: ±10 V, resolution of 0.005 volts
Current Range: ±1 A, resolution of 0.5 mA
Current Channel Series Resistance: 0.6 ohms,
< 0.9 ohms at room temperature
Maximum Common Mode Voltage: 10 V
Maximum Sample Rate: 1000 samples/sec
Voltage Input Impedance: 2
 MΩ

High Current Sensor.............................................PS-2193

Shown in use with:
Voltage/Current Sensor.................................................PS-2115 Capacitor (0.025 F) 2 pack...................................EM-8632 p. 227
Recommended: Switch Set (SPST) 6 pack ..................................EM-8815 p. 228
Alligator Clip Adapters (set of 10)..................................EM-8634 Air Core Solenoid..................................................SE-7585 p. 236

56 more information at pasco.com

 Galvanometer/Magnetic Field
Galvanometer Magnetic Field

SENSORS
Also see the
PS-2160 PASPORT PS-2112 new Wireless
PASPORT 3-Axis Magnetic
Field Sensor on
page 13.

The Magnetic Field Sensor provides magnetic field measurement

in a compact package. The sensor at the tip of the probe measures
magnetic field strength along the axis of the probe.
The Galvanometer Sensor is designed to measure small voltages Typical Applications
with high resolution. Dynamic variable over-sampling greatly reduces
A  tudy the field strength of bar magnets and electromagnets
S
the measurement noise at low sampling rates. Shunt resistors are
included to allow measurement of current. A Understand the field strength of a solenoid
A Measure the field strength of a Helmholtz coil
Specifications
Voltage Range: ±2000 mV, resolution of 0.1 mV Specifications
Maximum Sample Rate: Range: ±1000 gauss
5000 Hz with the 850 and 550 Accuracy: ±3 gauss or 5% of reading, whichever is greater at 25°C
(after four minute warm-up)
1000 Hz with other interfaces
Resolution: 0.1 gauss (0.01% full-scale)
Input Impedance: 1
 MΩ Maximum Sample Rate: 20 Hz
Repeatability: 0.05%

As the magnet is
removed from the
coil, a voltage
is induced in the
coil. The graph
shows both the
sudden decrease
in magnetic field,
as well as the
voltage curve
using a Voltage/
Current Sensor.

Galvanometer Sensor can measure the voltage drop across a short piece of wire.
A linear fit of voltage versus current yields the resistance of 0.0093 Ω for the wire.

By using a shunt resistor, the Galvanometer

Sensor can be used to measure current.

Includes
• BNC-to-banana plug cable
• BNC-to-banana jack adapter
• 0.1 Ω and 10 Ω resistors
Shown with:
SPARKlink Air (PS-2011), Coil (3200 turn; SF-8613), Bar Magnet (EM-8620),
and Voltage/Current Sensor (PS-2115).
Galvanometer Sensor........................................................ PS-2160
Recommended:
Alligator Clip Leads (set of 10)........................................... EM-8634 Magnetic Field Sensor (Digital).........................................PS-2112

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 57

 Magnetic Field
Magnetic Field 2-Axis Magnetic Field
SENSORS

Also see the

CI-6520A ScienceWorkshop new Wireless PS-2162
3-Axis Magnetic PASPORT
Field Sensor on
page 13.
A Measures radial and axial fields
A Tare button
Measure radial and axial fields simultaneously. Dynamic variable
A M easures radial or axial fields over-sampling greatly reduces noise at low sample rates.
A High sample rate Typical Applications
A Measure Earth’s magnetic field.
PASCO’s Magnetic Field Sensor is sensitive enough to detect
A Measure magnetic field (magnitude and direction from a coil
Earth’s magnetic field.
or a bar magnet).
Its application in the physics lab includes measuring and plotting
fields in single or Helmholtz coils, solenoids, electromagnets and Specifications
magnets.
Range: ±1000 gauss
Features Accuracy: 5% of reading at 25°C (after four minute warm-up and
Tare using Zero Gauss Chamber)
A Measures radial or axial fields: Two switch-selectable Hall Effect
Resolution: 0.01 gauss at 10 Hz
sensors measure either radial or axial fields.
Maximum Sample Rate: 1000 Hz
A T  are button: Zeroing or nulling out existing fields is accomplished
by pushing the Tare button. Repeatability: 0.05%
A Three switchable ranges of sensitivity: Full scale ranges of 10, Includes
100 and 1,000 gauss. Measurements from Earth’s magnetic field • Sensor handle
to strong magnets. • Sensor extension cable
A 7.5 cm probe: Sensors are mounted at the end of a fully
Shown with:
encapsulated 7.5 cm long probe. Rotary Motion Sensor
(PS-2120), Linear Motion
Accessory (CI-6688A),
Specifications Field Coil (EM-6711).
Sensitivity:
±10 gauss, 50 mG resolution;
±100 gauss, 50 mG resolution;
±1000 gauss, 500 mG resolution
Measurement Modes: Axial and Radial
Probe Length: 7.5 cm
Pin Configuration: 8-Pin DIN plug on case

Magnetic Field Sensor .......................................................CI-6520A

Recommended:
Zero Gauss Chamber...........................................................EM-8652

Magnetic field is measured

Zero Gauss Chamber from the center out to twice
EM-8652 the radius of the coil. The
angle of the resultant field
is calculated.

This double-walled, high permeability metal chamber produces a zero

gauss field within the chamber. By placing the Magnetic Field Sensor
probe into the chamber and pushing the “Tare” button, the sensor
may be zeroed. Highly recommended for measurement of Earth’s
magnetic field.
2-Axis Magnetic Field Sensor........................... PS-2162
Recommended:
Zero Gauss Chamber........................................... EM-8652
Zero Gauss Chamber........................................................... EM-8652 Linear Accessory Kit........................................... CI-6688A p. 33

58 more information at pasco.com

 Charge and General Science
Charge Basic Electrometer General Science Sensor

SENSORS
PS-2132 PASPORT ES-9078A PS-2168 PASPORT
A For
 550/850 and ScienceWorkshop
Interfaces
A Ideal for
Direct Polarity Indication
electrostatics Centered zero scale shows both
positive and negative charges.
The Charge Sensor is designed for
experiments in electrostatics such as Signal Output
inductive charging, charge production/ To computer Simultaneously measure temperature, light,
interface.
distribution, and charge on a capacitor. The sound level, and voltage. Great for a variety
sensor features automatic scaling, eliminating of general science explorations.
the need for a gain switch. Designed with
highly efficient input over-voltage protection, Specifications
the Charge Sensor is virtually “blow-out” Temperature*: – 35°C to +135°C; ±0.5°C
proof and will provide many years of use Digital
in the student lab. Readout *Range is probe dependent.
Light: 3 user-selectable light ranges:
When used with the Faraday Ice Pail, the Zero 0 to 100; 0 to 10,000;
Charge Sensor can measure the total charge
on an object by the induction method.
Button 0 to 150,000 Lux
Range Sound Level: 50 to 100 dbA
The Charge Sensor can also be used as Connector
a high impedance voltmeter (1012 Ω). It Indicator for Shielded Voltage: ±24 V
includes a 0.9 m shielded cable with alligator LEDs Input Cable Voltage Protection: up to 240 V
clips to eliminate stray fields. On/Off Switch Maximum Sample Rate: 200 Hz
Grounding Jack
Typical Applications Range Adjustment Switch
A Measure charge by induction Adjust the sensitivity to match the experiment.
A Quantify the charge on a capacitor plate
A Discover the charge distribution on a The PASCO Basic Electrometer is a
conducting sphere quantitative electroscope, measuring the
polarity and magnitude of charged objects.
Specifications With almost infinite input resistance
Charge Range: ±0.1 μC (1014 ohm), the Electrometer is a high-
Voltage Range: ±10 V impedance voltmeter, draining almost no
Input Resistance: 1012 Ω charge from the object it is measuring.
Sensor has three selectable ranges for low, indoor,
Maximum Input Voltage: 150 V and outdoor measurements.
Maximum Sample Rate: 100 Hz Features
Input Connector: BNC A Center-Zero Meter: Polarity is indicated
Input Cable: 0.9 m length; shielded with directly. Includes
alligator termination A 3, 10, 30, and 100 VDC Switch-Selectable • Stainless Steel Temperature Probe
Ranges: LED lamps indicate the range in use. • Voltage Probe
A Zeroing Switch: For removing all charge from
the input and bringing the meter to zero.
A Automatic Shutoff: Unit turns off about three
hours after being used. General Science
A Output compatible with the 850 Sensor ........................PS-2168
Universal Interface and ScienceWorkshop Recommended:
Interfaces: For recording data or producing a Charge/Discharge
demonstration-sized meter display. Circuit..........................EM-8678A p. 221
The Charge Sensor measures equal yet
A Battery Operation: Uses four “AA” cells
opposite charge on two objects.
(included). Range indicator lights flash when
batteries need to be replaced.

Includes
• Shielded input cable to connect the
Electrometer to the Faraday Ice Pail or
other source of charge
• Grounding cable with clip
• Interface cable
• Instruction and experiment manual
Charge Sensor........... PS-2132
Recommended:
Faraday Ice Pail........ ES-9042A p. 215 Basic Electrometer............ES-9078A

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 59

 Sound/Nuclear
Sound Level Sound G-M Tube/Power Supply
SENSORS

PS-2109 UI-5101 SN-7927A

PASPORT ScienceWorkshop A Ideal general purpose
nuclear sensor

The Sound Level Sensor is designed to

measure the intensity level of sound
sources within proximity to the sensor.
The sensor features three range switches A Measures sound
to match the intensity range of the waveform
measured phenomena.
A Auxiliary microphone
The sensor measures sound level in both on wire The G-M Tube/Power Supply senses alpha,
the dBA and dBC scales. The dBC scale beta and gamma radiation. Power for the
The Sound Sensor houses a sensitive
includes all frequencies incident on the tube is supplied through the connection
microphone designed to display audio
Sound Level Sensor, whereas the dBA to an interface that supplies an operating
waveforms of sound levels between
scale filters out some frequen- voltage of +5 V.
45 and 100 dB.
cies to more closely match
the frequency response of Typical Applications Specifications
the human ear. Sensitivity: Beta, Gamma, Alpha
A Measure basic sound intensity
The sensor also reports Count Detection: Audio signal
a measurement of sound A Measure speed of sound measurement
intensity in μW/m2, which A Measure beats Window Thickness: 1.5 to 2 mg/cm2, mica
is calculated from the Gas Filling: Neon, Argon and Halogen
A Study the doppler effect
dBC measurement of Starting/Operating Voltage for tube:
the sound level. A Conduct voice studies
450 VDC/500 VDC
A Learn musical instrument overtones Dead Time: 90 µs
Specifications
Frequency Response: 20 to 9,000 Hz
Decibel Range: 45 to >100 dB
Signal-to-Noise Ratio: < 60 dB
Amplification: Two stages condition
low-level signals
Pin Configuration: 8-pin DIN plug on case
Sensor ID: Auto-identification on 550/850
Interfaces

The number of counts per

time interval drops off as
the distance between the
detector and the radioactive
source is increased.
Graph shows sound level from a loud whistle in both
intensity (µWatts/m2) and in decibels. Notice the The G-M Sensor can be
difference in scales. attached directly to the rack
on a Rotary Motion Sensor
The included auxiliary microphone can be used to measure (real-time) the
Typical Applications to probe a resonance tube. count rate as a function of
A Explore sound levels outside the classroom distance from the source.
A Discover the logarithmic relationship
between sound level and sound intensity

Specifications
Range: Sound Level Intensity
30 dB to 70 dB; 10-3 μW/m2 to 10 μW/m2
50 dB to 90 dB; 1 μW/m2 to 1000 μW/m2
 0 dB to 110 dB; 10 μW/m2 to
7
10,000 μW/m2 Includes
Max Sample Rate: 20 Hz • Sound Sensor
Accuracy: ±2 dB at 94 dB (1000 Hz) • Auxiliary microphone on wire (1.4 m long)
Resolution: 0.1 dB G-M Tube/Power
Sound Sensor.......................... UI-5101 Supply.......................... SN-7927A
Replacement: Required for use with SPARKlink Air or AirLink:
Sound Level Sensor........... PS-2109 Auxiliary Microphone............. UI-5102 Digital Adapter........... PS-2159 p. 45

60 more information at pasco.com

 Biomechanics
Human Arm Model Goniometer

SENSORS
PS-2611 PS-2137 PASPORT
PASPORT A A ccurately measures
joint movements
A Flexible mounting
options

The Human Arm Model simulates the muscles and motion of an PASCO’s Goniometer helps students better understand physics
actual human arm. To activate the arm motion, students pull on the because they use their bodies as the experimental apparatus. The
cord with a Force Sensor. Changes in position are measured at the Goniometer can be connected to the knee, hip, or elbow joints to
shoulder and elbow using the two built-in potentiometers plugged measure angle changes during a variety of movements. Measure the
into one Angle Sensor (PS-2139), included with PS-2611. angular position, velocity, and acceleration for the arm or leg.
Different arm muscles are activated depending on which pulleys are The PS-2137 includes one Angle Sensor (PS-2139) and one
selected. Static force measurements can also be made to see how Goniometer Probe with Velcro® connection kit. To measure the
the muscle tension changes at various arm positions. motion of two joints simultaneously, simply purchase another
Goniometer Probe.
Specifications
Range: 0 to 120º
Accuracy: 2% of measurement
Resolution: 0.25º
Maximum Sample Rate: 500 Hz

Position and velocity of knee

joint while running

Angles and Forces During Extension: The upper graph shows the angles of the
elbow (violet trace) and the shoulder (blue) as the arm is extended as shown in the
picture below. Shown in the lower graph, the bicep tension (red) has little change at
first and then rises sharply as the arm reaches out, while the tricep tension (green)
rises steadily.

See page 139 for more

information.

Developed in cooperation with Nancy Beverly,

Assistant Professor of Physics at Mercy College,
Dobbs Ferry, New York.

Goniometer Sensor .............................................................PS-2137

Recommended:
Additional
Goniometer Probe................................................................PS-2138

Angle Sensor
Includes PS-2139 PASPORT
• Human Arm Model
• Angle Sensor PS-2139
The Angle Sensor measures angle by measuring resistance.
It has two ports to accept two Goniometers (PS-2137) or the two
probes in the joints of the Human Arm (PS-2611).
Human Arm Model........................................................ PS-2611
Required for force measurement:
Wireless Force Acceleration Sensor (2).................. PS-3202 p. 11 Angle Sensor ........................................................PS-2139

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 61

 Physiology
EKG Spirometer Breath Rate
SENSORS

Also see the

PS-2111 PASPORT PS-2152 PS-2187 new Wireless
PASPORT PASPORT Blood Pressure
Sensor on
AW
 orks while page 17.
exercising
The EKG Sensor measures electrical signals
produced by the heart. As cardiac muscle
depolarization and repolarization occur, the
EKG trace graphically illustrates the beating
of the heart. The sensor comes with 100 self-
adhesive conductive patches that are easily
removed from the skin after use.
With our Spirometer Sensor students can
measure airflow, duration, and lung volume.
Typical Applications Disposable mouth pieces are included for
The Breath Rate Sensor uses standard
A Generate a personal EKG graph student safety.
disposable dust masks and gives stable
A C
 ompare EKG graphs before and after output even when exercising. Breath rate is
mild exercise Typical Applications
measured by sensing the pressure changes
A Compare a student’s airflow before and inside the mask. Tubing from the sensor
Specifications after exercise connects to the disposable pressure clips
EKG Waveform: A Investigate the lung volume of athletes that fasten on the sides of the mask.
Voltage: 0 to 4.5 mV vs. non-athletes
Resolution: 4.5 µV Two Modes
A Compare smokers vs. non-smokers
Sample Rate: 50 to 200 samples  ne reading every breath
A O
per second (sps) A Conduct respiratory experiments
 unning average over last four breaths
A R
Default Sample Rate: A Determine total lung capacity
200 samples per second (sps)
Heart Rate (Beats): Specifications
Range: 4 7 to 250 beats Displays volume in liters
per minute (bpm)
Minimal resistance to air flow
Resolution: 1 beat per minute (bpm)
Bi-directional air flow
Sample Rate Range: 50 to 100 Hz

Measuring
lung
capacity A graph showing a student’s breath rate before,
during, and after exercise

Includes
• Sensor with Tubing
• Pressure Clips (10)
• Masks (10)

NOTE: The EKG Sensor has been designed for

educational purposes only and is not suitable
for medical diagnoses.

Replaceable
Additional EKG Electrode mouthpiece clips
Patches (CI-6620) may be
ordered separately.

Spirometer Sensor............ PS-2152 Breath Rate Sensor.............. PS-2187

EKG Sensor..................................PS-2111 Replacement Clips (10)........ PS-2568
Spirometer Mouth Pieces
EKG Patches (100 each)............CI-6620 (10-pack)............................. PS-2522 Replacement Masks (10)..... PS-2567

62 more information at pasco.com

 Biology
Ethanol Sensor Optical Also see the new Photosynthesis Tank

SENSORS
Optical Dissolved
PS-2194 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor at PS-2521B
PASPORT
Oxygen pasco.com A 
Measure O2 production directly
PS-2196 PASPORT A C
ontrol the environment of an
aquatic plant
A S
tudy changes in photosynthesis
and respiration rates
Typical experiments involving photosynthesis
The PASPORT Ethanol Sensor measures require students to infer photosynthetic
the concentration of gaseous ethanol up to The PASCO Optical Dissolved Oxygen
rate changes by using chloroplasts and dye.
3%. In biology and environmental science Sensor makes it easier than ever before to
Help students understand this concept
labs, students can learn about anaerobic measure dissolved oxygen in the field or lab
more completely by directly measuring the
respiration by measuring the production of environment. The luminescent technology has
production of oxygen.
ethanol by bacterial or yeast fermentation. several advantages over galvanic DO sensors
Physics and chemistry students can including;
begin to explore combustion and A No flow dependency – no stirring required
thermodynamics. Connect your students A No warm-up time
to the study of respiration and alternative A No calibration required
energy sources with the PASPORT Ethanol A Low maintenance – no filling solution and
Sensor. electrode polishing
A Built-in temperature and pressure
Specifications
compensation
Accuracy: 20% of reading
A Ability to measure gaseous as well as
Range: 0% to 3% gaseous ethanol
dissolved oxygen
Specifications
Cable Length: 3 m
Response Time: 90% in 25 sec
Operating Temperature: 0–50°C
Operating Pressure: 375–825 mmHg
Students can vary Range: 0–20 mg/L or 0–300% saturation
environmental conditions Accuracy:
such as temperature and ±0.6 mg/L or ±3.0% out of box
determine the impact
on the rate and type of ±0.1 mg/L or ±1.0%, whichever is greater
cellular respiration after calibration
taking place. In this Above 200% ± 10%
example, as the
temperature increases,
the rate of ethanol Optical Dissolved Oxygen Water in the outer tank is used to control large
production is Sensor.......................................... PS-2196 fluctuations in temperature when the light is
also increasing. used. Students can further their understanding of
Recommended:
Optical Dissolved Oxygen Sensor photosynthetic rates by adding dyes as colored filters.
Replacement Cap....................... PS-2587
Includes
• Acrylic chamber
Optical Dissolved Oxygen • Rubber stoppers
Sensor Metal Guard
PS-2588

Includes
• Stainless steel sleeve
Ethanol Sensor................ PS-2194
Photosynthesis Tank....... PS-2521B
Shown in use with:
Optical Dissolved Oxygen Sensor Shown in use with:
EcoChamber.................... ME-6667 Metal Guard.................. PS-2588 Optical Dissolved
Magnetic Stirrer.............. SE-7700 Oxygen Sensor................. PS-2196

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 63

 Biology
Aquatic Productivity Bottles O2 Gas
SENSORS

Also see the

ME-6937 PS-2126A Wireless CO2
PASPORT Sensor on page 17
The Aquatic Productivity Bottles rest in a rack that provides and the new
consistent and reliable light control for quantitative aquatic Wireless O2 Sensor
productivity studies. The identical transparent bottles nest
at pasco.com
in each of five rack positions. The custom design of the
rack shields the bottles from light
by blocking a fixed percentage
of light in 25% increments
from 0 to 100%.
PASCO’s Oxygen Gas Sensor accurately measures oxygen
concentration in the atmosphere or in enclosed spaces, such as
terrariums. The sensor’s wide range (0-100%) means students can
use it with any experiment or investigation. Use in combination
with the CO2 Gas Sensor to perform an even wider variety of
environmental and physiology activities in the classroom or in the
field.
Specifications
Flow Range: 0 to 100% oxygen concentration
Accuracy: ±1% (at constant temperature)
The Aquatic Productivity Bottles were completely filled with algae solution and the Resolution: 0.025%
initial dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations of the solutions were determined with
a DO sensor. The bottles were then placed into the rack and the specially molded, Maximum Sample Rate: 100 Hz
light-varying lid was locked into place over the bottles. After 24 hours of incubation Probe Shelf-life: Three years
in fluorescent light, the bottles were removed from the rack and the DO concentration
was again determined with a DO sensor. Using the initial and final readings, students Typical Applications
calculate Net Primary Productivity and Gross Primary Productivity. A Measure the respiration of animals,
insects or germinating seeds
A Study the catalase breakdown of
hydrogen peroxide
A Monitor O2 level changes during
photosynthesis in a terrarium
A Study cellular respiration of yeast
Special Features
A Single point calibration requires just the touch of a button
Net Primary Productivity A Automatic temperature compensation ensures consistent
(mg/L) vs. Light Intensity measurements
(%): notice that for the A Usable in any orientation
bottle in the dark, the Net
Productivity is negative.

Includes
• Plastic bottles w/lids (5)
• Case with slotted lid
O2 and CO2 Concentration (ppm) vs. Time (hours)

WARNING! This product can expose you to Lead and

Lead (II) Acetate Trihydrate, which are known to the
State of California to cause cancer, birth defects, or
other reproductive harm.
For more information go to www.P65Warnings.ca.gov.

Aquatic Productivity Bottles........................................... ME-6937

Shown in use with:
Optical Dissolved Oxygen Sensor.................................. PS-2196 O2 Sensor .........................................................................PS-2126A

64 more information at pasco.com

 Environmental
EcoZone™ System ME-6668 Keep the system closed during

SENSORS
chemical testing – use the included
EcoChamber ME-6667 syringe to extract water. Or inject
pollutants into the system and see
A T
 hree interconnected EcoChambers (ME-6668) how the ecosystem responds.
or one stand-alone EcoChamber (ME-6667)
A D
 esigned for sensor-based
measurements
PASCO’s EcoZone System is designed to
help students model and understand the
complex interactions within, and among,
different ecosystems. The three clear acrylic
Opening connects the chambers and
EcoChambers are specially designed to
allows the interaction between the
accommodate PASCO sensors, making
living and non-living components of
qualitative and quantitative measurements
each unique ecosystem.
as easy as observing.

With three interconnected chambers,

students can model the interaction
between three different ecosystems.
Choose the traditional terrestrial, aquatic,
and decomposition arrangement or create
unique biomes to model and measure.
Decouple the system for isolated
investigations. How does the availability
of light affect the ecosystem? Students
can create two identical ecosystems
and monitor one in light conditions and
one in dark. The included cord efficiently wicks
water between the chambers.

Cleanup is easy, and the chambers are durable

enough to use again and again. The unique
design of the PASCO EcoZone System allows you
to use your environmental science probes* to
actively measure a model ecosystem.
Observe the photosynthesis
and respiration cycles of the
Decomposition Chamber simulated microclimate in
the EcoZone and their
effect on carbon dioxide.
Terrestrial Chamber Aquatic Chamber
ME-6668 includes
• Three individual EcoChambers with lids
• Custom tray for holding EcoChambers
in a connected ecosystem
• Stoppers and connectors
• Cotton wick
• Syringe and plastic tubing

ME-6667 includes
• Acrylic chamber
• 7 stoppers of various sizes
• 5 probe stoppers
• 20 cc calibrated syringe
• Sample tube with connector

*For more information on sensors and probes available for use with
the EcoZone System, see www.pasco.com/ecozone and EcoZone System.............................................................ME-6668
select the Order Information tab. EcoChamber....................................................................ME-6667

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 65

 Environmental
Salinity Water Quality Colorimeter
SENSORS

Also see the

PS-2195 PASPORT Wireless PS-2179 PASPORT
Weather This PASPORT Water Quality Colorimeter is designed specifically to
The PASPORT Salinity Sensor works with the Sensor on
10X Salinity Sensor Probe to measure salinity, support chemical analysis of water samples using PASCO’s ezSample
page 18. Snap Vial water quality test kits.
conductivity, and temperature. The sensor
determines salinity based on electrical conductivity. Complete with built-in calibration curves to determine the
The sensor has a built-in calculation to compensate for the concentration of ions in the solution for the ions listed on
change in conductivity due to temperature change based on this page. Simple to use in the field, and students avoid
the Practical Salinity Scale (PSS). direct contact with chemicals!
Specifications
Measurable Ranges:
ezSample Snap Vials (Colorimetric)
Iron 0 to 7 mg/l
Nitrate 0 to 2 mg/l
Ammonia 0 to 3 mg/l
Phosphate 0 to 8 mg/l
Chlorine 0 to 6 mg/l
ezSample Field Titrators
Total Hardness 20 to 200 mg/l
CO2 10 to 100 mg/l
Alkalinity 10 to 100 mg/l
Operating Temperature: 0° to 40°C

Water Quality Colorimeter.....................................................PS-2179

Available Test Kits: (30 tests per kit)
ezSample Snap Vials (Colorimetric)
Iron ...................................................................................EZ-2331
Nitrate...............................................................................EZ-2333B*
The Salinity Sensor measures the electric current through a solution Ammonium.......................................................................EZ-2334A
between the two platinized platinum electrodes in the Salinity Phosphate........................................................................EZ-2337
Sensor Probe. The current through the solution is due to the Chlorine............................................................................EZ-2339A
movement of ions, so the higher the concentration of ions in the ezSample Field Titrators
solution, the higher its conductivity. A voltage (AC) is applied across Total Hardness................................................................EZ-2338
the two electrodes in the tip of the probe and the measured current CO2....................................................................................EZ-2341**
is proportional to the conductivity of the solution. Alkalinity...........................................................................EZ-2340

Typical Applications * WARNING! This product can expose ** WARNING! This product can
expose you to chemicals including
you to chemicals including ethylene
phenolphthalein, which is known
glycol, which is known to the State
A Explore the salinity of local water sources. of California to cause birth defects
to the State of California to cause
cancer, and methanol, which is known
A Explore the interrelationship of salinity, temperature,
or other reproductive harm. to the State of California to cause
For more information go to birth defects or other reproductive
harm. For more information go to
and conductivity. www.P65Warnings.ca.gov.
www.P65Warnings.ca.gov.

A Measure the change in the salinity of saltwater as

the water evaporates. Soil Moisture
Examples of Water Salinity PS-2163 PASPORT
Fresh water: <0.5 ppt The Soil Moisture Sensor
Brackish water: 0.5 to 30 ppt measures the water content of
Saline water: 30 to 50 ppt soil and reports it in percent. It can
Ocean Water: 35 ppt be used to conduct experiments in
Brine: >50 ppt environmental science, agricultural science, horticulture, and biology.
Typical Applications
Specifications A Measure the loss of soil moisture over time due to evaporation
Measurement Ranges: and plant uptake
Conductivity: 1,000 to 100,000 μS A Evaluate optimum soil moisture content for various species of plants
Temperature: 0 to 50°C A Monitor soil moisture content to control irrigation in greenhouses
Salinity: 1 to 55 ppt ±1% (with calibration) Specifications
Sample Rate (maximum): 50 Hz Sensor Range: 0 to 45% volumetric Power: 3 mA at 5 V DC
Temperature Compensation: ±0.5 ppt from 0 to 45°C at 33 ppt water content in soil Operating Temperature:
Cell Constant: 10X Sensor Probe Length: 5.5 cm -40 to 60°C
Sensor Probe Cable Length: 5 m Default Sample Rate:
Accuracy: ±4% 10 samples per second
Resolution: 0.1%
Salinity Sensor ................................................................. PS-2195
Recommended:
PASPORT Extension Cable.............................................. PS-2500 Soil Moisture Sensor.......................................................... PS-2163

66 more information at pasco.com

 Environmental
Thermocline Flow Rate/Temperature

SENSORS
PS-2151 PS-2130
PASPORT PASPORT

At last, students can measure temperature

as a function of depth in local streams and
lakes. PASCO’s Thermocline measures depth
automatically — no need to read markings on a
cable and enter data manually. Weighted housing provides
depth measurement stability in fast-flowing streams.
Typical Applications
A Study thermoclines in fresh and salt water environments PASCO’s Flow Rate Sensor allows students to measure the rate of
movement and temperature of streams, rivers, and other flowing
A Create depth profiles for streams, small rivers, shorelines, and
systems. The propeller is a rugged, single-piece unit encased by
swimming pools protective material — no more losing pieces at the bottom of the
A Study ocean tides stream.
Typical Applications
Specifications
A Determine sediment transport rate for a stream or other body of
Depth-sensing (pressure) element: water
Range: 0 m to 10.5 m A Measure and compare flow rate at various locations in a stream
Accuracy: 0.15 m (in fresh water after A Compare the characteristics of one stream to another
barometric pressure compensation)
Resolution: 0.03 m Specifications
Temperature-sensing element: Flow Range: 0 m/s to 3.5 m/s
Range: 0°C to 100°C Temperature Range: -10°C to 50°C
Accuracy: ±1.5°C Maximum Length: 1.8 m (6 feet)
Maximum Sample Rate: 10 Hz Telescoping handle to reach deep levels
Maximum Sample Rate: 20 Hz
Special Features
A Revolutions of a magnet on the submersible propeller are counted
and converted to linear flow rate measurements in ft/sec or m/s.
Students can use PASCO Capstone™ software to calculate volume
discharge rates.
A Exclusive built-in temperature sensor conveniently measures
temperature at the same point as flow rate.

Graph shows the

flow rates at the
top (green), middle
The temperature of (orange), and bottom
the water in a pond (brown) of a stream.
is measured as a
function of depth.

Thermocline Sensor..............................................................PS-2151 Flow Rate/Temperature Sensor........................................ PS-2130

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 67

 Chemistry
Advanced Chemistry Sensor Colorimeter
SENSORS

Also see
PS-2172 PASPORT PS-2121 new Wireless
PASPORT Colorimeter/Turbidity
Sensor on page 18.

The Colorimeter Sensor allows a solution’s concentration to be

The Advanced Chemistry Sensor measures pressure, temperature, determined based on the ability of the solution to transmit or
pH, and conductivity. Explore electrolytes, acid-base reactions, absorb colored light. PASCO’s PASPORT Colorimeter is the perfect
gas laws, and thermochemistry. Acid-base, thermometric, tool for analyzing reactions indicated by color changes, or reactions
and conductometric titrations are now possible individually or where concentration changes over time. The sensor’s black, opaque
simultaneously, all with this one sensor! housing assures accuracy of data. The Colorimeter is packaged
Specifications in a sturdy plastic case with five empty glass cuvettes so students
Temperature*: – 35°C to +135°C, ±0.5°C can begin experimenting immediately.
pH*: 0 to 14, ±0.1 (with calibration) Typical Applications
Absolute Pressure: 20 to 400 KPa
A Study absorbance vs. concentration (Beer’s Law experiments)
Voltage: -2000 mV to +2000 mV
Maximum Sample Rate: 100 Hz A Determine the concentration of an unknown solution
*Ranges are probe-dependent. A Measure reaction rates
A Measure four wavelengths simultaneously
Includes
• Stainless Steel Temperature Probe Determine the effect of temperature Specifications
• pH Probe on the rate of a reaction. Range: 0 to 100% transmittance
• Conductivity Probe Accuracy: ±0.5% transmittance
• Built-in Pressure Sensor Resolution: 0.1% transmittance
• 60 cc syringe, tubing and quick-release
Operating Temperature: 0°C to 40°C
connectors (not shown)

Advanced Chemistry Sensor .................................. PS-2172

Chemistry
PS-2170
PASPORT

Gas laws, acid-base, thermochemistry and redox all with one sensor!
Measure temperature, pH, gas pressure and voltage. Easy to store.
Easy to use. All measurements can be made simultaneously.
Specifications
Temperature*: –35°C to +135°C, ±0.5°C
pH*: 0 to 14, ±0.1 (with calibration)
Absolute Pressure: 0 to 700 KPa
Voltage: ±10 V
Maximum Sample Rate: 100 Hz
*Ranges are probe-dependent.

Multiple trials of titration curves can easily

be collected in one class period using the
High-Accuracy Drop Counter, Magnetic
Stirrer and PASCO’s software tools.

Includes
• pH Probe The concentration of crystal violet decreases as it reacts with the sodium hydroxide
• Stainless Steel Temperature Probe in the cuvette. The various starting conditions allow the order of the reaction to be
• Voltage Probe calculated using the initial rate method.
• Gas Law Syringe with Tubing

Colorimeter Sensor..............................................................PS-2121
Chemistry Sensor .................................................... PS-2170 Replacement Cuvettes/Caps (6 each).............................PS-2509

68 more information at pasco.com

 Chemistry
pH High Accuracy Drop Counter

SENSORS
Also see the Also see the
PS-2102 new Wireless PS-2117 PASPORT new Wireless
PASPORT pH Sensor Drop Counter
on page 15. At last, a professional Drop on page 15.
Counter can become part of your
student lab. Our Drop Counter has
a wider (18 x 13 mm) drop window
for better drop detection and
easier alignment with burettes.
Works equally well with large or
small, fast or slow drops. Easy
PASCO’s pH Sensor measures the hydronium ion concentration
calibration requires entering just
in a solution and reports it as a pH value. This sensor is well-
one number into the computer.
suited for a variety of activities where testing or monitoring
Includes a Micro Stir Bar for use
acidity is important.
with our pH and Conductivity
Probes.
Typical Applications A Measures up to 40 drops per second
A Titrate an acid into a base with drops as small as 0.64 mm.
A Investigate the chemistry of buffers A Silicone rubber-sealed polypropylene is fluid-resistant and
A Monitor water quality protects sensor from mild acids and bases.
A Automatically recalibrates for maximum sensitivity each time
Specifications the unit is turned on.
Range: 0 to 14 (probe-dependent)
Typical Applications
Accuracy: ±0.1 (after calibration)
Resolution: 0.01  etermine the equivalence point
A D
Electrode: gel-filled Ag-AgCl combination electrode A 
Simple count activities
Maximum Sample Rate: 50 Hz
Specifications
Measures up to 40 drops per second with drops as small as 0.5 mm.
Silicone rubber-sealed polypropylene is fluid-resistant and protects
sensor from mild acids and bases.
Automatically recalibrates for maximum sensitivity each time the
unit is turned on.
Holds up to three probes in a 150 mL beaker.
LED drop indicator
IR filter rejects all visible light – not
susceptible to variations in room lighting.

pH vs. volume
graph

High Accuracy Drop Counter.................................. PS-2117

Micro Stir Bar Magnet is completely sealed to

PS-2565 prevent damage from chemicals.
The Micro Stir Bar maintains a
constant flow of solution over the
end of the electrode, such as in
the pH and conductivity probes.
For use with a standard stir plate
and cylindrical probes of about
13 mm diameter.
pH Sensor..............................................................................PS-2102
Also available:
pH Replacement Electrode................................................PS-2573 Micro Stir Bar (set of 5)............................................ PS-2565

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 69

 PASCO Capstone
Software
INTERFACES & SOFTWARE

Designed specifically to collect, display,

and analyze data in physics and
engineering labs
A Site license includes student home use
A For MAC® and Windows™

PASCO Capstone Basic Features

• Auto-ID sensors are recognized when they are
plugged in (or identified through Bluetooth®)
Sensors

• Works with PASPORT, ScienceWorkshop, and new

wireless sensors
• In-app pairing of wireless sensors makes it easy to
pick wireless sensors by proximity
• Pre-configured photogate timers

• Basic displays include graph, table, digits, meter,

oscilloscope, text box, picture.
• Make multiple pages with instructions and
embedded live graphs.
Workbook Format

• Collect data and display it in real time.

• Play back data in real time or slow or high speed.
• Enter data manually – easy setup in a table
• Lay out displays with smart guidelines.
• Create a Journal by taking snapshots of pages
or displays.
• Copy and paste displays into documents.
• Made a mistake? Just hit the Undo button.

• Draw predictions on graphs before taking data.

• Multiple y-axes and/or multiple plot areas
Graphs

• Perform Quick-Calcs on the graph axis to linearize

data.
• Curve-fits report the uncertainties in the parameters.
• Multi-coordinate tool gives y-values wherever it
intersects data.

Multi-Coordinate Tool
This tool finds the values of all the measurements
all at once. It’s great for showing how the position,
velocity, and acceleration are related in oscillations.

70 more information at pasco.com

 PASCO Capstone
See Advanced Features on page 72.

INTERFACES & SOFTWARE

Download The Free Trial
Second Click

Third Click
www.pasco.com/Capstone

First Click
PASCO Capstone Software
Single User License............................ UI-5401
Prediction Tools Site License ........ UI-5400

Predictions are a powerful tool for learning. Students draw what they think
the data will look like and then collect the data run and compare it to their
predictions. Predictions can be made either point-by-point with a straight
line filled between them or free-form.

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 71

 PASCO Capstone
Software
INTERFACES & SOFTWARE

Advanced Features
Sensors & Signal

• Calibration wizard for sensors steps you through the

calibration process.
Generators

• Create your own timers for photogates.

• Configure signal generators with DC offset.
• Scan through a range of frequencies.
• Control the output with a calculation.

• Strip chart mode

• Start and stop conditions on time and sensor
Data Collection

measurements
• FFT and oscilloscope
Modes

• Histogram
• Manual data collection: Keep sensor data points with
click of button.
• Analyze video and display velocity and acceleration Calculator
vectors on the video. Sophisticated scientific calculator has statistics,
• Sync movies with sensor data. calculus, filters, logic functions, and special
operations such as amplitude and period.

• Exclude or delete selected data points from analysis.

• Create models using the calculator.
Data Analysis

• Calculated columns in tables

• Error bars
• Weighted linear fit that takes into account error bars
• More complex curve fits such as damped sine,
Gaussian, sine series, and user-entered fits
• Smooth data directly on a graph with slider tool.
• Calculations involving logic statements and filters

Versatile Tables
Calculated columns can be edited directly in the table. Insert or delete
columns or change number of decimal places using toolbar buttons.
Click and drag columns to rearrange them. Change run colors directly
in the table.

Error Bars and Weighted Linear Fits

Graph uncertainties using user-entered error bars, absolute error,
or percent error. The weighted linear fit incorporates the error bars.

72 more information at pasco.com

 PASCO Capstone
Software Video Analysis Included

INTERFACES & SOFTWARE

A Study motion in two dimensions A Auto-track objects
A Start USB webcam and data collection simultaneously A Free with PASCO Capstone
A Display velocity and acceleration vectors

y vs. x

y-velocity vs. t

Video Analysis Features:

Use the angle tool to A Show velocity and acceleration vectors
measure the angle of A Change to cylindrical coordinates
incline of the track. A Use magnifier to identify the exact
center of the object
A Use calibration ruler at any time
A Back up and reposition any point
A Track more than one object
A Generate XY data for position,
velocity, and acceleration
A Move the origin of the axes
A Rotate the axes, even after taking data
A Make linear measurements in frames
or snapshots
Special measurement tools allow you A Measure the radius of circle
to measure the radius of circles or A Measure angles
lengths of objects. Shown is a frame A Create annotations
from a video of the Zeeman Effect as A Automatic frame-advance after taking
the magnetic field is increased. a point
A Set the number of frames that are
advanced
A Change playback rate

PASCO Capstone Software

Single User License............................................................................................ UI-5401
Site License ........................................................................ UI-5400

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 73

 SPARKvue
SPARKvue® Software for Any Platform
INTERFACES & SOFTWARE

AN  ew Welcome screen allows you to start a new activity AC  onfigure, calibrate, and edit sensor properties with
or open an experiment, with one click. Hardware Setup button.
A Jump right into most common labs using Templates A Share experiment files directly to Cloud services such
and Quick Start labs. as Google Drive.
A Monitor sensor data without recording using the Live
Data Bar.

Try our award-winning

SPARKvue software for FREE.
Get Started Today!
The full and complete version of SPARKvue is now
available as a FREE app for iPad® and Android™
tablets, Chromebook™, as well as free apps for
iPhone and Android phones.

We also offer free 60-day trials for PC and Mac®* at pasco.com

Smart Phones Tablets Laptops/Desktops

Android iPhone SPARK LX Android iPad Windows Chromebook PC Mac

phone & LXi tablet tablet

SPARKvue SPARKvue App

(single user license) PS-2401
vue ® Free downloads for iPad, iPhone, Android
(site license) PS-2400 tablets and phones, and Chromebook. SPARKvue
Windows® and Mac® Visit www.pasco.com/downloads (single user license)........................ PS-2401
SPARKvue
(site license)..................................... PS-2400

*iPad, iPhone, and Mac are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. App Store is a service mark of Apple Inc. Android, Chromebook, and Google Play
are trademarks of Google Inc. Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. © 2019 PASCO Scientific. All rights reserved.

74 more information at pasco.com

 SPARKvue
Upgrade to the new

INTERFACES & SOFTWARE

SPARKvue 4.0 version
®

A SPARKvue 4.0 is even more intuitive.

A New entry screen makes getting
started easier.

Choose from three

entry paths:

1. Manual Entry 2. Sensor Data

Select manual entry and simply start typing in your data in the Select Sensor Data to connect to sensors and record data.
table. The graph is already set up to start tracing your data.

3. Remote Logging
Select Remote Logging to either set up a sensor to log data remotely or to download logged data from a sensor.

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 75

 MatchGraph!™ Software
PASCO MatchGraph!
INTERFACES & SOFTWARE

MatchGraph!™
A S
 tudents feel the motion firsthand and learn to
interpret motion graphs! Watch your students compete
to get the best match score.
A T
 he sample graphs to match include both
Position vs. Time and Velocity vs. Time.
A T
 he student moves back and forth in front of a motion sensor
in an attempt to match the motion represented on the graph.

Students learn while having fun competing

for the highest score. The program keeps
track of the scores for each profile.

There are nine position profiles to match. The tenth

choice allows the students to use the motion sensor
without a profile on the graph.

The students get to see their motion for a few seconds before the matching starts so they can get
lined up. Here the black line is the match profile and the red line is the student’s attempt to match it.
Velocity profiles to match correspond to the
position profiles.

MatchGraph!™ Software Download FREE MatchGraph software for Mac® and Windows® computers
at pasco.com. Download the free iPad® or Android™ app on the App Store
or Google Play.
MatchGraph!™ Required:
Wireless Motion Sensor ..............................................PS-3219 p. 11
Go to pasco.com/downloads OR Now works
and click on MatchGraph PASPORT Motion Sensor* ..........................................PS-2103A p. 32 with all
OR Motion
Sensors and
ScienceWorkshop Motion Sensor* ...........................CI-6742A p. 32
Smart Carts!
*Requires a USB or Bluetooth interface ; see pages 24-30.
MatchGraph Kit................................ UI-5822A OR
(Includes MatchGraph app, AirLink & Motion Sensor) Smart Cart..................... ME-1240 (red) or ME-1241 (blue) p. 106

76 more information at pasco.com

 Spectrometry Software
PASCO’s Free Spectrometry Software Puts Learning First

INTERFACES & SOFTWARE

PASCO’s own software for the PASCO Spectrometer works on iOS®, Android™, Computers, and Chromebooks*

A Designed by teachers
A Specialized software specifically targets
spectrometry activities
A Program guides students through the four
common types of spectrometer uses
A Calibration routine is made obvious

The four specially targeted activities are:

1. Analyze light sources with the optional fiber optics cable.
2. Analyze the absorbance, transmittance, and fluorescence
of colored solutions.
3. After the analysis wavelength is set, you can easily
create calibration curves and determine the unknown Helium Spectrum
concentration
4. Observe the kinetics of a reaction involving a colored
solution. Easily create the required graphs (ln(x), 1/x) to
determine the order of the reactants.

Shown using the optional

Fiber Optic Cable.

The Wireless Spectrometer comes with PASCO’s FREE Spectrometry software.

A Windows® and Mac® versions included with purchase.
A F REE for iOS®, Android™, and Chrome™.
A Designed specifically for introductory spectrometry experiments.

1. Analyze light sources with the optional

fiber optic cable.

2. Full visible spectrum analysis of solutions 3. Create Beer’s Law plots to relate absorbance and 4. Q
 uickly plot calculations of concentrations vs. time
concentration. to determine the order of the reaction.

Includes
*Our list of compatible Chromebooks is expanding rapidly.
• PASCO Spectrometer
Check pasco.com/compatibility for the latest updates.
• Cuvettes (10)
• Spectrometry Software
PASCO Spectrometer...........................................PS-2600 pp. 284-285
Required for External Light Sources:
Fiber Optic Cable...................................................PS-2601 p. 284

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 77

 Comprehensive Physics Systems
850 Comprehensive Physics System
CURRICULUM & BUNDLES

NOTE: The 850 Universal Interface (UI-5000)

UI-5800C must be purchased separately.

A Designed for the 850 Universal Interface and PASCO Capstone™ Software
The 850 Comprehensive Physics System consists of 83 experiments The key to a successful lab is a PASCO Capstone electronic
and all the equipment and sensors needed to perform these workbook. These workbooks have step-by-step instructions with
experiments. The experiments span the topics of mechanics, live embedded displays such as graphs, FFTs, oscilloscopes, and
waves, optics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism (see page meters. They contain the theory, experiment set-up, procedure, data
80 for a complete list of experiments). The equipment and sensor analysis, and questions designed to get the students to think about
bundles for the three subject areas are shown on these two pages. their results.
The included experiment manual contains instructions written in These electronic workbooks can be easily modified by teachers to
Word®, a PASCO Capstone electronic workbook, and sample data. fit their individual needs.

See page 80 for a list of experiments

in the included manual. Download free
experiments at pasco.com/850experiments

Comprehensive Mechanics
UI-5801B
(Component of the 850 Comprehensive System UI-5800B)
UI-5801B Includes
Part No. Description
ME-6622 Force Bracket
CI-6691 Mini Rotational Accessory
ME-6743 Cart Adapter
ME-6755 Compact Cart Mass (2)
ME-6806 Pi Set
ME-6810A Time-of-Flight Accessory
ME-6821A Photogate Mounting Bracket
ME-6825A Mini Projectile Launcher
ME-6828 Magnetic Damping Accessory
ME-6829 Mini Launcher Ballistic Pendulum Accessory
ME-6843 Spring Cart Launcher
ME-6950 PAScar (set of 2)
ME-6977 Super Fan Cart
ME-8569 Density Set
ME-8574 Discover Friction Accessory
ME-8735 Large Rod Base Part No. Description
ME-8736 Rod, stainless steel, 45 cm ME-9506 Pendulum Clamp
ME-8738 Rod, stainless steel, 90 cm ME-9507 Multi Clamp (2)
ME-8933 Smart Timer Picket Fences (2) ME-9595 Car Sail
ME-8971 Endstops (set of 2) ME-9781 Variable Speed Motorized Cart 850 Comprehensive
ME-8972 Track Feet (set of 2) ME-9821 Centripetal Force Pendulum Physics System................... UI-5800C
ME-8979 Mass and Hanger Set PS-2103A Motion Sensor (2) Required:
ME-8998 Elastic Bumper PS-2136A 3-Axis Acceleration/Altimeter 850 Universal
ME-8999 Dynamics Track Spring Set (12) PS-2120 Rotary Motion Sensor Interface............................... UI-5000 pp. 26-27
ME-9377A Picket Fence PS-2189 High Resolution Force Sensor (2) PASCO Capstone™ Software..................pp. 70-73
ME-9436 Pivot Clamp SA-9242 Pulley Mounting Rod
ME-9472 Large Table Clamp SE-7347 No Bounce Pad Want Mechanics Only?
ME-9493 1.2 m Dynamics Track SE-8050 String, spool 850 Comprehensive
ME-9498A PASCO Photogate Head (2) UI-5813 Comprehensive 850 Experiment Manual Mechanics...........................UI-5801B

78 more information at pasco.com

 Comprehensive Physics System
Comprehensive Waves, Optics, and Thermodynamics

CURRICULUM & BUNDLES

UI-5802A (Component of the 850 Comprehensive System UI-5800C) UI-5802A Includes
Part No. Description
UI-5101 Sound Sensor
ET-8499 ET Calorimeter
OS-8453 High-Precision Diffraction Slits
OS-8458 Green Laser
OS-8495 Color Mixer Accessory Kit
OS-8496 Color Mixer
OS-8515C Basic Optics System
OS-8525A Red Laser
OS-8533A Polarization Analyzer
OS-8535 Linear Translator
OS-8494 Adjustable Focal Length Lens
PS-2107 Absolute Pressure
PS-2143 Quad Temp
PS-2176 High Sensitivity Light Sensor
SE-7345 Resonance Box Set
SE-9750 Red Patch Cords
TD-8570 Radiation Cans
TD-8595 Absolute Zero Apparatus
TD-8596A Ideal Gas Law Apparatus
WA-9606 Resonance Air Column
WA-9857 String Vibrator
WA-9605 Mini Speaker
The experiments for this section require some of the components
of the 850 Comprehensive Mechanics UI-5801B.

See page 80 for manual. Download free

Comprehensive Electromagnetism experiments at pasco.com/850experiments
UI-5803 (Component of the 850 Comprehensive System UI-5800C)
UI-5803 Includes
Part No. Description Part No. Description
EM-8620 Bar Magnets (2) SE-7123 Short Patch Cords
EM-8652 Zero Gauss Chamber SE-8680 Plotting Compasses
EM-8656 AC/DC Electronics Laboratory SF-8619 Dip Needle
ES-9080B Electrostatics System UI-5100 Voltage Sensors (4)
PK-9023 Field Mapper Kit UI-5119 BNC Funct. Gen Cables
PS-2184 Current Probes (2) UI-5210 Circuit Board
PS-2162 Magnetic Field Sensor, 2-axis
The experiments for this section require some of the components of the
850 Comprehensive Mechanics UI-5801B.

Comprehensive 850 Physics System

(UI-5800C) Includes
A Comprehensive Mechanics UI-5801C
A Comprehensive Waves, Optics, and Thermodynamics UI-5802A
A Comprehensive Electromagnetism UI-5803

850 Comprehensive Physics System.......................UI-5800C

Required:
850 Universal Interface..............................................UI-5000 pp. 26-27
PASCO Capstone Software......................................................... pp. 70-73
See page 80 for a list of experiments Also Available Separately:
in the included manual. 850 Comprehensive Mechanics...............................UI-5801B
850 Comprehensive Waves, Optics, and
Thermodynamics........................................................UI-5802A
850 Comprehensive Electromagnetism...................UI-5803
850 Comprehensive Physics System Manual........UI-5813

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 79

 Comprehensive Physics Systems
Comprehensive 850 Physics System Experiment Manual
CURRICULUM & BUNDLES

UI-5813 Included with the Comprehensive 850 Physics System

are 87 experiments on a flash drive, each with a PASCO
Capstone electronic workbook
for the students, another work-
See pages 78-79
book with sample data, and a
for the equipment
Microsoft Word® document.
bundles needed for
these experiments.

Comprehensive 850 Physics

System Experiment List
Mechanics (49 experiments)
• Introduction to Measurement • Coefficients of Static and
• Uncertainty and Error Analysis Sliding Friction
• Relative Motion in One Dimension • Friction and Newton’s Laws
• Match Graph: Position and Velocity vs. Time • Magnetic Drag
• Instantaneous and Average Speed • Terminal Velocity for
• Position and Velocity Objects of Different
• Velocity and Acceleration Surface Areas and Masses
• Equations of Motion • Centripetal Force on a Pendulum
• Acceleration of a Freely Falling Ball • Conservation of Energy on an Inclined Plane
• Acceleration of a Freely Falling Picket Fence • Gravitational Potential Energy
• Acceleration on an Incline • Hooke’s Law and Elastic Potential Energy
• Projectile Motion • Conservation of Energy for a
• Projectile Motion – Against a Wall Simple Pendulum • Simple Harmonic Motion – Mass on a Spring
• Newton’s First Law – No Net Force • Work-Energy Theorem • Oscillations of Cart and Springs
• Newton’s Second Law • Conservation of Momentum in Collisions • Oscillation Equations of Motion
• Force and Acceleration • Impulse and Change in Momentum • Driven Harmonic Motion – Mass on a Spring
• Inertia and Newton’s Second Law • Ballistic Pendulum • Physical Pendulum
• Newton’s Third Law • Newton’s Second Law for Rotation • Period of a Large Amplitude Pendulum
• External Forces and Newton’s Third Law • Rotational Inertia • Variable-g Pendulum
• Atwood’s Machine • Rotational Kinetic Energy • Physical Pendulum Minimum Period
• Acceleration Up an Inclined Plane • Conservation of Angular Momentum • Archimedes’ Principle - Buoyant Force
• Static Equilibrium

Waves, Optics, and Thermodynamics (22 experiments)

• Heat and Temperature
• Transfer of Energy by Radiation Electromagnetism (16 Experiments)
• Specific Heat • Electrostatic Charges • General Properties of Diodes
• Electrical Equivalent of Heat • Electric Field Mapping • Build a Rectifier
• Boyle’s Law: P and V of a Gas at Constant T • Ohm’s Law • Transistor 1 – The NPN Transistor as a Digital Switch
• Absolute Zero • Series/Parallel Circuits • Transistor 2 – Measure the Current Gain
• Behavior and Characteristics of Sound Waves • Kirchhoff’s Laws: Resistors in Series and Parallel • Earth’s Magnetic Field
• Standing Waves on a String • Capacitance • Magnetic Field Mapping
• Resonant Modes of Sound in a Tube • RC Circuit • Induction – Magnet Through a Coil
• Speed of Sound in Air • Resonant Frequency of an LRC Circuit • Magnetic Field in a Current-Carrying Coil
• Superposition of Sound Waves
• Interference of Sound Waves
This manual is included in both the 850 Comprehensive Physics System
• Shadow and Color in Light UI-5800 and the 850 Comprehensive Mechanics System UI-5801.
• Object and Image Distances for a Thin Lens
• Reflection and Refraction
• Focal Length of a Concave Mirror
Download free experiments at pasco.com/850experiments
• Optical Instruments: Telescope and Microscope
• Variation of Light Intensity
• Light Intensity vs. Distance Comprehensive 850 Physics System
• Polarization: Verify Malus’ Law Experiment Manual (flash drive).....................................UI-5813
• Brewster’s Angle Word® files, PASCO Capstone files, and graphics are supplied on a
• Diffraction of Light flash drive.

80 more information at pasco.com

 Mechanics System
850 Mechanics System (includes 850 Universal Interface)

CURRICULUM & BUNDLES

UI-5820
A  Integrates probeware and
physics equipment
A Includes 850 Universal Interface
A P
erform a wide variety of
mechanics experiments
When used together, PASCO’s probeware
and physics apparatus can help students
learn the major concepts of mechanics
more effectively. The 850 Mechanics
System includes the 850 and equipment
required to perform a wide variety of
mechanics experiments.
The new manual consists of 10 PASCO Impulse Experiment
Capstone electronic workbooks with Measure the force as a function
complete experiments that take full of time as the cart hits the spring 1.
advantage of the components of this and also measure the change in 3.
system. Sample data files are included. momentum using the photogate.
2.

Ten Experiments Included in Manual (UI-5821)

Title Purpose Sensors Used 4.

Acceleration Discover how the acceleration of Photogate with 5.

Down an an object down an incline depends picket fence
Incline on the angle of incline. Measure
the acceleration due to gravity.
Newton’s Verify Newton’s Second Law by Motion Sensor
Second Law varying the applied force and the
mass.
6.
Kinetic Measure the kinetic coefficient of Motion Sensor
Friction I friction.
Kinetic Study how the coefficient of Photogate with
Friction II kinetic friction depends on the pulley
velocity, acceleration, surface area, 7. 8.
9.
and weight of the object.
Impulse and Measure the impact force of a cart Force Sensor/
Momentum and compare the impulse to its photogate
change in momentum.
Conservation Verify that momentum is Two photogates
of Momentum conserved for two carts with picket fences
in Explosions pushing off from each other.
Conservation Verify that momentum is Two photogates UI-5820 Includes
of Momentum conserved in inelastic collisions with picket fences 1. UI-5000 850 Universal Interface pp. 26-27
in Inelastic and that kinetic energy is not 2. PS-2189 High Resolution Force Sensor p. 36
Collisions conserved. 3. PS-2103A Motion Sensor p. 32
Conservation Verify that momentum is Two photogates 4. ME-9471A Photogates and Fences p. 112
of Momentum conserved in elastic collisions. with picket fences 5. ME-8574 Discover Friction Accessory p. 110
in Elastic 6. ME-9429B 1.2 m Classic Dynamics System p. 101
Collisions 7. ME-6622 Force Bracket p. 37
Conservation Show spring potential change into Motion Sensor/ 8. ME-8979 Mass and Hanger Set p. 197
of Energy kinetic energy. photogate with 9. ME-1242 Smart Fan Accessory p. 117
picket fence 10. UI-5821 Lab Manual (not shown)

Simple Measure the period of oscillation Photogate and flag

Harmonic of a spring and mass system and
Motion compare it to the theoretical value.
850 Mechanics System.............................................UI-5820
Evaluate the effect of changing
the mass and spring constants. Required:
PASCO Capstone™ Software................................... pp. 70-73

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 81

 550 Physics
550 Universal Physics System
CURRICULUM & BUNDLES

UI-5830
The 550 Universal Physics System provides a complete set of labs for mechanics, heat, light, sound, and electromagnetism.
Each lab consists of student instructions in a Word® document that the instructor can modify as they like, a PASCO Capstone
setup file ready for data collection, a Capstone file with sample data, and all the lab equipment required for the experiment.
This system was designed to use both wireless and wired sensors, combined with the 550 Universal Interface that serves as
a DC power supply and function generator.

Part# Equipment Amt.

ME-3420 Rotational Inertia Accessory 1
ME-1240 Smart Cart Red 1
ME-1241 Smart Cart Blue 1
ME-8994 Dyn Track Feet, End Stops 1
ME-9493 1.2 m Starter Dyn Track 1
ME-9836 Track Rod Clamp 1
ME-9807 Friction Block – IDS 1
ME-1242 Smart Fan Accessory 1
PS-3223 Wireless Accel/Altimeter 1
ME-1244 Smart Cart Rod Stand Adapter 1
UI-5831 550 Experiment Manual 1
Not Pictured: U
 I-5831 550 Experiment Manual

Part# Equipment Amt. Part# Equipment Amt.

UI-5101 Sound Sensor 1 SF-7263 Bar Magnets, pair 1
Calorimeter Cup 2 Modular Circuits 1
Calorimeter Cup Lid 2 EM-3540 Modular Circuits Expansion Pack 1
SE-7342 Tuning Fork Set 1 PS-2132 Charge Sensor 1
WA-9606 Resonance Air Column 1 EM-3534 Modular Circuits Current Sensor 1
WA-9605 Mini Speaker 1
OS-8515C Basic Optics System 1

82 more information at pasco.com

 550 Physics
550 Universal Physics System Experiment Manual

CURRICULUM & BUNDLES

UI-5831
This complete manual is included with the 550 Universal Physics System (UI-5830). Each experiment consists
of student instructions in a Word® document that the instructor can modify as they like, a PASCO Capstone
setup file ready for data collection, a Capstone file with sample data, and all the lab equipment required for the
experiment. All of this content is provided on a flash drive.

Wireless Current Sensor Module

Voltage
Sensor

550 Universal Interface

In this parallel resistor experiment, the 550 Universal Interface is used as the DC power supply and is used to measure
the output voltage and the voltage across the resistors. The Wireless Current Sensor Module is used in-line in the circuit
to measure the current in each loop.

Experiments
1. Introduction to Measurement 22. Hooke’s Law and Elastic Potential Energy 43. Superposition of Sound Waves
2. Uncertainty and Error Analysis 23. Work-Energy Theorem: Compare W to ∆E 44. Interference of Sound Waves
3. MatchGraph: Position and Velocity vs. Time 24. Conservation of Momentum and KE in Collisions 45. Object and Image Distances for a Thin Lens
4. Instantaneous and Average Speed 25. Impulse and Change in Momentum 46. Reflection and Refraction
5. Constant Acceleration: Graph P, V, A for a Fan Cart 26. Ballistic Pendulum 47. Focal Length of a Concave Mirror
6. Equations of Motion 27. Newton’s Second Law for Rotation 48. Optical Instruments: Telescope and
7. Acceleration of a Freely Falling Ball 28. Rotational Inertia Microscope
8. Acceleration of a Freely Falling Picket Fence 29. Rotational Kinetic Energy 49. Variation of Light Intensity
9. Constant Acceleration: Graph P, V, A for a Cart on Incline 30. Conservation of Angular Momentum 50. Light Intensity vs. Distance
10. Projectile Motion 31. Simple Harmonic Motion – Mass on a Spring 51. Polarization: Verify Malus’ Law
11. Newton’s First Law – No Net Force 32. Oscillations of Cart and Springs 52. Brewster’s Angle
12. Newton’s Second Law – Acceleration 33. Physical Pendulum 53. Diffraction of Light
13. Newton’s Second Law – Force and Acceleration 34. Period of a Large Amplitude Pendulum 54. Electrostatic Charges
14. Newton’s Second Law – Push-Pull a Cart 35. Archimedes’ Principle – Buoyant Force 55. Electric Field Mapping
15. Newton’s Third Law – Tug-of-War 36. Heat and Temperature 56. Ohm’s Law
16. Newton’s Laws – Net Force 37. Transfer of Energy by Radiation 57. Series and Parallel Circuits
17. Newton’s Second Law – Atwood’s Machine 38. Specific Heat 58. Kirchhoff’s Laws
18. Friction and Newton’s Second Law 39. Boyle’s Law: P and V of a Gas at Constant T 59. RC Circuit
19. Centripetal Acceleration 40. Behavior and Characteristics of Sound Waves 60. General Properties of Diodes
20. Conservation of Energy – Cart on an Inclined Plane 41. Resonant Modes of Sound in a Tube 61. Magnetic Field Mapping
21. Conservation of Energy for a Simple Pendulum 42. Speed of Sound in Air 62. Induction – Magnet Through a Coil

550 Universal Physics System.......................................... UI-5830

Coming soon!
Check pasco.com for availability. 550 Universal Physics System
Manual (included in UI-5830)............................................ UI-5831

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 83

 Advanced and AP® Physics
Advanced Physics 1 Experiment Guide
CURRICULUM & BUNDLES

PS-3812
This experiment guide covers the latest standards
for College Board Advanced Placement Physics 1.
A Every lab is based on the College Board Learning Objectives.
A Data Analysis and Assessment Questions are designed to
prepare students for the AP® Physics 1 exam.
A Every lab employs the same strategies found in free response
questions on the AP® exam.
A Includes editable student handouts.
Prepare your students for inquiry investigations in the
physics lab. Each lab is presented three ways:
A Structured A Guided inquiry A Student designed
You decide which level of inquiry is appropriate for each lab.
Each lab includes teacher resources: Coming soon!
A Pre-lab discussion and questions A Sample data Check pasco.com for availability.
A Procedural overview A Assessment and synthesis questions
A Teacher tips A Extended inquiry suggestions Advanced Physics 1
Experiment Guide...................PS-3812

ADV PHYSICS 1 EXPERIMENTS EQUIPMENT ALIGNMENT

Perform these Add the PS-3814
labs with the Expansion Kit
LAB PS-3813 to perform IB® Standards* AP® 1 Standards**
Equipment Kit all these labs

1. Graphical Analysis: Motion 4 4 2.1 3.A.1.1, 2, 3

2. Newton’s Second Law 4 4 2.2 3.B.1.1, 2, 3, 3.B.2.1
3. Atwood’s Machine 4 4 2.2 3.B.1.1, 2
4. Coefficients of Friction 4 4 2.2 3.C.4.1,2
5. Two Dimensional Motion: Projectiles 4 1.3, 2.1 3.E.1.3, 4
6. Conservation of Mechanical Energy 4 4 2.3 5.B.4.1,2
7. Work and Kinetic Energy 4 4 2.3 4.C.2.1, 2
8. Conservation of Momentum 4 2.4 5.D.1.3,5.D.2.2, 4
9. Momentum and Impulse 4 4 2.4 3.D.2.3, 4
10. Rotational Dynamics 4 B.1 3.F.2.1, 2, 3.A.1.3
11. Rotational Statics 4 B.1 3.F.1.1, 2, 3, 4, 5
12. Periodic Motion: Mass and Spring 4 4 4.1, 9.1 3.B.3.1, 2, 3, 4
13. Simple Pendulum 4 4 4.1, 9.1 3.B.3.1, 2, 3
14. Resonance and Standing Waves 4 4.5, B.4 6.D.3.4, 6.D.4.1, 2
15. DC Circuits 4 5.1, 5.2 1.B.1.2, 5.B.9.2, 3, 5.C.3.1

Each experiment guide includes video support!

How-to videos are included with the manual, on the PASCO
web site and on YouTube, and can be installed on your own
Try It!
computers.

* IB is a registered trademark of the International Baccalaureate Organization, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.
** AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

84 more information at pasco.com

 Coming soon!
Check pasco.com for availability.
Advanced and AP® Physics
Advanced Physics 1 Equipment Kit Equipment Part # Qty

CURRICULUM & BUNDLES

1. Smart Cart (blue) ME-1241 1
PS-3813
2. 3. 2. PAStrack ME-6960 1
1. 3. Dynamics Track End Stop (2 pack) ME-8971 1
4. Four Scale Meter Stick SE-8695 1
5. 250-g Compact Cart Mass ME-6755 2
6. Mass & Hanger Set ME-8979 1
4. 7. Super Pulley Kit ME-9433 1
5. 8. Thread ME-9875 1
6. 9. 60-cm Stainless Steel Rod ME-8977 1
10. Aluminum Table Clamp ME-8995 1
7. 11. Wireless Smart Gate PS-3225 1
12. Right Angle Clamp SE-9444 1
8. 9. 11. 13. 250-g Cart Mass ME-6757A 3
10.
14. Discover Friction Accessory Tray ME-8574 1
14. 15. 45-cm Stainless Steel Rod ME-8736 1
12. 16. Angle Indicator ME-9495A 1
13. 17. Dynamics Track Rod Clamp ME-9836 1
15. 18. Bumper Accessory Set ME-9884 1
19. Smart Cart Rod Stand Adapter ME-1244 1
20. 90-cm Stainless Steel Rod ME-8738 1
17. 18.
21. Demonstration Spring Set ME-9866 1
16. 19.
22. Hooked Mass Set SE-8759 1
23. Photogate Pendulum Set ME-8752 1
22. 20. 24. Pendulum Clamp ME-9506 1

24.
Advanced Physics 1 Equipment Kit.............................. PS-3813
21. 23.

Advanced Physics 1 Expansion Kit

1.
Equipment
Smart Cart (red)
Part #
ME-1240
Qty
1
PS-3814 4.
3. 2. Pendulum Accessory ME-8969 1
2.
1. 3. Aluminum Table Clamp ME-8995 1
4. Wireless Rotary Motion Sensor PS-3220 1
5. Stainless Steel Calipers SF-8711 1
6. 6. Tension Protractor ME-6855 2
5.
7. 60-cm Stainless Steel Rod ME-8977 1
8. Aluminum Table Clamp ME-8995 1
10. 7. 9. Tuning Fork Set SE-7342 1
10. Resonance Air Column WA-9606 1
11. 11. AC/DC Electronics Lab Kit EM-8656 1
9. 12 Wireless Voltage Sensor PS-3211 1
13. Wireless Current Sensor PS-3212 1
14. Photogate Mounting Bracket ME-6821A 1
12. 13. 15. Mini Launcher ME-6825B 1
16. Carbon Paper SE-8693 1
14. 16.

15.
Advanced Physics 1 Expansion Kit............................... PS-3814

Advanced Physics Sensor Bundle eed

Just n rs? Equipment Part # Qty
sen s o 1. Smart Cart (red) ME-1240 1
PS-3818 3.
2. 2. Wireless Smart Gate PS-3225 1
4. 3. Smart Cart (blue) ME-1241 1
4. Wireless Rotary Motion Sensor PS-3220 1
1.
5. Wireless Voltage Sensor PS-3211 1
5. 8.
6. 7. 6. Wireless Current Sensor PS-3212 1
7. Wireless Pressure Sensor PS-3203 1
Advanced Physics Sensor Bundle............................... PS-3818 8. Wireless Magnetic Field Sensor PS-3221 1

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 85

 Advanced and AP® Physics
Advanced Physics 2 Experiment Guide Coming soon!
CURRICULUM & BUNDLES

Check pasco.com for availability.

PS-3815
This experiment guide covers the latest standards
for College Board Advanced Placement Physics 2.
A Every lab is based on the College Board Learning Objectives.
A Data Analysis and Assessment Questions are designed to prepare
students for the AP® Physics 2 exam.
A Every lab employs the same strategies found in free response
questions on the AP® exam.
A Includes editable student handouts.
Prepare your students for inquiry investigations in the
physics lab. Each lab is presented three ways:
A Structured A Guided inquiry A Student designed
You decide which level of inquiry is appropriate for each lab.
Each lab includes teacher resources:
A Pre-lab discussion and questions A Sample data
A Procedural overview A Assessment and synthesis questions Advanced Physics 2
A Teacher tips A Extended inquiry suggestions Experiment Guide...................PS-3815

ADV PHYSICS 2 EXPERIMENTS EQUIPMENT ALIGNMENT

Perform these Add the PS-3817
labs with the Expansion Kit
LAB PS-3816 to perform IB® Standards* AP® 2 Standards**
Equipment Kit all these labs

1. Hydrostatic Pressure 4 4 B.3 3.C.4.1, 3.C.4.2

2. 4
Buoyant Force B.3 1.E.1.2, 3.A.3.1, 3.C.4.2
3. Fluid Dynamics 4 B.3 4 5.B.10.1, 5.B.10.3, 5.B.10.4
4. Boyle’s Law 4 3.2 4 5.B.7.2, 7.A.3.2, 7.A.3.3
5. Spherical Mirror Reflection 4 C.1 4 6.E.4.1, 6.E.4.2
6. Snell’s Law 4 4.4 4 6.E.3.2, 6.E.3.3
7. Focal Length of a Converging Lens 4 C.1 4 6.E.5.1, 6.E.5.2
8. Interference and Diffraction 4 4.4, 9.2, 9.3 4 6.C.3.1
9. Electric Field Mapping 4 5.1, 10.1 2.E.2.1
10. Magnetic Fields 4 5.4 2.D.2.1, 2.D.3.1, 2.D.4.1
11. Magnetic Field Strength 4 5.4 2.D.2.1
12. Electromagnetic Induction 4 4 11.1 4.E.2.1
13. Capacitor Fundamentals 4 11.3 4.E.4.2, 4.E.4.3
14. Series and Parallel Capacitors 4 11.3 4.E.5.3, 5.B.9.5
15. RC Circuits 4 11.3 4.E.5.1, 4.E.5.2, 4.E.5.3
16. Planck’s Constant 4 12.1 6.F.3.1, 6.F.4.1

Each experiment guide includes video support!

How-to videos are included with the manual, on the PASCO
web site and on YouTube, and can be installed on your own
Try It!
computers.

* IB is a registered trademark of the International Baccalaureate Organization, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.
** AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

86 more information at pasco.com

 Advanced and AP® Physics
Advanced Physics 2 Coming soon! Equipment Part # Qty

CURRICULUM & BUNDLES

Check pasco.com for availability. 1. Water Reservoir ME-8594 1
Equipment Kit 2. Wireless Pressure Sensor PS-3203 1
PS-3816 2. 4.
3. Four-Scale Meter Stick SE-8695 1
4. Concave Mirror Accessory OS-8457 1
5. 5. Basic Optics Light Source OS-8470 1
6. Optics Track, 1.2 m OS-8508 1
1. 3. 7. Basic Optics Ray Table OS-8465 1
8. Basic Optics Viewing Screen OS-8460 1
9. Converging Lens, 50-mm diam. OS-8466A 1
7.
10. Adjustable Lens Holder OS-8474 1
8. 11. Diffraction Plate OS-8850 1
12. Rod, 45-cm ME-8736 2
6.
13. Aluminum Table Clamp ME-8995 2
12. 14. Stainless Steel Calipers SE-8710 1
10. 11.
13. 15. Three-finger Clamp SE-9445 2
9. 16. Laser Pointer (with known wavelength) SE-9716B/C 1
17. Wireless Voltage Sensor PS-3211 1
Not Pictured: .539 ID Plastic Tube, 12” 640-014 1
Magnet or Enameled Wire, 22-gauge 712-029 1
14. 15. 16.
17.
Advanced Physics 2 Equipment Kit.............................. PS-3816
Equipment Part # Qty
Advanced Physics 2 Expansion Kit 1. Smart Cart (red) ME-1240 1
2. Aluminum Table Clamp ME-8995 1
PS-3817
3. Thread ME-9875 1
1. 4. 4. Overflow Can SE-8568 1
3.
2. 5. Right Angle Clamp SE-9444 1
6. Field Mapper Kit PK-9023 1
7. Student Power Supply, 18 VDC, 3 A SE-8828 1
7.
8. Digital Multimeter SE-9786A 1
5. 6. 9. Neodymium Magnets (solid) EM-8648B 16
10. AC/DC Electronics Lab Kit EM-8656 1
11. Magnaprobe™ Wand SE-7390 1
12. 4-mm Banana Plug Patch Cord SE-9750 2
13. Wireless 3-Axis Magnetic Field Sensor PS-3221 1
8. 14. Wireless Current Sensor PS-3212 1
Not Pictured: Aluminum Cylinder 648-04768 1
9. 10. Brass Cylinder 648-04770 1
Magnet or Enameled Wire, 22-gauge 712-029 1
Capacitor, 100-μF 222-039 5
Blue LED (450–500 nm) 527-047 1
11.
Green LED (501–565 nm) 527-048 1
Yellow/Amber LED (566–620 nm) 527-049 1
12. 13. 14. Red LED (621–750 nm) 527-050 1

Advanced Physics 2 Expansion Kit............................... PS-3817

Advanced Physics Sensor Bundle eed

Just n rs? Equipment Part # Qty
se n s o 1. Smart Cart (red) ME-1240 1
PS-3818 3.
2. 2. Wireless Smart Gate PS-3225 1
4. 3. Smart Cart (blue) ME-1241 1
4. Wireless Rotary Motion Sensor PS-3220 1
1.
5. Wireless Voltage Sensor PS-3211 1
5. 8.
6. 7. 6. Wireless Current Sensor PS-3212 1
7. Wireless Pressure Sensor PS-3203 1
Advanced Physics Sensor Bundle............................... PS-3818 8. Wireless Magnetic Field Sensor PS-3221 1

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 87

 Comprehensive Physics Investigations
Comprehensive Physics Investigations Lab Manual
CURRICULUM & BUNDLES

EP-6326
Are you looking for more hands-on physics labs? The Comprehensive Physics Investigations
Lab Manual includes over 40 labs and activities. Best of all, digital access to the Online
Teacher Resources is included with purchase of the lab manual

A A single teacher guide is all you need to outfit your class or lab.
A Complete with guided inquiry lab activities, suggested answers, and much more

Investigations and activities in the lab manual cover topics such as:
• Graphs of Motion • Conservation of Momentum • Voltage and Batteries
• Motion Graphs • Inelastic Collisions • Design a Lemon Battery
• Acceleration • Elastic Collisions • Resistors and Ohm’s Law
• A Model for Accelerated Motion • Levers • Series and Parallel Resistances
• Newton’s Second Law • Pulleys • Electrical Power
• Hooke’s Law • Ramps and Inclined Planes • Compound Circuits
• Static and Kinetic Friction • Gear Ratios • Magnification of Mirrors
• Projectile Motion • Designing Gear Machines and Lenses
• Acceleration on an Inclined Plane • Torque • Reflection in a Plane Mirror
• Static Equilibrium • Mechanical Advantage of Gears • Refraction of Light
• Work and the Force vs. Distance Graph • Oscillators • Creating Real and Virtual Images
• Inclined Plane and the Conservation of • Resonance with Lenses
Energy • Waves • Image Formation for a
• Work and Energy Convex Lens
• Interference
• Springs and the Conservation of Energy • Build a Microscope and Telescope
• Resonance and Sound
• Work Done by Friction • Phosphorescence
• Design a Musical Instrument
• Design a Crash Barrier • Electricity and Circuits

Comprehensive Physics Investigations Lab Manual ................................................EP-6326

All the Physics Equipment You Need...

Comprehensive Physics Equipment Kit
EP-6490
This comprehensive kit includes:
• Forces and Motion Kit
• Oscillations, Waves,
and Sound Kit
• Light, Color, and
Optics Kit
• Simple Machines
Engineering Kit
• Modular Circuits Kit

These kits require either SPARKvue or PASCO Capstone

Comprehensive Physics Equipment Kit.................EP-6490 software, available at pasco.com/downloads

88 more information at pasco.com

 Comprehensive Physics Investigations
Choose the Kits You Need...

CURRICULUM & BUNDLES

Forces & Motion Kit Simple Machines Engineering Kit
EP-3576 EP-3577
Forces + Motion Labs Simple Machines Labs
• Graphs of Motion • Work and Energy • Static Equilibrium
• Motion Graphs • Springs and the • Levers
• Acceleration Conservation of Energy • Pulleys
• A Model for Accelerated Motion • Work Done by Friction • Gear Ratios
• Newton’s Second Law • Design a Crash Barrier • Designing Gear Machines
• Hooke’s Law • Conservation of Momentum • Torque
• Static and Kinetic Friction • Inelastic Collisions • Mechanical Advantage
• Projectile Motion • Elastic Collisions of Gears
• Acceleration on an Inclined Plane • Ramps and Inclined Planes
• Work and the Force
vs. Distance Graph
• Inclined Plane and the
Conservation of Energy

Simple Machines Engineering Kit...........................EP-3577

Go to pasco.com enter EP-3577 for complete kit contents

Light, Color & Optics Kit

EP-3558
Forces & Motion Kit .................................................EP-3576 Light, Color & Optics Labs
• Magnification of Mirrors and Lenses
Go to pasco.com enter EP-3576 for complete kit contents
• Reflection in a Plane Mirror
• Refraction of Light
• Creating Real and Virtual Images with Lenses
Modular Circuits Kit • Image Formation for a Convex Lens
EM-3536 • Build a Microscope and Telescope
• Phosphorescence
Modular Circuits Labs
• Electricity and Circuits
• Voltage and Batteries
• Design a Lemon Battery
• Resistors and Ohm’s Law
• Series and Parallel Resistances
• Electrical Power
• Compound Circuits

Modular Circuits Kit...................................................EM-3536 Light, Color & Optics Kit............................................EP-3558

Go to pasco.com enter EM-3536 for complete kit contents Go to pasco.com enter EP-3558 for complete kit contents

Oscillations, Waves & Sound Kit

EP-3578
Oscillations, Waves & Sound Labs
• Oscillators
• Resonance
• Waves
• Interference
• Resonance and Sound
• Design a Musical Instrument

Go to pasco.com enter EP-3578 for complete kit contents

Oscillations, Waves & Sound Kit............................EP-3578

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 Essential Physics
Essential Physics Curriculum
CURRICULUM & BUNDLES

This complete physics solution includes Textbook, e-Book,

Digital Teacher Edition, and Equipment!
Essential Physics 3rd Edition is a comprehensive, full-color textbook paired with PASCO equipment, and it is the only e-Book for
physics on the market. The program includes over 100 interactive tools that increase student engagement and understanding.
Essential Physics is focused on practical applications that connect students to the physics of nature as well as technology.

e-Book
(See page 92)

Textbook

Essential
Physics
Digital
Teacher
Edition
(See page 93)

Equipment
(See page 95)

Essential Physics is multiplatform: iOS, Android™, Chrome™, Windows®, and Mac®!

90 more information at pasco.com

 Essential Physics
About the program:

CURRICULUM & BUNDLES

A Rigorous yet accessible design A 
Differentiation for advanced, below-level, and
A Interactive simulations and equations ELL students
A Lessons follow the 5E design A 
Works with your LMS and Google Classroom
A Strong mathematics scaffolding A 
The e-Book includes 24/7 online/offline access.
No Internet required!
A Formative and summative assessment tools

Essential Physics Student Textbook

EP-6323
This rigorous yet accessible textbook includes core Physics topics that cover a complete year of instruction. The
lessons follow the 5E model and include tools for differentiated instruction and ELL students. The Essential Physics
curriculum aligns to state standards and was designed for the NGSS.

1. Science of Physics 10. Conservation of Energy 21. Refraction and Lenses

2. Physical Quantities and 11. Momentum and Collisions 22. Electromagnetic Radiation
Measurement 12. Machines 23. Properties of Matter
3. Position and Velocity 13. Angular Momentum 24. Heat Transfer
4. Acceleration 14. Harmonic Motion 25. Thermodynamics
5. Forces and Newton’s Laws 15. Waves 26. Quantum Physics
6. Motion in Two and Three 16. Sound and the Atom
Dimensions 17. Electricity and Circuits 27. Nuclear Physics
7. Circular Motion 18. Electric and Magnetic Fields
8. Static Equilibrium and Torque 19. Electromagnetism
9. Work and Energy 20. Light and Reflection

Essential Physics Student Textbook................................EP-6323

Essential Physics Student e-Book See pages 92-93 for details.

The multiplatform Essential Physics Student e-Book includes an electronic
version of the full textbook, as well as interactive simulations, embedded
animations and videos, assessment, and 24/7 online/offline access.

Essential Physics Student e-Book

5-year access.................................................................EP-6323-EB5
1-year access.................................................................EP-6323-EB1

Essential Physics Teacher Resources EP-6324

This online all-digital Teacher Resource includes:
• Standards Alignment Guide for your state!
• Teacher Edition flash drive + Student Edition flash drive
• Essential Physics Teacher User Guide
• Teacher e-Book with five-year license
• Student e-Book with five-year license
• SPARKvue software

For more information on Teacher Resources, call 877-373-0300 (inside US) or

916-462-8383 (outside US).
877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 91
 Essential Physics
A textbook and e-Book for all your students
CURRICULUM & BUNDLES

What sets Essential Physics apart is the complete and interactive e-Book. When you purchase the e-Book, you get animations,
videos, and interactive equations and simulations that bring concepts to life for students. Combined with digital resources for
teachers, formative and summative assessment, and equipment for lab investigations, Essential Physics forms a seamless
learning system for mastering physics.

The e-Book’s interactive tools include:

31 videos

84 embedded
interactive
equations

71 interactive
Full simulations
audio
read Elastic potential energy calculator
Equilibrium

0 0.5 1m

Elastic potential Spring 1 2 3

energy constant Displacement
1 2 4 5 6
0.05000 × 10 × 0.1000
Ep 2 k x 7 8 9
(joule, J) (newton per meter, N/m) (meter, m)
E 0 .
ENTER

A. B. C. CLEAR

The biceps and triceps muscles in your arm work the same way: When you flex your arm
the biceps muscle contracts as it releases its stored elastic potential energy; at the same
time, the triceps muscle is stretched, storing up elastic potential energy. The arm extends by

31 embedded
contracting the triceps muscle and releasing its stored energy; at the same time, the biceps
muscle is stretched, storing energy. The biceps and triceps muscles work in tandem: One
animations contracts, releasing energy to move the joint, while the other is stretched, storing energy.
Every joint in your body moves in a similar way, using opposing pairs of muscles that exert
force by contracting.

Summative assessment:
The Infinite Test Bank

Formative assessment

Essential Physics meets your state standards and supports STEM and NGSS!

92 more information at pasco.com

 Essential Physics
The Digital Teacher Edition includes lesson plans, slide presentations,

CURRICULUM & BUNDLES

student work, and answer keys, all at point-of-use.

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 93

 Essential Physics
Choose the Essential Physics Textbook, e-Book, or Both!!
CURRICULUM & BUNDLES

Essential Physics
3rd Edition
Student Textbook
EP-6323

Essential Physics
3rd Edition
Student e-Book
1-year license EP-6323-EB1
5-year license EP-6323-EB5

Essential Physics Teacher Resources EP-6324

This online all-digital Teacher Resource includes:

A Standards Alignment Guide for your state!
A Teacher Edition flash drive + Student Edition flash drive
A Essential Physics Teacher User Guide
A Teacher e-Book with five-year license
A Student e-Book with five-year license
A SPARKvue software

For more Essential Physics information,

contact your PASCO Education Specialist.
Email [email protected] or phone 877-373-0300 (inside US)
or 916-462-8383 (outside US).
Visit our website at pasco.com/essentialphysics

94 more information at pasco.com

 Essential Physics
Complete Your Physics Solution with

CURRICULUM & BUNDLES

Essential Physics Equipment.
Essential Physics Comprehensive Equipment Kit
EP-6490
This comprehensive kit includes:

Forces and Motion Kit

Simple Machines Engineering Kit

Oscillations, Waves, and Sound Kit

Modular Circuits Kit

Light, Color, and Optics Kit Projectile Launcher

Also available:
Standard Physics Equipment Kit
EP-3567A
This kit includes Forces and Motion Kit and Modular Circuits Kit:
Forces and Motion Kit:
• Wireless Smart Cart
• 1.2 m Track
• Dynamics Accessories
Modular Circuits Kit:
• Wireless Current Module
• Wireless Voltage Sensor
• Circuits Modules
• Circuits Accessories Modular Circuits Kit
Forces and Motion Kit

For complete information, go to pasco.com/essentialphysics

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 95
 STEM
Simple Machines Teacher Resources
CURRICULUM & BUNDLES

EP-6483

A A single teacher guide is all you need to outfit

your class or lab.
A Complete with guided inquiry lab activities,
suggested answers, and much more
A Requires Simple Machines Engineering Kit

Questions are embedded throughout the activities. Other features include sequencing
and key-term challenges. Opportunities to predict outcomes prior to data collection and
post-lab multiple choice questions help to make the connection between lectures and
labs as seamless as possible. And the lab activities are correlated to state and national
standards. For more information, visit pasco.com

Simple Machines Engineering Kit

EP-3577
Our Simple Machines Engineering Kit engages students in a wide range of
physics, physical science, and engineering concepts. Two triple-pulley blocks
make it easy to build machines with mechanical advantage up to 6:1. Build all
three classes of levers with our pair of 20-cm levers, or combine gears, levers,
and pulleys together to show how rotating machines work.

Includes
• 10 N Metal Spring Scales (2) • 20 cm Levers (2)
• Tripod Stands (2) & Crossrail • 60 Tooth Spur Gears (2)
• Universal Spring Hanger (2) • 40 Tooth Spur Gears (2)
• Right-angle Connector with Pulley (2) • 20 Tooth Spur Gears (3)
• Fixed Triple Pulley Block • 20 cm-diam. Large Pulleys (2)
• Hanging Triple Pulley Block • Weights
• Friction Block • String
• Quick-attach Gear Hubs (4) •  Gratnells® Storage Tray
• Gear Spacers (12)

Assembly shows included components.

Simple Machines Teacher Resources............................EP-6483

Required:
Simple Machines Engineering Kit .................................EP-3577

96 more information at pasco.com

 STEM
Curriculum

CURRICULUM & BUNDLES

Programming and Robotics Teacher Resources
EP-6485

A 2
3 lessons and projects A 2
3 slide presentations
A 
7 interactive simulations A 
23 student assignments
A 
Interactive IDE A Requires ErgoBot with ErgoBoard Robotics

Programming is one of the most valuable skills in the job market today and robotics
is the cutting edge of technology. The ErgoBot Programming and Robotics system
is a unique combination of hardware and software that makes it easier than ever
before to get your students excited, engaged, and successful with both.
This unique module offers 23 lessons and projects covering introductory and
intermediate programming, robotics, sensors, code development, variables, loops,
logic structures, autonomous operation, design, engineering, optimization and
performance testing.
Hardware and software work together to make the easiest, most engaging
programming course ever created.
ErgoBot Programming and Robotics
Teacher Resources.................................. EP-6485
Hardware and software work together to make the easiest and most Required:
engaging programming course ever created.
ErgoBot with ErgoBoard Robotics......... EP-6473
A No assembly required A Wireless Bluetooth® communication Also sold separately:
A 23 projects start from novice level A Practical for every classroom ErgoBot....................................................... EP-6471
A Works with Windows® and Mac® OS X. A Go to pasco.com for more info! ErgoBoard Robotics................................. EP-6472

Equipment
ErgoBot with ErgoBoard Robotics
EP-6473
A Everything works right out of the box – nothing to solder or
assemble.
A Designed for the classroom – use the same ErgoBot every period,
all day.
A Projects 1-8 require no installed software. Students write easy
code that gets the ErgoBot moving in less than 20 minutes.
A All three sensors are included and need only a few jumpers to
connect.
A B uild up to C-level programming language using logic and sensors.
A The teacher’s guide includes 23 projects with lessons, slides,
and a wealth of instructional material.
The ErgoBot Robotics system includes the ErgoBot, the Arduino-
A The Arduino-compatible ErgoBoard is available separately to compatible ErgoBoard, an IR distance sensor, a 5-position IR skirt
upgrade your existing ErgoBot. sensor for line following, and more.

ErgoBot ErgoBoard with Sensors

EP-6471 EP-6472

Add the Arduino-compatible

ErgoBoard and sensors to
your ErgoBot to study robotics
and programming (requires an
ErgoBot).
Requires the Programming and Robotics
Teacher Resources (above).

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 97

 Dynamics Systems
The Best Dynamics Systems in the World
MECHANICS

PASCO introduced the first dynamics system in 1992...

and we have been improving it ever since.
Mass Tray
It all started with sturdy Add mass bars to double or
triple the mass of the cart.
aluminum carts: Collision Cart
Two Mounting Holes
Magnets for accessories
for elastic
collisions
Velcro® Tabs
for inelastic
Plunger Cart collisions

Low-friction
Ball Bearing Wheels
Three-position Plunger
provides reproducible
impulses and explosions.
One 500 g mass included
with Collision Cart.

So little friction they will roll off the table if you set them
down on their wheels! So sturdy they will survive the fall!

Spring-loaded
wheels Spring-loaded retractable wheels prevent damage
and keep your students from skating on them.

Soon, we added an aluminum

dynamics track to align collisions:
Attach Springs
Magnets in to End Stop
End Stop for oscillations.
so carts bounce off

A Motion
Sensor can
snap onto the Adjustable Feet
end of the track. level the track.
No additional
bracket required.

98 more information at pasco.com

 Dynamics Systems
New technologies lead to new innovations...

MECHANICS
Plastic brought new possibilities:
A Durable lightweight PAScars
A Curved track for Conservation of Energy

All accessories fit the

plastic PAStrack.

Plastic
PAScars Plastic PAStrack
with Curved Sections

Acceleration
Optical Sensor
Encoder
for position
and velocity

Smart Cart*
Then in 2016, PASCO introduced ME-1240 (red)
the Smart Cart, the first fully ME-1241 (blue)
*Patent pending
instrumented dynamics cart.
Force Sensor Plastic PAScars

Classic Metal Carts

Smart Carts

Snap together individual sections to make a

track as long as you want with PAStrack.

Now, these three types of carts are compatible

with both types of tracks, and there are many
accessories to complete your lab.

See the next two pages to configure your

dynamics system.

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 Dynamics Systems
How to choose the Dynamics System that’s best for you:
MECHANICS

1 Select the type of track you want.

Do you want metal or plastic tracks?

Metal Track Advantages Plastic Track Advantages

A Available in 1.2 m or 2.2 m lengths A Can add tracks to make as long as you want
A Straight and rigid A Lightweight
A Can do induced magnetic drag because it’s conductive A Can add curved track to do hills
A Feet can be placed at any position A Built-in feet
A High-contrast scale A Storage: 1-meter track disassembles into two 50-cm parts
A Less expensive

2 Select the type of carts you want.

Do you want metal or plastic or Smart Carts?

Metal Cart Advantages Plastic Cart Advantages Smart Cart Advantages

A R
 ed and blue for distinguishing A Red and blue for distinguishing A Red and blue for distinguishing
in collisions in collisions in collisions
A More inertia A Least expensive A Completely instrumented with all the
sensors you need for dynamics
A Sturdy body A Two string tie positions
A Two string tie positions
A User-replaceable wheels A Plunger has a long throw.
A Bluetooth 4.0 wireless:
No interface required

100 more information at pasco.com

 Dynamics Systems

MECHANICS
3 Which system is best for you?

Basic System Just Carts and Track

Example shown:
ME-5705

OR
Standard System Basic System + Accessory Pack
Example shown:
ME-5715

Basic System includes Plastic Track 1 m Metal Track 1.2 m Metal Track 2.2 m
A Track ME-5701 ME-5702 ME-5703
Plastic Carts
A 2 Carts
A 2 Feet ME-5704 ME-5705 ME-5706
Metal Carts
A 2 Endstops
A Rod Clamp
Smart Carts ME-5707 ME-5708 ME-5709
A 2 Mass Bars (4 with metal carts)

Standard System includes

A Track
A 2 Carts Plastic Track 1 m Metal Track 1.2 m Metal Track 2.2 m
A 2 Feet ME-5711 ME-5712 ME-5713
Plastic Carts
A 2 Endstops
A Rod Clamp ME-5714 ME-5715 ME-5716
Metal Carts
A 2 Mass Bars (4 with metal carts)
A Spring Set ME-5717 ME-5718 ME-5719
Smart Carts
A Clamp-on Super Pulley
A Friction Block
A Angle Indicator

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 Dynamics System Measurement
How to measure motion and forces on your dynamics system:
MECHANICS

If you have a Smart Cart Dynamics

System, you don’t need any other OR If you have any other system,
sensors or interfaces. you need:
1. Smart Cart 1. Wireless Force Acceleration Sensor (one or two)
The Smart Cart has built-in sensors that measure its position, We recommend the Wireless Force Sensors because they can
velocity, acceleration, force, and angular velocity. So there is no ride in the carts without the added friction of a cord. Although a
need to add any other external sensors. It’s ready to measure, wired force sensor can be used mounted to the end of the track
right out of the box. No interface is required because it connects to show impulse, if you want to show the forces between two
wirelessly to any computing device. carts, the wireless force sensors are required.

Wireless Force Acceleration Sensor

®

Built-in 3-axis Mass tray fits all PS-3202 (See page 11.)
acceleration accessories
3-position
spring plunger Built-in force
sensor
2. Motion Sensors (2) OR Photogates (2)
Two Motion Sensors can track the velocity (speed and direction) of
both carts throughout a collision for Conservation of Momentum
experiments. Photogates have to be placed at just the right position
to capture the before and after speeds.

Photogate
USB port Velcro® tabs Heads
for charging ME-9498A
Power button
Photogate
Built-in wheel encoder Brackets Picket
for position and velocity Motion Sensor ME-9806 Fences
PS-2103A (See page 32.) (See page 105.) ME-8933

3. An interface for the Motion Sensors or

Photogates (550 or 850 Interface)
The 550 is sufficient
for most labs, but the
850 will meet every
need, particularly
college labs.

Smart Cart (blue) ME-1241 Smart Cart (red) ME-1240 (See page 102.)

4. PASCO Capstone Software

2. PASCO Capstone Software The site license includes student home use.
The site license includes student home use.
(See pages 70-73.)
(See pages 70-73.)
Wireless Force Acceleration Sensor (order 1 or 2).......... PS-3202
Motion Sensor (order 2)......................................................... PS-2103A
Smart Cart (red)........................................................................ ME-1240 Photogate Head (order 2)....................................................... ME-9498A
Smart Cart (blue) ..................................................................... ME-1241 Photogate Brackets (2)........................................................... ME-9806
PASCO Capstone Software Smart Timer Picket Fences (2)............................................... ME-8933
Single User License................................................................. UI-5401 550 Universal Interface (See p. 28)........................................ UI-5001
OR
Site License ............................................. UI-5400
850 Universal Interface (See p. 26)........................................ UI-5000
PASCO Capstone Software
Single User License................................................................. UI-5401
Site License ............................................. UI-5400

102 more information at pasco.com

 Dynamics System Measurement
OR Without an Interface, OR With the traditional approach,

MECHANICS
you need: you need:
1. Wireless Force Acceleration Sensor (one or two) 1. Wireless Force Acceleration Sensor (one or two)

Wireless Force Acceleration Sensor Wireless Force Acceleration Sensor

PS-3202 (See page 11.) PS-3202 (See page 11.)

2. Smart Timer with 2 Photogates 2. Tape Timer

The Smart Timer is battery-powered and very easy to just set The Tape Timer gets you back to basics. Students measure the
out on the lab bench and get going. However, on days when dots to get speed and plot speed vs. time to get acceleration.
you want to measure force, you will still need a separate On days when you want to measure force, you will still need a
computing device for the wireless force sensors. separate computing device for the wireless force sensors.

Smart Timer Photogate Tape Timer Sensor

Heads
ME-8930 ME-9283
ME-9498A
(See page 120.) (See page 123.)
Photogate
Brackets Picket
ME-9806 Fences
(See page 105.) ME-8933

3. PASCO Capstone Software 3. PASCO Capstone Software

The site license includes student home use. The site license includes student home use.
(See pages 70-73.) (See pages 70-73.)

Smart Timer............................................................................... ME-8930 Tape Timer................................................................................. ME-9283

Includes two fences, 9 VAC adapter and manual. Includes one roll of paper, 10 carbon paper discs, battery and manual.
Wireless Force Acceleration Sensor (order 1 or 2).......... PS-3202 Wireless Force Acceleration Sensor (order 1 or 2).......... PS-3202
Photogate Head (order 2)....................................................... ME-9498A PASCO Capstone Software
Photogate Brackets (2)........................................................... ME-9806 Single User License................................................................. UI-5401
PASCO Capstone Software Site License ............................................. UI-5400
Single User License................................................................. UI-5401
Site License ............................................. UI-5400

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 Dynamics Systems Measurement
Smart Gate
MECHANICS

Smart Gate
PS-2180
The Smart Gate connects directly to any PASPORT interface, and has an auxiliary port
to daisy chain to an additional Photogate. Can be used with cart picket fence, clamp on
super pulley, and flexible Photogate Tape. Photogate
Bracket
Wireless Coming soon!
Smart Gate Check pasco.com for availability.

PS-3225
Clamp-on
The Wireless Smart Gate has all the features of the Smart Pulley
Gate (PS-2180), but it connects to your computing device
via Bluetooth® or USB; it does not require an interface.

Photogate Smart Pulley

Use the Smart Gate and
Photogate Bracket with the
Picket Fence Clamp-on Super Pulley to
Auxiliary Port create a “smart pulley.”
Smart Gate

Double Infrared Beams

Using the double beam of the
Smart Gate, the velocity of the cart
can be determined accurately using
the front edge of a single flag.

Auxiliary Port
A second photogate is connected
to the Smart Gate Auxiliary Port so
only one PASPORT port is required
for two photogates.

Connects directly to
PASPORT Interface.

Smart Gate

Photogate Tape Slot

Taped to cart Photogate
The Smart Gate has a special slot Free end
through which the Photogate Tape
Tape
can be threaded. This creates an
excellent way of measuring the
speed of the cart the full distance
of the track as the cart accelerates
down the inclined track.

Photogate Tape Slot

Smart Gate..............................................................PS-2180 p. 42
Includes
Wireless Smart Gate.............................................PS-3225 p. 10
• Smart Gate
Recommended:
• PASPORT Cable Photogate Head.....................................................ME-9498A p. 43
High Resolution Photogate Tape.........................ME-6666 p. 44
Photogate Brackets (2).........................................ME-9806 p. 105
Cart Picket Fences (2)...........................................ME-9804 p. 44
Super Pulley with Clamp......................................ME-9448B p. 190

104 more information at pasco.com

 Dynamics Systems Measurement
Photogates and Fences Photogate Brackets

MECHANICS
ME-9471A ME-9806 (2)
When used with the computer for data recording, display, and
analysis, the photogate/pulley timing system can provide a wide A Attaches Photogates to PASCO Dynamics Tracks
range of time, speed, and velocity measurements. The photogates A Easily Adjust Photogate Height
mount to the dynamics track using the provided brackets. The
picket fences provided mount directly to the dynamics carts.
The Photogate Bracket allows the
Photogate Head to be attached
directly to PASCO dynamics
tracks. This eliminates the need
for separate photogate stands and
allows the photogate height to be
easily adjusted relative to the track.
Includes two Photogate Brackets.

(Photogates not included.)

Position and velocity graphs are
obtained using a Picket Fence
and Photogate.

Photogate Brackets (2).....................................................ME-9806

Photogate Tape
Includes ME-6666
• Photogate Heads (2) Flexible Mylar® picket fence tape can be cut to any length. Tape slides
• Photogate Brackets (2) into a Smart Gate to more accurately measure the motion of a cart.
• Picket Fences (2)
•S
 uper Pulley with attachment screw
(attaches Super Pulley to Photogate)
• Pulley Mounting Rod

Photogates and Fences........................................ME-9471A

Individual Components:
Photogate Head.....................................................ME-9498A p. 43
Photogate Brackets (2).........................................ME-9806
Cart Picket Fences (2)...........................................ME-9804
Super Pulley............................................................ME-9450A p. 190
Pulley Mounting Rod.............................................SA-9242 p. 190
Required for use with PASPORT Interfaces:
Digital Adapter.......................................................PS-2159 p. 45

Cart Picket Fences

(set of 2) Photogate tape can be used
as a picket fence “string” to
ME-9804 continuously measure the
motion of the cart.

Cart Picket Fences (set of 2)............................................. ME-9804

Slide the photogate tape through the slot to measure position,
Smart Timer Picket Fences velocity, and acceleration. The band spacing on the tape is 1 cm
from edge to edge.
(set of 2)
See Smart Timer on
ME-8933
pages 120-121. High Resolution Photogate Tape.........................ME-6666
Required:
Smart Gate..............................................................PS-2180 p. 42
Wireless Smart Gate.............................................PS-3225 p. 10
Smart Timer Picket Fences (set of 2)................................. ME-8933

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 Dynamics Carts
Mass tray fits all
Wireless Smart Cart Built-in 3-axis acceleration
®
MECHANICS

3-position accessories
spring plunger
ME-1240 (red) ME-1241 (blue)
Here is the ultimate tool for your physics lab with
built-in sensors that measure force, position, velocity,
and acceleration. The Smart Cart can make these
measurements on or off a dynamics track and transmit
the data wirelessly over Bluetooth®.
A Built-in force sensor (±100 N) Velcro®
A Built-in 3-D acceleration sensor (±16 g) tabs
A Optical encoder measures motion Built-in force
Power button sensor
A Data is transmitted wirelessly Built-in wheel encoder USB port for
A No interface required for position and velocity charging
A Rechargeable lithium-polymer battery
Force beam
Imagine the possibilities…
1. Measure cart velocity on a curved
track where Motion Sensors cannot Protected
work because there is no straight optical
line of sight. Acceleration
encoder
sensor

2. D
 irectly measure the tension in the string connected
to the Smart Cart.
Hang a mass over a pulley, hold the cart in place, and then let go.
When the cart is stationary, the tension is equal to the hanging
weight. When the cart Read the review from The Physics Teacher
accelerates, the tension
is less than the
hanging weight.

3. Measure oscillations of a cart and spring.

Measure position, velocity, and
acceleration of the cart,
and force of the spring.

4. Place the cart on the

floor or table.
Measure velocity as cart travels across
the floor or table without a track.

5. Use for collisions with two Smart Carts.

Each cart measures its own velocity and force. Will your students
correctly predict the forces recorded by each cart for the following
parameters? Go to pasco.com/smartcart
A Use equal masses and unequal masses.
A Use the same spring bumpers on the Smart Cart force sensors Smart Cart Includes
and then change the spring on one Smart Cart to a weaker spring.
• Hook • Magnetic bumper
• Rubber bumper • USB cable for charging

Smart Cart (red)..........................................................ME-1240

The magnetic bumper for the force sensor is included with the Smart Cart. Smart Cart (blue) .......................................................ME-1241

106 more information at pasco.com

 Smart Cart Accessories
Smart Fan Accessory Smart Cart Rod Stand Adapter

MECHANICS
ME-1242 ME-1244
A Provides a Constant Force This accessory allows the Smart Cart
to be suspended from a rod stand.
A Hands-off Operation
Use the Smart Cart’s force sensor to
A Sense and Control measure the force of an oscillating
A Manual Mode for Non-Smart Carts spring and mass.

If you use this fan on a regular cart, you can turn it on and The Smart Cart can be mounted
select one of three speeds by pushing the button on the directly to a vertical rod or to a
side. But plugging it into a Smart Cart gives this Smart Fan horizontal cross-rod.
Accessory added capabilities:
• Remotely start and stop the fan.
• Adjust the thrust.
• Reverse the spin of the fan.
• Do sense and control.

Specifications
• Push-button for on/off: 3 speed settings
• Fits all PASCO dynamics carts
• Smart Cart required for extended Smart features
• Maximum thrust: 0.2 N
• Uses 4 AA batteries (alkaline or rechargeable) Screw storage
• Lithium battery performance: On medium speed,
fan slows after 5.2 hrs and stops after 5.6 hrs.
• Alkaline battery performance: On medium speed, Coming soon!
fan slows after 1 hr and stops after 8.9 hrs. Check pasco.com for availability.
• PASCO Capstone software required for full feature set.
• SPARKvue software provides ON/OFF button and thrust slider. Smart Cart Rod Stand Adapter................................ME-1244

Smart Cart
Charging
Includes Garage
• Smart Fan Accessory ME-1243
• Smart Cart Cable (19 cm)
• AA Alkaline Batteries (4)
Charge up to five Smart
Carts at once. Provides
storage for the carts
Smart Fan Accessory .............................................................. ME-1242 and accessory bumpers.
Requires: Includes power adapter.
Smart Cart or Dynamics Cart.................................................. pp.98-99
PASCO Capstone Software..................................................... pp.70-73
Suggested:
Battery Charger with 8 AA Rechargeable Batteries.......... SE-3570 Smart Cart Charging Garage...................................ME-1243

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 Carts & Tracks
PASCO Dynamics Carts Classic Aluminum Carts
MECHANICS

PAScar Plunger Cart Collision Cart

ME-6933 (red) ME-6934 (blue) ME-9430 (blue) ME-9454 (red)

Each 250 gram polycarbonate plastic cart includes both a spring These are the standard carts in thousands of physics labs around the
plunger, magnets and Velcro tabs for collision studies. The PAScars world. With an aluminum body, high-impact ABS plastic end caps,
come in red and blue and are compatible with all PASCO Dynamics and a 500 g mass, they make dynamics experiments quick to set
Tracks and accessories. up and very quantitative. The Classic Carts are compatible with all
PASCO Dynamics Tracks and accessories.
Polycarbonate Body
Total mass: 250 g

Three Mounting Holes Mass Tray

Two Mounting Mass Tray
Holes
Velcro® Tabs

Magnets

Low-friction Magnets
Three-position Retractable,
Plunger Three-position
Ball-Bearing Wheels Plunger
Velcro® Tabs
Low-friction Retractable,
Ball-Bearing Wheels

PAScar (red).......................................................... ME-6933

PAScar (blue)......................................................... ME-6934 Plunger Cart (blue)................................................ ME-9430
PAScar (set of 2)................................................... ME-6950 Collision Cart (red)................................................ ME-9454
Replacement Supplies: Replacement Supplies:
Replacement Axles (4 pack)............................... ME-6957 p. 112 Replacement Axles (4 pack)............................... ME-6957 p. 112
Cart Mass............................................................... ME-6757A p. 109 Cart Mass............................................................... ME-6757A p. 109

PAStrack Aluminum
ME-6960 Starter Tracks
Includes
• Two piece track
• Connector clips (2)
• Leveling feet (6)

PAStrack.................................................................................. ME-6960

Curved PAStrack 1 Have 1.2 m

length tracks
ME-6841 and want to
For use with PAStrack 2 change to 2.2 m?
ME-6960. These aluminum
Includes tracks are available
in 1.2 m and 2.2 m
1. Concave-up Curved Piece lengths.
2. Concave-down Curved Piece 3
3. PAStrack Connector Clips (2)

1.2 m Aluminum Starter Track...........................................ME-9493

Curved PAStrack.................................................................... ME-6841 2.2 m Aluminum Starter Track...........................................ME-9779

108 more information at pasco.com

 Dynamics Systems Accessories
Track Rod Clamp PAScar Cart Mass (set of 2) Super Pulley with Clamp

MECHANICS
ME-9836 ME-6757A ME-9448B

This 250 gram mass fits in any Dynamics

Cart, the Motorized Cart (ME-9781), or the Shown with
Discover Friction Accessory (ME-8574). PAStrack
Pivot Clamp
Shown with PAStrack

Track Rod Clamp fastens to the T-slot of a PAScar Cart Mass Pulley clamps on the end of any Dynamics
Dynamics Track and accepts 1/2” rod. (set of 2).............................. ME-6757A Track. Its height is fully adjustable to match
height of string attached to a dynamics cart.

Track Rod Clamp................ ME-9836

Compact Cart Mass
ME-6755 Super Pulley
with Clamp......................... ME-9448B
This 250 g mass allows students to change
Adjustable Feet (2) the mass of the Classic Cart or PAScar. It
also fits on the Fan Cart (ME-9485).
ME-8972 Dynamics Track
Spring Set
ME-8999

Adjustable Feet (2)..................ME-8972

End Stops (2) Compact Cart Mass.............ME-6755

Includes 12 springs (1.6 cm diameter) with
ME-8971
Elastic Bumper approximate spring constants of:
3.4 N/m (3 short and 3 long springs)
ME-8998 6.8 N/m (3 short and 3 long springs)
The Elastic Bumper protects the
Motion Sensor from the carts, Motion
but doesn’t interfere with the Sensor
Dynamics Track
ultrasonic pulse. Spring Set (12).........................ME-8999
End Stops (2)........................ME-8971 Bracket
Spring Set
Angle Indicator ME-9803B
ME-9495A
The Angle Indicator
fastens to the T-slot
of a dynamics track.
Elastic Bumper
Hanging plumb-
bob indicates angle Shown with PAStrack
to 1/2°.
Includes
• Two pairs of brackets Includes eight identical springs: 8 cm long,
3.4 N/M spring constant.
Angle Indicator...................ME-9495A • 10 meters of elastic material
Recommended:
Projectile Launcher Plumb Bobs
(12 pack)..............................ME-9868A Elastic Bumper......................... ME-8998 Spring Set (8)........................ME-9803B

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 Dynamics Systems Accessories
Friction Block Discover Friction Accessory Hooke’s Law, Spring
MECHANICS

ME-9807 ME-8574
See EX-5508 Potential Energy, and
Sliding Friction
Experiment
Work-Kinetic Energy
on p. 326. Theorem, all in one cart
launcher
Spring Cart Launcher
A T wo types of material ME-6843*
A Vary surface area by using it flat PASCO’s Discover Friction Accessory is
unlike any other friction set. The trays are
or up on its side designed to work effectively with PASCO
A Hook for attaching a string to pull it carts and sensors. Using the four trays,
A Slot for a picket fence or flag for students can discover concepts such as A  ffordable cart launcher
A
coefficient of friction, static friction, kinetic A Hooke’s Law

photogate timing friction and the sliding friction equations.
The two trays with identical plastic surfaces A Spring potential energy

The wooden Friction Block has felt on two can be hooked together to explore the A See EX-5504A Hooke’s Law and

sides, so the frictional coefficients for felt or relationship between surface area and sliding
wood can be measured. It also fits into the Energy Stored in a Spring on p. 323
frictional forces.
dynamics cart tray so the cart can run on its
wheels, or it can be turned upside down to The Spring Cart Launcher provides an
run on the Friction Block without changing economical way to launch carts in a
the mass. repeatable fashion. It can be used for
Hooke’s Law, collisions, and for Conservation
Features of Energy. It fits into the bed of a Dynamics
A Dimensions: 13 cm x 5 cm x 1.7 cm Cart or PAScar. To launch the cart, the
plunger is pulled through the hole in the
A Approximate Mass: 110 g
new endstop, compressing the spring, and
then released. To add repeatability, a second
endstop can be used with the supplied
pin to hold the plunger at a specified
compression position. Three different
strength springs are provided
The peak of the graph represents the maximum static with the Spring Cart
frictional force. Once the friction tray begins to move, Launcher. Use with
the kinetic frictional force is evident on the graph. or without
probeware.
Features
A Easy Storage: Friction trays are stackable
A Versatile: Students discover key friction
concepts
The sliding friction block does work on the moving
A Compatible: Can be used with PASCO
Smart Cart and stops it quickly. The graph above shows
carts, masses, and Force Sensors
the cart velocity and applied friction stopping force vs.
the distance travelled by the cart and block. The area
under the Force vs. Distance curve gives the work done,
and the loss of kinetic energy can be calculated from Includes
the velocity. • Spring Cart Launcher
Includes • Trigger Pin
• Friction Tray - Felt • Three Different Strength Springs

• Friction Tray - Cork

• Friction Tray - Plastic (2)
Spring Cart Launcher......... ME-6843....
Required:
Discover Friction Dynamics Track System.... See pages 92-93
Accessory.................. ME-8574 *NOTE: Not compatible with the Smart Cart
Recommended:
Recommended:
Friction Block........................ME-9807 Cart Mass................... ME-6757A p. 109
PAScar (red).............. ME-6933 p. 102 End Stops (2)........................ ME-8971....p. 109
Shown in use with: Replacement Springs......... ME-6847....
PAScar (blue)............. ME-6934 p. 102
Dynamics Track System.....See pages 98-101 Force Sensor............. See pages 36-37 (Three different strength springs, two each)
End Stops (2).........................ME-8971 p. 109 Dynamics System..... See pages 98-101 Compact Cart Mass............ ME-6755 p. 109

110 more information at pasco.com

 Dynamics Systems Accessories
Force Bracket Bumper Accessory Set

MECHANICS
ME-6622 ME-9884

The Force Bracket with

bumpers mounts the PASCO
Force Sensor directly to a
dynamics track. It includes 5
collision attachments for the
Force Sensor and conveniently
stores each attachment on the
bracket itself.
This set of bumpers can be used with any PASCO Force Sensor to
Using any of these perform both elastic and inelastic collisions. The standard hook for each
attachments, the bracket Force Sensor can be easily removed and replaced with any of these
serves as an excellent support bumpers. Use a spring and a cup for elastic collisions. Combine two
or target for collision studies cups with clay to explore inelastic collisions.
using the Force Sensor.
Includes
• Stiff Spring • Empty Cup (2)
• Light Spring • Modeling Clay

Bumper Accessory Kit............................................................ ME-9884

Magnetic Bumper Set

Wireless Force Acceleration Sensor (PS-3202) in cart collisions with fixed ME-9885A
spring bumper on Force Bracket This set of magnetic bumpers can be
used with any PASCO Force Sensor
to perform elastic collisions without
any contact. The bumpers screw
directly into the beam of the sensor.
They can also be used with the
Force Bracket.

Includes
• Magnetic Bumper (2)

Magnetic Bumper Set............................................................. ME-9885A

Force vs. Time data
for a clay, spring,
and magnet
Cart Adapter Accessory
ME-6743 The Cart Adapter Accessory allows the Motion
Sensor and many other sensors to be mounted to
a Dynamics Cart or a PAScar.

Includes
•S
 pring Bumpers (2) Mounting a Motion Sensor on a cart is ideal for the
(different spring constants) study of relative motion. The adjustment knob on the
bracket allows the Motion Sensor to face any direction.
• Magnetic Bumper (1)
• Rubber Bumper (1) Includes
• Clay Cup for Inelastic Collisions (1; clay included) • Two M5 thumb screws to attach to cart
• #0 Phillips Head Screwdriver (to attach to Force Sensor) • 1/4”-20 screw at center

Force Bracket........................................................................... ME-6622 Cart Adapter Accessory......................................................... ME-6743

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 Dynamics Systems Accessories
Photogate Dynamics Systems Use your Rotary Motion
MECHANICS

Bracket Spares Kit Sensor to track cart

ME-9806 (2) ME-9823
motion.
The Spares Kit contains many of the small
parts that can get lost after classroom use. Dynamics Track Mount
All parts are organized in a convenient case CI-6692
for easy storage.
Track String Adapter
Includes (RMS/IDS Kit)
ME-8933 • Cart Bumper Magnets (2) ME-6569
• Velcro® Hoop and Loop Bumpers (4)
• Dynamics Track Feet Screws (4)
ME-9804 • 1/4”-20 x 9/16” Tee Thumb Screws (4)
• 1/4”-20 x 9/16” Round Thumb Screws (6)
• 1/4”-20 x 3/8” Round Thumb Screws (6)
Photogate Brackets (2)....................ME-9806 • 1/4”-20 x 7/32” Square Nuts (20)
Smart Timer Picket Fences (2)........ME-8933 • 1/4”-20 Nylon Thumb Nuts (6)
Dynamic Cart Picket Fences (2).....ME-9804 • 6-32 x 3/8” Nylon Thumb Screw (6)
• M5 x 0.8 x 20 mm Nylon Thumb Screw (4)
• 1/4”-20 x 3/8” Set Screws (4)
Cart Replacement Axles* • Bumper Squares (8)
The Dynamics Track Mount (CI-6692) is
(4 pack) • Round Rubber Bumpers (4)
used to mount the Rotary Motion Sensor to
ME-6957 the Dynamics Track, allowing it to act as a
high resolution, bi-directional Smart Pulley.

*Not suitable for Smart Carts

Although the ball bearings are designed
for many years of use, the bearings may
become damaged from dirt and other
contaminants. The wheels and axles of the
PAScar can be easily replaced by removing
the lower section of the car and placing the
new wheels in the chassis. A perfect tune- When used in conjunction with the Dynamics
up for a PAScar or GOcar! The wheels of Track Mount (CI-6692), the Track String
the Classic Carts can also be replaced with Adapter allows a Rotary Motion Sensor to
the same set of wheels. Contact PASCO’s continuously monitor the Dynamics Cart
technical support for further assistance. position. A loop of string wraps around the
Rotary Motion Sensor pulley and the ball-
Dynamics Systems bearing pulley, and then it attaches to the cart
Cart Replacement Axles Spares Kit................................... ME-9823 via a special clip (included).
(4 pack)............................... ME-6957

Rubber Cord CI-6692 Includes

Braided Physics String (30 meters)
• Bracket
SE-8050
ME-8986
A 30-lb. test
PS-2120A Includes
This braided Dacron® For Elastic Bumper • Bracket with Pulley
string is tough, (ME-8998). Also fits • Cart String Clip
resists stretching, Air Track Bumpers
and won’t unravel. • Thread
Withstands up to 133 Newtons of force
(equivalent to 13.6 kg). Each roll provides
320 meters of string.
Dynamics Track Mount.... CI-6692
Braided Physics Rubber Cord Track String Adapter
String........................................SE-8050 (Spool of 30 m)..................... ME-8986 (RMS/IDS Kit)..................... ME-6569

112 more information at pasco.com

 Dynamics Systems Accessories
Teach the difference between velocity and acceleration.

MECHANICS
Visual Accelerometer
PS-2128
A C
learly demonstrates the difference
between velocity and acceleration
A S
hows both direction and magnitude of
acceleration
A A
cts as a sensor when
connected to a computer

Scale Switch
How It Works
The Visual Accelerometer shows the magnitude and direction of
acceleration in one dimension. Five green LEDs light in proportion
to the acceleration to the right, and five red LEDs light in proportion Super Bright LEDs Mode of Operation Switch
to the acceleration to the left. Because the Visual Accelerometer is
mounted on the accelerating object, students see the acceleration
without having to look away at a computer.

The Visual Accelerometer

can be used with the
Smart Fan Accessory (ME-1242).

Push a cart up the incline and let it go back down. Students will expect the direction
of the acceleration to change, depending on whether the cart is going up or down the
incline. They are surprised that the red lights stay lit in the same direction.

Features
A Super Bright LEDs: Strong visual clues to both the
magnitude and direction of the acceleration.
A Portable: Clearly shows magnitude and direction of
acceleration with no cord attached.
A Auto-Scale: The auto-scale feature makes any acceleration
between 0.2 and 20 m/s2 a full-scale reading.
A Peak-Hold Mode: Freezes the lighted LEDs at the maximum
acceleration so it can be viewed after the object stops.

Specifications
Three Manual Scales: 1 m/s2, 5 m/s2, 20 m/s2 full scale
Requires three AA batteries for stand-alone operation (included)
Auto-off after three hours

Includes When connected to a computer, the Visual Accelerometer measures the acceleration
as the cart is pushed by hand. The direction and magnitude of the acceleration is
• Visual Accelerometer constant as the cart goes up and then goes down the incline.
•P
 lastic M5 screws for
attachment to a
Dynamics Cart (2) PASPORT Visual Accelerometer................................ PS-2128
• Sensor Cable Smart Fan Accessory................................................... ME-1242

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 Dynamics Systems Accessories
Show independence of x- and y-motion
MECHANICS

Ballistic Cart Accessory Adjustable Barrel

ME-9486 Can be aimed for
perfectly
A 
Works every time vertical shots
every time.
A 
Non-contact release
A 
Adjustable barrel
Drop Rod Jack
PASCO’s Ballistic Cart Accessory helps beginning Add the Drop Rod (not
physics students grasp the independence of included) to perform
vertical and horizontal motion. Photogate Release
No friction means no “bombing” runs.
introduced errors.
How It Works
Mounted on a dynamics cart or motorized cart
moving at constant velocity, the Ballistic Cart Trigger Bracket
Accessory launches a ball vertically, continues Mounts quickly and Easy Mounting
down the track, and then catches the ball as it easily to the PASCO Attaches to the
falls—every time. Offers an exciting introductory Dynamics Track. PASCO Cart
demonstration to projectile motion. in seconds.

Colorful
Projectiles
2.5 cm plastic
balls are
easy to see.

Compatible with PASCO Classic Carts, PAScars, GOcars, and Smart Carts.

Features
A Photogate Ball Release: PASCO’s optical release does not affect
cart motion or ball flight path, no matter what the speed of the cart.
A Alignable Barrel: The barrel has X and Y adjustments so perfect
vertical projections can be produced every time, even on non-level
surfaces.
A Constant Velocity: Mounts on the low-friction PASCO Dynamics
Cart so horizontal velocity remains constant.
A Strong Compression Spring: Fires a colored nylon ball 0.5 meters
Ballistic Cart Accessory attaches to a Smart Cart and projects a ball as it travels or higher—impressive for demonstration purposes.
along a track.

Includes
• Ballistic Launcher • Plastic Balls (2)
• Trigger Bracket • 9 V Battery

0.5m

Ballistic Cart Accessory......................................ME-9486

Required:
Dynamics System........................................................................ pp. 98-101
At slow or fast speeds, the results are the same. Recommended:
Smart Cart (red)..................................................... ME-1240 p. 102

114 more information at pasco.com

 Dynamics Systems Accessories
Magnetic Damping Accessory Mechanical Oscillator/Driver

MECHANICS
ME-6828 ME-8750
A 
Magnets cause eddy currents in aluminum tracks The Mechanical Oscillator/Driver delivers repeatable, low-frequency,
A 
Magnetic drag is proportional to cart speed high-force sinusoidal motion for harmonic motion experiments. Shown
A 
Damping Accessory connects to cart magnets with the Smart Cart Standard Dynamics System (ME-5718), it also
works with other Dynamics Systems having a metal track.
A 
Slide magnets up/down to adjust amount of drag
Adjust amplitude
by sliding arm
String guide

Slot for
mounting
photogate For mounting on
a dynamics track
Rod clamp
Magnetic Damping using the new wireless Smart Cart See EX-5551 (on opposite side)
Mechanical
Measure the magnetic drag force directly with on-board force sensor in the Smart Driven Damped
Oscillator Driver
Cart. The Smart Cart also has an encoder that keeps track of its velocity. This plot of Cart Oscillations Spring
Force vs. Velocity shows the induced magnetic drag is proportional to the velocity. Experiment
on p. 340.
PAScar Cart Mass

Smart Cart
End Stop

Magnetic 850 Universal

Damping Interface
Bumper
Dynamics
® Track

The velocity amplitude is plotted

as a function of driving frequency.
The four resonance curves show the
effect of varying the strength of the
magnetic damping.

Specifications
A Sinusoidal Drive: 12 VDC motor
Includes
(frequency: 0.3-3 Hz, current: 0-0.3 A).
• Bracket
A Adjustable Amplitude: Up to 12 cm.
• Magnets
• Keeper A Mounts to Dynamics Track or Rod
A Photogate Mounting Holes

Mechanical Oscillator/Driver..............................ME-8750
Shown in use with:
Magnetic Damping Accessory........................ME-6828
Equipment shown: Smart Cart Metal Track Standard System.........ME-5718 p. 101
Basic Smart Cart Metal Track System...........ME-5708 p. 101 Magnetic Damping Bumper.................................ME-6828
Dynamics Track Spring Set..............................ME-8999 p. 109 850 Universal Interface.........................................UI-5000 p. 26

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 Powered Carts
Motorized Cart Super Fan Cart
MECHANICS

ME-9781 ME-6977
A Battery powered A C limbs a 30° slope A Constant force
A Adjustable speeds A Durable construction A Rechargeable
A External power jack A Programmable
Teach every aspect of Adjust thrust angle
The tank-like molded casing and a rugged internal gear mechanism Newton’s Second Law to teach about
are built for the harshest student environment. Runs on four “C” with PASCO’s vector forces
batteries and has variable speed adjustment knob. External power Super Fan Cart. Fan turns through 180°
input accepts phone plug cable (included) to power the car with a
DC power supply or 850 Universal Interface signal generator.

On/Off External Power Jack Screw Holes

Switch For mounting
Speed accessories
Adjustment
Rechargeable Vary the Mass
Battery Without Changing
Strong Traction Lithium/polymer battery the Force
Rear rubber wheels runs fan continuously on Accessory Mass Tray
medium thrust for about for Compact Cart
1.5 hours. Recharges Masses (ME-6755).
in about 1 hour.

Four “C” Batteries

(not included)
Tow Hook
Front and back

Front Wheels
Compatible with Retractable Wheels
Dynamics Tracks with low friction ball bearings

Adjustable Fan Speed String Attachment

This graph shows effect of increasing Apply different forces using three standard settings or the Connect two fan carts together
motor voltage on the efficiency. continuously variable setting. Regulated power supply to add or subtract forces.
gives constant thrust even as the battery discharges.
Curved The Net Force Is Zero
PAStrack Removable sail can be
Motorized used two ways: When
Cart positioned as shown, the
sail cancels the forward air
flow and there is no thrust.
850 Universal If the sail is reversed, its
curved shape reflects the
Interface air backwards, causing
the cart to move.
PAStrack
Pulse Duration
Program fan to be pulsed on for specific
time to demonstrate acceleration only
occurs when a force is applied. Includes
time delay and auto-repeat option.
The motor voltage is powered and controlled Specifications
using the 850 Universal Interface. Fan Cart Mass: Approximately 0.3 kg
Specifications
Sail Mass: Approximately 0.1 kg
Adjustable Speed: ≈ 8-25 cm/s
Regulated Power Supply: L  ithium/polymer battery
Battery Power: Four “C” (not included) (7.2 volts,1.25 amp-hour)
External Power Input Jack Run-time: Runs approximately 1.5 hr on medium thrust
Battery Life (Alkaline): Six hours Recharge Time: One hour typical
Thrust Settings: Approximately 0.04 N on Low,
Includes 0.15 N on Medium, and 0.22 N on High
• Motorized cart Thrust, Variable: Approximately 0.01 N to 0.23 N
• Cable for connecting to external power supply

Motorized Cart................................................... ME-9781 Super Fan Cart.................................................... ME-6977

PAStrack............................................................. ME-6960 p. 118 Includes: Fan Cart, Sail and Charger
Curved PAStrack............................................... ME-6841 p. 118 Recommended:
250 g Stackable Masses (2 pack).................. ME-6757A p. 109 PAStrack.............................................................. ME-6960 p. 118
Base and Support Rods................................... Various..............p. 186 Compact Cart Mass........................................... ME-6755 p. 109

116 more information at pasco.com

 Powered Carts
Smart Fan Accessory

MECHANICS
ME-1242
The Smart Fan Accessory
A Provides a Constant Force becomes smart when plugged
into a Smart Cart.
A Hands-off Operation
A Sense and Control
A Manual Mode for Non-Smart Carts

What makes this fan so smart?

If you use this fan on a regular cart, you can turn it on and select one
of three speeds by pushing the button on the side. But plugging it into
a Smart Cart gives this Smart Fan Accessory added capabilities:

• Hands-off Operation: You can turn the Smart Fan on and off
wirelessly from your computing device.
• Adjust the Thrust: Move the slider in the software and watch the
fan respond.
• Reverse the Spin of the Fan: Input a negative thrust to make the
fan blow in the opposite direction.
• Set Start and Stop Conditions: Choose to start the fan when a
measurement (such as Position) reaches a certain value. Make the
fan stop after a certain time so the cart coasts during part of the
experiment.
• Sense and Control: Program the
Smart Fan thrust to respond to a
calculation based on sensor
measurements, for example:
T hrust = -100*[Position]
This will cause the fan to blow harder as the cart moves down
the track, causing the cart to reverse, and eventually the fan will
reverse when the Position becomes negative, accelerating the cart
in the positive direction.

Specifications
• Push-button for on/off: 3 speed settings
• Fits all PASCO dynamics carts
• Smart Cart required for extended Smart features This is the control panel
• Maximum Thrust: 0.2 N for the Smart Fan in
• Uses 4 AA batteries (alkaline or rechargeable) PASCO Capstone software.
• Lithium Battery Performance: On medium speed,
fan slows after 5.2 hrs and stops after 5.6 hrs.
• Alkaline Battery Performance: On medium speed,
fan slows after 1 hr and stops after 8.9 hrs.
• PASCO Capstone software required for full feature set.
• SPARKvue software provides ON/OFF button and thrust slider.

Includes
• Smart Fan Accessory
• Smart Cart Cable (19 cm)
Make your fan rotatable:
3D print your own rotating base for the • AA Alkaline Batteries (4)
Smart Fan Accessory at pasco.com/diy

Smart Fan Accessory ..............................................................ME-1242

Requires:
Smart Cart or Dynamics Cart........................... p. 102
PASCO Capstone Software.............................. pp. 70-73
Suggested:
Battery Charger with 8 AA Rechargeable Batteries..........SE-3570

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 PAStrack
Straight PAStrack Inclined Plane Accessory
MECHANICS

ME-6960 ME-6965
A 1 m length dynamics track The Inclined Plane Accessory includes the hinge with angle
A Two-piece molded construction scale and the rubber cord for the rubber bumper. A PAStrack is
required to make a complete inclined plane.
A A
 ccepts dynamics track accessories

This two-piece track construction makes storage easy. Snap-on

connector clip holds sections straight and rigid. Use the second clip
(included) to connect multiple tracks! The track ends are designed to
accept the Motion Sensor and Clamp-on Pulley, and the side T-slots
accept Dynamic Track accessories, such as photogate brackets and
end stops. Track includes six built-in leveling feet.

Motion Sensor or Clamp-on

Pulley fits both ends.

Includes
• Inclined Plane Accessory
• Rubber Cord, 1.5 mm square, 30 m

Coming soon!
Check pasco.com for availability.
Inclined Plane Accessory.................................................ME-6965
Required:
Six T-slot PAStrack...............................................................................ME-6960
leveling Accepts
feet Dynamics
Track
accessories. PAStrack Inclined Plane
ME-6967
The PAStrack Inclined Plane includes the Inclined Plane
Accessory (ME-6965) and the PAStrack (ME-6960).

Built-in scale

Track just
snaps
together.

Includes
• Two piece track
• Connector clips (2)
• Leveling feet (6)

Coming soon!
Check pasco.com for availability.
Straight PAStrack...............................................................ME-6960 PAStrack Inclined Plane....................................................ME-6967

118 more information at pasco.com

 Curved Track System
Curved PAStrack

MECHANICS
ME-6841 2
3
A 
Attaches to Straight PAStrack with same connector clip
A 
Put two curved pieces together 1
A 
One concave up and one concave down
Create hills, valleys and inclines. Molded PAStrack system has straight
and curved sections that just snap together. Connect multiple sets to Includes
make a track as long as you want. 1. Concave-up Curved Piece
2. Concave-down Curved Piece
3. PAStrack Connector Clips (2)
Curved PAStrack.................................................................ME-6841

Conservation of Energy Experiments

Smart Cart Curved Track System
ME-5700A
A E
 xplore all aspects of the Law of Conservation of Energy.
A 
Wireless Smart Cart has all the sensors you need.
A 
Use this system for all other dynamics experiments.

This unique system has curved track that allows your

Will the cart be going any faster at the bottom
students to build hills and valleys for Conservation of
if a mass is added? With the Curved PAStrack
Energy experiments. Data is collected using the and a low friction cart, students can investigate
sensors onboard the Smart Cart. Unlike when conservation of energy and answer that question.
Motion Sensors are used to track the cart,
the Smart Cart does not have to be in the
direct line of sight of the sensor, so it can
go over hills. And, the Smart Cart is
wireless, so no extra friction
is introduced.

Includes
2 PAStrack (1 m) ME-6960
2 Curved PAStrack ME-6841
4 Pivot Clamp ME-9836
1 Endstops (set of 2) ME-8971
2 60 cm Threaded Rod ME-8977
2 Round Base with Rod ME-8270
The curved and straight track pieces can be combined to form a step, so the cart 2 Small A-Base ME-8976
starts out on a nearly level upper step, travels down the step, and ends on a level 1 2 Masses ME-6757A
straight section. This makes measuring the change in height very easy. 1 Smart Cart (red) ME-1240
During the experiments, the mass of the cart is varied to see what effect, if any, it
has on the results.
Another configuration forms a potential well so the cart oscillates back and forth.
This versatile system can also be used for regular dynamics experiments such
as impulse and Newton’s Second Law. Smart Cart Curved Track System..................ME-5700A
Required:
Experiments can be downloaded at www.pasco.com. PASCO Capstone software (see pages 70-73)
Bluetooth 4.0 compatible computer

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 Timers
The Most Versatile Stand-Alone Timer Available
MECHANICS

Smart Timer
ME-8930
A Portable timer for photogates and smart pulleys
The ME-8930 Smart Timer works with all PASCO timing devices
A Measures time, speed and acceleration
A Accessory Photogate A Time-of-Flight Accessory A Laser Switch
A Counter for G-M Tubes A Photogate/Pulley System A Freefall Adapter A G-M Tube
A Crystal-controlled 0.01% accuracy
Features
Measure Time: 2-line, 16-character Alphanumeric LCD A Works with Two Photogates
A One Gate: Returns time from Top Line: Measurement Description; Bottom Line: Numerical Values
A More Than Just a Timer: Measures speed
leading edge to leading edge and acceleration as well as time.
A Fence: Returns 10 time values
A Quick Setup: Turn on the switch, plug in the
A Two Gates: Returns time
photogates, and it’s ready to use.
between two gates
A Pendulum: Measures A Portability or Plug-in: The battery-operated
pendulum period (four “AA”s) Smart Timer can be used out-
side the classroom away from power out-
A Stopwatch: Returns time
between pressing Start/Stop lets. It can also be operated on the
button 9 VAC adapter (included).
A Calculation Lock-out Switch: A switch
inside the battery compartment disables
Measure Speed:
the speed and acceleration modes. Timing
A One Gate: Single object
modes are unaffected, and students are
speed using picket fence
required to do their own calculations.
A Collision: Initial and final
speeds for one or two carts Specifications
A Pulley: Angular speed Resolution: 100 µs
Accuracy: 0.01% of full range of the
measured time
Measure Acceleration: Display: 2-line, 16-character,
alphanumeric LCD
A One Gate: Direct
measurement of acceleration Inputs: Two 1/4” stereo phone jacks
using picket fence on side panel— TTL compatible
A Linear Pulley: Acceleration Power Requirements: Four “AA” batteries
of string (not included) or AC adapter (9 VDC,
500 mA) included
A Angular Pulley
A Two Gates: Object’s average Typical
acceleration between
two photogates Experiments
1. Acceleration Due to Gravity*
2. Newton’s Second Law*
Measure Counts: It’s as easy as 1-2-3. 3. Conservation of Momentum
A Three timing intervals in Collisions*
A Manual mode counts until 1. Measurement 2. Mode 3. Start/Stop 4. Rotational Inertia of a Disk & Ring*
Stop is pressed Press this button to Press this button Press Start. The
to select the type 5. Acceleration Down an Incline
A Up to 5,000 counts/second select the quantity to Smart Timer “beeps,”
be measured: “Time,” of experimental and waits for an event 6. Simple Harmonic Oscillator
A Up to 9,999,999 total counts 7. Oscillations on an Incline
“Speed,” “Accel,” setup. Each mode to occur. After the
“Count” or “Test” will is shown in words event, the Smart Timer 8. Springs in Series and Parallel
appear on the display. on the display. displays a result. 9. Projectile Motion Using Photogates
10. Time-of-Flight and Initial Velocity
11. Determining the Acceleration Due
Two Photogate Ports Durable Positive-click Buttons to Gravity
12. Counting Radiation with the G-M Tube
*Experiments require accessories listed on
pages 43-45.

To see the experiments, type

the product number into the
search box at www.pasco.com
and download the manual.

120 more information at pasco.com

 Timers
The microprocessor-based PASCO Smart Timer is the most versatile way

MECHANICS
to make time, speed, acceleration, and count measurements.

Speed of projectile—In Time: Two Gates mode; determine the speed of

a ball fired by a Projectile Launcher through two photogates.

Speed of object through one gate—In Time: One Gate mode; timing
begins when the photogate beam is first blocked and continues until the
beam is blocked again. Use the fence supplied with the Smart Timer.

Speed before and after collision—In Speed: Collision mode; use two Rotary motion—In Acceleration: Linear Pulley mode; the Smart Timer
carts and two photogates with a single Smart Timer to measure initial measures the acceleration of the string over the Smart Pulley.
and final speeds of both carts.

Smart Timer Photogate System

Smart Timer (ME-8930) includes ME-8932
• Smart Timer • 9 VAC Adapter
Comes with a full set of accessories
• Picket Fences (2) • Lab Manual for timing experiments. Attach the
photogate to the Super Pulley to 1.
produce a “Smart Pulley.”

Smart Timer Photogate System

Smart Timer.............................ME-8930 4. 2.
Recommended: (ME-8932) includes
Accessory Photogate............ME-9204B p. 43 1. Smart Timer
Smart Timer Fences (2).........ME-8933 2. Accessory Photogate (2)
Freefall Adapter.....................ME-9207B p. 45 3. Super Pulley
Photogate/Pulley System.....ME-6838A p. 43 3.
4. Picket Fences (2)
Time-of-Flight Accessory.....ME-6810A p. 45
G-M Tube/Power Supply......SN-7927A p. 45 9 VAC Adapter and Lab Manual
(not shown) Smart Timer Photogate System................ME-8932
Phone Jack
Extender Cord.........................PI-8117 p. 45

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 Timers
Digital Photogate Timer System
MECHANICS

0.1 ms
ME-9403A Resolution

A High accuracy and resolution Four Memory

Timing Record two times in
A F
 our timing modes: gate, pulse, pendulum, rapid succession.
Modes The photogate will
and manual stopwatch
remember the first
A Built-in memory and the total of the
two times.
PASCO digital photogates are used in thousands of physics labs
throughout the world. They are rugged and simple to operate.
Features
A Built-in Photogate: Timer serves as the base Precision Photogates
PASCO photogates are highly
A 0.1 ms Resolution and 0.05% accuracy accurate timing devices.
A Memory Function: Allows two measurements in rapid Each photogate has a high output,
narrow angle infrared emitter and
succession, such as pre- and post-collision velocities a narrow angle detector.
Accessory
A Easy Setup: Turn it on and begin taking measurements Photogate The photogate signals:
Can be – have a spatial resolution error
A Portability or Plug-in: Use four “C” cell batteries (not included) purchased of less than 1 mm
or 9 V AC adapter (included) separately. – have a rise time of less
than 10 µs
– are unaffected by normal
The Photogate Timers work with the following: ambient light
A Accessory Photogate A Time-of-Flight Accessory
A Freefall Timer A Laser Switch
ME-9215B Digital Photogate
Specifications Photogate Timer Timer System
Includes both the Photogate
Modes: Gate, pulse, pendulum, manual stopwatch with Memory
Timer and the Accessory
Resolution: 0.1 ms (max time 19.9999 s) Photogate.
Shown with the Freefall
Accuracy: 0.05% of full range of the measured time ±1 digit
Timer Adapter ME-9207B.
Display: 5-1/2 digit, 10 mm high LCD
Memory: Preserves displayed time while new time is measured
Photogate: 6.5 cm wide; fully adjustable swivel mount; LED trigger Digital Photogate
indicator; fall time <10 ns; spacial resolution <1 mm Timer System................... ME-9403A
Inputs: Accessory Photogates, or TTL-compatible signals; one Photogate Timer
photogate jack and a 9-V AC adapter jack (or four “C” size batteries) with Memory.................... ME-9215B
on back panel
Accessory
Photogate......................... ME-9204B

Freefall Apparatus Connector for

DIN connectors mains adapter
Student Timer for microphones or
photocells
(backside of the
instrument)
SF-7275
A Use with Freefall Apparatus (SF-7274)
A Also has manual start/stop
A Battery-powered
This student timer is designed to perform time
measurements using photo cells, microphones, freefall
equipment and other mechanical and electronic switches.
The timer function can also be activated manually.
The student timer is supplied with batteries and a power
On/off and
adapter. The instrument turns itself off automatically reset button
after 5 minutes without any activity, both when battery awakens the
Jack connectors
powered and when powered with the power adapter. instrument from
for connection of
sleep mode
Freefall Apparatus,
switch box or other
accessories
Specifications Push-button
Display: 5-digit floating point LED for manual start and
manual stop
Resolution: 0.01 ms
Max. time: 99999 s Student Timer................................... SF-7275

122 more information at pasco.com

 Timers
Tape Timer PASCO Stopwatch

MECHANICS
ME-9283 ME-1234
A Crystal-controlled A  o alarm or clock
N
A Memory for stored event times
A Two frequencies (10 Hz and 40 Hz)
A Uses one AA battery
A Easy-to-read dots
A Durable buttons
Are you tired of annoying stop-watch alarms
going off all day? Are your students stuck
The Method in the clock mode and can’t get their stop-
watch back into the timing mode? Does your
Provides students with a visual demonstration of speed and acceleration. A moving stopwatch stop working after changing that
object pulls a paper tape through the timer. The timer prints dots on the tape at little watch battery? The PASCO Stopwatch
equal time intervals. The result is a series of dots on the paper tape, representing the solves all these problems!
position of the object as a function of time.
This stopwatch was designed specifically for
From the dots on the tape, the distance traveled can be measured, and the average science timing. The modes of operation are
speed for each time interval can be calculated. Plotting position versus time enables intuitive and complete instructions are
students to determine the average speed. Plotting the average speed for each time included. The buttons are built to last and it
interval versus time enables acceleration to be determined. uses a single long-lasting AA battery, which
The paper tape can be attached to air track carts, dynamics carts, falling masses or is less expensive than a watch battery
other objects. (and easier to install).

Features
A Two crystal-controlled, calibrated
frequencies: 10 Hz and 40 Hz, accurate The PASCO
to 0.1%. The 40-Hz frequency is ideal for Stopwatch fits
freefall experiments. The slower 10-Hz comfortably in
frequency is best for most dynamics track your hand.
experiments.
A Includes an internal 9 V battery, or use
an optional external 9 V AC adapter/
power supply: A single battery can
last for up to a year’s worth of normal
experiments.
A Low mass, small-pin printing head:
Driven by short millisecond pulses, The EVENT/RECALL button allows you to
produces sharp, round dots without view the last time, in case students forget to
smearing. write down their data. The EVENT/RECALL
A Plain paper: Print on 12.5 mm (1/2 inch) button is also used to store and recall up
wide, plain paper supplied in 150-meter to nine event times. For example, record
(500 feet) rolls. a series of events, such as times at which
Calculate the acceleration due to gravity by dropping sandbags were dropped along the gym floor.
A Carbon paper discs: Used for printing. a mass attached to the tape.
The disc holder allows the printing point Specifications
to be adjusted, giving a long life to the LED Display: Visible indoors and outdoors
discs.
Two Display Modes: MM:SS.SS (01:25.34)
A Rod clamp: Allows the Tape Timer to or Decimal Sec (85.34 s)
be mounted on a standard lab stand rod Precision: 0
 .01 sec up to 59:59.99
so that the paper path is either parallel Includes (MM:SS.SS) or 3599.99 s
or perpendicular to the rod. Rod sizes • Roll of paper (1) Then 1 sec to 99:59:59
between 13 mm (1/2 inch) and 9 mm • Carbon paper discs (HH:MM:SS) or 359999 s
(3/8 inch) are accommodated. • Battery Max Number of Event Times: Nine
• Manual (not shown)
Auto-off: After one hour idle
Can be used with a lanyard (not included)
Includes: One AA battery and instruction
Tape Timer................................................................................................ME-9283 sheet
Recommended:
9 V AC Adapter 120 V/500 mA...............................................................540-007
Tape Timer Supplies...............................................................................ME-9284 PASCO Stopwatch......................... ME-1234
Includes five rolls of paper (each 150 m) and 10 carbon paper discs. PASCO Stopwatch (10-pack)....... ME-1235

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 123

 Air Track
PASCO Air Track
MECHANICS

SF-9214
Sturdy Design
2-Meter Scale
Variable Output Mounted to both
Guarantees stability
sides of track
Air Supply Precision Cart
Designed to accept
SF-9216
accessories such as
A N early frictionless linear motion flags, extra masses, etc.

A Two meters long

A Complete accessories included Soft Bumpers
Reduce energy loss
during collisions
It’s simple physics—a moving object
will continue forever at a constant
velocity unless it’s acted on by an
external force. To the physicist,
Newton’s First Law is second nature. Alignment Channel
Yet it’s still fascinating to watch an air Ensures that the track will
track glider moving endlessly back and always be straight
forth on an air track.
It’s even more fascinating for students, Accessory Kit
who are often seeing this simplest form Soft bumpers reduce vibrations, allowing
of motion for the first time. elastic collisions that really are elastic.
An air track glider provides the
raw material for highly accurate
investigations into the laws of motion. Add a timing system and
investigate uniform motion, average and instantaneous velocities,
uniform acceleration, elastic and inelastic collisions, impulse and
change in momentum, conservation of momentum, conservation of
energy and more. The data is precise and unambiguous. Frictional
forces are negligible.

Compared to other air tracks, the PASCO Air Track is: Specifications
A Longer: The 2-meter length provides more room for Length: 2 m (working distance 1.9 m)
experimenting, yet it still fits on a standard lab table. Base: Three-point with bilateral leveling screws
A Straighter:
 Straight to within 0.04 mm over its entire 2-meter Millimeter Scales: 2 meters long on each side
length.
A Q
 uieter: PASCO’s Air Supply is exceptionally quiet. The air flow Includes
can be adjusted precisely for each experiment. Too little air • Gliders (2):13 cm long; 170 g; with rubber-band bumpers
causes friction; too much air causes energy loss due to glider • Glider Flags (2): 25 mm
“flutter.” • Glider Masses (4): 50 g
A Complete: The PASCO Air Track comes with a complete set of • Glider Bumper (3)
accessories: • Inelastic Collision Kit (1): Needle with wax-filled receptacle
A Two 170-gram gliders with soft bumpers. Glider collisions • Constant Acceleration Kit: Ball-bearing pulley, glider hook,
with hard bumpers can cause glider vibration, resulting in mass hanger (2 g) and five acceleration masses:
two 1 g; one 2 g; one 5 g; one 10 g
significant energy loss. Soft rubber-band bumpers eliminate
• Storage Case
vibration and allow students to control the force and duration
of each collision by varying the band tension.
A Air Track Accessory Kit (all items shown on page 125)
A Mounting hardware (two single-leg screws, two double-leg
screws, one 4 mm wrench, one 5 mm wrench)
A One single leg
A One double leg with adjustable feet
2.0 m Air Track................................................................ SF-9214
A Two fixed-end stops
Required:
Variable Output Air Supply........................................... SF-9216
Suggested:
Replacement Parts........................................................ see opposite page

124 more information at pasco.com

 Air Track Accessories
Air Track Accessory Kit Air Track Accessories

MECHANICS
SF-9295 and Replacement Parts 9
11 12
The Air Track includes accessories
for standard air track experiments, 8
from simple acceleration to elastic
and inelastic collisions. To add more 10 1
advanced experiments, a variety of 2
3
additional accessories are available. 4 7
5 6

Included in the SF-9295 Kit Not included in the SF-9295 Kit

(Each item may be ordered separately. (Must be ordered separately.)
The number in parentheses indicates how
many of each item is included in the Accessory Kit.)
A set of accessories comes with every
PASCO Air Track. All that’s needed is a 1. Mass/Hanger Set- 10. Glider-Air Track
timing system. The pieces of the set may
be ordered separately.
Air Track (1) SF-6306
SF-6300
11. Fixed End Stop-
Air Track
Air Track Accessory Kit.....................SF-9295 2. Bumper with Holder- SF-6313
Recommended: Air Track (3)
SF-6301 12. Adjustable End Stop-
Air Track Glider Kit..............................SF-9224 Air Track
Air Track Air Supply Hose (2 m).......SF-9298 SF-6309
Air Track T-Adapter and Hose..........SF-9217 3. Bumper Set-
Air Track (3) 13. Glider Kit-Air Track
(see photo below)
SF-6302
Variable Output Air Supply SF-9224

(Includes one glider, two 50 g masses,
SF-9216 bumper with holder, and bumper blade.)
4. Inelastic Collision
Needle-Air Track (1) (The following two items are not pictured above and
SF-6303 not included in the kit.)
14. Air Supply Hose (2 m)-
Air Track
5. Wax Receptacle (1) SF-9298
SF-6304
15. T-Adapter and Hose-
The PASCO Air Supply is exceptionally Air Track
quiet. Its variable output lets students 6. Glider Hook (1) SF-9217
match the air flow to the experiment. SF-6305 (Allows two air tracks to be
operated from one air supply.)
A 2-meter hose is included. By adding
the T-Adapter and Hose (SF-9217), the Air
Supply can operate two PASCO Air Tracks
7. Glider Mass (4)
at the same time. SF-6307
Note: This Air Supply produces 36 cfm at
0.122 psi for use with the Precision Air 8. Ball-Bearing Pulley-
Track SF-9214. If used with another track, Air Track (1)
the total area of the air flow holes must be
SF-6308
≥2.6 cm2, or the supply may overheat.

9. 25 mm Flag (2)
Variable Output Air Supply.................SF-9216 SF-6311

Rubber Cord (30 meters)

ME-8986
For Elastic Bumper (ME-8998) 13. Additional Glider Kit.......................... SF-9224
Also fits Air Track Bumpers

Rubber Cord (30 m spool)...........ME-8986

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 125

 Roller Coaster
Roller Coaster Complete System
MECHANICS

ME-9812
A Quantitative studies of Energy Conservation
A Easy to change track configurations Variety of Track
A 3-car roller coaster Configurations
Rigid Support Pegs
Low-Friction Mini Cars Mini Car Catcher

“Whiteboard”
Support Panels

Support Feet

Flexible Track
Features
A Support Panels: Have a variety of track configuration holes
predrilled for easy student assembly. Feature a dry-erase surface so
calculations can be performed at the point of interest on the track.
Roller Coaster Applications
A Mini Cars: Feature low-friction ball bearings and ABS construction
to withstand repeated impacts. One red, one yellow, and one green A C
 onservation of Energy: Release the Mini Car and measure its
Mini Car included. Each car includes a slot for a supplied photogate velocity and height at several points along the track. Use these
flag, cup/mass holder, and cup. The body of the car extends just values to calculate total energy of the Mini Car. Frictional losses
far enough below the wheels to protect them, if the car leaves the are less than 5%.
track.
A Constant Acceleration: Several straight inclined sections can
A The Roller Coaster’s Mini Cars are low friction, yet rugged; be used to measure and demonstrate constantly accelerated
mass can be added to the cars on top or in the ballast position. motion.
A Bumpers mount on Mini Cars to allow rubber band or clay A P
 rojectile Motion/Conservation of Energy: Use the initial
collisions. Also used to couple Mini Cars into a train. height of the Mini Car to determine its speed as it flies off the
A Ballast Mass: Can be added to mass tray of Mini Car or hidden end of the track. Using this speed and height above the ground
under Mini Car to increase the energy without changing the car’s when it leaves the track, predict where the Mini Car will land.
outward appearance.
A M
 ulti-car Train: Mini Cars can be coupled to form a train and
A Flexible Track: Guides carts on their path, yet is flexible enough to the velocity of each car can be measured with a photogate and
form loops and hills, or can be rolled out flat on a table. Easily
a Smart Timer. The velocities are not the same.
attaches to the support pegs using the twist-on track clips. Long
pegs allow two tracks side-by-side for comparison. A B
 rachistochrone: A Mini Car traveling between two points
A Probeware Compatible: Threaded support pegs and Mini Car along a brachistochrone path takes less time compared to the
photogate flags allow photogates to be used at many positions straight line path.
around the track to measure velocity and acceleration.

Includes Complete Roller Coaster........ ME-9812

• Support panel (3 sections) • Mini Car catcher (2) Recommended:
• Support feet (4) • Mini Car starter bracket (2) Photogate Head...................... ME-9498A p. 43
• Flexible track (9.1 meters) • Mini Car collision accessory (3) Photogate Bracket (2)............ ME-9806 p. 105
• Mini Cars (3) • Mini Car photogate flags (3) Roller Coaster Spares Kit...... ME-9815
• Support pegs for track (43) • Water cup (3)
Mini Car Set............................. ME-9813
• Photogate support pegs (4) • Mini Car ballast mass (3)
Roller Coaster Track
• Track clips (50) • Photogate brackets (4)
(9.1 meters).............................. ME-9814
• Track couplers (2)
Smart Timer.............................. ME-8930 p. 120
or Computer Interface............ pp. 24-25

126 more information at pasco.com

 Roller Coaster Accessories & Amusement Park Physics
Loop-the-Loop Amusement Park Physics Kit

MECHANICS
SE-7591 ME-9426A
How high do you have to start the ball to make A Extend your lab into the “real world”
it go over the loop? Students use Conservation A Complete kit for 15 students
of Energy to determine how much potential
energy is needed to have enough speed A Developed in conjunction with AAPT*
to make it around the loop. They might lose their notes.
They might even lose their Students experience
nerve. But in one day at an the thrill of scientific
investigation.
Specifications amusement park, students
Base Dimensions: 15 cm x 38 cm will also gain a real “gut-level”
Height: 52 cm appreciation for Newton’s Laws.
Using this kit, students don’t
Loop Diameter: 14 cm observe a dynam­ics cart. They
Includes are the dynamics cart. This is
the only kit that is:
• Two steel balls (1.9 cm dia.)
A Approved by the safety
• Wooden base officers of major
• V-shaped aluminum track amusement parks
across the USA.
A Student-tested in
amusement parks by
hundreds of schools.
A Teacher-tested in hundreds
Loop-the-Loop........................................................................... SE-7591 of Amusement Park Physics
Workshops.
A Made with a metal coil
Design your own roller coaster with spring for the Vertical
Accel­erometer (far more accurate Photo courtesy of
PASCO’s Structures System. than the commonly used rubber band). Paramount’s Great
PASCO’s Structures System allows students to design and build their A Supporting physics education (for each set sold, America.
own roller coaster for detailed studies of conservation of energy and $2.50 is donated to the AAPT).
centripetal force. The flexible track is perfect for building hills, valleys * American Association of Physics Teachers
and even a loop! Car with low-friction, ball-bearing wheels minimizes Includes
energy losses. Measure the speed of the car using photogates or a • Brass Hanging Weights (19)
Motion Sensor.
• Springs** k = 3 N/m (16)
• Plastic Tubing (2.5 m)
• Plastic Tubes, 30 cm long (16)
Add Load • Plastic Tube End Caps (32)
Cells to • Bumper Stickers (16)
measure
• Horizontal Accelerometer
the forces
needed • Cards (16)
to support • Push Pins (5)
the track. • No. 3 Paper Clips (17)
• Cotton String
• Metal Balls (60)
• Straws (16)
• Wire Ties
• Vinyl Tape
• Rubber Bands #117 (32)
• Rubber Bands #19 (6)
• Plastic Storage Bags (16)
• Instruction Manual
The Vertical Accelerometer: The
Add a loop to your stretch of the spring measures the **Additional accelerometer springs
roller coaster vertical acceleration in “g’s.” may be purchased separately.
See order information below.
Investigate the effect of changing
the size and shape. The Horizontal Accelerometer: The angle to which
the BBs rise measures the horizontal acceleration.
Graph shows support forces
This accelerometer doubles as a sextant to measure
exerted on the track as the car
distances by triangulation.
goes up and over the loop.

Large Structures Set...................................... ME-7003 p. 152 Amusement Park Physics Kit (15 pack)...................... ME-9426A
Shown in use with: Recommended:
Load Cell & Amplifier Set.............................. PS-2199 p. 38 Additional Accelerometer Springs (15 pack)............. ME-8734
Accessory Photogate..................................... ME-9204B p. 43 Scissors, pliers, masking tape, clear plastic tape

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 Hovercraft
Hovercraft Hover Puck
MECHANICS

ME-9838 SE-7335B
A  tudents experience Newton’s Laws
S A Hovers on a cushion of air
A Durable nylon skirt
 A Ideal for inertia activities
A Rubber bumper

A Optional cordless air supply
 The Hover Puck glides on a self-generated
cushion of air across any smooth surface,
Our Hovercraft follows the classic design, including low-pile carpet. The rubber bumper
with a rugged nylon skirt attached around provides protection for the puck and other
a 1.2 m wood platform. Students can easily objects during collisions. Each puck includes
ride on the Hovercraft to experience four “AA” batteries.
firsthand the kinematics of frictionless
motion.
Air source
How It Works not Included Specifications
The nylon skirt is stretched around the Diameter: 18.5 cm
wood platform and Height: 6.0 cm
tightened using a steel
wire. The center of
the skirt is attached to the
bottom of the wood platform. A custom rubber bumper is placed around the circumference of
the wood platform. The bumper helps secure the skirt and also provides a soft cushion around
the edge of the Hovercraft. A high-volume air source is used to force air through the platform
and into the skirt. After sitting on the platform, the air source is turned on and the skirt inflates.
Small holes in the skirt allow the air to escape, while providing the higher pressure needed to
lift the rider. A built-in level helps students center their weight on the Hovercraft.
A Cordless Air Source (SE-8806) is orderable separately (below). In addition, most leaf
blowers provide enough air flow to support the Hovercraft.
The PASCO Hovercraft is capable of supporting up to 300 lbs and comes completely
Includes
assembled.
• Hover Puck (Appearance may vary.)
Custom Rubber • Four “AA” Batteries
Double- Bumper
Reinforced is stretched securely
Nylon Skirt around the
Hover Puck....................SE-7335B
stretched around the circumference of
wood platform and the wood platform. Recommended:
tightened using a Motion Sensor..............PS-2103A p. 32
steel wire prevents Motion Sensor II..........CI-6742A p. 32
failure under high Air Holes
pressure loads. Wireless
allow air to escape, Motion Sensor..............PS-3219 p. 9
providing high pressure
to lift the student.

Includes
• Wood platform (1.2 m diameter, 1.9 cm thick) Cordless Air
• Nylon skirt with mounting hardware Source
• Rubber bumper SE-8806
• Liquid level
• Connection hose for air source
Includes
• Rechargeable Battery
• Charging Adapter
Note: 220 V version not available.

Hovercraft................................................ ME-9838 Cordless

Required: Air Source............. SE-8806
Cordless Air Source............................... SE-8806

128 more information at pasco.com

 Gravity & Freefall
Coin and Feather Tube Constant Velocity Tubes (4)

MECHANICS
SE-9788 SE-9072

The “Coin and Feather” experiment This set is unusual because it includes a tube with both a bubble, a
is one of the best ways to dispel the plastic ball and a metal ball, giving the students the added twist of
“lighter objects fall more slowly” myth. having an object with a negative velocity and thus a negative slope
When the air inside the 75 cm tube is on the graph. Students can predict where the ball and the bubble
at atmospheric pressure, the feather (in will meet.
this case a very visible piece Constant Velocity Tubes effectively introduce the
of Styrofoam) falls significantly more relationship between graphs and motion. Students can
slowly than the coin. The syringe use a meter stick and a stopwatch to plot the position
vacuum pump (included) will bring the of the bubble as a function of time as it moves up the
air inside the tube down to about 7% tube. Each tube has an obstruction that serves as the
of atmospheric pressure, making the initial position for the bubble. The slope and vertical
feather and the coin appear to drop at intercept from the graph yield the equation of motion.
the same rate.
This set includes three tubes with
varying viscosities and initial starting
points plus one tube with both a
bubble and two balls. The red one
and the colorless one have the same
Includes viscosity.
•3 .8 cm diameter clear plastic tube
with end caps
• Coin and “feather” (Styrofoam)
• Syringe vacuum pump
Includes both a bubble
and a metal ball!

Coin and Feather Tube..............................SE-9788

82 cm
Vacuum Pump
SE-7726
A 1 5 mTorr vacuum
A Pump the air out of a bell jar
A Use with Coin and
Feather Tube (above)
Constant Velocity Tubes (4)..............................................SE-9072
This reasonably priced Required:
vacuum pump can obtain a Meter Stick (6 pack)..........................................................SE-8827
vacuum down to 15 mTorr. PASCO Stopwatch.............................................................ME-1234

Features
•1  /2 HP, 1725/1425 RPM capacitor start motor Constant Speed Buggy
with thermal overload protection SE-8028A
• 1/2” x 1/4” x 3/8” intake port
• 21-ounce (680 cc) oil capacity Turn on the Constant Speed Buggy and
watch it go. When it reaches a wall,
• 2 stage direct drive to achieve deep 15-micron vacuum it flips over and changes directions.
• Lighter weight finned aluminum housing reduces heat This low-cost solution features flashing
during operation lights and a sporty appearance.
• All metal construction including all brass fittings Requires two “C” batteries
that are not included. Actual
• Completely field-repairable
product may vary from picture.
• UL listed; made in the USA
• 24-month warranty
Coming soon!
Check pasco.com for availability.
Vacuum Pump......................................................................SE-7726 Constant Speed Buggy...............................................SE-8028A

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 129

 Gravity & Freefall
Discover Freefall System
MECHANICS

ME-9889
A Determine g
A Investigate air resistance dependence
on mass, volume, cross-sectional area
PASCO’s Discover Freefall System can be used to drop almost
any small object by attaching a small steel washer with a small
adhesive pad (both are included in the system). Using an
electric switch, timing is started automatically, just as the object
is dropped. And the Time-of-Flight Pad stops timing when the
object strikes it.
Students can investigate the effect of air resistance on
acceleration. In addition, students can drop objects of the
same size but different mass to study how object mass affects When the switch is pressed, the ball is dropped
terminal velocity during freefall. The drop box has a magnetic and the time of fall is measured for various balls.
mount for attaching to metal frames in ceilings. The graph shows height vs time-squared data for
the 1 inch steel ball and the large hollow plastic
Custom case ball. The slope of the line (equal to 1/2 g) gives an
with built-in rod clamp acceleration for the steel ball of 9.79 m/s2. Note
and magnets to fasten that the acceleration of the large hollow ball is
Drop Box to ceiling considerably smaller, and that its data is not linear.

Test button

Charging light

Shown in use with rods and clamps sold on pages 186-189. The Drop Box also has built-in
Active feedback loop magnets to fasten directly to the ceiling.
Set includes six measures the magnetic field
different balls and adjusts current to null Any small object can be dropped
field and release ball in less with the Discover Freefall
than 1 ms. System by attaching a washer to
the object with an adhesive pad
(both included).
This system can also accept the Target Accessory,
ME-6854, to perform the shoot-the-target
demonstration. See page 135.

The Discover Freefall System also

works with the 850, PASPORT, or any
ScienceWorkshop Interface.
Shown here using a Digital Adapter.

Includes
• Drop box • Release labels for attaching
washers to object (50) Discover Freefall System.................................ME-9889
• Control cable
• Small nylon ball Required:
• Control box
• AC adapter • Large plastic ball Smart Timer........................................................ME-8930 p. 120
• Time-of-Flight receptor pad • Golf ball 850/550 Interface......................................................................p. 26
• Timer Switch • Hollow golf ball Recommended:
• Release washers (10) • 1” steel ball Freefall Balls Accessory..................................ME-9890 p. 193
• 5/8” steel ball Rods and Clamps.....................................................................pp. 186-189

130 more information at pasco.com

 Gravity & Freefall
Freefall Apparatus

MECHANICS
SF-7274 Spring-loaded magnet
A Drop ball from rest and time the fall
AE
 xplore effect of air drag on two
different size balls with the same mass
AP
 recise and straight-forward device for
measuring free fall
The acceleration of gravity g can be computed by measuring the
drop distance and the fall time. The apparatus consists of a release Trigger
mechanism that also acts as the start switch, a switch plate that acts
as the stop switch, and conducting balls. The release mechanism and
the switch plate are both connected to the Student Timer (not included).
The release mechanism has two contact plates that are shorted when
the conducting ball being measured is in place and ready to drop. The
steel ball is held in place by a spring-loaded neodymium magnet. Pushing
the trigger will cause the ball to drop away from the contact plates, thus When the trigger is pushed, the ball is
opening the counter start circuit just as the fall begins. When the ball hits released and the timer starts.
the switch plate, the timer is stopped.

When the ball hits the

switch plate, the timer
stops.

Free Fall Apparatus...................................... SF-7274 Includes

Required: •M  agnetic release mechanism
Student Timer................................................ SF-7275 p. 122 with mirror
Small A-base................................................. ME-8976 p. 186 • Switch plate
120 cm Stainless Steel Rod......................... ME-8741 p. 186 • 4 gold-plated steel balls
2 m Patch Cord Set....................................... SE-9415A p. 226 (diameters 12 mm and 16 mm)
Replacement: • Ping pong ball with same mass
Replacement Free Fall Ball Set ................. SF-7280 as 12 mm steel ball

Freefall Timer Adapter

ME-9207B Includes
How It Works •B  all release mechanism
A steel ball is clamped into a spring-loaded release mechanism. At with stereo phone plug and
the instant the ball is released, the electronic timer automatically receptor pad
starts. The timer stops when the ball hits the receptor pad. With the • Four steel balls (1.9 cm,1.6 cm
accurate, high resolution timing and automatic start and stop, results diameter)
are precise and repeatable.

Maximum distance Freefall Timer Adapter................................. ME-9207B

of fall is 2 m. Required:
Large Table Clamp........................................ ME-9472 p. 189
Multi Clamp.................................................... ME-9507 p. 188
Rod (90 cm long)........................................... ME-8738 p. 186
Freefall Timer Adapter shown in use Photogate Timer............................................ ME-9215B p. 122
with the Smart Timer. The Smart or Smart Timer............................................... ME-8930 p. 120
Timer records the elapsed time from or 850/550 Interface.....................................................................p. 26
when the ball is dropped until the ball
hits the receptor pad.

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 131

 Launchers
Projectile
MECHANICS

Unique Sights
Launcher
Shoot-the-Target
ME-6800 Add optional
The “gun” is aimed directly at the target. Although the target
Smart Gate to
“drops” the moment the projectile is fired, the ball still hits the
measure launch
A Accurate velocity.
target since the ball falls with the same acceleration.
A Durable

Two bore sights simplify

aiming the launcher.

Three
Repeatable
Launch Ranges
Visible through
2.5 cm
viewing ports.
Nylon Balls

2-D Collisions

Stable
Plumb Launcher
Bob Base
Loading Offers horizontal
Indicates
Rod angle to 1/2°. and variable
angle launching
positions. The 2-D Collision Accessory (included with all PASCO launchers) allows the
study of Conservation of Momentum in two dimensions. Use the points of
impact with the floor of each of the two balls to determine relative velocities
and angles.

Specifications
Ranges: 1.2, 3, 5 m
Launch Angles: 0 to +90°
Launcher Length: 21 cm

Features
A Fixed Firing Height at Any Launch Angle:
Firing height of ball is same for any launch angle.
A Unique Piston Design: Minimizes projectile spin to
ensure repeatability of impact position.

Includes
• Launcher with Base
Launcher Spares Kit • Projectile Balls
• Safety Glasses
• 2-D Collision Accessory
ME-6802 • Loading Rod • Manual
Includes
• Loading Rod (10)
• 2-D Collision Accessory (2)
• Plastic Balls (10 pack) Projectile Launcher............................................ME-6800
• Sights (5 pack) Shown in use with:
Shoot-the-Target System..................................ME-6853 p. 135
• Angle Indicator Photogate Mounting Bracket ..........................ME-6821A p. 137
• Plumb Bobs (12 pack) Smart Gate ..........................................................PS-2180 p. 42
• Thumbscrew to attach launcher to base (10) Recommended:
Time-of-Flight Accessory..................................ME-6810A p. 137
Large C-Clamp (6 pack).....................................SE-7285 p. 137
Launcher Spares Kit....................................... ME-6802 Plumb Bobs (10 pack)........................................SE-8728 p. 137

132 more information at pasco.com

 Launchers
Mini Launcher 2-D Collision

MECHANICS
ME-6825B New bracket features include: The 2-D Collision Accessory (included with all PASCO
A Ideal for tabletop A Magnetic ball storage launchers) allows the study of Conservation of
Momentum in two dimensions.
projectile experiments A New plunger storage
A Fires at downward angles A Shooting positions now
A Low cost labled

Magnetic Ball New Molded

Storage Loading Rod

Three
Launch
Ranges Shoot from table
top level!

Storage for
Loading Rod

Protractor and
Plumb Bob
Measures from Versatile Stand
-45° to +90°. Provides several different
mounting configurations.
Unique stand design allows ball
to be launched from tabletop
height. The ball lands on the
table at the same height from
which it was launched.

Magnetic Piston holds ball

Negative in place for launching at
2 cm spread downward angles.
sideways
1.5 m to Optional launch
launch Mounting angle!
Rod
Typical pattern for Mini Launcher –
Ball was launched 10 times off 1 m high table at Specifications
30° angle. All 10 shots landed within 5 cm diameter circle. Range: 0.5, 1, 2 m
Launch Angle: 0 to +90° and 0 to -45°
Launcher Length: 18 cm
Mini Launcher Spares Kit Includes
ME-6824
• Launcher Base • Loading Rod • 2-D Collision Accessory
Includes • Projectile Balls • Safety Glasses • Manual
• Loading Rod (10)
• 2-D Collision Accessory (2)
Mini Launcher............................................... ME-6825B
• Steel Balls (10 pack) Recommended:
• Angle Indicator Photogate Mounting Bracket..................... ME-6821A p. 137
• Plumb Bobs (12 pack) Smart Gate..................................................... PS-2180 p. 42
Time-of-Flight Accessory............................ ME-6810A p. 137
• Thumbscrew to attach launcher to base (10)
Large C-Clamp (6 pack)............................... SE-7285 p. 137
Steel Rod........................................................ ME-8736 p. 186
Plumb Bobs (10)............................................ SE-8728 p. 137
Mini Launcher Spares Kit.............................. ME-6824 Carbon Paper (100 Sheets)......................... SE-8693 p. 137
Metric Measuring Tape............................... SE-8712A p. 192

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 133

 Launchers
Projectile Launcher Smart Gate System
MECHANICS

ME-6798 Add optional Time-of-Flight

A Vary height. A Vary launch speed.
A Vary angle. A Measure accurately with Smart Gate.
With this combination, your students can study projectile motion
and measure the initial speed with one economical Smart Gate,
since it has two built-in photogate beams. The Mini Launcher
Daisy-chain
and Smart Gate make the setup simple: Just clamp the launcher Time-of-Flight
to the table and slide the Smart Gate on. All the components to Smart Gate.
needed are included, even the rod and clamp.

Launcher
Stand Smart Gate
connects directly
to a PASPORT
interface.

Smart Gate
(See page 42 for
more information)
Projectile Launcher
Wireless Smart Gate System
ME-6796
Choose this wireless option to eliminate cables
between the computer and the projectile launcher.
The Wireless Smart Gate has all the features of
Mini the Smart Gate (PS-2180), but it connects to your
Projectile computing device via Bluetooth® or USB; it does not
Launcher require an interface.
Stainless
Steel Rod
Aluminum
Clamp Wireless
Smart Gate
Specifications
Range: 0.5, 1, 2 m
Launch Angle: 0 to +90° and 0 to -45°
Launcher Length: 18 cm

Includes
• Smart Gate with Mounting Bracket
• Launcher with Mounting Stand
• Steel Balls (2) with Loading Rod
• 2-D Collision Accessory
• Aluminum Table Clamp
• 45 cm Stainless Steel Rod
Includes
• Wireless Smart Gate with • 2-D Collision Accessory
Mounting Bracket • Aluminum Table Clamp
• Launcher with Mounting Stand • 45 cm Stainless Steel Rod
• Steel Balls (2) with Loading Rod

Projectile Launcher Smart Gate System...........ME-6798

Shown in use with:
Time-of-Flight Accessory.....................................ME-6810A p. 135 Projectile Launcher
Required: Wireless Smart Gate System...............................ME-6796
PASPORT Interface

134 more information at pasco.com

 Launcher Accessories
Carbon Paper Time-of-Flight Accessory

MECHANICS
(100 sheets) ME-6810A
SE-8693 A For use with all PASCO launchers

Use to mark the position Includes

of the ball. • Time-of-Flight Accessory
• Instruction Manual
• Experiment Guide

Carbon Paper (100 sheets)......................................................SE-8693 Time-of-Flight Accessory..................................................... ME-6810A

Shoot-the-Target
ME-6853
AD
 emonstrate independence
of x- and y-motion
A For use with all launchers

The PASCO Shoot-the-Target Accessory, in combination with a

projectile launcher, demonstrates that acceleration is constant for
all objects in freefall, regardless of initial velocity. A target is initially
suspended near the ceiling, and a projectile launcher is aimed directly
at it. As soon as the projectile is shot from the launcher, the target
is released. The projectile hits the target as it falls, proving that both
objects accelerate downward at the same rate.
Before it falls, the target is attached to the drop box by a permanent
magnet so it can hang indefinitely, even when the drop box is not
powered. A photogate detects the projectile as it leaves the launcher
and triggers the drop box. The drop box releases the target by driving
a current through a coil that cancels the field of the permanent
magnet.

The “gun” is aimed directly at the target. Although

the target “drops” the moment the projectile is fired,
the ball still hits the target since the ball falls with
the same acceleration.

Includes
• Drop Box & Control Box
• Control Cable
• High Impact Plastic Target (75 cm x 20 cm) ME-6852
• Photogate Head & Bracket
• AC Adapter (9 VDC, 500 mA)

Shoot-the-Target System.....................................ME-6853
Recommended:
Projectile Launcher...............................................ME-6800 p. 132
Mini Launcher........................................................ME-6825A p. 133

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 135

 Launcher Accessories
Drop-Shoot Accessory
MECHANICS

ME-9859

AS
 imultaneously drops one ball and launches
a second ball horizontally
A Prove the independence of x- and y-motion
AM
 ounts on PASCO projectile launchers
(short- and long-range)

The Drop-Shoot Accessory is an easy-to-use tool that helps

students better understand the independence between
the horizontal and vertical motion of a projectile. Connect
the accessory to either the short or long range projectile
When the solid ball hits the hanging solid ball, the hanging ball shoots out horizontally, while the
launchers, hang one ball from the magnet and fire away.
ball shot out of the launcher drops straight down.
The fired ball strikes the hanging ball, causing one ball to
shoot horizontally at the same instant the other ball falls
straight down. Both balls hit the ground at the same time,
regardless of the fired projectile’s muzzle velocity, provided
the Projectile Launcher is level. This device also provides an
interesting demonstration of Conservation of Momentum in
collisions.
Either the solid steel
When the (included) hollow steel ball is used, the two ball or hollow steel
balls are both fired horizontally at two different speeds. A ball is hung by a
Photogate and Time-of-Flight Accessory can also be used to magnet.
directly measure time of flight.

Includes
• Drop-Shoot Bracket
• 2.5 cm Steel Balls (2)
• 2.5 cm Hollow Steel Ball
• Mounting Hardware Drop-Shoot Accessory........................................ME-9859
• Loading Rod Required:
Projectile Launcher..............................................ME-6800 p. 132

Ball Ramp Drop-Shoot Demo

SE-7596 SE-7592
A Use for Projectile Motion AD
 emonstrates the independence of horizontal
A Use for 2-D Collisions and vertical components of projectile motion
Releasing the spring causes one ball to drop directly down while the
This apparatus consists of a curved track other is projected horizontally. Listen and you’ll hear that both hit the
with a base at one end. On the base floor at the same time! The Drop-Shoot Demo is 25 cm long.
is a support to hold a ball at the proper
height for a center-to-center collision
with a second ball rolling down the track. Includes
The track is level so collision occurs •M etal base with
only in the horizontal plane, simplifying spring launcher
calculations. • Rod (10 cm long)
• Steel balls (2)

Includes
• 25 cm one-piece track
• 3 balls (12 mm diameter):
2 steel, 1 glass
• Plumb bob

Ball Ramp...............................................................SE-7596 Drop-Shoot Demo.................................................SE-7592

136 more information at pasco.com

 Launcher Accessories
Time-of-Flight Accessory Small Steel Balls Projectile Launcher

MECHANICS
ME-6810A (10 pack) Sights (5 pack)
AF
 or use with all PASCO launchers ME-9872 ME-9865
These 1.6 cm
When the projectile diameter steel
is launched, the balls are used with
photogate the Mini Launcher Purchase this 5 pack of aiming sights as
mounted on (ME-6825B). a replacement for the Short-Range or
the launcher Long-Range Projectile Launchers.
starts timing.

When the projectile hits the receptor Small Steel Balls Projectile Launcher Sights
pad on the Time-of-Flight Accessory, an (10 pack)................................. ME-9872 (5 pack).................................ME-9865
electric signal is sent to stop timing.
Steel Balls Projectile Launcher
(4 pack) Plumb Bobs
ME-9864 (12 pack) ME-9868A
Photogate
BAR LOO !
NOT TION

REL!
K
DO CAU

N
DOW

This kit includes

12 brass plumb
bobs and 12
Receptor Purchase this 4 pack of 2.5 cm diameter washers to replace
Pad balls for use with PASCO Short or Long- lost or broken
Range Projectile Launchers (ME-6800 or parts from any of
ME-6801). PASCO’s projectile
Includes
launchers.
• Time-of-Flight Accessory
• Instruction Manual Steel Balls
• Experiment Guide (4 pack)..................................ME-9864 Projectile Launcher Plumb Bobs
(12 pack).................................ME-9868A

Time-of-Flight
Plastic Balls “C” Clamps
Accessory.............................. ME-6810A ME-6822
SE-7285
These rugged clamps are perfect for
Photogate Mounting attaching a variety of objects to a table.
Bracket Size 10 cm (4 inch).
ME-6821A

Extra brightly colored balls are available

for the Projectile Launcher. Diameter is
2.5 cm (1 in.).

“C” Clamp (6 pack)......................... SE-7285

Plastic Balls
(10 pack).................................ME-6822
Plumb Bobs (10 pack)
Mount one or two photogates on any
Spherical Mass Set SE-8728
Projectile Launcher. Compatible with ME-8968
Photogate Heads below.
Plumb Bobs (10 pack)........ SE-8728

Carbon Paper (100 sheets)

SE-8693
For marking the
This set includes four balls with a diameter position of the
Photogate Mounting of 2.5 cm each, but features various ball.
Bracket................ME-6821A masses, including a hollow steel ball, solid
steel ball, plastic ball and aluminum ball.
Photogate
Head.....................ME-9498A p. 43
Accessory Spherical
Photogate............ME-9204B p. 43 Mass Set..............................ME-8968 Carbon Paper (100 sheets).........SE-8693

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 137

 Ballistics
Ballistic Pendulum
MECHANICS

ME-6830
A E xtremely accurate: ±2.5% of
predicted values
A Both elastic and inelastic Unique Angle Measurement Design
experiments Easily measures pendulum angle to 0.5°.
A Projectile launcher experiments Low friction gives repeatable results.

A Now includes ME-6800 bracket!

This classic physics experiment combines

the laws of Conservation of Momentum Removable Pendulum
and Conservation of Energy to determine Mass can be easily determined.
the muzzle velocity of the projectile. Only Reverse the pendulum for
simple mass and distance measurements elastic collisions.
are required to make this determination.

How It Works
A projectile is fired into a pendulum,
causing it to rise.

Using the projectile mass, the pendulum

mass, and the rise in pendulum height,
students can calculate the gravitational
potential energy of the system. Projectile
Catcher
Since the potential energy is equal to Securely
the pendulum’s kinetic energy at the captures
lowest point, students can calculate ball.
the speed of the pendulum at impact.

Applying the Law of Conservation of

Momentum, the projectile’s speed is Projectile Launcher Add Masses
easily calculated. Durable with three repeatable Two 50 g masses (included) can
launch settings. be added to change the pendulum
mass and rotational inertia.
An additional mounting bracket is included to PASCO’s Ballistic Pendulum— Includes
perform the full range of projectile launcher
experiments. A New Approach • Ballistic Pendulum and Base
The PASCO Ballistic Pendulum has the • Projectile Launcher
following unique features: • Projectile Launcher Base
Repeatable: The three velocity settings on • 2.5 cm Plastic Balls (2)
the Projectile Launcher produce consistent • 2.5 cm Steel Balls (2)
velocities. • Masses (2)
Accuracy: The 0-80° angle measurement • 2-D Collision Accessory
scale resolves to 1/2°, leading to
• Safety Glasses
experimental results within 2.5% of
(2 pairs)
predicted values.
• Operations and
Removable Pendulum: Remove the
Experiment
pendulum to determine its mass and center
Manual
of mass. It can swing freely so students can
determine its rotational inertia. Mount the
pendulum backwards so the ball bounces
away for elastic collision experiments.
Vary Ball and Pendulum Mass: Ballistic Pendulum........ME-6830
Two 50 g masses can be added to the Ballistic Pendulum
Already own a PASCO (No Launcher)................ME-6831
pendulum, and two steel and two plastic
Projectile Launcher? balls are included. Recommended:
The base and pendulum assembly can Projectile Launcher: Mount the Projectile Spherical Mass Set......ME-8968 p. 137
be purchased separately. Launcher on the other side of the base, and Shoot-the-Target...........ME-6853 p. 135
See Ballistic Pendulum (No Launcher) in students have access to all the accessories Time-of-Flight.................ME-6810A p. 45
the order block for more information. that come with the Projectile Launcher Large C Clamp
ME-6800 (see page 132). (6 pack)...........................SE-7285 p. 137

138 more information at pasco.com

 Ballistics
Ballistic Pendulum Accessory Mini Launcher Ballistic

MECHANICS
ME-9892 (for use with the ME-6800 Projectile Launcher on page 132) Pendulum Accessory
A B oth are accessories to the Rotary Motion Sensor ME-6829 (for use with the ME-6825B Mini Launcher on page 133)
A For elastic and inelastic experiments
A Low cost

Both of these ballistic pendulum accessories use a Rotary Motion

Sensor to measure the speed of the catcher assembly immediately
after the collision, as well as the maximum height to which the
pendulum swings. The Rotary Motion Sensor can also be used to
measure the rotational inertia of the pendulum for a detailed study of
the collision using conservation of angular momentum.

Rotary Motion
Sensor

Rigid
Pendulum

Foam
Catcher

Ballast Mass

Rotary Motion Sensor (required for use) allows measurement of

instantaneous velocity of catcher immediately after collision, as
well as total angle of rotation of the pendulum arm.

Both accessories include:

• Pendulum Arm with Catcher
• Ballast Mass
• Steel Ball

Mini Launcher Ballistic

Ballistic Pendulum Accessory.....................ME-9892 Pendulum Accessory....................................ME-6829
Required: Required:
Projectile Launcher.......................................ME-6800 p. 132 Mini Launcher................................................ME-6825B p. 133
Rotary Motion Sensor...................................PS-2120A p. 33 Rotary Motion Sensor...................................PS-2120A p. 33

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 Statics
Pulley Demonstration System Equal Arm Balance
MECHANICS

SE-8685 ME-8949 Developed for

Workshop Physics®
A D
 emonstrate the mechanical advantage of single or activities
combination pulleys
A Complete stand-alone pulley apparatus
A Simple setup The Equal Arm Balance was specially
designed to simplify the study of torques.
This balance has a ball-bearing pivot.

Features
Stable Base: Easily attach two
threaded 81 cm rods to the sturdy
base. Includes an eye-hook and
capstan to demonstrate an entire
pulley system.
Comprehensive:
Contains everything
needed to effectively R1 R2
display the usefulness of pulleys,
including slotted masses and mass
400 g
hangers. 200 g

Several Pulley Types: Reveal the F1 F2

benefits of single pulleys and those
of tandem pulleys, quadruple
pulleys, and even the four-step
pulley. Combine several of them
for an efficient pulley system.

Set up a double pulley and a single pulley, each with a 200 g mass.
Simultaneously pull the string of each from the same vertical height If the balance is at equilibrium,
down to the base. Observe that the mass of the single pulley moves then: R1F1 = R2F2
twice as high as the double pulley with twice the force.

With 200 g and 400 g masses placed as shown

above, the balance remains in equilibrium.

Specifications
Includes Total length: 34 cm
20 cm x 81 cm base with eye-hook Maximum weight exerted on
and capstan balance arm: 1 kg or 10 N
Threaded 81 cm rods (2)
Clamps (2)
Horizontal rod
Hook collars (8)
90° clamp
Single pulleys (2)
Triple-tandem Includes
pulleys (2)
•B
 alance Arm with
Quadruple pulleys (2) Ball-Bearing Pivot
Four-step pulley (1)
Slotted masses (13)
Mass hangers (6)
Equal Arm Balance...... ME-8949
Required:
Drilled Mass and
Pulley Demonstration System........................................ SE-8685 Hanger Set.................... ME-8979 p. 197

140 more information at pasco.com

 Statics
Force Table

MECHANICS
ME-9447B
String tie
A High accuracy String Tie is captured to make setup of hanging masses
easy, but it freely floats over bulls-eye pattern to clearly
A Easy, compact storage show even small changes in equilibrium.
A Inexpensive!

Adjustable height
The swivel feature of
the pulleys can virtually
eliminate parallax for
more precise angle Strings connect to center
measurements. of String Tie for accurate
results.
Built-in Scale
Measure angles
quickly and
accurately.

Dual Ball Bearings

For ultra-low friction.

Compact, Easy Storage

Change the mass by

1/2 gram or an angle by
1/2 degree and see an
immediate change in
Mass and Hanger the equilibrium.
(sold separately)

Includes
•2
 5 cm diameter table
with detachable legs

Improved leg storage • Adjustable Super Pulleys

The screw-in legs snap under with Clamps (3)
the table for easy storage. • Spool of thread (1)

Mass and Hanger Set is sold separately.

Improved stacking
Stacked tables are keyed Force Table..............................ME-9447B
together to eliminate slipping.
Stacking tab keys into Required:
Now you can store all your Mass and Hanger Set............ME-8979 p. 197
Force Tables in one convenient recess in table-top
Additional Pulleys:
stack! Super Pulley with Clamp.......ME-9448B p. 190

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 Statics
Tension Protractor
MECHANICS

ME-6855

A Measure tension and angle with one device

A Large scale for viewing demonstrations
A Zero-adjust for torsion spring scale
The tension in the
A Built-in rod clamp left string is greater
than in the right string
The Tension Protractor is a spring scale and a protractor because the angles
integrated into one device. Perfect for static equilibrium are different.
experiments, the rotary dial indicates the tension in the string
and the angle is read where the string passes over the degree
scale on the outer ring. Since the Tension Protractor is supported
on a rod, it has an advantage over other spring scales that
tend to weigh down the string, changing the angle.
The string is wrapped once around a small pulley that is
spring-loaded. The torsion spring scale is carefully calibrated
at the factory and can be zeroed by the user using the thumb
screw on the back. The red arrow that indicates tension is
color-coded to match the Newton scale.
Even if the mounting rod is not plumb, the Tension Protractor’s
degree scale can be adjusted to read 90 degrees vertically by
rotating the outer ring until the string with a hanging mass aligns String
with 90 degrees.

Zeroing Ring
for Angle Scale
30° angle reading Arrow indicates tension reading (5.0 N)
Rod Clamp
mounts on either a
vertical or horizontal
rod.

Zeroing
Thumb Screw
for Force Scale

Specifications
Force Range: 0 N to 10 N
Smallest Force Division: 0.1 N
Force Accuracy: ±4% of Reading
Angle Range: -90° to +90°
Smallest Angle Division: 1° Includes
Diameter: 15 cm •O
 ne Tension
Protractor
A 50 gram mass hangs
vertically from the Tension
Protractor: The tension reads
0.5 N as expected and the
Tension Protractor........................................ME-6855
outer degree scale is dialed
Recommended: to align the 90° mark with the
Large Table Clamp........................................ME-9472 pp. 188-189 string. This compensates for
90 cm Long Rod.............................................ME-8738 p. 186 unlevel tables or bent rods.
Multi-clamp....................................................ME-9507 pp. 188-189
Hooked Mass Set..........................................SE-8759 p. 197

142 more information at pasco.com

 Statics
Statics System

MECHANICS
ME-9502

A Everything required for 15 experiments

A Comprehensive — from vector addition Accurate Spring Scale
to simple machines
A Easy Setup — magnetic mounting

Here is a versatile lab system for demonstrating the

basic concepts of vector forces, torques, center of mass, Bubble Level
simple machines, and more. The ME-9503 Statics Board
(sold separately) doubles the width and is perfect for
demonstrations.

Magnetic Mounting
Analyze forces on an
inclined plane.

Low-Friction Cart Force Table

Add Mass

All the accessories required,

including mass hangers,
46 cm x 46 cm
masses and thread
Solid Steel Board
Degree “Whiteboard” Surface
Scale

Friction Block

Handle for easy

Low-Friction placement and
Ball Bearings removal
Use the balance beam to investigate
torque. Vary the force, lever arm,
and angle. Built-in scales make
measurement easy. Neodymium
Magnets Non-Slip Backing
Degree Scale
Easy Storage
Store magnetic components
on back of experiment board.

Bubble Level Includes

• Experiment Board
• Components
• Mass Set
• Comprehensive Manual

Statics System.............................................. ME-9502

Additional Equipment:
Statics Board................................................ ME-9503
Spring Scale ................................................ ME-9824A
Statics Spares Package ............................ ME-9504

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 Simple Machines
Simple Machines Teacher Resources
MECHANICS

EP-6483
A A single teacher guide is all you need to outfit
your class or lab.
A Complete with guided inquiry lab activities,
suggested answers, and much more
A Requires Simple Machines Engineering Kit
Questions are embedded throughout the activities. Other features include sequencing and
key-term challenges. Opportunities to predict outcomes prior to data collection and post-lab
multiple choice questions help to make the connection between lectures and labs as seamless
as possible. And the lab activities are correlated to state and national standards.
For more information, visit pasco.com

Simple Machines Engineering Kit

EP-3577
Our Simple Machines Engineering Kit engages students in a wide range of physics, physical
science, and engineering concepts. Two triple-pulley blocks make it easy to build machines with
mechanical advantage up to 6:1. Build all three classes of levers with our pair of 20-cm levers,
or combine gears, levers, and pulleys together to show how rotating machines work.

Includes
• 10 N Metal Spring Scales (2) • 20 cm Levers (2)
• Tripod Stands (2) & Crossrail • 60 Tooth Spur Gears (2)
• Universal Spring Hanger (2) • 40 Tooth Spur Gears (2)
• Right-angle Connector with Pulley (2) • 20 Tooth Spur Gears (3)
• Fixed Triple Pulley Block • 20 cm-diam. Large Pulleys (2)
• Hanging Triple Pulley Block • Weights
• Friction Block • String
• Quick-attach Gear Hubs (4) •  Gratnells® Storage Tray
• Gear Spacers (12)

Assembly shows included components.

Simple Machines Teacher Resources............................EP-6483

Required:
Simple Machines Engineering Kit .................................EP-3577

Tripod Stand Weights

EP-3572 EP-3563
Includes
Includes
• 68.6 cm extruded aluminum vertical rail
• 2 mass hangers
• Wide tripod base with aluminum legs and rubber feet
• 25 fender washer masses
• Includes 5 sliding 14-20 inserts, already installed

Tripod Stand ...........................EP-3572 Weights....................................EP-3563

144 more information at pasco.com

 Pulleys
Super Pulley Super Pulley with Photogate/

MECHANICS
ME-9450A Mounting Pulley System
A 20 N max load Rod ME-6838A
A Nearly frictionless ME-9499
A Durable This Super Pulley
mounted on a rigid
The PASCO Super plastic mounting rod The Super Pulley
Pulley is the (12.7 mm diameter, attaches directly to
standard in 14 cm long) fits most
the Photogate Head,
physics labs. standard laboratory clamps.
providing a simple,
Its low-friction
low-friction system
design produces
to measure position,
excellent results. The precision spacing of Pulley with velocity and acceleration.
the 10 spokes makes it ideal for photogate Mounting Rod...................... ME-9499 Additionally, with the
monitoring with PASCO’s computer
pulley removed, the
interfaces and photogate systems.
photogate can be used
Features
Super Pulley with Clamp to perform standard
photogate experiments.
A Low friction ME-9448B
See page 44.
A Lightweight
A Precision dimensions

Photogate/Pulley
System.................................. ME-6838A
Super Pulley ........................ ME-9450A

Upgrade your force table and inclined plane Atwood’s Machine

Pulley Mounting Rod experiments. The Super Pulley with its
integral clamp makes setup and alignment
SA-9241
SA-9242 easy. The pulley height is fully adjustable,
so you can skim the top of a force table
This 14 cm long stainless steel
for parallax-free readings. Yet you can keep
mounting rod is 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
the force parallel to the track on an inclined
in diameter and fits most standard
plane, as shown in the photo below. Fits
laboratory clamps, including the
tables up to 2.0 cm (13/16 in.) thick.
PASCO Universal Clamp.

Pulley Mounting Rod

(rod only).............................. SA-9242

Smart Gate Pulley System

PS-3702
Super Pulley
The Super Pulley with Clamp..........................ME-9448B Two Super Pulleys mounted on a 6.4 cm
attaches directly to long rod produce a classic, low-friction
the Smart Gate,
introduction to Newton’s Second Law.
providing a simple,
low-friction system to Mounting Rods (10 pack) The instruction sheet fully describes both
measure position, velocity the experiment and the theory.
ME-9483
and acceleration. Additionally,
with the pulley removed, the These rigid
photogate can be used to perform plastic pulley
standard photogate experiments. handles (14 cm
Includes long, 1.27 mm
Includes
diameter) screw
• Smart Gate (1) PS-2180 • Pulleys (2)
into a Super Pulley.
• Super Pulley (1) ME-9450A • Connecting Rod (1)
• Super Pulley Rod (1)

Mounting Rods Atwood’s

Smart Gate Pulley System............PS-3702 (10 pack)..........................................ME-9483 Machine..........................................SA-9241

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 Human Applications
Human Arm Model Cord Locks
MECHANICS

To easily adjust position.

PS-2611

A W orking model of the Mounting

human arm Bracket
Use with rod or Bicep Adjustable
A Associate tricep/bicep muscle action clamp directly Wrist
with arm motion to a table with
A Measure torque resulting from lifting weights a C-clamp. Multiple Insertion
Points
A Actually throws a ball Hand
The Human Arm Model simulates the muscles and motion of an actual Color Graphics
human arm. To activate the arm motion, students pull on the cord with
a Force Sensor. Changes in position are measured at the shoulder and
elbow using the two built-in potentiometers plugged into one Angle
Tricep
Sensor (PS-2139), included with PS-2611. From this information, the Elbow Angle Sensor
torque applied when lifting an object can be determined. Measures angle of forearm.
Also, students can evaluate the work done by
the arm in throwing a ball and the resulting
kinetic energy delivered to the ball.
The Arm can perform many types of motion
such as extending and lifting an object, curling, Rod Clamp
Adjustable Stops
or throwing a ball overhand. Different arm
To fix position of arm.
muscles are activated depending on which
pulleys are selected. Static force measurements Shoulder Angle Sensor
can also be made to see how the muscle Measures angle of arm.
tension changes at various arm positions.
Removable Mass
Measure work and torque
with and without mass.

Angles and Forces

During Extension:
The upper graph shows the
angles of the elbow (violet
trace) and the shoulder (blue)
as the arm is extended as
shown in the picture at right.
Shown in the lower graph, the
bicep tension (red) has little
change at first and then rises
sharply as the arm reaches
out, while the tricep tension Free Throw
(green) rises steadily. Extension To perform this motion,
As the tricep muscle cord is pulled with a Force Sensor, another an elastic cord is used as
fixed Force Sensor records the tension in the bicep muscle cord. the bicep muscle cord and
the tricep muscle cord are
pulled with a Force Sensor.
The motion of the arm and
the release speed of the
ball are measured with
the built-in potentiometers
using the Angle Sensor.

PS-2611 includes
• Arm
• Angle Sensor
Curl Human Arm Model ............................. PS-2611
As the bicep muscle • Removable Mass
cord is pulled a short • Cord & Cord Locks Required:
distance, the end of the • Mounting Bracket with Rod “C” Clamp or Large Table Clamp pp. 188-189
arm moves through a very large distance, showing Force Sensor (2)................................... PS-2104 p. 36
the mechanical advantage of the arm. The load at • Force Sensor Mounting Rod
the end of the arm can be varied. • Rubber Ball 850 Universal Interface....................... UI-5000 p. 26

146 more information at pasco.com

 Human Applications
Goniometer Forces on the Human Body

MECHANICS
PS-2137 A Measure
 forces on human body
A Accurately measures joint movements A 1-axis and 2-axis force platforms
A Flexible mounting options for hip, knee, and elbow A Precise and fast
The SPARKlink Air Interface is used here with two Angle Sensors, part of the Explore the forces exerted on the human body
PS-2137 Goniometer System. The data is sent via Bluetooth® to a desktop in everyday situations, sports, and large-scale
computer and displayed live with the video being recorded by a web cam.
physics experiments. The Force Platforms are
designed to measure large forces, such as the
weight of a person.

F wall

Data shows position

of both left and right
knee and hip joints
during walking.
Friction
Capture data remotely!
The SPARKlink Air Interface records the sensor
data and sends it to the computer via Bluetooth. By standing on a 2-Axis Force Platform
while pushing against the wall with a
1-Axis Force Platform, a real-life statics Normal
problem can be analyzed.

Goniometer Probes
The probes are fastened in place using the blue
Velcro® straps and can be positioned to
measure the motion of the knee, hip, or elbow.

Specifications Confirm Newton’s Third Law by pushing on a Force

Range: 0 to 340º Platform using two sets of handles (available separately).
Accuracy: ±1º (calibrated), ±3º (uncalibrated) Handles bolt onto the Force Platform (1-axis or 2-axis) and
Resolution: 0.1º can be mounted on one or both sides.

Includes Developed in cooperation with Nancy Beverly,

• Goniometer Probe Assistant Professor of Physics at Mercy College,
• Angle Sensor Dobbs Ferry, New York.
• Velcro Straps
Goniometer Sensor.................. PS-2137
Recommended: 2-Axis Force
SPARKlink Air.......................... PS-2011 p. 30 Platform...................... PS-2142 p. 40
Additional Velcro Straps......... PS-2547 Force Platform........... PS-2141 p. 40
Additional Recommended:
Goniometer Probe.................... PS-2138 Handle Set.................. PS-2548 p. 40

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 Structures Systems
Build any structure and instrument it.
MECHANICS

Shown in use with

Load Cell & Amplifier Set (6-port) Bridge Set ME-6991.
PS-2199 Sold on page 150.

Dual Load Cell & Amplifier Set (2-port)

PS-2206
A M
 easure the compression and tension in
the I-beam members
A Insert load cells into structures
by substituting beams
A Use more than 6 load cells by
connecting multiple amplifiers
to one computer

A load cell can be inserted into the

design by replacing one beam with a load
cell connected to two shorter beams. There
is no need to completely disassemble the
structure to add instrumentation. I-beams key into the load
PS-2199 includes four 100 N Load Cells; additional cell and are fastened with
load cells can be purchased separately. thumb screws.
For more information, see page 38.

As the car crosses the bridge, the forces

measured by each load cell are graphed in
real-time in PASCO Capstone™. Notice the
diagonal member (green trace) switches from
The load cells have a semi-transparent compression to tension as the car passes by.
case so students can see the load cell
design.

2 1/4”

Forces measured by Load Cells are displayed on a computer using

PASCO Capstone software. A positive value represents compression.
Load Cell & Amplifier Set
PS-2199
Includes
• Load Cell Amplifier (6-port) Load Cell & Amplifier Set (6-port)
• 100 N Load Cell (4) (includes 4 load cells) ..................................... PS-2199 p. 38
Dual Load Cell & Amplifier Set (2-port)
(includes 1 load cell) ....................................... PS-2206 p. 38
Dual Load Cell & Amplifier Set Required:
PS-2206 PASPORT Interface to USB Computer p. 24-25
Includes Recommended:
• Load Cell Amplifier (2-port) Additional 100 N Load Cell.............................. PS-2200 p. 39
Load Cell 5 N...................................................... PS-2201 p. 39
• 100 N Load Cell (1)
Hooked Mass Set.............................................. SE-8759 p. 197

148 more information at pasco.com

 Structures Systems
Truss Set

MECHANICS
ME-6990 Through Truss
A T each the basics of trusses with Verticals
A Demonstrate the properties
of I-Beams

Plastic I-Beams

Plastic Connectors

Steel Thumb Screws

Use the Truss Set to

build a variety of
structures to investigate
the principles of trusses. Measure the compression
The ABS plastic I-Beams and tension in the I-Beam
fasten securely together using members by adding
optional Load Cells.
the provided connectors and thumb
screws. Load cells can be inserted
anywhere into the design by replacing one
beam at a time. Students can load
the truss by hanging weights.

Construction is easy: I-Beams fit into the connectors and are secured I-Beams key into the load cell and
with thumb screws. Thumb screws are also slotted so a screwdriver can be used. are fastened with thumb screws.

Students can construct a roof

truss to study how the roof is
supported
in buildings.

Deck Truss Bridge

Kingpost Roof Truss

Truss Set Includes
• I-Beam #5 (8) 24 cm long
• I-Beam #4 (18) 17 cm long
• I-Beam #3 (18) 11.5 cm long
• I-Beam #2 (8) 8 cm long Truss Set* .......................................................... ME-6990
• I-Beam #1 (8) 5.5 cm long Recommended:
Load Cell & Amplifier Set
• Connectors (14), Screws (75), and Instruction Manual (includes four load cells)................................. PS-2199 p. 38

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 Structures System
Bridge Set Warren with Verticals Cross-bracing Verticals
MECHANICS

1.5 m long to support

ME-6991 road bed
A Larger quantity of I-beams and connectors
A Study the principles of bridge
construction
A Road bed and car add realism
to bridges
A Add Load Cells to see
dynamic loading as car
traverses bridge
Car with Mass

The Bridge Set includes all the I-beams and connectors required to build the
Flexible Road Bed structures shown on this page. Special cord locks allow tensioning of cord (cables)
for cross-bracing. A flexible plastic road bed clips to the cross-beams and, using
load cells, the tension and compression of each element can be displayed in real time.

Add Load Cells to measure forces Howe

anywhere in the structure. A positive
value represents
compression.
Pratt

Warren

Students can build several types of fundamental

bridges including Howe, Pratt, and Warren bridges.

Design your own roller coaster! Deck Truss

80 cm long

Add Load Cells to measure

the forces needed to support Waddell
the track as the car goes up “A” Truss
and over the loop. See p. 126 1 m long
for more roller coasters.

Bridge Set Includes

• I-beam #5 (16) 24 cm long • Starter bracket
• I-beam #4 (36) 17 cm long • Cord tensioning clips (32)
• I-beam #3 (36) 11.5 cm long • Yellow cord (1 roll) The Waddell “A” Truss uses a cord
• I-beam #2 (16) 8 cm long • Instruction manual
(cable) for the center vertical member.
• I-beam #1 (16) 5.5 cm long
• Connectors (28)
• Screws (150)
• Flexible road bed (3 m)
• Track coupler Bridge Set..............................................................ME-6991
• Road bed clips (24) Recommended:
• Car with flag and mass Load Cell & Amplifier Set
(includes four load cells).....................................PS-2199 p. 38

150 more information at pasco.com

 Structures System
Advanced Structures Set

MECHANICS
Camelback
ME-6992B Truss Bridge
A Build larger bridges 1.4 m long
A Build cranes, catapults, cars
The Advanced Structures Set includes more
components to build a larger variety of structures.
Axles and pulleys allow construction of cranes,
cars and even a working catapult!

Add Load Cells to measure forces

anywhere in the structure.

Falling mass
Angle Crane
1.5 m tall
Use pulleys to investigate
mechanical advantage.

Catapult Throws a projectile over 10 meters!

60 cm tall Wheels allow catapult to move.

Straight
Connector
Flexible I-Beams

Mass Set
Flat Members
For cross-bracing
Round
Suspension Connector
Bridge
2.2 m long

Advanced Structures Set Includes:

• Force Platform Bracket (2) • Round and Flat Connectors (6 ea.)
• I-Beam #5 (24) 24 cm long • PAStrack Fasteners (6) Flexible I-Beams
• I-Beam #4 (54) 17 cm long • Angle and Straight Connectors (24 ea.) Dramatically demonstrate
• I-Beam #3 (54) 11.5 cm long • Sliding Connector (12) structural failure.
• I-Beam #2 (24) 8 cm long • Pulleys, O-rings, Spacers (12 ea.)
• I-Beam #1 (24) 5.5 cm long • Collets (24)
• Flex I-Beam #5 (10) 24 cm long • Drive Wheel with Rubber Tire (4)
• Flex I-Beam #4 (18) 17 cm long • Structures Rod Clamps (2) Advanced Structures Set...........ME-6992B
• Flex I-Beam #3 (18) 11.5 cm long • Screws (300) Shown in use with:
• Flat Beams (16 ea. of 3 lengths) • Yellow Cord (1 roll) Load Cell & Amplifier Set
• Axles (2 ea. of 3 lengths) • Instruction Manual (includes four Load Cells)...........PS-2199
• Connectors (42) Hooked Mass Set.........................SE-8759
• Cord Tensioning Clips (32) Large Slotted Mass Set..............ME-7566

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 Structures Systems
Large Structures Set
MECHANICS

ME-7003
New #6 I-Beam
The Large Structures Set includes all the components
contained in the ME-6992B Advanced Structures Set
plus additional parts to build even bigger structures.
Flex I-Beam
It also includes the Mini Cars with plastic track
to build roller coasters, and to add realistic
roadbeds to your bridges.

Suspension
Bridge
3 m long

Double Tied Drawbridge Student uses the Hydraulic/Pneumatic

Arch Bridge 3.2 m long System to raise and lower the drawbridge.
2.8 m long

Cable Stayed
Add load cells to
Arch Truss 3.8 m long
measure forces
2 m long anywhere in the
structure.

Large Structures Set Includes

• I-Beam #6 (24) 35 cm long • Force Platform Bracket (2)
• I-Beam #5 (24) 24 cm long • Round and Flat Connectors (6 ea.)
• I-Beam #4 (54) 17 cm long • Angle and Straight Connectors (24 ea.)
• I-Beam #3 (54) 11.5 cm long • Drive Wheel with Rubber Tire (4)
• Pulleys, O-rings, Spacers (12 ea.)
• I-Beam #2 (24) 8 cm long
• Structures Rod Clamps (2)
• I-Beam #1 (24) 5.5 cm long • Sliding Connector (12)
• Flex I-Beam #5 (10) 24 cm long • PAStrack Fasteners (6)
• Flex I-Beam #4 (18) 17 cm long • Collets (24)
• Flex I-Beam #3 (18) 11.5 cm long • Screws (450) Large Structures Set.............ME-7003
• Flat Beams (16 ea. of 3 lengths) • Yellow Cord (1 roll) Shown in use with:
• Axles (2 ea. of 3 lengths) • Flexible road bed (9.1m) Hydraulic/Pneumatic
• Connectors (70) • Road bed clips (24) Structures...............................ME-6984
• Cord Tensioning Clips (32) • Starter bracket (1) Load Cell & Amplifier Set
• Yellow car and green car, each • Track coupler (2) (includes four Load Cells).....PS-2199 p. 38
with ballast mass and flag • Instruction Manual Slotted Mass Set....................ME-7589 p. 197

152 more information at pasco.com

 Structures Systems
Shaking Tower Kit

MECHANICS
ME-7018
A Explore the resonance modes
A Measure accelerations with wireless sensors
A Demonstrate passive damping

Built from PASCO Structures beams, this tower is made to oscillate

in its various resonance modes by a driver attached by a rubber
band to the first floor of the tower. Wireless Load Cells with
Accelerometers are attached to each floor to record how much
shaking each floor experiences.

This FFT, generated in PASCO Capstone software, shows the frequency responses
of the top Wireless Load Cell/Accelerometer.

See the Shaking Tower

Experiment (EX-5555)
on page 343.

The tower is shaken by the Mechanical Wave Driver, which is powered by an

850 Universal Interface or Function Generator.

ME-7018 Includes:
• #1 I-beams (10) • Floors (5)
• #2 I-beams (8) • Mass, 0.5 kg (10)
• #3 I-beams (24) • Mass, 20 gram (2)
• Mass, 50 gram (2)
• #4 I-beam
• Medium Shaft, Structures
• Nylon Spacers (2)
• 2 Sets Screws (75 ea.)
• Connectors (20)
The gray graph in PASCO Capstone • Sliding Connector
• (F4) Flat Beams (20)
software shows the oscillation • Tire, Structures
• Flat Round Connector (4)
without the pendulum. The red graph • Wheel, Structures
• Full Round Connectors (5)
shows the damping caused when the
pendulum is allowed to oscillate. Coming soon!
Check pasco.com for availability.
Shaking Tower Kit.................................................ME-7018
Required:
Mechanical Wave Driver....................................SF-9324
2 m Patch Cord Set...............................................SE-9415A
Large Rod Base.....................................................ME-8735
Threaded Rod 25 cm............................................ME-8988
In modern buildings, passive damping mechanisms are installed to Wireless Load Cells (4)........................................PS-3216
damp out oscillations during earthquakes. The damping pendulum in 850 Universal Interface........................................UI-5000
this tower quickly stops oscillations. PASCO Capstone Software.......................................................pp. 70-73

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 Structures Systems
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Structures Building Better Bridges Kit
MECHANICS

ME-6984 ME-3581
Add a hydraulic/pneumatic ram to make your structures move and
do work. Not only will students see the cranes and jacks in action, A A complete STEM kit to teach bridge-building
they can directly measure the pressure and volume to calculate A Compatible with PASCO Structures System
how much work was done.
Now is the perfect time for your students to learn about bridge-
building and how bridges really work. This complete STEM kit allows
students to learn and apply engineering design concepts. They can
use the I-Beams to build bridges and structures that behave like the
real thing! And with the included new Wireless Load Cell, students
can measure forces under tension or compression anywhere in their
Rotary Motion Sensor structures.

Absolute
Pressure
Sensor

Wireless Load Cell

The weight is lifted using a syringe of water to fill the master cylinder. An The kit has flexible I-beams, and the Wireless Load Cell measures up to 50 N.
Absolute Pressure Sensor measures the pressure and a Rotary Motion Sensor
records the movement of the piston.

Pressure and volume are recorded as the weight is lifted, and the work
done is the area under the curve.
Includes Lab Activities:
Includes • Lab Activities Forces in Equilibrium
• Master Cylinder • Wireless Load Cell (with Bluetooth® Internal Forces
• Pressure Sensor “T” 4.0 connectivity)
Moments in Equilibrium
• Check Valves and Tubing • Flexible I-Beams (various sizes)
Strength of Members
• Syringes (10, 20, 60 ml) • Connectors
Truss Analysis
• Drive Belt for Rotary Motion Sensor • Truss Screws
(not shown) • Weight Set
• Gratnells® Storage Tray

Hydraulic/Pneumatic Structures...............................ME-6984
Advanced Structures Set............................................ME-6992B p. 151
Building Better Bridges Kit..........................................ME-3581
Steel Rod (45 cm)...........................................................ME-8736 p. 186
Absolute Pressure Sensor..........................................PS-2107 p. 46 Want an additional load cell?
Rotary Motion Sensor...................................................PS-2120A p. 33 Wireless Load Cell.........................................................PS-3216 p. 11

154 more information at pasco.com

 Structures Systems
Human Structures Set

MECHANICS
ME-7001
AB
 uild models that represent real life examples.
AC
 onstruct all three models concurrently with this set.
Support structure allows the angle of
AB
 ring homework problems to life!
the upper arm to be easily adjusted.
Human Arm Model: Students build a realistic arm model and directly
measure the forces exerted by the biceps muscle (tension in supporting
cord). Vary the length and angle of the upper and lower arm, as well as Load cell represents
the point of attachment of the muscle. the biceps muscle
F
θ

Hand
Axle allows arm to pivot freely.

W WA

Human Back Model: Model the forces acting on a human back. Vary all
parameters including position of back muscle attachment and angle of
the torso. Directly measure the force exerted by the back muscles.

Arm
Load cells directly measure
forces exerted on back model. Torso
Lumbar
Muscles

T
W
Wb

Human Leg Model: The leg model shown below uses a load cell for
T
the quadriceps muscle to directly measure the force needed to support θ
the leg at various angles.

Directly measure the

force needed to support
Load cell represents quadriceps muscles. the leg at various angles.

Includes
W
• Truss Set Screws (5-pack)
• Truss Set Members (2-pack)
• Connector Spares (2-pack)
• One package each:
Human Structures Set..........................................ME-7001
#6 I-Beam Spares
Cord Lock Spares Shown in use with:
Axle Spares Load Cell & Amplifier Set
Round Connector Spares (includes four load cells).....................................PS-2199 p. 38
Angle Connector Spares Hooked Mass Set..................................................SE-8759 p. 197
• Roll of rubber cord Large Slotted Mass Set.......................................ME-7566 p. 197

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 Structures Systems
Cast Beam Structures Set
MECHANICS

ME-7009
Make your own cast beams that look like pre-stressed concrete beams.
Rebar Test them and you’ll find they perform like them, too. These beams are
cast with a mixture of sand and plaster of Paris (not included). The rebar
is made of the same plastic used for the I-beams. Students can explore
how the strength of the beam is affected by the amount of tension put
on the rebar, the mixture of sand and plaster of Paris, or using one or
two rebar.
Mold

Step 1: The rebar with connecting ends snaps into the plastic mold.

Step 2: Insert rebar into tensioning apparatus and pour a mixture of sand and
plaster of Paris into the mold.

Cast Beam
Measure Young’s Modulus for the rebar.
The connecting ends can be cut off from the rebar allowing the rebar to fit into
the Material Testing Machine (ME-8236) with Flat Coupon Adapter (ME-8238).

Step 3: After it dries, it is easy to remove the flexible plastic mold from the cast beam.

Cast Beam Structures Set ME-7009 Includes

• I-Beam #5 (8) 24 cm long • Collets (24)
• I-Beam #4 (18) 17 cm long • Screws (150)
• I-Beam #3 (18) 11.5 cm long • Pulleys, O-rings, Spacers (12 ea.)
• I-Beam #2 (8) 8 cm long • Sliding Connector (12)
• I-Beam #1 (8) 5.5 cm long • Reusable Plastic Molds (10)
• Axles (2 ea. of 3 lengths) • Rebar (30)
• Connectors (14) • Yellow Cord (1 roll)
• Cord Tensioning Clips (32) • Instruction Manual
• Round and Flat Connectors (6 ea.) Required but not included:
• PAStrack Fasteners (6) • Sand and Plaster of Paris
• Angle and Straight Connectors (24 ea.)

Cast Beam Spares

ME-6983 Cast Beam Structures Set........................................ ME-7009
Also shown:
Consumable replacement parts for Cast Beams. These can Displacement Sensor................................................ PS-2204 p. 39
also be used with the Advanced Structures Set (page 151).
Cast Beam Spares
Includes (Includes 30 rebar members,10 cast beam molds
• 10 Reusable Plastic Molds with connectors)........................................................ ME-6983
• 30 Rebar with Connectors Large Slotted Mass Set............................................ ME-7566 p. 197
Round Base with Rod................................................ ME-8270 p. 186
Cast Beam Spares................. ME-6983 60 cm Threaded Rod................................................. ME-8977 p. 186

156 more information at pasco.com

 Replacement Spares Parts
Structures Flexible I-Beam Roadbed Spares Roller Beams

MECHANICS
Coaster
ME-6985 ME-6995 Track 1. Thin I-Beams (ME-7012)
Use these flexible I-Beams to make a bridge Mini Car
that dramatically demonstrates how a bridge Starter
Bracket 2. Flexible I-Beams (ME-6985)
fails and yet the beams return to their original
shape when the load is removed.
3. Flat Beams (ME-6987)
Dramatically
demonstrate
structural failure. 4. #6 I-Beam Spares (ME-7008)
Includes flexible roadbed (3 m), roadbed
clips (24), car with flag, extra mass, mini car
starting bracket, and track couples (2). 5. #5 I-Beam Spares (ME-7017)

Roadbed Spares.................. ME-6995

Sold Separately: 6. Photoelastic Beams (ME-7011)
Roller Coaster
Includes Track (9.1 m)......................... ME-9814
• Flexible I-Beam #5, 24 cm long (10) 1. Includes Thin I-beam #4 (24) 17 cm long, Thin
• Flexible I-Beam #4, 17 cm long (18) I-beam #3 (24) 11.5 cm long.
• Flexible I-Beam #3, 11.5 cm long (18) Force Platform 2. Includes Flex I-beam #5 (10) 24 cm long, Flex
Structures Bracket I-beam #4 (18) 17 cm long, and Flex I-beam #3 (18)
11.5 cm long.
Structures Flexible I-Beam..... ME-6985 ME-6988A
Shown in use with: Includes two 3. Includes 16 each 2x3 beams 12 cm long, F4 beams
Truss Set..................................... ME-6990 p. 149 17 cm long, and 3x4 beams 19 cm long.
brackets and
four screws. 4. Includes 24 of the #6 I-beams, 35 cm long.
Mini Car Track Spares 5. Includes 24 of the #5 I-beams, 24 cm long.
ME-6974 Force Platform Structures 6. Includes Clear, Polycarbonate Thin I-beams #4 (24)
Bracket................................. ME-6988A 17 cm long, and #3 (24) 11.5 cm long.

Truss Set Members

ME-6993 Thin I-Beams....................... ME-7012
Flexible I-Beams................. ME-6985
Includes two gates, two track couplers Includes Flat Beams........................... ME-6987
and one bag (24) of roadbed clips. • I-Beam #5 (8) 24 cm long #6 I-Beam Spares............... ME-7008
• I-Beam #4 (18) 17 cm long
#5 I-Beam Spares............... ME-7017
• I-Beam #3 (18) 11.5 cm long
Mini Car Track Spares.................... ME-6974 • I-Beam #2 (8) 8 cm long Photoelastic I-Beams.......... ME-7011
• I-Beam #1 (8) 5.5 cm long
Axle Spares • Connectors (14)
ME-6998A Connectors
Includes drive wheel with rubber tire (4), 1. Connector 2. Angle 3. Round
Truss Set Members............ ME-6993
pulleys with “O” rings (12 each), axles (two Spares Connector Connector
each of three lengths), spacers (12) and Truss Set Screws (ME-7002) Spares
(ME-6999A)
Spares
(ME-6997)
collets (24).
ME-6994
Includes 75 screws. All components in
the Structures System use this same 6-32
thumb screw.
1. S et of 14 connectors used to join truss members
Axle Spares....................... ME-6998A
Truss Set Screws................ ME-6994 2. Includes sliding connectors (12), angle connectors
Cord Lock Spares (24), and straight connectors (24).
ME-6996
Structures Rod Clamps 3. Includes round connectors (6), flat connectors (6),
ME-6986 and six bolts with nuts.
Includes 32 cord-
tensioning clips and a Connects structure members
spool of yellow cord. to 1/2”rod. Includes a set of two.
Connector Spares........................... ME-7002
Cord Lock Spares.....................................ME-6996 Angle Connector Spares............... ME-6999A
Yellow Cord (2 pack)...........................ME-9876 Structures Rod Clamps (2).............ME-6986 Round Connector Spares.............. ME-6997

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 157

 Materials Testing
Comprehensive Materials Testing System
MECHANICS

ME-8244

With this one system,

your students can investigate:
A Compression and tensile testing
A Column buckling Materials
A Three and four-point bending Testing
Machine
A Shear testing
Clear Safety
A Stress lines with photoelasticity Shields

System includes everything needed to study material testing: Testing

Machine with attachments, test samples, and computer software.
PASCO Capstone Workbooks include setup instructions, theory, and
detailed analysis questions.
Download experiments at pasco.com/MTS

Tensile Samples

System Storage Base

Sturdy plastic base provides convenient
storage for accessories. Use a C-clamp
on the corner of the base to temporarily
secure the Materials Testing Machine
to the lab bench.

Calibration Rod

Bending Support Anvil Shear Accessory

158 more information at pasco.com

 Materials Testing

MECHANICS
Bending Load Anvils

Structures
Beam Fixture

Clevis Grip

Flat Coupon
Fixture
Comprehensive Materials Testing
System Includes:
• ME-8236 Testing Machine (with Safety Shields and Calibration Rod)
Compression
Accessory • Tensile Samples (10 of each):
ME-8231 Aluminum, ME-8232 Brass, ME-8233 Annealed Steel,
ME-8243 Steel, ME-8234 Acrylic, ME-8235 Polyethylene
• ME-8237 Bending Accessory
10-32 Adapter • ME-8249 Four-point Bending Load Anvil
• ME-8241 Photoelasticity Accessory (with Photoelastic Beams)
• ME-8239 Shear Accessory (with Shear Samples)
• ME-8229 Storage Base
• ME-8242 Structures Beam Fixture
• ME-7012 Thin Beams
• ME-6983 Cast Spares
• ME-8247 Compression Accessory (with Compression Samples)
• ME-8238 Flat Coupon Fixture
• AP-8222 Plastic Flat Coupons
Photoelasticity
Accessories • AP-8223 Metal Flat Coupons
• ME-8245 Clevis Grip
• ME-8246 10-32 Adapter
• PS-2100A USB Link
Plastic I-Beams
Compression • UI-5401 PASCO Capstone Software Single User License
Cast Beams Samples
See complete experiments:
Flat Coupons Tensile Testing of Metals.................................... Page 345
Column Buckling.................................................. Page 346
Bending: 3-Point and 4-Point............................. Page 347

Shear Samples Comprehensive Materials Testing System..................... ME-8244

Materials Testing Machine............................................... ME-8236

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 Materials Testing
Materials Testing Machine
MECHANICS

ME-8236

A 7100 N max load

A Hand-cranked so students can feel samples break
A Inexpensive samples make it possible for each
student to experience it firsthand
Measure force and displacement for various materials as they are See the
stretched, compressed, sheared, or bent. Investigate material properties PS-2343
including Young’s Modulus, Tensile Strength, Yield Strength, Ductility and USB Camera
Microscope
Modulus of Resilience.
on page 292.
The Materials Testing Machine measures force with a 7100 N load cell
and displacement with an optical encoder. It runs on PASCO Capstone
software, which has a built-in compliance calibration wizard and has all
the tools to record and display stress vs. strain, apply linear fits to find
Young’s Modulus, and to record and play back webcam movies of the
breaking samples, synced to the data. See page 72.

Tensile Stress vs. Strain is plotted in

PASCO Capstone software for steel,
annealed steel, and brass.
Shown in use
For annealed steel, a linear fit is without the
applied to find Young’s Modulus. included
safety shields.

Specifications
Load cell capacity:
7100 N (1600 lbs)
Machine weight: 20 lbs (9 kg)
Footprint:
24 wide x 25 depth x 51 cm height
Lead screw length: 38 cm
Sturdy base: cast aluminum
Mounting holes: for bolting to table Workbooks include all instructions needed to perform the experiment:
A Introduction and theory Download FREE www.pasco.com/MaterialsTester
ME-8236 Includes A Setup instructions
• Machine
A Detailed analysis and
• Compliance calibration rod summary questions
• Safety shields
(Requires Capstone software)

Tensile
Samples
Set of 10 each

Tensile Sample Aluminum (10)....................ME-8231

Tensile Sample Brass (10)...........................ME-8232
Tensile Sample Annealed Steel (10)..........ME-8233 Materials Testing Machine..........................ME-8236
Tensile Sample Steel (10)............................ME-8243 Required:
Tensile Sample Acrylic (10).........................ME-8234 PASCO Capstone Software....................................................pp. 18-20
Tensile Sample Polyethylene (10)..............ME-8235 AirLink..............................................................PS-3200 p. 30
Tensile Samples (at left)

160 more information at pasco.com

 Materials Testing
PASCO Capstone™ Software

MECHANICS
Combining video with
simultaneous data graphs
is a very powerful tool.
A P
 ASCO Capstone is data collection
and analysis software that has a special
built-in compliance calibration routine
for the Materials Tester.

A It is shown here plotting a graph and

recording a video that are synced
together in real time. Data analysis tools
such as curve fits and area under the Enhance student understanding of the behavior of materials. PASCO Capstone
curve are available. software has the ability to embed live video from a webcam and sync the
Materials Tester data to the recorded video. Then you can play back the video
along with the data on the graph, stepping through one frame at a time to see
A W
 ith any of PASCO’s interfaces, you can the exact breaking point.
take advantage of the power of PASCO
Capstone by using some of the 80+
sensors from PASCO. PASCO Capstone Software
Single User License................................................................. UI-5401
Site License ............................................. UI-5400

Download PASCO Capstone Trial Version

at www.pasco.com/capstone

USB Camera Microscope As the tensile sample is being stretched, the force vs.
PS-2343 time data is graphed in sync with the movie.
A Use
 as a web camera
A Optical zoom from 1x to 60x
A Built-in LED lighting
Focus Light intensity

Image of broken
steel tensile sample
taken with the Included stand
microscope

Built-in LED lights

This versatile USB Camera Microscope can take pictures and video
just like a digital camera, but it can also magnify like a microscope
when it’s up close to a specimen. And you can use it to take pictures
showing lab setups, and document the appearance of materials
before and after an experiment. Includes
• Camera
How It Works • Microscope
Use with the video and image capture features in PASCO Capstone. • Stand
Magnification of specimens can be changed by adjusting the dial
located on the front of the camera.
USB Camera Microscope....................................................... PS-2343

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 Materials Testing Accessories
Photoelasticity Accessory Structures Beam Fixture
MECHANICS

ME-8241 ME-8242
See stress lines by bending a clear, colorless photoelastic The Structures Beam Fixture allows any of the
I-beam between two polarizing sheets. As the beam is bent, I-beams from PASCO’s Structures System to be
areas of greater stress show up as patterns of colored lines. stretched or compressed in the Materials Testing
Machine.

Find the critical load

Plastic
that causes the
I-Beam
beam to buckle.

Polarizing
Photoelasticity Accessory Sheet Includes
consists of two crossed • Clamps (2)
polarizing sheets that Structures
are placed in front of and Beam
behind the clear beam. Polarizing Fixture
When illuminated from Sheet
behind by a bright white
light, fringes due to the
stress lines become visible.
Structures Beam Fixture..............................ME-8242

Lamp not included

Compression Accessory
Includes
ME-8247
• Two polarizing sheets, 5 3/8” x 5 3/8” x 1/8”
This one-inch diameter platform provides a sturdy base to
• One Photoelastic I-Beam Set (ME-7011)
investigate compression of a variety of materials. It is shown here in
a compression test on one of the included polyethylene test samples.
Photoelasticity Accessory..........................ME-8241
Photoelastic I-Beam Set..............................ME-7011
Shown in use with:
Bending Accessory......................................ME-8237 Test Sample

Materials Shear Accessory

ME-8239
Perform shear tests for a variety of wires. Accessory accepts
diameters of 1/16”, 3/32”, 1/8,” and 5/32”. The Shear Accessory
includes the ME-8240 Shear Samples, three each of 1/8” diameter,
12” long, aluminum, brass and mild steel. “Before and after”
photo of compression
Materials Shear Accessory sample

Brass Shear Sample Includes

• Platform
• 20 polyethylene cylinders (ME-8248),
1.3 cm dia. x 2 cm long.

Shown shearing a brass wire

Compression Accessory..............................ME-8247
The graph shows shearing of steel, Replacement Supplies:
brass, and aluminum rods, all having Compression Samples (20)..........................ME-8248
an 1/8” diameter. The shear strength
of each material is measured. System Storage Base
Includes ME-8229
•S hearing Block and Shear Samples (ME-8240),
The plastic base is made of High
• 3 each of three types of wire. Density Polyethylene (HDPE).
Includes base and mounting
hardware.
Materials Shear Accessory........................ME-8239
Replacement Supplies:
Shear Samples (set of 9).............................ME-8240 System Storage Base...................................ME-8229

162 more information at pasco.com

 Materials Testing Accessories
Bending Accessory Flat Coupon Fixture

MECHANICS
ME-8237 ME-8238
Perform three-point bending tests of various materials, including Test any flat material, such as paper,
beams from the PASCO Structures System. Support anvils have foil, or plastic. Shown using the Flat
adjustable separation up to 10 cm. Plastic Test Coupons (AP-8222).

See
Includes
EX-5559
• Clamps (2)
Bending
Experiment • Wrench (1)
on p. 347.

Flat Coupon Fixture.......................................ME-8238

A Three-Point Bend Test Plastic Test Coupons (40 coupons)............AP-8222
is performed on a brass Metal Test Coupons (50 coupons).............AP-8223
rod from the ME-8240
Shear Samples. The
support anvils have
Clevis Grip
adjustable separation ME-8245
up to 10 cm. This generic pin and clevis
adapter allows the user to
tensile test a wide variety
of samples with hooked
This Force vs. Position graph ends or through-holes. It
shows three-point bending is shown here testing an
for aluminum, brass, and extension spring
steel samples, all with the
(not included).
same anvil spacing. From
this graph, the flexural
elastic modulus for each
material is measured.

Spring not
included.
Four-Point Bending Accessory
ME-8249
Add the optional Four-Point
Bending Accessory to the ME-8237
to perform both three-point and
four-point bending.
Perform a Four-Point Bend Test on the Cast Includes
Beams from the PASCO Structures System. •C
 levis adapter and pin. Pin diameter is
Quantities measured include the Flexural 0.187 in. Max width of sample is .300 in
Elastic Modulus and the Modulus of
Rupture for the material.

ME-8237 Includes Clevis Grip......................................................ME-8245

• Base
• Adjustable support anvil
• Load anvil 10-32 Adapter
ME-8249 Includes ME-8246
• A two-point fixture that, when Allows use of grips and attachments
added to the Bending Accessory, 10-32
from other vendors that require a screw
allows four-point bending. 10-32 male thread. thread
Bending Accessory......................................ME-8237
Four-Point Bending Accessory..................ME-8249
Shown in use with: Includes
Shear Samples (set of 9).............................ME-8240 • Upper and lower adapters.
Thin I-Beams.................................................ME-7012
Cast Beams Spares......................................ME-6983
(includes 30 rebar members, 10 cast beam molds) 10-32 Adapter................................................ME-8246

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 Rotational Inertia
Looking for Tensile Samples Super-Flex I-Beam Matter Model
MECHANICS

for the legacy Stress/Strain ME-8987 ME-9825A

Apparatus? A Demonstrate the difference in stiffness
between the two directions of bending
The atoms of the Matter Model are brightly
colored spheres with the bonds between
AP-8214A the atoms modeled by springs, so that when
A Show that I-beams twist easily forces are applied, the atoms can move in
A Show torsion and buckling response.
A Grid shows deformation

This Super-Flex I-Beam is made of plastic, so

it can be visibly bent by hand. It shows the
basic reasons for using this cross-section in
construction. It is four times as stiff in the
Although the AP-8214A Stress/Strain upright orientation as it is sideways.
Apparatus is obsolete, we will continue
to supply the test coupons indefinitely to
accommodate current users. These coupons
are also useful in PASCO’s new Materials
Testing Machine (ME-8236). Please see
pages 160-163 for this new Materials Testing
Machine. There is a new adapter, the Flat
Coupon Fixture (ME-8238), which allows
these coupons to be tested in the new
machine.

Plastic Test Demonstrate the normal

Coupons force response as a
material is compressed.
AP-8222

Four types of color-coded samples,

10 pieces per sample:
• High impact polystyrene (HIPS)
Column buckling
• Nylon 6 (15% glass fiber reinforced)
• Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
• Polypropylene (PP)

Metal Test Includes

Coupons • Atoms (4.5 g each) (40)
• Heavy, light and long springs (60 each)
AP-8223
• Nuts (to increase the atom mass) (30)
Demonstrate lack of torsional strength. • 90 cm brass rod (for longitudinal waves)
Five types of samples, 10 pieces per sample
(sample containers labeled with thickness in
inches) Includes
• Brass (thin) 0.003” • Super-Flex I-Beam (24 inches long, 2 inches high)
• Instructions
• Brass (thick) 0.005”
• Cold-rolled steel 0.003”
• Aluminum 0.003”
• Annealed steel 0.003”
The Matter Model is shipped in component pieces,
ready for assembly.

Replacement Plastic Test Coupons Full Set

(40 coupons).................................AP-8222
Replacement Metal Test Coupons Full Set Super-Flex I-Beam..................... ME-8987 Matter Model.............................. ME-9825A
(50 coupons).................................AP-8223

164 more information at pasco.com

 Springs & Oscillations
Hooke’s Law Set Dropper Popper

MECHANICS
ME-9827 SE-7304
A B rightly colored stretch indicator
Invert this half rubber ball and drop it. It will
A Transparent measuring scale bounce up higher than the release point.
A Compatible with PASCO mass sets Discuss conservation of energy with your
The Hooke’s Law Set allows students to investigate the relationship between the students.
force applied to a spring and the amount of stretch on the spring. This rugged
set features a heavy base, so you can stretch the springs without toppling the
unit. The transparent scale can be moved vertically to align zero with the brightly
colored stretch indicator.

Brightly Colored
Stretch Indicator
allows students to
easily measure the
stretch of the spring.
There is a minimum height required to trigger the
As a force is applied to the spring by placing popper that can be related to barrier potentials.
mass on the hanger, the spring stretches.
Students can graph the Applied Force vs.
Spring Stretch. The slope of this graph is the
spring constant of the spring. The vertical
intercept shows the initial force required
to begin stretching the spring.

Included
stand with heavy base Transparent Scale
Includes is adjustable.
• Stand with heavy base
• Transparent scale with mm resolution
• Horizontal support for spring
• Brightly colored stretch indicator
• Three springs with identical diameter and length,
but different spring constants
• Three of each spring included, for a total of nine
springs: spring constants are 5 N/m, 8 N/m, 70 N/m

Hooke’s Law Set....................ME-9827

Recommended:
Mass and Hanger Set..........ME-8979 p. 197

Hooke’s Law Spring Set

SE-8749

Includes three springs with the same diameter and length, but different spring
constants. Three of each type of spring are included, and the springs fit nicely
on PASCO mass hangers. All springs are 55 mm long and 7 mm in diameter.
Spring constants are 5 N/m, 8 N/m and 70 N/m.

Hooke’s Law Spring Set..................................................... SE-8749 Dropper Popper...........................................SE-7304

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 Springs & Oscillations
Series/Parallel Spring Set Equal-Length Spring Set
MECHANICS

ME-6842 ME-8970
The set of six springs consists of two each of three different spring The five color-coded equal-length springs in
constants. These springs are 15 cm long, half the length of the this set have different spring constants:
Equal-Length Spring Set, making it possible to combine two series 25 N/m, 30 N/m, 35 N/m, 40 N/m, 50 N/m (±5%)
short springs in parallel with one long spring.

The five color-coded

springs stretch different
amounts when a 1 kg
mass is hung from each
spring.

These springs appear to

Shown in use with the be the same except for
Parallel Spring Bracket their colors. But, when
and the Hooked equal masses are hung
Mass Set. on them, each stretches
a different amount. These
extension springs are
made of steel and are
closed, requiring a slight
initial force to separate
the coils. The unstretched
length of each spring
is 30 cm and the
approximate diameter
is 1.4 cm.
Specifications
These springs are supplied with a white storage box with cardboard
The six color-coded springs, two of each separators to keep the springs from touching each other.
color, have different spring constants:
10 N/m, 20 N/m, 40 N/m (±5%)
Includes
Includes • White storage box
• White storage box
• Five (color-coded) springs
• Six (color-coded) springs 15 cm long
• 30 cm long

Series/Parallel Spring Set........................................ME-6842

Recommended: Equal-Length Spring Set...........................................ME-8970
Hooked Mass Set.......................................................SE-8759 p. 197 Recommended:
Pendulum Clamp........................................................ME-9506 p. 188
Hooked Mass Set.......................................................SE-8759 p. 197
Parallel Spring Bracket
ME-6844
This unique bracket allows springs of different spring constants to Demonstration Spring Set
be hung in series and parallel. The masses can be hung in an offset ME-9866
position to compensate for the stronger spring.

Parallel Hook Bar

has cm markings to
allow calculation of This set includes four large springs for the demonstration of Hooke’s
the applied torques. Law or Conservation of Energy. Each spring is constructed of rugged
spring steel with large loops that hang from a pendulum clamp or
stretch with hanging masses. Spring constants range from 4 N/m to
14 N/m. Spring lengths vary between 11 cm and 22 cm.

Includes
• Suspension bracket Demonstration Spring Set...................................... ME-9866
• Parallel hook bar Recommended:
Pendulum Clamp...................................................... ME-9506
Parallel Springs Bracket...........................................ME-6844 Hooked Mass Set..................................................... SE-8759 p. 197

166 more information at pasco.com

 Springs & Oscillations
Double-Length Slinky Photogate Pendulum Set Pendulum Clamp

MECHANICS
SE-8760 ME-8752 ME-9506

A Great for classic

pendulum
experiments

Hang up to three springs or pendulums.

Suspension points are 54 mm apart. Fits
rods up to 16 mm (5/8 inch) in diameter.
The Slinky® is an excellent tool for
demonstrating transverse and longitudinal
wave phenomena. This Double-Length
Slinky is twice as long as a traditional
Slinky, allowing students to create well-
defined wave pulses and standing wave
patterns. The tension in the Slinky is very
low, causing wave pulses to travel slowly The Photogate Pendulum Set is a unique set
of four pendulums that have the same shape
throughout its length.
and size, but different masses. Due to their
cylindrical shape, these pendulums are ideal
for use in timing experiments with the
Double-Length Slinky..............SE-8760 photogate. One pendulum each of brass,
plastic, wood, and aluminum is included.

Snakey Typical Applications

SE-7331 A D
 etermine relationship between period
and mass
A D
 etermine relationship between period
and amplitude
A D
 etermine relationship between period
and length
Pendulum

Cylindrical shape allows

easy calculation of the speed
This extra-long metal spring is ideal for of the pendulum using the
studying mechanical waves. The Snakey has time it blocks the photogate.
Photogate not included.
an unstretched length of 2 meters. Pull the
convenient end loops more than 10 meters
apart to demonstrate transverse, longitudinal,
and standing waves.
Photogate See page 146 for more information.
Pendulum Set.......................ME-8752
Snakey..................................... SE-7331
Dynamics Track Spring Set Easily adjust
ME-8999 length of
Longitudinal pendulum.
Wave Spring
WA-9401

Includes 12 springs (1.6 cm diameter) with

approximate spring constants of: Pendulum Clamp........... ME-9506
This spring has a 1.6 cm diameter and is
13.5 cm long. The approximate spring 3.4 N/m (3 short and 3 long springs) Shown in use with:
constant is 0.85 N/m. 6.8 N/m (3 short and 3 long springs) Photogate
Pendulum Set................ ME-8752
Small “A” Base............. ME-8976 p. 186
Stainless Steel
Longitudinal Wave Spring.......... WA-9401 Dynamics Track Spring Set (12).....ME-8999 Rod (45 cm.)................... ME-8736 p. 186

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 Rotation
PASCO’s Complete Rotational System
MECHANICS

ME-8950A
A Most versatile rotational system available
A Stable, 4 kg cast iron base
A Dual, low-friction ball bearings

The unit features a cast iron base, dual ball bearings and stainless steel shaft. The moments
of inertia are large enough to be sensed by the student when rotating the system by hand.
Computer monitoring of angular velocity and a motorized drive are also possible.
Included
PASCO’s Complete Rotational System provides a range of experiments in centripetal force,
Experiments
angular momentum, and rotational motion. A unique set of accessories makes it an ideal tool
for experiments in torques, friction, magnetic levitation, and Faraday’s Law. 1. R otational Inertia of Disk and Ring -
Two Axes
2. Centripetal Force
3. Rotational Inertia of Off-Axis Disk
(fixed and rotating)
4. Conservation of Angular Momentum,
Using a Point Mass
Experiments not shown:
5. Rotational Inertia of a Point Mass
1 6. Conservation of Angular Momentum,
Projectile Version
7. Conservation of Angular Momentum,
Using Disk and Ring

To see the experiments, type the

product number into the search
box at www.pasco.com and
download the manual.
3
2

Components of this system

1. R
 otating aluminum platform with 4 kg cast 2. T
 he Rotational Inertia Accessory with a 3. T
 he Centripetal Force Accessory with
iron base, dual ball bearings, stainless steel 25.4 cm diameter, 1.50 kg disk (which spring support and radius indicator, mass
shaft, three-step pulley, two rectangular may be rotated on two axes), a 12.7 cm support, three masses, and Super Pulley
sliding 300 g masses, and 50 cm track diameter, 1.42 kg ring and Super Pulley with Clamp.
where a number of accessories may be with support rod and adapter.
mounted.

Complete Rotational System..............................ME-8950A

Required:
Mass and Hanger Set......................................... ME-8979 p. 197

Interfacing Options
It is easy to use a computer to monitor rotational motion with the PASCO Rotational System. Here are two methods:

1. The ME-9498A Photogate Head mounts directly 2. The CI-6538 or PS-2120 Rotary Motion
to the rotating platform base and measures angular Sensor mounts to the base with an “A” Adapter
speed. This works with the 850 and 550 Universal and measures both angular speed and direction.
Interfaces. NOTE: PASPORT interfaces require a
Digital Adapter (PS-2109).
Required for use with ScienceWorkshop:
Rotary Motion Sensor.......................................... CI-6538
Required for use with PASPORT:
Recommended:
Rotary Motion Sensor.......................................... PS-2120A
Photogate Head..........ME-9498A p. 43
“A”-base Rotational Adapter.............................. CI-6690 p. 179

168 more information at pasco.com

 Rotation
Experiments you can do with this rotational system:

MECHANICS
Rotational Inertia of a Disk and Ring— 2 Axes Centripetal Force
Center axis Centripetal force may be thoroughly investigated by varying both
With the disk mounted the mass and radius. The unique radius indicator allows students
on the top of the vertical to continuously monitor the equilibrium position.
shaft, a torque is applied
by a hanging mass. From
the mass, the radius, and Accurate Radius
angular acceleration, the Indicator
rotational inertia of the Can be monitored
disk can be determined. throughout
the cycle of
rotation.

Mass Support
Can be easily moved to
change radius continuously
from 2 to 20 cm.

Radial axis
Mass Spring Support
The disk can also be mounted Adjusts easily up and
on edge to decrease the Easily
changed to down to accommodate
rotational inertia by half. a continuous range of
100, 150, or
200 g. applied force.

Clamp-on Super Photogate Head

Pulley Accessory
For easy force measures every
calibration. 1/10 of a rotation;
see page 43.

Rotational Inertia of Off-axis Disk

The rotational inertia adapter allows students to mount the disk
anywhere along the platform. A bearing mounted on one side of the
disk allows it to act either as a rigid mass
Conservation of Angular Momentum
or as a mass free Students can predict what will happen
to rotate around when a point mass rotating at a specific
its point of attachment radius is pulled into a smaller radius.
as the platform turns The rotational inertia of the mass
on the vertical shaft. at the inner and outer radii
can be calculated and the
results verified.

Rotational System Components and Accessories Pages 170-171

Rotating Platform and Centripetal Force Accessory Rotational “A”-base Rotational
Rotational p. 170 Motor Drive Adapter
Inertia p. 171 p. 171
Accessory
p. 170

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 Rotational System Components
Rotating Platform ME-8951 Centripetal Force Accessory
MECHANICS

ME-8952
With traditional centripetal units, the
ability to change the variables is either
impossible or limited. The PASCO
Centripetal Force Accessory is designed
Two Rectangular to make changing the mass, radius, or
300 g Masses force quick and easy.
Used as point masses on Rotating Platform
the Rotating Platform. Three-Step This aluminum platform for mounting
Pulley rotation experiments includes
three T-slots for easy mounting and a
Dual Low-Friction Bearings 48 cm scale for easy measurements.

Photogate Mount Support Rod

Photogate Head Holds pulley for hanging masses and
ME-9498A mounts Smart Pulley for timing.
here for photogate
timing.
Sturdy 4 kg Base
Eliminates wobbles and
vibrations.

A Versatile Base Features

The stable base and precision bearings of the Rotating Platform are the foundation of  ary Parameters Independently:
AV
PASCO’s Rotational System. It serves as an excellent base for general rotation experiments. Change the centripetal force, mass, and
radius independently of each other.
A Change Variables Over a Wide Range:
Radius can be varied continuously from
Rotating Platform..................................................ME-8951 2 to 20 cm, and the rotating mass can
Recommended: be 100, 150, or 200 g.
Rotational Inertia Accessory..............................ME-8953
A Observe the Radius Indicator
Centripetal Force Accessory..............................ME-8952
Throughout the Cycle: PASCO’s design
Rotational Motor Drive.........................................ME-8955 p. 171 has the indicator at the center of rotation,
allowing continuous observation through-
out the rotation cycle, which results in
more accurate measurements.

Rotational Inertia Plastic Disk

Accessory 25.4 cm
diameter,
2
ME-8953 1500 g
3
A disk and a ring permit several
Holes
experiments in rotational inertia. The disk
for rotation on
may be rotated about several axes. When
“vertical” axis
used in conjunction with the adapter,
experiments using the parallel-axis theorem
may be performed by moving the disk off Center Hole
from the center of rotation. The ball bearing has ball bearing on
on one side of the disk permits it to rotate one side. 4
freely for some experiments, while a “D” Adapter
hole on the other side prevents rotation to mount disk to 1
about the disk axis. Super rotating platform at
Pulley any radius
and support rod
Includes
•H eavy-Grade Plastic Disk Includes
(25.4 cm diameter, 1500 g) 1. Spring Support and Radius Indicator
• Metal Ring (12.7 cm outside Metal Cylinder Assembly
diameter, 1420 g) 12.7 cm diameter,
1420 g 2. Mass Support
• Disk Adapter
• Super Pulley and Support Rod 3. Masses (100 g and two 50 g)
4. Super Pulley with Clamp

Rotational Inertia Accessory.......................................... ME-8953 Centripetal Force Accessory....... ME-8952

170 more information at pasco.com

 Rotational System Accessories
Rotational Motor Drive “A”-base Rotational Adapter

MECHANICS
ME-8955 CI-6690
The Motor Drive is used with the Rotational Platform to power The “A”-base Adapter allows students to mount a Rotary Motion
continuous rotational motion demonstrations. Use this motor Sensor to obtain high resolution data. One revolution of the vertical
to drive the Rotational Acceleration Tank at a constant speed. shaft corresponds to one revolution of the Rotary Motion Sensor,
Power the Motor Drive with a ramp function using the DC Power giving 4000 data points per revolution for the Rotary Motion Sensor.
Supply to smoothly increase the angular speed of the Centripetal
Force Accessory. The motor requires a 12 V DC power supply or a
function generator.

The platform is quickly rotated

(from rest) and then brought to a stop.
Both the tangential and centripetal
acceleration is measured (using the
2-Axis Acceleration Sensor), while the
platform’s angular velocity is measured
by the Rotary Motion Sensor.

Easily change the gear ratio of

the motor drive by moving the
drive belt to one of the three
possible pulley steps.
Close-up of
Rotary Motion
Sensor mounted
on “A”-base

Specifications
Motor: 12 V maximum, 0.2 A minimum
Base Spindle Speed Range: 10 to 600 rpm
Three-Step Pulley
Includes
Includes • Rotary Motion Sensor Mounting Post
• Motor • O-Ring Drive Belt
• Three-Step Pulley • Three-Step Pulley
• Drive Belt • Pulley Mounting Screw

Rotational Motor Drive........................................ME-8955

Required:
Rotating Platform.................................................ME-8951 p. 170 “A”-base Rotational Adapter..............................CI-6690
850 Universal Interface.......................................UI-5000 p. 26 Required:
or Rotating Platform..................................................ME-8951 p. 170
Function Generator..............................................PI-8127 p. 249 Rotary Motion Sensor ScienceWorkshop........CI-6538
or or
DC Power Supply.................................................PI-9880 p. 244 Rotary Motion Sensor PASPORT.......................PS-2120A

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 Rotational System Components
Centripetal Force Apparatus Wireless Centripetal Force Accessory
MECHANICS

ME-8088 ME-8094
A Empirically determine centripetal force A T ransmitting data wirelessly eliminates friction
A Easy to set up A Repeatable results A Uses Wireless Force Acceleration Sensor
Features A Vary speed, radius, and mass
 table Frame: The metal frame can be easily attached to a ring
AS
The Wireless Centripetal Force Accessory is a low friction sliding
stand using the included clamp. The frame may also be attached to
mass holder that connects to a Wireless Force Acceleration Sensor
a tabletop with a large table clamp. (PS-3202). When installed on a Rotating Platform (ME-8951), it
A High-quality Motor: Will withstand years of student use. provides a simple and direct measurement of centripetal force and
A Computer-based Measurements: The Force Sensor and photogate acceleration. Vary the mass using the holed masses in the Mass and
facilitate accurate and repeatable measurements of force, angular Hanger Set (ME-8979). The string length is easily adjusted to vary the
radius.
velocity, and tangential velocity.

Ball-Bearing
Swivel

Connection Stable
Cable Frame

Fixed
Rotating Mass
Arm
Free The graph illustrates the quadratic relationship
Mass
between centripetal force and velocity.

Photogate
Flag
This PASCO Capstone graph
shows the Centripetal Force
High-quality Motor (measured directly by the
Wireless Force Acceleration
How It Works Sensor) versus Angular
The rotating arm features a groove with two captured masses along Speed as the platform
its length. One of the masses is free to move along the length of slows down.
the groove. The free mass is connected to a small cable that runs
under a pulley in the center of the arm and up to a Force Sensor.
A ball-bearing swivel is used to ensure the cable does not tangle
as the arm rotates. The other mass is placed the same distance In this PASCO Capstone
from the center as the free mass, thereby balancing the arm. A graph, a “QuickCalc” of
flag attached to the bottom of the fixed mass passes through the speed squared has been
photogate once per revolution, allowing a calculation to be made of chosen on the horizontal
the angular and tangential velocity of the mass. axis, resulting in a
straight line.
Includes
•F  rame with Mounted •M ass Holder for
12 VDC Electric Motor Free Mass
• Connecting Cable •M ass Holder for
• Ball-Bearing Swivel Fixed Mass
• Connecting Hardware • 5 g Mass (2)
for Photogate • 10 g Mass (2) Includes
• 20 g Mass (2) • Low-friction sliding mass holder
• Mounting post for force sensor
Centripetal Force Apparatus.................................ME-8088
Required:
Force Sensor...................................................................................p. 36
Photogate Head..............................................................................p. 43 Wireless Centripetal Force Accessory..........................ME-8094
Triple Output Power Supply..................................SE-8587 p. 244 Required:
Large Rod Base.......................................................ME-8735 p. 186 Wireless Force Acceleration Sensor.............................PS-3202
45 cm Steel Rod......................................................ME-8736 p. 186 Mass and Hanger Set.......................................................ME-8979
120 cm Steel Rod....................................................ME-8741 p. 186 Rotating Platform...............................................................ME-8951
Multi Clamp..............................................................ME-9507 p. 188 PASCO Capstone................................................................pp. 70-73

172 more information at pasco.com

 Circular Motion
Conical Pendulum DC Gear Motor

MECHANICS
SF-7206 SF-7204

A S tudy effects of speed and radius on

centripetal force.
A Determine g from the angle.

The gear motor operates on 0 to 12 V DC and yields gearing of 21:1

with a stable, slow motion. The motor is fitted with a removable
winding shaft. With a thread, it can be used for slow, linear motion.
The motor is suitable for use with the Conical Pendulum SF-7206.

Specifications
Voltage: 12 V DC
Current: 20 mA at 12 V (no load)
Gear Ratio: 21:1
Max Speed: 80 rpm

DC Gear Motor...................................................................SF-7204
Required:
DC Power Supply...............................................................SE-9720A

Circular Motion Apparatus

SF-7205
For demonstrating the laws of uniform circular motion,
this small motor is fitted with a disk for attaching a
rubber ball on a chain. The speed can be varied.

Powered with a 12 V DC power supply (not included), the apparatus

rotates and the bob flies out, causing the angle indicator to rotate.
The angle with the vertical is read on the graduated, balanced disk.
The pendulum’s length can be varied using four interchangeable wires
with hooks. The Conical Pendulum is specially designed for Gear
Motor SF-7204 (not included; see at right).

Includes
• Motor
Includes • Special suspension rod
• Conical Pendulum (53 cm long)
• 4 different length • Three different rubber balls
cables • Suspension chains
(different lengths)

Conical Pendulum..............................................................SF-7206
Required: Circular Motion Apparatus...............................................SF-7205
DC Gear Motor...................................................................SF-7204 Required:
DC Power Supply...............................................................SE-9720A DC Power Supply...............................................................SE-9720A
Large Table Clamp.............................................................ME-9472 Large Table Clamp.............................................................ME-9472
Multi Clamp.........................................................................ME-9507 Multi Clamp.........................................................................ME-9507
Stainless Steel Rod 90 cm (2)..........................................ME-8738 Stainless Steel Rod 90 cm (2)..........................................ME-8738

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 Centripetal Force
Handheld Centripetal Force Centripetal Force
MECHANICS

Pendulum
Discover Centripetal Force Kit ME-9821
ME-9837A
A Q uantitative force vs.
As the stopper is swung around
in a circle by hand, the Force velocity data
Sensor directly measures the A Repeatable results
centripetal force. This handheld
method allows
A Vary pendulum length
students to feel and mass
the centripetal
force.
The Motion Sensor detects the
stopper on each rotation and is Force
Sensor Pendulum
used to calculate its speed.
Mass

Rotary
Motion
Sensor When used with Force and Rotary Motion
Use the traditional method with hanging masses, or use with a Sensors, the Centripetal Force Pendulum
Force Sensor to continuously measure the centripetal force. Adding Very Low Mass allows students to collect accurate
sensors to this classic experiment creates a dynamic, quantitative Rigid Graphite Tube
circular motion data.
lab that your students will never forget.
Includes
•R
 ubber Stoppers
(sizes 6, 8, 10) The Centripetal Force
Pendulum is used to
• Plastic Ties (10)
produce graphs of
• Yellow String (73 meters) force and angular
• Hollow Tube velocity vs. time.
Note that the force
changes direction at
the top of the swing
Discover Centripetal Force Kit...............................ME-9837A
for large amplitudes.
Shown in use with:
High Resolution Force Sensor................................PS-2189 p. 36
Motion Sensor...........................................................PS-2103A p. 32
Required for Classic Approach:
Hooked Mass Set......................................................SE-8759 p. 197 The Centripetal Force Pendulum attaches to a Force Sensor and
Stopwatch..................................................................ME-1234 p. 123 allows students to directly measure the forces involved in circular
motion. By attaching the Force Sensor/pendulum combination to the
Rotary Motion Sensor, the relationship between force, mass, and
Flying Pig velocity in a circular path can be investigated.
SE-6655

This classic centripetal Includes

force experiment is
•G
 raphite Pendulum Rod
used in high school AP®
with Threaded Connector
Physics 1 curriculum.
Hang from the ceiling, • Sliding Mass (100 g)
give it a push, and it • Mount with Cord Clip
flaps its wings as it
“flies” in a circle.

Centripetal Force Pendulum.............................. ME-9821

Required:
Large Rod Base.................................................... ME-8735 p. 186
45 cm Steel Rod................................................... ME-8736 p. 186
90 cm Steel Rod................................................... ME-8738 p. 186
Flying Pig (US only).....................................................SE-6655 Multi Clamp........................................................... ME-9507 p. 189
Required: Rotary Motion Sensor......................................... PS-2120A
2 AA Batteries (not included) Force Sensor........................................................ PS-2104

174 more information at pasco.com

 Rotational Inertia
Rotational Inertia Set Rotational Inertia

MECHANICS
ME-9774 Wands
ME-9847
Release two different sized
objects simultaneously.
The red and blue wands have the same mass but the
red wand is easier to rotate because the red wand has
less rotational inertia.

These two wands have the same mass and the same dimensions
How It Works and yet the red wand is easier to rotate. This is because the red
wand has two metal slugs near its center, while the blue wand
Compare rotational inertias of objects with different shapes and
has two similar metal slugs at its ends. This demonstrates that
sizes. Students learn that the speed of an object rolling down the
rotational inertia depends on the distribution of the mass.
ramp is not affected by its mass or radius. The shape or distribution
of the mass determines the outcome. The sphere will reach the These sturdy plastic wands have small holes near the center and
bottom first, followed by the disk. The ring will be last. at the ends to enable students to see where the metal is located
in each wand. What initially seems a mystery can be explained
Includes to the students by allowing them to examine the wands more
• 10 cm outer diameter set closely.
- Solid Sphere (810 g)
- Ring (Aluminum, 230 g)
- Disk (Plastic, 370 g)
• 5 cm outer diameter set
- Solid Sphere (110 g)
- Ring (Aluminum, 90 g)
- Disk (Plastic, 70 g)
• Release Mechanism

Rotational Inertia Set....................................................... ME-9774

Spherical Mass Set

ME-8968

Hollow To demonstrate the difference in rotational inertia of the two rods, ask two
Steel students to grab the center of a wand and instruct them to rotate the wand
Ball back and forth as rapidly as they can. No matter how strong the student with
the blue wand is, he or she is not able to rotate it as fast as the student with
the red wand.
This set includes four balls with a diameter of 25 mm
each, but featuring various masses and rotational inertias.
Typical Applications Specifications
Length: 1 m
A R
 ace the hollow steel ball and solid aluminum ball down an
Diameter: 4 cm
incline. They have about the same mass, but the solid alu-
minum ball has a much larger acceleration down the ramp. Ratio of Blue Rotational Inertia to Red: Approx. 6

A F
 ire the yellow plastic, solid steel, and hollow steel balls
from a PASCO Projectile Launcher. Includes
• Red Wand (1)
Includes • Blue Wand (1)
• Solid Yellow Nylon Ball (10 grams)
• Solid Steel Ball (66 grams)
• Hollow Steel Ball (21 grams)
• Solid Aluminum Ball (24 grams)
(release mechanism not included)

Spherical Mass Set........................................................... ME-8968 Rotational Inertia Wands................................................ ME-9847

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 Rotational Motion Accessories
Rotational Inertia Accessory Large Amplitude Pendulum
MECHANICS

See page 338 for complete experiment.

ME-3420
By placing one mass on each end of the tube, the pendulum will
Add the Rotational Inertia Accessory to the Rotary Motion
oscillate slowly. Students will have time to view the motion of the
Sensor (PS-2120A) to study the oscillations of pendulum, while also watching the real-time graph of displacement,
a pendulum, the rotational inertia of an velocity, and acceleration vs. time. The period can be measured as a
aluminum disk, a steel ring and a metal function of the amplitude of the pendulum and compared to theory.
rod, as well as the conservation
of momentum during a
rotational collision. The
clamp-on Super Pulley
allows students to apply
a torque by hanging a
mass over the pulley.

Finding the rotational inertia

of an aluminum disk

The displacement, velocity, and acceleration

for large amplitude are plotted vs. time
to show the difference in the sinusoidal
motion of low amplitude oscillations.

Conservation of Angular Momentum

See page 337 for complete experiment.
Finding the rotational inertia of To demonstrate conservation of angular momentum, a non-rotating
point masses using the graph of ring is dropped onto a rotating disk. The angular velocity of the disk is
Angular Velocity vs. Time recorded in real time, and students can easily determine the angular
velocities of the disk just before and after the ring is dropped.
Combining these velocities with the rotational inertia of the disk and
Coupled Pendulums ring, students can confirm that angular momentum is conserved.
Couple two pendulums with a rubber band and plot the Position
vs. Time for each pendulum. The result
is a vivid example of energy transfer
between the pendulums.

The angular speed of the disk decreases when

the ring is dropped onto the spinning disk.

Includes
• Disks (2): 8.9 cm diameter, 100 g
• Thin Ring: 8.9 cm o.d.,
7.9 cm i.d., 100 g
Pendulum Accessory • 38 cm Pendulum Rod (27 g)
ME-8969 • 75 g Mass (2)
The pendulum rod and masses can be • Clamp-on Super Pulley
purchased separately. • Alignment Guides (3):
Includes 3.9 cm radius, 1.7 g
Coming soon!
• 38 cm Pendulum Rod (27 g) Check pasco.com for availability.
• 75 g Mass (2)
Rotational Inertia Accessory........................................... ME-3420
Also available:
Pendulum Accessory.............................................................................................ME-8969 Ring and Disk Set............................................................... ME-3419
(Includes ring, 2 disks, and 3 alignment guides)

176 more information at pasco.com

 Rotary Motion Sensor Accessories
Chaos/Driven Physical Pendulum Set

MECHANICS
Harmonic Accessory Physical ME-9833
CI-6689A Pendulum This set of six objects is perfect for studying Physical
Pendulums, Moments of Inertia, and the Parallel Axis
The Chaos/Driven Harmonic Theorem. Each piece fastens directly to a Rotary Motion
Accessory allows students to Sensor to measure the object’s acceleration due to an
study the behavior of a physical applied torque, or the period when the pendulum
pendulum in either harmonic or freely oscillates.
chaotic motion. The disk mounts Each piece is made from 1/4 inch-thick aluminum plate.
to a Rotary Motion Sensor,
allowing PASCO Capstone™ to
monitor and plot the pendulum’s
angular position and velocity.

String
and
Springs

Mechanical
Oscillator/Driver
ME-8750

See full experiments:

EX-5522A Driven The Pendulum Bar has holes
Damped Harmonic spaced at 2 cm intervals. A graph
Oscillator on page 341 of Oscillation Period vs. Pivot
Hole Position shows that there is
and EX-5523A Chaos a unique placement that gives a
Experiment on page 339. minimum period. This location can
be verified using calculus.

Unique design allows

pivot exactly at the
edge. Measure the
period of the thick
Angular Velocity vs. ring oscillating at
Frequency graph either the inner or
shows effects of outer radius.
magnetic damping
on amplitude of
resonance peak.

Includes
• Solid Disk
• Thick Ring
Includes
• Thin Ring
• Rotating Disk (9.5 cm diameter, 120 g) • Offset Hole
• Eccentric Mass (15 g) • Pendulum Bar
• Springs • Irregular Shape
• Adjustable Magnet for Damping • Six Mounting Screws

Chaos/Driven Harmonic Accessory.................................CI-6689A Physical Pendulum Set................................ME-9833

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 Gyroscope
Gyroscopic Motion
MECHANICS

Gyroscope Disk
Demonstration Gyroscope 25-cm diameter;
ME-8960 spin up by hand.
A A ll components accessible
A Excellent demonstration tool Dual Ball Bearings
Low friction allows long
A Precision angle indicator observation times.
The unique low friction and open design
of PASCO’s Gyroscope allow studies of
rotational motion never before possible with a Angle Indicator
commercial unit. The completely open design Accurate and easy
lets students stop precession by grabbing the to read.
vertical shaft and observing that the gyroscope
dips. Rotational mathematics predicts the
dipping action, but it could never be confirmed
with traditional enclosed units.
How It Works
The disk is spun by wrapping a string around Pulley
the pulley and pulling. Or the disks can be For rotating
spun by hand. Add mass to either end of the the disk Dual Ball Bearings
gyroscope and it responds with a predictable with a
precession. Many features make this an string
exceptional demonstration tool for rotational
Stable Base
motion concepts. Fine and Coarse Won’t move
Adjust Masses when the gyro
Features Makes counter-balancing precesses or
A Low Friction: The disk takes almost 6 quick and easy. nutates.
minutes to slow to half of its original speed
due to low-friction bearings in the gyroscope
axle and vertical shaft.
A Accurate Angle Indicator: Measures from
30° to 140° and is easily read to the nearest
degree. A retractable stop acts as a marker
during experiments.
A Easy Timing: Low rotation speeds allow Students can determine the rotational inertia of the rotating
measurement of angular speed by counting disk. They can then check the measured precession rate
revolutions and using a stopwatch. when a mass (m) is added a distance (d) from the pivot point.
A Easy Balancing: Two counterweights allow
coarse and fine balance adjustment.
A Large Inertia Disk: With the large rotational Demonstration Gyroscope..............ME-8960
inertia of the disk, PASCO’s gyroscope Recommended:
generates precession rates similar to Accessory Disk and Mass..............ME-8961
smaller, enclosed gyroscopes. The slow
rotation speed of PASCO’s disk lets students
study fast as well as slow precession and
use a stopwatch to make measurements.
Accessory Disk Accessory Disk
Add a second disk
spinning in same or and Mass
opposite directions. ME-8961

A Unique Experiment: Rotate two disks in opposite

directions at the same speed. The angular momenta
cancel and the total angular momentum of the
gyroscope is zero. The result is no precession.
Includes
• Accessory Disk
• Extra Counter Mass

Accessory Disk and Mass........ ME-8961

178 more information at pasco.com

 Gyroscope
Sensor Mounting Accessories

MECHANICS
With two Rotary Motion Sensors, the Mounting Bracket, and
the “A”-base Rotational Adapter, the Demonstration Gyroscope
becomes a quantitative instrument for advanced rotational
motion experiments.

Wireless Rotary
Motion Sensor
PASPORT Rotary
Quantitative Measurements
Motion Sensor

Graph shows nutation pattern for three cases: The blue trace
results when the Gyroscope is released from rest, with no initial
push forward or backward.

Rotary Motion Sensor/Gyroscope “A”-base Rotational Adapter

Mounting Bracket CI-6690
ME-8963 Mounts a Rotary Motion Sensor to
the base to monitor the Gyroscope’s
With the Mounting Bracket and the “A”-base precession rate.
Rotational Adapter (CI-6690), the Demonstration
Gyroscope becomes a quantitative instrument for This accessory is not compatible with
advanced rotational motion experiments. With two PS-3220 Wireless Rotary Motion Sensor.
Rotary Motion Sensors, students obtain a graphical picture
of the Gyroscope’s nutation and precession motions.

For Recording Nutation Data:

Rotary Motion Sensor/Gyroscope
Mounting Bracket............................................. ME-8963
Required: For Recording Precession Data:
Rotary Motion Sensor...................................... PS-2120A p. 33 “A”-base Rotational Adapter.......................... CI-6690
Interface............................................................. pp. 24-25 Required:
OR: Rotary Motion Sensor...................................... PS-2120A p. 33
Wireless Rotary Motion Sensor..................... PS-3220 p. 9 Interface............................................................. pp. 24-25

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 179

 Gyroscope
Bicycle Gyroscope Bicycle Gyroscope Mass Set
MECHANICS

ME-6837 Non-marking ME-6972

Rubber Tire Adding all four of the masses adds 1.6 kg
A S
 olid 1/2” steel shaft
to the wheel’s approximate 2.8 kg mass
A 
Cushioned hand-grips and increases its rotational
A 
Precision ball bearings inertia by over 60%.
for low friction
A 
Non-marking rubber tire Mass securely clamps
to the wheel rim using
The newly redesigned Bicycle Gyroscope is included screws.
perfect for getting your students engaged in
understanding rotational motion. Unlike other
bicycle gyroscopes, the PASCO model is extremely
rugged for years of use, but also lightweight at just
6 lbs. Cushioned hand-grips, a pull-cord with handle,
and an included suspension cord (to demonstrate
precession) make it simple and easy to use.

P recision ball bearings result in extremely

low friction for both the Bicycle Gyroscope
and the Rotating Chair.

Includes
• Four 400 g masses
This 2.8 kg (6 lb.) Bicycle
Gyroscope has a solid
Attach cord
12.7 mm (½”) steel shaft Bicycle Gyroscope Mass Set...... ME-6972
(included)
with cushioned hand-grips. Required:
to hole in
handle to Bicycle Gyroscope........................ ME-6837
demonstrate
precession.
Rotating Chair
ME-6856
Rugged design and incredibly low friction
make this far superior to any office chair.

Sturdy 45 cm diameter rotating

platform can be used with or Wrap rope around
without included chair. groove to apply torque.

The Bicycle Gyroscope with the Rotating Chair gives

you a perfect demonstration of the conservation of
angular momentum.

Includes
Steel base
• Bicycle Gyroscope
• Two Cords with
Handles

Includes
• Chair
•R
 otating Platform
with Leveling Feet

Bicycle Gyroscope........... ME-6837 Rotating Chair..........................ME-6856

Use the included pull-cord with handle to Shown in use with: Shown in use with:
spin up the wheel. Rotating Chair.................... ME-6856 Photogate Head......................ME-9498A

180 more information at pasco.com

 Fluids
Atmospheric Pressure Student Bell Jar

MECHANICS
Demonstrator SE-9790
ME-8966A
Demonstrate the effect of a pressure
differential. Easily lift a box or stool by
simply placing the rubber sheet on a 12”
smooth surface of the object and lifting
up on the handle.

This bell jar provides a vacuum chamber for students to

perform many experiments including:

AW
 atching a balloon expand or warm
water boiling as air is pumped from the
chamber
As you pull up on the handle, AO
 bserving that a suction cup no longer
a low-pressure region is sticks when the jar is evacuated.
created.
Water boils as air is
evacuated from the Bell Jar.

Includes
•8
 cm x 6 cm dia. clear
plastic bell jar with base
•P
 lastic vial, balloons and
suction cup
•6
 0 cc syringe and valves
for evacuating the jar

Student Bell Jar..............................................................SE-9790

PhiTOP
Atmospheric Pressure Demonstrator.........................ME-8966A SE-7594
The PhiTOP is an egg-shaped top (a prolate ellipsoid)
that can be spun by hand to stand up on end. This is a
Air Cannon fascinating demonstration used by Nikoli Tesla in 1893.
SE-7370 When spun with a magnetic stirrer, the PhiTOP
replicates Tesla’s famous Egg of Columbus
The Air Cannon uses a vortex of air for
demonstration. An alternating magnetic
ammunition. Its unique shape creates a
field will spin the PhiTOP from rest along
stable toroidal vortex. Pull back the flexible
its minor axis due to Lenz’s law of
membrane, release, and the invisible wave
electromagnetic induction. As the
front of air can hit a target 20 feet away.
angular speed increases, the center
Here is a great demonstration of the energy
of mass will rise, and the PhiTOP
that can be stored in waves.
will spin along its major axis.

Includes
• PhiTOP
• Mirror Stand

Coming soon!
Check pasco.com for availability.
PhiTOP.........................................................................SE-7594
Recommended:
Air Cannon.......................................................................SE-7370 Magnetic Stirrer ........................................................SE-7700

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 181

 Pipe Network
Pipe Network: Build it your way and instrument it inexpensively.
MECHANICS

A Instrument your pipe network

with pressure and flow sensors From Pump
A Transparent Venturi Tube and
pressure taps
A Study head loss in pipes, fittings,
and valves
A Find the relationship between
pump head and flow rate Wireless (Bluetooth®) Interface

Dual Pressure
Sensor Return
to
Water
Reservoir
Flow Rate Sensor

Pressure Taps Venturi Tube

Return
from Pipe
Measure pressure Network
When constructing a pipe network, it is useful to know the pressure in the To Pipe
fluid at numerous places along the pipe. The transparent Pressure Taps can Network
be glued into a 3/4” PVC pipe network at any place, using a slip joint. Each
Pressure Tap has a quick-connect for a Dual Pressure Sensor (PS-2181). Since
the quick-connect closes when disconnected, it is possible to move the pres-
sure sensor around the network to determine the pressures at different posi-
tions, rather than having a separate pressure sensor for each position.

Measure flow rate

The General Flow Sensor measures the difference in fluid pressure
between the two different cross-sectional areas, and the software does a
calculation to convert this pressure difference into a velocity or volumetric
flow rate. The Venturi Tube slip joints are designed to be glued into any 3/4” Study one pump or two pumps in series and parallel.
PVC pipe network. The Venturi Tube is made of clear PVC so the water can
be seen flowing through it. It has a constriction and two pressure ports
with tubing attached. The Venturi Tube is connected to the General Flow
Sensor (PS-2225) by the matching couplers.

Create pump curves

Create a plot of pressure vs. flow rate for a pump and determine the
maximum head and flow rate. Study how these change when two
pumps are connected in series or parallel.

Portable interface
Use the SPARKlink Air (PS-2011) with a Dual Pressure Sensor (PS-2181)
as a great portable pressure measurement system. The SPARKlink Air
has two PASPORT sensor ports and can accommodate a General Flow
Sensor to measure the volume flow rate and a Dual Pressure Sensor to
measure the pressures along the pipe.

See Our New Experiments:

Piping Systems on p. 332 Pressure Taps are installed before and after
elbow joints to measure the pressure loss.
Pumping Systems on p. 333 The Venturi Tube measures the velocity.

182 more information at pasco.com

 Pipe Network
General Flow Sensor Venturi Tube Pressure Taps

MECHANICS
PS-2222 ME-2220 ME-2224

The Venturi Tube is made of clear PVC so the The transparent Pressure Taps can be glued
water can be seen flowing through it. into a 3/4” PVC pipe network at any place,
It has a constriction and two pressure ports using a slip joint. Each Pressure Tap has a
The General Flow Sensor determines fluid with tubing attached. The Venturi Tube is quick-connect for a Dual Pressure Sensor
velocity in air or water by measuring the connected to the General Flow Sensor by the (PS-2181). Since the quick-connect closes
difference in pressure between the two matching couplers. The General Flow Sensor
measures the difference in fluid pressure when disconnected, it is possible to move
input tubes. Either the Venturi Tube or the
Pitot Tube ME-2221 (see page 47) must be between the two different the pressure sensor around the network
connected to the General Flow Sensor. cross-sectional areas and the software to determine the pressures at different
does a calculation to convert this pressure positions, rather than having a separate
Dual Pressure difference into a velocity or volumetric flow
rate. The Venturi Tube slip joints are designed
pressure sensor for each position.

PS-2181 to be glued into any 3/4” PVC pipe network. ME-2224 includes six pressure taps and tubing.

Wireless Interface
The SPARKlink Air (PS-2011) is a Bluetooth® interface
that allows the computer to be away from water spills.
AM
 easure pressure at two pipe See page 30 for more information.
pressure taps at once
The Dual Pressure Sensor is capable of
reading two absolute pressures, one gauge
General Flow Sensor.................................................................................PS-2222
pressure, or one differential pressure. Venturi Tube................................................................................................ME-2220
Pressure Taps (set of 6) ...........................................................................ME-2224
Specifications Dual Pressure Sensor ............................................................................. PS-2181 p. 47
Absolute Pressure: 0 to 200 kPa, 0.01 kPa Required:
resolution at 10 Hz and 1 kPa repeatability PASPORT Interface................................................................................................................ pp. 20-30
(displays pressure in kPa, N/m2, and psi) PASCO Capstone Software................................................................................................... pp. 70-73
Differential Pressure: ±100 kPa, 0.01 kPa PVC Pipe and Fittings (supplied by user)
resolution at 10 Hz and 1 kPa repeatability Pumps (2) (supplied by user)
(displays pressure in kPa, N/m2, and psi) Shown in Use with:
SPARKlink Air ........................................................................................... PS-2011 p. 30
Maximum Sample Rate: 1000 Hz Optional Pitot Tube................................................................................... ME-2221 p. 47

Water Pump
SE-7727

A Ideal for pipe network

experiments

Features
A  ittle Giant Pump 4-MD Non-Submersible,
L
In-line Use
A 1/12 hp open FC motor
A  lass-filled polypropylene magnet
G
housing
A Glass-filled polypropylene volute
A Magnetic drive
A Nitrile O-ring
A Titanium thrust washers and shaft Picture shows 12-inch (30 cm) ruler
(not included) to indicate size.

Coming soon!
Water Pump...................... SE-7727 Check pasco.com for availability.

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 183

 Fluids
Explore the Equations for Fluid Density Circulation Model
MECHANICS

ME-6816
Flow Using Sensors A Model density-driven circulation
General Flow Sensor with Venturi Tube based on temperature, dissolved
PS-2225 substances, or different liquids
A Demonstrate the driving forces
A M easure fluid velocities and confirm the of vertical ocean currents
Continuity Equation A Measure temperature inversions
A Use Bernoulli’s Equation to determine based on density difference
pressure difference
The PASCO Density Circulation Model allows students to model,
A Show faster moving fluids have lower measure and understand the complex density-driven circulation
pressures associated with heat transfer through convection. Students can
recreate vertical ocean currents driven by water bodies with density
differences. They can extend this learning by using sensors to collect
data and create graphs showing the thermocline, halocline and
pycnocline using a Salinity Sensor PS-2195 (page 66).

Here is data showing

Temperature vs. Depth.
Rapid temperature change
occurs in the region where
the two water bodies mix.
The Venturi Tube has pressure taps at the The General Flow Sensor connects
narrow diameter and the larger diameter. to the Venturi Tube to measure the
pressures.

Continuity Equation:
Bernoulli’s Equation:
(at constant height)
In this apparatus, the Venturi Tube has pressure taps at the narrow (fig. 1) (fig. 2) (fig. 3)
diameter and the larger diameter. The General Flow Sensor connects
to the Venturi Tube to measure the different pressures due to different With the valves closed (fig.1), two bodies of liquid can be created
fluid velocities. You supply the ¾ inch PVC pipe and the water. It is that differ in temperature, dissolved materials, or other properties.
suggested that you connect the pipe to a faucet with flexible tubing When the valves are opened, a smooth flow of liquid occurs between
and, at the other end, let the water flow into a bucket resting on a the chambers (fig. 2 and fig. 3). Minimal mixing
Force Platform (PS-2141). As the water flows, the velocity can be occurs and results in clearly defined layers of
determined by the changing weight of the bucket as measured by the liquid based on density (fig. 4).
Force Platform.
The recommended interface is the SPARKlink Air because two ports
are required and it is convenient to have a wireless interface so your
laptop can be away from the water. However, two AirLinks (PS-3200)
or a 550 or 850 Universal Interface will do as well.
The experiments can be downloaded at www.pasco.com/fluids.

General Flow Sensor

with Venturi Tube ............................................ PS-2225
Force Platform ................................................. PS-2141
SPARKlink Air .................................................. PS-2011 (fig. 4)
PASCO Capstone Software............................See pages 70-73
Supplied by User:
PVC Pipe (3/4 inch), water, bucket Density Circulation Model.................................. ME-6816
Recommended (for velocity verification): Shown in use with:
Pitot Tube ......................................................... ME-2221 Stainless Steel Temperature Probe.................. p. 49

184 more information at pasco.com

 Density
Density Set Mole Set

MECHANICS
ME-8569A SE-7586A
Use this versatile set of materials The Mole Set contains four element specimens: Copper, Iron, Zinc
and Aluminum. Each sample contains approximately one mole,
with the Overflow Can to
6.02 x 1023 atoms of the element.
investigate Archimedes’ Principle
of dis­place­ment, specific heats,
and basic length/volume
relationships. Includes
Includes pieces that have the • Mole samples: Z
 inc, Aluminum, Iron, Copper
same shape, volume, density, • Teaching Suggestions
and mass, so the variable of
interest can readily be isolated.
Each piece has a hole, so it can be suspended from a string. Mole Set.............................................................................. SE-7586A

Includes Overflow Can

• Three cylinders: aluminum, brass, plastic; 2.2 cm dia. x 6.4 cm long SE-8568
(plastic is less dense than water) This aluminum Overflow Can provides direct volume
mea­sure­ments for the materials supplied in the
• Two blocks: aluminum (1.9 x 3.2 x 4.1 cm) and brass (1.6 x 1.9 x 2.8 cm); Density Set, as well as displacement mea­sure­ments
The mass of each block equals that of the alu­mi­num cylinder. for buoyancy experiments. It has a 76 mm
• One irregular shape: aluminum diameter, a usable volume of 477 cm3,
and an angled down­spout. Requires a
• Instruction manual
graduated cylinder or a gram balance
to measure the displaced volume.
Includes
Density Set.......................................................................... ME-8569A
• Can only

Discover Density Set Overflow Can...................................................................... SE-8568

SE-9719A
Classroom Density Set
This set of 22 separate pieces allows students to discover the SE-7226
relationship between density, volume, and dimensions. Two unique
The Classroom Density
series of pieces hold one dimension constant while varying another. Set includes 12 sets of
materials to study the
density concept. Each
material set includes
four pieces of various
sizes in a plastic storage
tube. This selection of
materials allows twelve lab groups to perform a density experiment at
the same time.
For each set, students measure the mass and volume of each piece
and produce a mass vs. volume graph. Students will better understand
density as a mathematical concept and realize that density is constant
for a given material.
Includes
• Four different sizes of each:
Maple Polystyrene PVC CPVC
Polypropylene Nylon PETG Teflon
HDPE Acrylic Acetal Aluminum

Includes Classroom Density Set...................................................... SE-7226

•  ylinders of same length and different diameters (4)
C
• Cylinders of same diameter and different lengths (4) Glassware
• Spheres with different diameters (4)
Rugged borosilicate glassware
• Rectangular shapes of various sizes and materials (10)
for use in the physics lab
• Instruction manual

100 ml Beaker (12 pack).................................................... SE-7287

1000 ml Beaker (6 pack).................................................... SE-7288
Discover Density Set......................................................... SE-9719A 50 ml Graduated Cylinder (12 pack)................................ SE-7289

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 185

 Lab Supplies
Large Rod Base Stainless Steel Rods
MECHANICS

ME-8735 Steel Rods These 12.7 mm (1/2 in.) diameter stainless steel
(not included)
rods do not mar like aluminum rods. They are
A S  table 4 kg casting Special non-magnetic, very rigid, and durable. 120 cm Long
Three ME-8741
A Leveling feet Point Three different lengths are available
Two Rod Mounts in the non-threaded version: 45 cm, 90 cm,
A Supports two rods 9.5 to 12.7 mm dia. Design
Inside and 120 cm.
(3/8” to 1/2”)
mounting The 60 cm long rod and 25 cm long rod are
hole threaded (1/2”-13) and fit the Small “A” Base, the
assures
Small Round Base, and the Universal Table Clamp
stability.
Metal ME-9376B.
Leveling
Feet (Bases shown are not included.)

90 cm Long
ME-8738

25 cm

This sturdy 26 cm
4 kg cast-iron
60 cm Long 45 cm Long
wide base supports
one or two rods. Threaded Rod ME-8736
ME-8977 Shown with
Rods from 9.5 to
12.7 mm (3/8 to 1/2 inches) Large Rod Base
Shown with (ME-8735)
diameter can be supported. Two adjustable feet Small “A” Base
provide the necessary leveling capabilities. (ME-8976)

Large Rod Base................................................................. ME-8735

25 cm Long
Metal Knobs and Feet (4 pack) Threaded Rod
ME-8954 ME-8988
These replacement knobs Shown with
and feet for the ME-8735 Round Base
Large Rod Base are made of (ME-8270)
solid steel with knurled knobs
and 5/16”-24 thread.

Metal Knobs and Feet.................................................ME-8954

Small “A” Base

19 cm
ME-8976
This 1.7 kg cast iron base is
smaller than the Large Rod Base
(above) and does not have
leveling feet. This base can be
used with both threaded and non-
threaded rods. Non-threaded rods from 19 cm
9.5 to 13 mm (3/8 to 1/2 inches) diameter Stainless Steel Rods 12.7 mm (1/2 in.) in diameter:
can be supported. Threaded rods must be 45 cm Long (non-threaded)................................................ ME-8736
12.7 mm (1/2 inch) in diameter with 1/2”-13
90 cm Long (non-threaded)................................................ ME-8738
thread, such as the 60 cm rod shown at right.
120 cm Long (non-threaded).............................................. ME-8741
25 cm Long (threaded)........................................................ ME-8988
Small “A” Base................................................................... ME-8976 60 cm Long (threaded)........................................................ ME-8977

186 more information at pasco.com

 Lab Supplies
PASCO’s Flex Rod Base and Support Rod

MECHANICS
ME-8978A Large Round
A F
 lexible rod for holding objects in ME-9355 ME-8270
any orientation
The Flex Rod provides the freedom to place
equipment where it’s needed. Simply connect
the object to the end of the 46 cm long flexible
tubing and move it to the desired location.
The tubing has enough rigidity to hold many
common items in any orientation. In addition,
two convenient clamps are included. Laser pointer

The Flex Rod holds a green

laser pointer. Shown with
Small “A” Base 1 2
(not included).

1. L
 arge Base and Support Rod:
With built-in leveling screws and a
threaded aluminum rod that is 12.7 mm
(1/2 in.) in diameter and 45 cm long.
Includes
The Flex Rod with rod • Flex Rod attached to rigid section  ound Base with Rod: The threaded
2. R
clamp attachment fits • Rod Clamp attachments (2) steel rod is 12.7 mm (1/2 in.) in diameter
sensor handles. • 3-finger clamp attachment and 25 cm long.
(Base support not included.)

Flex Rod holds photogate

for Acceleration Due to Large Base and
Flex Rod..............................ME-8978A
Gravity experiment using Support Rod.............................ME-9355
Suggested Base Supports:
a picket fence (shown
Small “A” Base ................ME-8976 p. 186 Round Base
with Table Clamp,
Aluminum Clamp...............ME-8995 p. 189 with Rod....................................ME-8270
not included).

How to choose the best mounting rod for you

Both of these rods are useful for mounting sensors, particularly photogates.
Also, they work well as pulleys.
ME-9483 The SA-9242 stainless steel rod is the same length as the ME-9483 plastic
rod. However, the steel rod has a smaller diameter that may not work with
all clamps that require a standard 12.7 mm (1/2 in) diameter. The ME-9483
SA-9242 plastic rod is made of a hard plastic that clamp screws do not dent and it has
a threaded brass stud. The lighter weight of the plastic rod will not damage
pulleys when thrown into a bin.

Mounting Rods (10 pack) Pulley Mounting Rod

ME-9483 SA-9242
These rigid plastic pulley handles This 14 cm long stainless steel mounting rod
(14 cm long, 12.7 mm diameter) have is 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) in diameter and fits most
a 1/4”-20 metal stud that screws into standard laboratory clamps, including the PASCO
a Super Pulley. Universal Clamp. It has a standard 1/4”-20 thread.

Mounting Rods (10 pack)........... ME-9483 Pulley Mounting Rod............... SA-9242

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 187

 Lab Supplies
Pendulum Clamp
MECHANICS

Clamps ME-9506

Right Angle Clamp Hang up to three springs

SE-9444 or pendulums. Suspension
points are 54 mm apart. Fits
rods up to 16 mm (5/8 inch)
in diameter.

See page 167 for more information.

Buret/Utility Clamp
SE-9446

Pendulum
Easily adjust
length of
pendulum.
Three-finger Clamp
SE-9445

Pendulum Clamp.............................................. ME-9506

Shown in use with:
Photogate Pendulum Set................................ME-8752 p. 167
Small “A” Base................................................ME-8976 p. 186
Stainless Steel Rod (45 cm.)..........................ME-8736 p. 186

Multi Clamp
Right Angle Clamp (SE-9444) ME-9507
This standard right angle clamp fits rods up to 18 mm
(11/16 inch) in diameter. Holds two rods either parallel or
at right angles. Fits rods up to
Buret/Utility Clamp (SE-9446) 12.7 mm (1/2 inch) in diameter.
The V-shaped, plastic-coated jaws of this Buret Clamp open
from 5 to 35 mm, rotate 360°, and lock in position at any angle.
Fits rods up to 16 mm (5/8 inch) in diameter.

Three-finger Clamp (SE-9445)

Clamp tubes, rods, and irregularly shaped objects. The jaws extend
19 mm, open to 57 mm, rotate 360°, and lock securely at any angle.
Fits rods up to 19 mm (3/4 inch) in diameter.

Includes
•C
 lamp with two
thumb screws
Right Angle Clamp............................................................. SE-9444
Buret/Utility Clamp............................................................. SE-9446
Three-finger Clamp............................................................ SE-9445 Multi Clamp......................................................................... ME-9507

188 more information at pasco.com

 Lab Supplies
Table Rod Clamps Universal Table Clamp

MECHANICS
These clamps hold up to 12.7 mm (1/2 inch) diameter rods that ME-9376B
can be mounted either horizontally or vertically.
1/2-13 Threaded Rod
Fits tables up to
6 cm thick.
Large Aluminum Universal
Table Clamp Table Clamp Table Clamp
ME-9472 ME-8995 ME-9376B

Accepts threaded rod.

12.7 mm or 9.5 mm
(1/2” or 3/8”) Rod

Attach this Universal Table Clamp to tables or shelves up to

6.0 cm (2 3/8 inch) thick. Can also be mounted on a ring stand.
Mount rods in the clamp either vertically or horizontally. The rods
are held securely by stable three-point contacts. Use standard
unthreaded lab rods — 9.5 mm (3/8 inch) to 12.7 mm (1/2 inch) —
vertically or horizontally. Use 1/2-13 threaded lab rod vertically.

Universal Table Clamp...................................................... ME-9376B

Use non-threaded
rods in two
directions.
Double Rod Clamp (3 pack)
ME-9873

Large Table Clamp............................................................. ME-9472 Holds any two rods up to 12.7 mm

10 cm grip range (1/2 inch) in diameter, either parallel
or perpendicular to one another.
Aluminum Table Clamp..................................................... ME-8995
6 1/2 cm grip range
Universal Table Clamp...................................................... ME-9376B
6.0 cm grip range Double Rod Clamp (3 pack).............................................. ME-9873

“C” Clamps Swivel Clamp (2 pack)

SE-7285 Large ME-8743
Clamp two rods at any angle or clamp
This rugged clamp is perfect for
the two rods parallel to each other.
attaching a variety of objects
Accepts 12.7 mm (1/2 inch) rods.
to a table. Available in 10 cm Appearance may vary.
(4-inch) size. Includes
• Two Clamps

Large “C” Clamp (6 pack)................................................. SE-7285

Swivel Clamp (2 pack)....................................................... ME-8743
Laboratory Jacks
Raise, support, and align equipment with these lab
jacks. They’re rugged, stable, and ensure
Adjustable Angle Clamp
precise height adjustment. ME-8744
Two sizes are available.
This unique clamp fits any
rod up to 12.7 mm (1/2 inch)
diameter and can lock the rod
in place at any angle.
Laboratory Model Platform Height Load
Jack (cm) (cm) (kg)
Medium ................. SE-9373...............15x15.................7 - 25................ 25
Large....................... SE-9372...............20x20.................7 - 25................ 25 Adjustable Angle Clamp................................................... ME-8744

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 Pulleys
Super Pulley Super Pulley with Photogate/
MECHANICS

ME-9450A Mounting Pulley System

A 20 N max load Rod ME-6838A
A Nearly frictionless ME-9499
A Durable This Super Pulley
mounted on a rigid
The PASCO Super plastic mounting rod The Super Pulley
Pulley is the (12.7 mm diameter, attaches directly to
standard in 14 cm long) fits most
the Photogate Head,
physics labs. standard laboratory clamps.
providing a simple,
Its low-friction
low-friction system
design produces
to measure position,
excellent results. The precision spacing of Pulley with velocity and acceleration.
the 10 spokes makes it ideal for photogate Mounting Rod........................ ME-9499 Additionally, with the
monitoring with PASCO’s computer
pulley removed, the
interfaces and photogate systems.
photogate can be used
Features
Super Pulley with Clamp to perform standard
photogate experiments.
A Low-friction ME-9448B
See page 39.
A Lightweight
A Precision dimensions

Photogate/Pulley
System............................... ME-6838A
Super Pulley ................... ME-9450A

Upgrade your force table and inclined plane Atwood’s Machine

Pulley Mounting Rod experiments. The Super Pulley with its
integral clamp makes setup and alignment
SA-9241
SA-9242 easy. The pulley height is fully adjustable,
so you can skim the top of a force table
This 14 cm long stainless steel
for parallax-free readings. Yet you can keep
mounting rod is 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
the force parallel to the track on an inclined
in diameter and fits most standard
plane, as shown in the photo below. Fits
laboratory clamps, including the
tables up to 2.0 cm (13/16 in.) thick.
PASCO Universal Clamp.

Pulley Mounting Rod

(rod only).............................. SA-9242

Smart Gate Pulley System

PS-3702
Super Pulley
The Super Pulley with Clamp..........................ME-9448B
attaches directly to
the Smart Gate, Two Super Pulleys mounted on a 6.4 cm
providing a simple,
long rod produce a classic, low-friction
low-friction system to Mounting Rods (10 pack) introduction to Newton’s Second Law.
measure position, velocity
and acceleration. Additionally, ME-9483 The instruction sheet fully describes both
with the pulley removed, the These rigid the experiment and the theory.
photogate can be used to perform plastic pulley
standard photogate experiments. handles (14 cm
Includes long, 1.27 mm
• Smart Gate (1) PS-2180
diameter) screw Includes
into a Super Pulley. • Two Pulleys
• Super Pulley (1) ME-9450A
• Super Pulley Rod (1) • Connecting Rod

Mounting Rods Atwood’s

Smart Gate Pulley System............PS-3702 (10 pack).............................ME-9483 Machine................................. SA-9241

190 more information at pasco.com

 Lab Supplies
Metric Spring Scales

MECHANICS
(Five different ranges)

These high-quality metric spring scales are precise, durable, and

calibrated in Newtons. Five different scales are available. Students
can measure forces from a fraction of a Newton to 20 Newtons
with excellent accuracy.

Features
A Accurate: The precision springs provide excellent linearity, and the 10 cm Graduations are easy to read, and the
long scales are sharp and clear for superior resolution. resolution is 2% of full scale.
A Sealed Spring: Can’t get tangled, over-stretched, or lost.
A Zero Adjust: Turn the knob to zero the balance.
A Scales on Inside: They won’t wear off.
A Five Color-coded Ranges: Measure almost any force from 0.1 N to 20 N.

PASCO Spring Scales: Five metric

Metric Spring Scales spring scales provide accurate
Model Range Resolution Color measurements over a wide range
ME-9509 1.0 N 0.02 N Red of forces.
ME-9510 2.0 N 0.04 N Lt. Green
ME-9511 5.0 N 0.1 N Brown
ME-9512 10 N 0.2 N Dk. Green
ME-9513 20 N 0.4 N Orange

Tension Protractor Outside degree scale can be

ME-6855 rotated to set the zero.
15 cm
A Measure tension and angle with one device Diameter
A Large scale for viewing demonstrations
A Zero-adjust for torsion spring scale
A Built-in rod clamp

See page 139 for more information.

String

30° Angle Reading The red arrow indicates tension reading

(5.0 N) of the torsion spring scale.

Includes
• One Tension Protractor
The tension in the left string is
greater than in the right string
because the angles are different.

Tension Protractor..............................................ME-6855
Recommended:
Large Table Clamp..............................................ME-9472 p. 189
90 cm Long Rod...................................................ME-8738 p. 186
Multi Clamp..........................................................ME-9507 p. 188
Hooked Mass Set................................................SE-8759 p. 197

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 Lab Supplies
Metric Measuring Tape High Quality Meter Sticks (6 pack)
MECHANICS

SE-8712A SE-8827

Hardwood meter stick with metric graduations;

scale reads left to right on one side, right to
left on the other.

This 30-meter woven fiberglass measuring tape reads Cross-section

metric on one side and English on the other. dimensions:
7 mm x 28 mm.

Metric Measuring Tape................................................. SE-8712A

Meter Stick (6 pack).......................................................SE-8827

Digital Calipers Four-Scale Meter Stick

SE-8710
SE-8695

The Four-Scale Meter Stick is constructed of plastic square channel.

This metric/English (15 cm/6 in.) digital caliper measures to 0.01 mm One side has millimeter markings, one has centimeter markings, one
(0.0005 in.). It has auto power-off and includes a sturdy plastic storage has decimeter markings, and the last side has only a one-meter mark.
case.

Four-Scale Meter Stick.................................................. SE-8695

Digital Calipers.............................................................. SE-8710

Micrometer
Stainless Steel Calipers SE-7337
SF-8711

These metric/English (18 cm/6 in.) calipers have an expanded Vernier

scale of 20 divisions (instead of the usual 10), so it’s easier to read This low-cost micrometer provides measurements from 0 to 25 mm
and more accurate. The sliding mechanism is smooth and durable. with 0.1 mm resolution. The wooden box is form-fitted to protect the
A case is included for added protection. micrometer during storage.

Stainless Steel Calipers................................................ SF-8711

Micrometer......................................................................SE-7337

192 more information at pasco.com

 Lab Supplies
Freefall Balls Accessory Steel Balls

MECHANICS
ME-9890 ME-9864
This set of balls is used with the Discover Freefall system
shown on page 130. The special stickers are used to attach
the metal washers to the plastic balls, allowing them to be
suspended from a magnet.

Four pack of 2.5 cm diameter balls

for use with the PASCO Projectile
Launcher (ME-6800)

Steel Balls
(4 pack)...................................ME-9864

Spherical Mass Set

Includes ME-8968
• Small Nylon Ball (2.5 cm) This set includes four balls with a diameter
• Large Plastic Ball (10 cm) of 2.5 cm each, but features various
• Golf Ball (4.4 cm) masses, including a hollow steel ball.
• Hollow Golf Ball (4.2 cm)
• Steel Ball (2.5 cm)
• Steel Ball (1.6 cm)
• Release Washers (10)
• Release Stickers (50) Freefall Balls
Accessory..........................ME-9890

Bounce/No Bounce Small Steel Balls

Ball Set (3 sets) ME-9872
SE-7571

These 1.6 cm diameter steel balls are used

with the Mini Launcher (ME-6825).
Includes
Small Steel Balls • Solid Yellow Nylon Ball (10 grams)
These two black balls look and feel identical, (10 pack)............................... ME-9872 • Solid Steel Ball (66 grams)
but drop them side by side and students will • Hollow Steel Ball (21 grams)
notice a big difference in their elasticity. Plastic Balls • Solid Aluminum Ball (24 grams)
One bounces close ME-6822
to the original drop
Typical Applications
height, while the
other doesn’t A R
 ace the hollow steel ball and solid
bounce at all. aluminum ball down an incline. They
Includes three have about the same mass, but
sets of the the solid aluminum ball has a much
Bounce/ larger acceleration down the ramp.
No Bounce A F
 ire the yellow plastic, solid steel,
Balls. Each ball Extra brightly colored balls are available and hollow steel balls from a PASCO
has a diameter for the Projectile Launcher. Diameter is Projectile Launcher.
of 2.5 cm. 2.5 cm (1 in.).

Bounce/No Bounce Plastic Balls Spherical

Ball Set (3 sets).......................SE-7571 (10 pack).................................. ME-6822 Mass Set................................ME-8968

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 193

 Lab Supplies
Braided Physics String Glow String (2 pack) No-Bounce Pad
MECHANICS

SE-8050 SE-8690 SE-7347

A 30-lb. Test
This braided Dacron®
string is tough, resists
stretching, and won’t
unravel. Withstands up to 133 Newtons
of force (equivalent to 13.6 kg). Each roll
provides 320 meters of string.

Braided Physics Color may vary. Stop falling objects from bouncing with
String........................................SE-8050 PASCO’s No-Bounce Pad. The 30 cm x
30 cm x 2.5 cm dimensions of the
Elastic Wave Cord pad provide an ample target for gravity
demonstrations. Prevents heavy objects
SE-9409 from damaging the floor and prevents falling
This stretchy “string” glows in the dark objects from being damaged on impact.
after being exposed to light. Use it to dem-
onstrate wave motion, including resonance
and standing wave patterns. Two rolls are
included, totaling over 15 meters of string. No-Bounce Pad.......................SE-7347

Unlike a Slinky®, the tension can be varied.

In addition to the Slinky, this Elastic Wave
Glow String
Carbon Paper (100 pack)
Cord is great for wave demonstrations.
(2 pack).................................... SE-8690 SE-8693
The cord is 3 mm in diameter. Each roll
provides 90 meters of cord.
Black Thread
Elastic Wave Cord..................SE-9409 ME-9875

Yellow Cord
ME-9876

Carbon paper is ideal for marking the

Two rolls of position of an object as it strikes the floor
highly visible Includes three spools of black Nylon thread. or other surface.
braided yellow cord.
Total length of 140 meters.
Black Thread Carbon Paper
(3 pack)................................... ME-9875 (100 sheets)..............................SE-8693
Yellow Cord
(2 pack)....................................ME-9876
Plumb Bobs (10 pack) Spirit Levels (10 pack)
Rubber Cord SE-8728 SE-8729
(30 meters)
ME-8986

These 23 cm long Spirit Levels have three

These finished steel plumb bobs are vials with striped gradations to indicate
precision-machined to a fine point. Just vertical, horizontal, and 45° alignment. The
slide a string through the hole in the top frame is a durable plastic with tough acrylic
For Elastic Bumper (ME-8998) and tie a knot. The plumb bob hangs vials. A magnetic tape allows hands-free
Also fits Air Track Bumpers (page 121) precisely centered. leveling.

Rubber Cord Plumb Bobs Spirit Levels

(Spool of 30 m)........................ ME-8986 (10 pack)..................................SE-8728 (10 pack)................................... SE-8729

194 more information at pasco.com

 Lab Supplies
Gratnells® Rolling Carts Glassware

MECHANICS
EP-3574 (2-column) EP-3575 (3-column) This rugged borosilicate glassware
is for use in the physics lab. It is
These movable storage rack carts have been designed for Gratnells trays (sold separately).
particularly useful for buoyancy labs
With this rack system, you can transport materials to and from the classroom. They include
(shown on page 334).
large castors with brakes for added stability.
Here is an ideal way to store PASCO sensors and equipment. These rolling carts can be
configured for whatever size trays you need.
These carts can be used to store the equipment kits from the Essential Physics or Essential
Chemistry curriculum, the storage trays we offer for wireless sensors, or any of the four
sizes of empty trays that we offer for whatever you would like to store.

100 ml Beaker (12 pack)...............SE-7287

EP-3574 EP-3575
1000 ml Beaker (6 pack)...............SE-7288
50 ml Graduated Cylinder
(12 pack).........................................SE-7289

Discover Pi Set (10 pack)

ME-6819A
The Discover Pi Set allows students to
derive the meaning of π directly from their
measurements. This activity transforms
π from a constant with unknown origin to
a fundamental characteristic of all circular
EP-3574: EP-3575: objects.
Stores up to 8 Gratnells F2 trays Stores up to 12 Gratnells F2 trays
24 pairs of runners 16 pairs of runners
Dimensions: 107 cm high, 70 cm wide, Dimensions: 107 cm high, 102 cm wide,
43.5 cm deep 43.5 cm deep

Assembly is required.
Trays not included. Gratnells Rolling Carts (2 col.).................EP-3574
Gratnells Rolling Carts (3 col.).................EP-3575

Includes
Gratnells® Storage Trays with Lids • Each pack includes 4 Pi Circles: 5.2, 6.4, 8.9,
10.0 cm diameter
These empty Gratnells
• Transparent Measuring Tape
storage trays with lids have
a length of 427 mm and
width of 312 mm. The depth Discover Pi Set (10 pack)............ME-6819A
of each follows:
F1: 75 mm F1 F2 F25 F3
Water Reservoir
F2: 150 mm ME-8594
F25: 225 mm Gratnells Storage Tray (F1) Shallow ...............................PS-3326 This calibrated 1000 ml cylinder is useful
Gratnells Storage Tray (F2) Deep.....................................PS-3327 for experiments (as shown on page 231),
F3: 300 mm Gratnells Storage Tray (F25) Extra Deep .......................PS-3328
requiring either a specific amount of water,
Gratnells Storage Tray (F3) Jumbo..................................PS-3329
a constant flow of
water, or water at a
Storage Bins 3.8 Liter Plastic Container Set constant pressure. The
SE-7560 ME-7559 cylinder has three hose
These stackable plastic These containers are great for connections: one for
bins with lids are useful experiments needing ice-water connection to a source of
for storing sensors. baths. See the Heat Engine water, one for overflow,
14” L x 9.5” W x 6.9” D Experiment on page 352 for an and an outlet near the
example. bottom. The unit comes
14 cm x 14 cm x 19.5 cm tall with six meters of tubing
and two restriction clips.

3.8 Liter Plastic Container Set

Storage Bins (set of 5)................... SE-7560 (set of 2)...........................................ME-7559 Water Reservoir...................... ME-8594

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 195

 Balances
Ohaus Electronic Ohaus Triple-Beam Ohaus Additional
MECHANICS

Balances Balance Mass Set

SE-8823A (220 g) SE-8723 (without tare) SE-8708
SE-8756B (420 g) SE-8707 (with tare)
(for Triple-Beam Balances)
SE-8757B (2200 g)
SE-8758B (8200 g)

Ohaus Cent-o-Gram
Balance These additional masses can increase the
SE-8725 range of the Ohaus Triple-Beam Balances
(SE-8723 and SE-8707) by an additional
The Ohaus Scout SKX digital electronic
2 kg. Included are a 0.5 kg and two 1 kg
balances combine range, resolution, and
masses.
low cost, making them ideal for the student
physics lab.
Simple two-button operation and visual Ohaus Additional
menu prompts allow students to begin Mass Set................................ SE-8708
weighing with minimal instruction. The
large, crisp display is easily viewed from
any angle, so teachers can quickly check
student results. A sealed front panel, Ohaus mechanical balances have been the
standard weighing instruments in student
Slotted Mass
molded spill ring, and removable stainless SE-8726A Set (10 g resolution)
steel platforms provide protection from laboratories for decades. They’re accurate,
spills and make these balances easy to easy to use, durable, and inexpensive. SE-8704A Set (1 g resolution)
keep clean. Features SE-8703A Hanger (50 g)
A Precision-Ground Steel Knives: for exact
Specifications measurements and a long balance life This 50 gram mass hanger
Catalog # SE-8823A SE-8757B SE-8758B SE-8756B is the standard hanger for the
A Stainless Steel Weighing Pan: easy to slotted masses shown.
Capacity: 0-220 g 0-2200 g 0-8200 g 0-420 g
clean, lasts indefinitely
Resolution: 0.01 g 0.1 g 1.0 g 0.01 g
A Magnetic Damping: for quick, true
Pan Size: 12 cm dia 16.5 x 4.2 cm 16.5 x 14.2 cm 12 cm dia.
measurements
A Simple Zero-Adjustment: just zero the
masses, then rotate the knob
A Capacities: see table below
Specifications
Product # SE-8723 SE-8707 SE-8725
Make these balances work with
Ohaus # 750-S0 760-00 311-00 These slotted masses provide medium to
PASCO Capstone and SPARKvue heavy mass (up to 1.110 kg) with 1 g or
Type: Triple-Beam Triple-Beam Cent-o-Gram
on your computer via Bluetooth® 10 g res­o­lu­tion.
Capacity: 610 g 610 g 311 g
or USB with:
w/add’l. The SE-8726A Set Includes
Ohaus Bluetooth mass set: 2610 g 2610 g N/A
Device Adapter................... SE-8822 • Masses: 1 x 500 g 2 x 200 g 1 x 100 g
Readability: 0.1 g 0.1 g 0.01 g 1 x 50 g 2 x 20 g 1 x 10 g
Ohaus USB
Tare: None 225 g None
Device Adapter................... SE-8821 The SE-8704A Set Includes
• The above masses plus a 5 g, 1 g,
Ohaus Triple-Beam Balance and two 2 g. Mass hangers available
Ohaus Scout SKX Balances (without tare)..................... SE-8723 separately.
220 g.................................... SE-8823A (with tare)........................... SE-8707
420 g.................................... SE-8756B Ohaus Cent-o-Gram
2200 g.................................. SE-8757B Balance................................ SE-8725 10 g Slotted Mass Set.............. SE-8726A
8200 g.................................. SE-8758B Recommended: 1 g Slotted Mass Set................ SE-8704A
Ohaus Additional
Mass Set.............................. SE-8708 Slotted Mass Hanger............... SE-8703A

196 more information at pasco.com

 Masses
Mass and Hanger Set Large Slotted Mass Set 1 kg Mass and

MECHANICS
ME-8979 (1/2 g resolution) ME-7566 (5 kg Set) Hanger Set
PASCO’s Mass and Hanger Set features ME-9337 (1 kg set)
precision 5 g mass hangers with steel Includes Set features a 200 g cast
posts and “holed” masses that will not fall
•O ne 0.5 kg mass aluminum mass hanger
off the hanger. All the masses have their
hanger with a steel post, and
values marked, and each hanger can hold
•N  ine 0.5 kg slotted four “holed” 200 g brass
up to 250 g.
masses masses that will not fall
off the hanger. Multiple
Wrap thread • Diameter of
mass hangers can be
in notch to masses: 8 cm
used by hooking the top
hang without • Height of
of one into the bottom
tying. hanger: 36 cm
of another.
Steel Post
For strength
Unique Large Slotted Mass Set
Design (5 kg Set)...........................ME-7566
Allows The flat bottom on the mass
visibility hanger makes it perfect for
of smaller
masses
Short Slotted Mass Set use with a Motion Sensor
when performing Hooke’s
ME-7589 (2 kg Set) Law and spring oscillation
experiments.
Includes
•O  ne 0.5 kg mass
hanger
• Three 0.5 kg
slotted masses
• Diameter of
masses: 8 cm
• Height of
hanger: 15 cm
Can be used in conjunction
with the entire set of smaller
Short Slotted Mass Set brass and plastic masses
(2 kg Set)....................................ME-7589 in the ME-8978 Mass and
Hanger Set.
Short Mass Hanger.................ME-7590

Hooked Mass Set

Includes SE-8759
• Four mass hangers (5 g each) ±2%
• Brass masses: ±1%
3 x 100 g 3 x 50 g 6 x 20 g
Includes
• Aluminum masses: ±1%
• Mass hanger (ME-9350)
3 x 10 g 3x5g
Height of hanger: 16 cm
• Plastic masses: ±2%
3x2g 3x1g 3 x 0.5 g • Set of four masses (ME-9351)
Diameter of masses: 5 cm
• Molded storage case
• Steel pin
8 cm height, 3.6 mm diameter
Mass and Hanger Set........... ME-8979
Recommended: This rugged Hooked Mass Set is made
1 kg Mass and
Mass and Hanger Spares Kit..... ME-8980 from cast iron and coated with enamel.
Hanger Set................................ME-9337
(Contains four mass hangers and 10 each of Includes Mass Hanger (200g)................ME-9350
2 g, 1 g, and 0.5 g plastic masses)
• Masses: 1 x 1000 g 1 x 500 g 2 x 200 g 200g Masses
Replacement Mass Sets for ME-8979: 1 x 100 g 1 x 50 g 2 x 20 g (set of four)................................ME-9351
5-gram Mass Set (set of 6)......... ME-8981 1 x 10 g Shown in use with:
10-gram Mass Set (set of 6)....... ME-8982 Base and Rods.........................p. 186
• Molded mass holder
20-gram Mass Set (set of 6)....... ME-8983 Equal Length Spring Set.........ME-8970
50-gram Mass Set (set of 6)....... ME-8984 Pendulum Clamp......................ME-9506
100-gram Mass Set (set of 6)..... ME-8985 Hooked Mass Set..................... SE-8759 Motion Sensor..........................PS-2103A

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 Stopwatches
PASCO Stopwatch
MECHANICS

ME-1234

A  o alarm or clock
N
A Memory for stored event times
A Uses one AA battery
A Durable buttons

Are you tired of annoying stopwatch alarms going off all day? Are your students stuck in the clock
mode and can’t get their stopwatch back into the timing mode? Does your stopwatch stop working
after changing that little watch battery? The PASCO Stopwatch solves all these problems.
This stopwatch was designed specifically for science timing. The modes of operation are intuitive
and complete instructions are included. The buttons are built to last and it uses a single long-lasting
AA battery, which is less expensive than a watch battery (and easier to install).

Two Display Modes:

MM:SS.SS (00:25.18) or
The EVENT/RECALL button allows you to
view the last event time, in case students Decimal Seconds (25.18s)
forget to write down their data. The EVENT/
RECALL button is also used to store and
recall up to nine event times. For example,
record a series of events such as times at The PASCO Stopwatch fits
which sandbags were dropped along the comfortably in your hand.
gym floor.

It also sits on the table at a

convenient viewing angle.

PASCO Stopwatch................. ME-1234

PASCO Stopwatch (10 pack) Student Timer

Specifications ME-1235 SE-8768
LED Display: Visible indoors and outdoors A Includes fitted foam storage box
Two Display Modes: MM:SS.SS (01:25.34)
or Decimal Sec (85.34 s) Appearance
Precision: 0
 .01 sec up to 59:59.99 Features may vary.
(MM:SS.SS) or 3599.99 s
A Inexpensive
Then 1 sec to 99:59:59
(HH:MM:SS) or 359999 s A 0.01 Second
Max Number of Event Times: Nine Resolution
Auto-off: After one hour idle A Easy Operation:
Can Be Used with a Lanyard Start/Stop,
(not included) Reset and Lap
Includes: One AA battery and instruction
sheet
PASCO Stopwatch (10 pack)...... ME-1235 Student Timer............................ SE-8768

198 more information at pasco.com

 Strobes
Strobe

MECHANICS
ME-6978
A 1 Hz to 500 Hz A Variable intensity A Low cost Shown using Strobe (with
Strobe Module) and three
Unique modular design makes it easy to light any geometry. The Strobe includes the additional Strobe Modules
Strobe Control Box and one Strobe Module. Additional Strobe Modules can be purchased
separately (see below) for up to a total of four lamp modules per controller. And multiple
control boxes can be connected together using the External Trigger. The Strobe Modules
have a tilting lamp head on a sturdy base that sits on the table or fastens to a rod stand.

Lamp ON/OFF
Digital
Display

Brightness
Control

Frequency
Adjustment

Tilting lamp head

on a sturdy base
sits on the table
or fastens to a
rod stand.

Specifications Features
Frequency Range: 1 Hz to 500 Hz A Display frequency in Hz or rpm
Resolution: 0.1 Hz A Adjustable light intensity
Accuracy: 0.1% A External trigger daisy-chains
Lamp Life: 50,000 hours multiple controllers together
Brightness: 230 lumens (peak) per module A Trigger strobe using external input
such as the photogate ME-9498A

Strobe................................................ ME-6978
(Includes Control Box and one Strobe Module)
Additional Strobe Modules............ ME-6982
Shown in use with:
String Vibrator.................................. WA-9857A p. 254
Sine Wave Generator ..................... WA-9867 p. 255

Stroboscope
SF-7202
A Bright xenon lamp has short flash duration
A Digital frequency display on back
The flash rate of this xenon strobe can be adjusted from 1 to 300 flashes per
second (60 to 18,000 flashes per minute). The display can be switched between
impulses per second, impulses per minute, and external triggering. There is an
option to connect an external triggering device to the safety sockets to control
the flash rate or connect an external digital counter to measure the impulse
output. There is a threaded hole in the base to attach a tripod.
Specifications
Flash Rate Range: 1 to 300 Hz
Trigger Input Max: 300 Hz.
Dimensions: 18 x 24 x 12 cm Stroboscope..............................................................SF-7202

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 199

 Thermal Expansion
Thermal Expansion Apparatus
THERMODYNAMICS

TD-8856
A U se with Multimeter or Temperature Sensor
A Brass, copper, and aluminum tubes included

With PASCO’s Thermal Expansion Apparatus, students can

accurately and easily investigate the expansion of metals Base
with increasing temperature. Provides storage
for all three tubes.

Steam Generator
(sold separately)

Built-in Digital Gauge

Simple and very accurate measurements
with 0.01 mm resolution

Built-in 10 kΩ Thermistor
Together with a digital ohmmeter, or
Temperature Sensor directly measures
the temperature of the tube. Digital Multimeter
Measures thermistor resistance
(sold separately).
Features
A Built-in Digital Gauge: Measures the rod expansion with
(0.01 mm resolution).
A Built-in Thermistor: A 10 kΩ thermistor is connected
directly to each tube, and the temperature can be
determined using a digital ohmmeter or Temperature
Sensor.
A Heat with Steam or Water: The fluid used may be steam
or water at any temperature.
A Three Drop-in Metal Tubes: Each tube connects securely
onto the rigid base. The other two can be simultaneously Thermistor cable connects directly
mounted on the base for convenient storage. to the Temperature Sensor.

Includes
• Base with built-in dial gauge and thermistor
•E
 xpansion tubes: brass, copper and aluminum; 16 mm dia.
(80 cm length)
Thermal Expansion
Apparatus .............................................................. TD-8856
Required:
Steam Generator................................................... TD-8556A p. 201
Recommended:
Digital Multimeter (ohmmeter)........................... SE-9786A p. 250
Or
Quad Temperature Sensor.................................. PS-2143 p. 50

200 more information at pasco.com

 Heaters
Steam Generator Heater-Stirrer

THERMODYNAMICS
TD-8556A PS-3401
A V  ariable steam output A The Heater-Stirrer is the new
A Rapid heating lab essential!
A Automatic safety shut-off
Hot flowing steam is essential to most introductory thermodynamics experiments.
It’s inexpensive, plentiful, and the perfect constant temperature heat reservoir.
This Steam Generator brings 3/4 of a liter of water to a boil in ten minutes and provides
continuous steam at up to 10 g/min. A baster is also provided to remove hot water for
experiments. Includes many convenience and safety features.

Rubber Stopper Dual Steam Ports

For a tight seal and a Supply two lab groups simultaneously.
safety pressure release
This compact heater-stirrer has a white
 Internal Electric Heater ceramic top that is ideal for heating and for
No open flame, no exposed coils seeing color changes when mixing solutions.
It has been designed to withstand spills. Its
safety features include warning labels and
indicator LEDs. And the included rod makes it
easy to support sensors.
Low Water When used as a heater:
Warning Light This compact new Heater-Stirrer can boil
water in minutes. The ceramic top provides an
even heating surface and the indicator LEDs
let you know when the top is hot.
When used as a stirrer:
This new apparatus is great for mixing
solutions. The white top makes color changes
during titrations easy to see.
Extra-Wide Base Specifications
Stable, hard to tip over Speed range: 50-1500 rpm
Plate diameter: 135 mm
Variable Power (0-400 watts)
Max temperature: 310˚C
Adjust­able steam flow

See page 202-203 for additional Steam Generator applications. Includes

• Support rod.

Steam Generator..................................................................................................... TD-8556A Heater-Stirrer...................................................... PS-3401

Ball and Ring Bi-metallic Strip

SE-7597 SE-7598
A Demonstrates thermal expansion A Demonstrates differential thermal expansion
A Demonstrates how thermostats work
When the Ball and Ring are at room
temperature, the ball easily fits When heated in a Bunsen burner flame, this bi-metallic
through the ring. Heat the ball in strip bends. The strip is steel on one side and brass
a Bunsen burner flame and it on the other side. Since brass expands more than
expands and no longer fits Specifications steel, the strip becomes longer on the brass
through the ring. If the ring side. As it cools, it becomes straight again.
is also heated, the ball will Length: 23 cm
fit through it once again. Ball Diameter at Room
Temperature: 2.36 cm Specifications
Ring Inner Diameter at Blade Length: 12.5 cm
Room Temperature: 2.39 cm

Ball and Ring...........................SE-7597 Bi-metallic Strip..........................SE-7598

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 201

 Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Conductivity Apparatus Ice Melting Blocks
THERMODYNAMICS

TD-8561 SE-7317
A M easure heat flow through five different materials A G
 reat thermal conductivity and
A Constant temperature differential makes calculations easy heat capacity demonstration
A Easy to use, no mess

Water Run-off Channel Plastic Tubing

Constant Temperature To retrieve water from To connect a steam
Differential 0°C melted ice generator

100°C Steam Generator

and cup not
included.

Stand with
Insulating Pads
Keeps hot reservoir well
above the table.
The two Ice Melting Blocks look similar but
are composed of different materials. One
Not Shown block feels cold to the touch, while the other
Two Ice Molds, block feels slightly warm. Both blocks are at
Durable Test Materials
12.7 cm squares of glass, wood, polycarbonate, Instruction Manual, room temperature but have very different
Masonite®, and sheetrock. and Experiment Guide thermal conductivities and heat capacities.
After allowing students to hold the blocks,
One of the most important considerations How It Works ask them which block would melt ice more
for buildings in the modern world is their quickly. Place an ice cube on each block and
A block of ice is placed against one side of
ability to provide good thermal insulation. watch their amazement as the “cold” block
the test material. The other side is clamped
This apparatus gives students a way to melts the ice cube within two minutes.
against a steam chamber, establishing a
observe and quantify heat flow across a Melting the ice cube is barely noticeable
constant 100°C temperature differential.
constant temperature differential. Students on the “warm” block. The “cold” block is
The rate at which the ice is converted to
use five common materials as test samples: aluminum and has a much greater ability to
water is a measure of the rate at which
glass, wood, polycarbonate, Masonite and transfer heat to the ice cube or the hand.
heat passes from the steam, through the
sheetrock. The “warm” block is plastic, which does
test material, and into the ice.
not conduct heat as well.
Features Includes
A No Mess: Water from the melting ice runs • Stand with insulating pads
off into the measuring cup — not on the lab • Steam chamber Includes
table. • Ice molds (2) • Aluminum Block
A Durable Test Materials: Wood, Masonite, •M
 aterials: 12.7 cm squares of glass, wood, • Plastic Block
and sheetrock are covered with a thin polycarbonate, Masonite, and sheetrock • O-rings (2)
aluminum sheet for waterproofing and to
• Plastic tubing to connect steam generator
ensure good thermal contact.
• Instruction manual and experiment guide
A Elevated Steam Reservoir: Hot reservoir
is well above the lab table to eliminate heat
damage.

Thermal Conductivity Apparatus....................... TD-8561

Required:
Steam Generator................................................... TD-8556A p. 201
Graduated Cylinder Ice Melting Blocks.....................SE-7317

202 more information at pasco.com

 Calorimetry
Basic Calorimetry Set

THERMODYNAMICS
TD-8557B
A An affordable introduction to thermodynamics

Styrofoam™ calorimeter cup (7.5 cm inside diameter,

10 cm deep) has 1.3 cm thick walls for excellent thermal
properties. Set includes five different metal samples,
a thermometer, plastic tubing, and a water trap that
prevents unwanted condensation of steam.

Includes
• One calorimeter cup with lid
• Alcohol thermometer: 20°C to 110°C in 1° increments
•S
 amples of aluminum, copper, brass, zinc, and
stainless steel: 80 g each
• Water trap and plastic tubing
• Instruction manual and experiment guide

Basic Calorimetry Set.......................................... TD-8557B

Required:
Steam Generator................................................... TD-8556A p. 201
Ohaus Triple-Beam Balance............................... SE-8723 p. 196
Replacement Supplies:
Calorimetry Cups (set of 6).................................. TD-8825A

Specific Heat Set Density Set

SE-6849 ME-8569A

This specific heat set has five different materials, all with Use this versatile set of materials
the same mass (80 g). Each has a hole to tie a loop of with the Overflow Can to
string to hang the samples in water. investigate Archimedes’ Principle
of dis­place­ment, specific heats,
and basic length/volume
relationships.
Includes pieces that have the
same shape, volume, density,
and mass, so the variable of
interest can readily be isolated.
Each piece has a hole, so it can
be suspended from a string.
Includes
• Aluminum: 1.25” d x 1.5” h
Includes
• Brass: 3/4” d x 1.5” h
• Three cylinders: aluminum, brass, plastic; 2.2 cm dia. x 6.4 cm long
• Stainless Steel: 3/4” d x 1.44” h (plastic is less dense than water)
• Zinc: 3/4” d x 1.58” h • Two blocks: aluminum: 1.9 x 3.2 x 4.1 cm and brass: 1.6 x 1.9 x 2.8 cm.
• Copper: 0.625” d x 1.8” h The mass of each block equals that of the alu­mi­num cylinder; irregular
shape: aluminum
• Instruction manual
Specific Heat Set.............................................. SE-6849
Recommended:
Calorimetry Cups (set of 6).............................. TD-8825A Density Set.......................................................................... ME-8569A

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 203

 Equivalent of Heat
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat Apparatus Energy Transfer – Calorimeter
THERMODYNAMICS

TD-8551A ET-8499
A A ccurate to 5% A C
 ompare electrical energy
A Rugged ball-bearing construction input to changes in
A Thermistor—no thermometer to break internal energy
The Energy Transfer – Calorimeter
This Mechanical Equivalent of Heat includes two nested aluminum
Appara­tus provides an updated cups with an air space in between
version of one of Joule’s most for insulation. While most calorim-
important experiments: eters use a coil to heat the water,
converting mechanical PASCO’s design features a 10 Ω
work to thermal energy. Double Ball Bearings heating resistor mounted to a circuit
Minimize the wear on board. Using temperature, voltage,
moving parts. and current sensors, students can
Crank Counter investigate the relationship between
Counts the number of turns the input energy and heat transfer
on the handle. into the water.

Thermistor
Embedded in the
cylinder, it has lower
thermal mass than a Durable Construction
thermometer and is Made primarily of steel and
less breakable. aluminum, there’s virtually
nothing to break. The thermistor
How It Works is protected in the cylinder.
Turn the crank to perform a measurable amount of work. The
crank turns an aluminum cylinder. A flat nylon rope is wrapped
several times around the cylinder. As the crank is turned, the fric-
tion between the rope and the cylinder is just enough to support a
mass hanging from the other end of the rope. This ensures that the
torque acting on the cylinder is constant and measurable. A counter
keeps track of the number of turns of the crank. The thermal energy
is measured by monitoring the temperature of the cylinder using the The bottom graph displays
embedded thermistor. the power output from
With this apparatus, the equivalence of work and heat is easily the generator and the
established to within 5%. top graph the increase
in temperature. The
Includes amount of electrical
• 3.7 m of flat nylon rope energy used to heat to
• Base, cylinder, crank, and counter
the water is determined by
with a built-in table clamp • Laboratory manual including finding the area under the Power vs. Time curve.
• 1-gallon can that can be filled theory, step-by-step
with a measured mass of sand instructions, and data tables Includes
or water (if 10 kg of laboratory
• Outer Aluminum Cup (8.9 cm tall, 4.7 cm dia)
masses are not available)
• Inner Aluminum Cup (7.5 cm tall, 3.8 cm dia)
• Plastic Lid
• Two-Hole Rubber Stopper
Mechanical Equivalent • Heating Resistor with Input Cables
of Heat Apparatus.....................................................TD-8551A
Required:
Basic Digital Multimeter..........................................SE-9786A p. 250 Energy Transfer – Calorimeter................................ET-8499
Triple-Beam Balance...............................................SE-8707 p. 196 Recommended for use with ScienceWorkshop:
A refrigerator (or ice) for cooling the cylinder below room temperature; Temperature Sensor.................................................CI-6605A
calipers and a thermometer for measuring room temperature are Voltage Sensor..........................................................UI-5100
helpful, but not necessary. Current Sensor..........................................................CI-6556
Replacement Supplies: Recommended for use with PASPORT:
Brush (single)............................................................TD-8583 Temperature Sensor.................................................PS-2125
Cylinder.......................................................................TD-8582 Voltage/Current Sensor...........................................PS-2115

204 more information at pasco.com

 Gas Laws
Adiabatic Gas Law Compression Igniter

THERMODYNAMICS
Students will be
Apparatus TD-8577 amazed to see
TD-8565 A A  diabatic compression ignites paper! the paper catch
on fire without
A Investigate the compression of gases A Works every time
a match.
A Computer monitors temperature, A Durable and cleanable
pressure, and volume
Put a small piece of tissue paper into the cylinder and
quickly push down on the piston. In a quick compression
there is no time for heat to be exchanged between
Volume Transducer
the air inside and its surroundings, causing
A linear potential divider
monitors the position of the temperature to rise well above the
the piston. combustion temperature of paper.

Plastic
Safety
Temperature Shield
Three Signal Sensor Precision
Cables Measures rapid changes Glass Tube
Carry the volume, in temperature as the
pressure, and resistance of a fine
temperature nickel wire changes.
signals to the Optional Force
computer. Platform

Students monitor
Piston
pressure, temperature,
and volume as a gas
is compressed
rapidly.

Experiments Bottom Easy Cleanout

PASCO’s Adiabatic Gas Law can be used This Compression Igniter has been specially
with the 850 Universal Interface. The designed to be cleanable. The bottom screws off
computer functions as a 3-channel stor- to clean out the soot and to load the paper. The
age os­cil­lo­scope, plotting graphs of pres- large piston handle decreases the pressure on
sure, temper­a­ture, and volume, as well as your hand and makes it easier to hit the piston
integrating the area under a Pressure vs. quickly.
Volume curve to determine the work done
on the gas. The glass tube is surrounded by plastic for safety.
In the event that the glass tube breaks, the glass Pressure data is calculated using the force
Includes tube can be replaced. measured by the Force Platform. Assuming
• Adiabatic Gas Law Apparatus Includes Adiabatic, the data shown gives a compression
ratio of nearly 20:1 and a peak temperature of
• Instruction Manual, Experiment Guide • Compression Igniter over 700 oC.
• Signal Cables: 3.5 mm plug to 5-pin DIN • Spare Glass Tube with O-rings
• Power Adapter: 9 V DC @ 1 A • Cleaning Wire
• Complete Instructions with Theory Compression
Igniter.......................................... TD-8577
Adiabatic Gas Law Apparatus....... TD-8565
Replacement Tubes (2)............ TD-8498A
Required: Shown in use with:
PASCO Capstone Software............ pp. 70-73 Force Platform (PASPORT)...... PS-2141 p. 40
A computer with an interface that will accept three
analog signals simultaneously via 5 or 8-pin DIN
connectors such as PASCO’s 550 and 850 Interfaces.

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 205

 Gas Laws
Ideal Gas Law Apparatus
THERMODYNAMICS

TD-8596A
A E xperimentally determine the Ideal Gas Law
A Large syringe for accurate volume measurements
A Built-in fast response thermistor
Investigating the Ideal Gas Law is simple using PASCO’s Ideal Gas Law Apparatus. By connecting Measures
a Pressure Sensor and a Temperature Sensor to the syringe, students can quantitatively look at the Temperature
relationships between pressure, temperature, and volume. and Pressure
How It Works
A low thermal mass thermistor is mounted within the syringe for real-time measurement of temperature
changes inside the syringe. Tubing and a quick-connect port allow a Pressure Sensor to be directly connected
to the syringe. As the plunger of the syringe is depressed, the volume decreases while pressure and
temperature increase. The data will help students better understand the Ideal Gas Law.
PV = nRT
A mechanical stop is included on the syringe plunger to prevent damaging of the thermistor within the
syringe and to allow quick (adiabatic) volume changes.

Ideal Gas Law Apparatus..........................TD-8596A

Includes Shown in use with:
• Ideal Gas Law Syringe Absolute Pressure/
• Built-in Fast Response Temperature Sensor...................................PS-2146 p. 48
Thermistor Probe AirLink...........................................................PS-3200 p. 30
T graph equals nR.
Slope of the Volume vs. — • Quick-Connect Pressure Port PASCO Capstone Software.......................pp. 70-73
P

Absolute Zero Apparatus

TD-8595

A C onstant volume sphere

A Measure pressure and temperature directly using PASCO sensors
A Empirically determine the absolute zero temperature

The Absolute Zero Sphere is an effective tool for determining absolute zero temperature. Connect a
Pressure Sensor and Temperature Sensor and immerse the sphere in water baths of several different
temperatures. As the pressure and temperature change, a graph displays these changes in PASCO
Capstone™. Once the data is collected, students can use a linear fit to extrapolate the value of
absolute zero.

Temperature and pressure data is taken for three

temperature water baths. The experiment is
repeated with a different amount of gas initially
in the sphere. The slopes of the two graphs
reflect the change in the number of moles of
gas, and both graphs extrapolate to about the
same value for absolute zero. Absolute Zero Apparatus being used with
PASPORT Absolute Pressure Sensor

Includes Absolute Zero Sphere................................TD-8595

Shown in use with:
• Absolute Zero Sphere
Absolute Pressure/
• Built-in Fast Response Temperature Sensor...................................PS-2146 p. 48
• Thermistor Probe AirLink...........................................................PS-3200 p. 30
• Quick Connect Pressure Port PASCO Capstone Software.......................pp. 70-73

206 more information at pasco.com

 Heat Engine
Heat Engine/Gas Law Apparatus Mass Platform String Attachment Point

THERMODYNAMICS
Add a mass to do Connect Rotary Motion
TD-8572A work experiments. Sensor to track piston height.
Use as a target
A  easure the actual efficiency of a real heat engine.
M
for Motion Sensor
A Bring P-V diagrams to life. to measure piston
height. Precision-bore Pyrex
A Low-friction graphite piston in glass cylinder
Cylinder Inside a
A See the complete experiment (EX-5530B) Protective Plastic
on page 352. Rod Clamp Mount Shield
Mount engine
How It Works on a rod stand.
Locking Screw
1. When the air chamber is moved from the cold-water Secures piston in
bath to the hot bath, the piston moves up and lifts any position for
the 200 g mass, doing work. The mass is removed, fixed volume.
and then the air chamber is returned to the cold
bath, closing the isobaric/isothermal cycle.
2. The heat engine cycle is plotted in real time on a
Air Chamber
Pressure vs. Volume graph.
Immerse in
3. Pressure in the cylinder is measured by a pressure hot or cold
sensor, volume is measured by tracking the piston water. All
position with a rotary motion (or motion) sensor, necessary
and the temperature of the hot and cold baths are tubing is
recorded with temperature sensors. included.
4. Students compare the area inside the P-V cycle to
the actual work done lifting the weight and see how
the efficiency of this heat engine compares to the
theoretical maximum.
Work
(Lifting Mass)
Cold Reservoir Hot Reservoir
(Ice water bath) (Hot water bath)
Ultra-Low-Friction Quick-Connect
Graphite Piston Port
Tc Th Connects to the air
chamber tubing and a
Qc Qh Dual Pressure Sensor.
Heat Engine
(Air filled cylinder with piston)

Includes Heat Engine/Gas Law Apparatus.........TD-8572A

• Heat Engine Shown in use with:
The PASCO Capstone™ graph shows an 850 Universal Interface..........................UI-5000 p. 26
isobaric/isothermal heat engine cycle • Air Chamber
Dual Pressure Sensor............................PS-2181 p. 47
operating between a cold water bath at • Rubber Stopper with hole Rotary Motion Sensor............................PS-2120A p. 25
1.5°C and a hot water bath at 41.8°C. • Tubing with Quick 3 Liter Plastic Container Set (2)............ME-7559 p. 185
• Connect Fittings Small “A” Base.......................................ME-8976 p. 176
• Shut-off Valve 60 cm Rod.................................................ME-8977 p. 176

Heat Engine Accessory Included in TD-8572A

TD-8581A
This replacement kit includes the set of parts for the Heat Engine
(suitable for both versions TD-8572 and TD-8572A) that are most
likely to need replacement after extensive use. These parts connect
the air chamber and the pressure sensor to the Heat Engine.
Includes
• 1 Air Chamber • 1 Tube Connector 3/16 x 1/8”
• 1 Rubber Stopper #10 with hole • 1 Plastic Tee for 1/8” Tubing
• 2 Male Luer Lock Barbs • 1 One-way Stopcock
• 2 Female Luer Lock Barbs • 2 Female In-line 1/8” CPLG
Specifications • Polyurethane Tubing 1/8” ID 80 cm
Piston diameter: 32.5 mm
Heat Engine Accessory.............................TD-8581A
Maximum piston displacement: ≈10 cm

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 207

 Heat Engine
Glass Stirling Engine Thermoelectric
THERMODYNAMICS

SE-8636A Converter
TD-8550A

A Demonstrate the First Law

of Thermodynamics
A Reversible

Features
A Demonstrates that a temperature
differential is essential for
See the pistons at work and look inside the glass cylinders at the extracting usable energy
Stirling Cycle principle in action. This engine is extremely interesting A Produces electrical energy from
to watch and it is connected to a generator that lights LEDs. To a temperature differential
illustrate the versatility of a Stirling Engine, we provide a burner for
A Produces a temperature
denatured alcohol and a platform for solid fuel.
differential with electrical energy
A 15 cm tall with 6 cm diameter fan

How It Works
The Thermoelectric Converter uses a series of semiconductor
thermoelectric cells to convert thermal energy into electrical energy.
The output from the cells drives a small electric motor.
Features
A Clear cylinders for viewing pistons Heat to Electrical Energy
A Generator with LEDs Place one leg of the Thermoelectric Converter into cold water, the
A Replaceable, adjustable Pyrex® heat cap other into hot. The fan turns as the converter draws energy from the
A Replaceable Pyrex power cylinder hot source (typically a 50°C temperature differential is required).
A Solid hardwood platform Electrical Energy to Heat
A Completely assembled and ready to run
Pass a current (3 A DC at 5 V) through the Thermoelectric Converter.
Specifications It acts as a heat pump. One leg becomes warmer while the other
18 cm length x 9 cm width x 8 cm height becomes cooler.

Glass Stirling Engine............................................................................................................ SE-8636A

Colliding Spheres
SE-7303
A Demonstrates transformation of kinetic
energy into heat
A Colliding spheres leave burn mark on paper
Hit these two steel balls
together with a piece of
paper in between. The
kinetic energy is converted When a temperature
to heat and leaves a burn differential is established
mark on the paper. between the two legs, the
fan turns.
Diameter: 2 in (5 cm)

Thermoelectric Converter............................ TD-8550A

Required:
Coming soon! Containers for holding hot water, cold water, etc.
Check pasco.com for availability. Triple Output Power Supply......................... SE-8587 p. 244
Colliding Spheres....................................................................................................................... SE-7303 Partial Immersion Thermometer................. SE-9084B

208 more information at pasco.com

 IR Camera and Temperature
FLIR C3 Thermal Partial Immersion

THERMODYNAMICS
Imaging Camera Thermometer
SE-7128A Hand inside black
SE-9084B
A “See” into the infrared Visible Image garbage bag

A Simultaneously record visible and

infrared snapshots Infrared Image
A Stream video using FLIR tools
A Record infrared movies in PASCO Capstone
A Determine temperatures from color coding -20° to 110°C Range
A WiFi-enabled
Extend your students’ world into the infrared with this
full-featured, pocket-sized thermal camera. This infrared
camera takes two pictures at once: one in the visible
spectrum and one in the infrared. An outline of the visible image is superimposed on
the colorized infrared picture for reference. In addition to the color temperature scale there is Features 1°C accuracy or better. Filled
a digital readout of the temperature. All of this is offered at a special educator’s price. with environmentally safe non-toxic, non-
hazardous, biodegradeable Enviro-Safe®
Consider These Activities:
A Check light transmission through different media: Visible light easily passes through acrylic; liquid. Measure from -20° to 110°C with
IR doesn’t. Visible light is not readily transmitted through black balloons, but they are this 30 cm long thermometer. It is clearly
transparent in the IR, as are silicon wafers and black plastic garbage bags. marked at 1 degree intervals, and a ring on
top allows students to suspend it from a
A Slide a block on the table. We always tell our students that the energy is dissipated as heat.
Show them! string.
A Look at your infrared reflection on a white board.
A Record infrared video in PASCO Capstone and sync to data from thermal experiments. Partial Immersion
A Take off your shoes and follow your footsteps by looking at your infrared footprints. Thermometer.......................SE-9084B
A Evaluate different types of insulation.
A Measure the temperature of ice water. Non-Contact Temperature
A Beakers of water with different temperatures (as measured
with the camera) come to an easily predictable 7 8 Sensor
temperature when mixed together. PS-2197
Key Features
1. Light, slim profile
3 A Non-contact
1
2. Bright 3” touchscreen A -70°C to 380°C
3. Built-in LED work light and flash
4. Big snapshot button stores thermal, visible, The Non-Contact Temperature Sensor
and visible overlay in each JPEG 2 measures surface temperature by detecting
5. Easy-access on-off button powers up fast the emitted infrared light. Record the
temperature of objects without touching
6. USB Micro-B file transfer and data streaming them!
7. Visible camera
8. Thermal camera Typical Applications
9. Intuitive user interface A C ompare temperature of hands, skin,
Specifications face, and clothes
3” touchscreen A Measure the temperature of different
IR sensor: 80 x 60 pixels 4 5 6 outdoor ground surfaces
Digital camera: 640 x 480 pixels A Map the temperature profile of an
Temperature reading at each of the 4,800 pixels Includes exterior wall
Temperature range: -10°C to 150°C • FLIR C3 thermal imaging camera Specifications
Accuracy: ±2°C or 2%, whichever is greater • Tripod mount Range: -70°C to 380°C
Onboard memory stores 500 sets of
jpeg images • Power supply/charger Accuracy: ±0.5°C
USB Micro-B connector • USB cable Response Time: Less than 0.1 s
WiFi • ResearchIR software Maximum Sample Rate: 200 Hz
Rechargeable Li-ion polymer battery with 2 h • Access to FLIR education content with Field of View: ±35°
operating time
lectures, experiments, and teacher’s guides
Weight: 0.13 kg (0.29 lb)
Size (L x W x H): 12.5 x 8.0 x 2.4 cm Non-Contact Temperature
2-year warranty on parts and labor FLIR C3 Thermal Sensor..........................................PS-2197
10-year warranty on detector Imaging Camera..................SE-7128A Requires an Interface (see page 30)

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 209

 Radiation
Radiation Cans Thermal Radiation Cube (Leslie’s Cube)
THERMODYNAMICS

TD-8570A TD-8554A
A Low-temperature
radiation source
Features
A Electrically Heated: The 100-watt bulb
inside eliminates the danger of an open
flame and the inconvenience
of water-heated cubes.
A Thick Aluminum Walls
A Thermistor: A 100 kΩ thermistor
embedded in one wall for temperature
measurement

Thermal Radiation Cube...........................TD-8554A

Required:
Radiation Sensor........................................TD-8553
Basic Digital Multimeter...........................SE-9786A p. 250
These three aluminum cans have different surface finishes: silver
(unpainted), white, and flat black. They are 15 cm high and hold about
350 ml of water. Their large thermal mass ensures good results
with both temperature probes and standard glass thermometers. Radiation Sensor
Fill them with cool water and place them outside in the sunlight to TD-8553
investigate the effect of the surface finish on solar heating.
Or place them inside filled with hot water to discover Newton’s A R
 adiation detector
Law of Cooling. (Wireless temperature probes not included.) A T hermopile

Point the Radiation Sensor toward

any object – open the shutter and
read the digital voltmeter to
measure the relative intensity of
the thermal radiation emitted.

Flat Spectral Response:

0.6 to 30 µm

Radiation Sensor...........................................TD-8553
Required:
Basic Digital Multimeter..............................SE-9786A p. 250

Stefan-Boltzmann Lamp
TD-8555
A A high-temperature
radiation source
The temperature of this 12 V
incandescent lamp filament can be
accurately determined by measuring the
The black, white, and silver Radiation Cans are filled with hot water voltage and current that students supply
and allowed to cool. Graphs made in PASCO Capstone. to the lamp (a graph of Temperature vs.
Resistivity is provided).

Radiation Cans (set of three) ........................TD-8570A

Required to measure temperature:
Wireless Temperature Sensor.......................PS-3201 Stefan-Boltzmann Lamp................................. TD-8555
OR Required:
Partial Immersion Thermometer...................SE-9084B p. 201 12 V DC Power Supply – see p. 244

210 more information at pasco.com

 Radiation
Thermal Radiation Laboratory

THERMODYNAMICS
TD-8855

With the Radiation Sensor, a

versatile Radiation Cube, and
the Stefan-Boltzmann Lamp,
four key experiments in thermal
radiation can be performed.
Students begin with a study
of thermal radiation from
different types of surfaces at
the same temperature. The
Thermal Radiation Cube has four
different surfaces that can be
monitored (black matte, white
matte, polished aluminum, and dull
aluminum). The cube is heated electrically
with a 100-watt bulb (its output can be varied). Another important introductory experiment is the Inverse Square Law. The
The thick aluminum walls assure the same temperature Stefan-Boltzmann Lamp uses a special bulb to provide a near-perfect point
on all four walls to within a fraction of a degree. The Radiation source, providing accurate results.
Sensor provides an accurate measure of thermal radiation Finally, students can verify the Stefan-Boltzmann Law for both low and high
throughout the infrared region. Its output is a voltage that temperatures by using the Radiation Cube for the low temperatures and the
is proportional to the intensity of radiation. Stefan-Boltzmann Lamp for the high temperatures.

Typical Experiments

With Teacher’s Guide and Sample Data.

1. Introduction to Thermal Radiation
2. Stefan-Boltzmann Law at Low Temperatures (Rrad = σT4)
3. Inverse Square Law
4. Stefan-Boltzmann Law at High Temperatures

To see the experiments, type the product number

into the search box at www.pasco.com and
download the manual.

Crooke’s Radiometer
SE-7283
Includes A Demonstrates that black surfaces
• Thermal Radiation Cube are better radiators
• Stefan-Boltzmann Lamp
This product consists of a set of vanes,
• Radiation Sensor
each with one shiny side and one black
side, mounted on a spindle in a partially
evacuated glass bulb. When exposed to
the sun or other intense light, the vanes
See opposite page for component details. begin to rotate with the black side trailing.
The black side heats the air next to it more
than the shiny side, so the air pushes harder
on the black side.
Thermal Radiation Laboratory..................TD-8855
Required: Dimensions: Diameter 8 cm; Height 13 cm
Basic Digital Multimeter............................SE-9786A p. 250
Low Voltage Power Supply.......................SF-9584B p. 244
Shown in use with:
2 Meter Patch Cord Set.............................SE-9415A p. 226 Crooke’s Radiometer............................................................................................................ SE-7283

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 211

 Van de Graaff Generator
Van de Graaff Generator, High Voltage
ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

SE-8691
A L arge sphere creates higher voltage
A Sparks up to 35 cm in length
A Large size ideal for demonstrations

The High Voltage Van de Graaff Generator features a 25 cm diameter

sphere that can generate approximately 400,000 volts. The size of the
sphere, its rounded edges, and its height from the demonstration table
contribute to the high voltages generated.
Its large size, long sparks, and high voltages make it ideal for use in larger
rooms or lecture halls. An extra belt is included.

Electric Plume Dimensions:

SE-7232 Sphere
diameter: 25 cm
The lightweight ribbons are Overall height: 74 cm
connected to a stand that rests on
top of the Van de Graaff Generator.
As the generator operates, the
ribbons stand on end, due to the
repulsive force between their like
charges.

Discharge Sphere Electric Whirl

SE-7231 SE-7233

Van de Graaff Replacement

Belt
SE-7355

Replacement Belt...................... SE-7355

Van de Graaff Generator,

High Voltage............................ SE-8691
Electric Plume........................ SE-7232
Discharge Sphere.................. SE-7231
This 25 cm sphere is supported on a When held near the sphere of the
Electric Whirl.......................... SE-7233
Lucite® column with a cast iron base. generator, the spokes are propelled by
Includes cabling for connection to the charge leaving the points. Replacement Supplies:
Van de Graaff Generator or to a ground. Replacement Belt.................. SE-7355

212 more information at pasco.com

 Electrostatics
Classic Electrostatics Materials Kit Electrostatics Materials

ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

SF-9068 SE-6658
Providing the classic introduction to This electrostatics kit
electrostatics, this kit allows students to provides the necessary
rub any of the three rods with rubbing tools to separate positive
cloths to produce a positive or negative and negative charges.
charge. Place the rods on the insulated Students can experiment
pivot stands to investigate electrostatic with different combinations
forces. of cloth and rod materials to
explore how each becomes
charged.

Includes
• Three rods (acrylic, glass, PVC) Includes
• Two insulated pivot stands • 3 fabric cloths (wool, cotton, silk)
• Three rubbing cloths (wool, silk, fur) • 3 rods (glass, ebonite, acrylic)

Classic Electrostatics Materials Kit..................SF-9068 Electrostatics Materials......................................SE-6658

Electroscope Dissectible Leyden Jar

SE-7247 SE-7718
A Acts as a capacitor
Show the amount of charge and the
sign of the charge relative to a standard. This Leyden Jar is designed for classroom
Includes charging ball plus a set of demonstrations and comes with a durable
condenser plates with insulated rod. inner and outer plate, a plastic dielectric,
and instructions. The inner plate has a hook
Ring diameter: 150 mm and ball attached, which makes it easy to
charge with a Van de Graaff Generator or a
charged rod.
Leyden Jar is 3” in diameter and 8” tall.

Electroscope........................... SE-7247

Pith Balls (Pack of 10)

SE-7719
Dissectible Leyden Jar..................................................SE-7718
These threaded pith balls are
coated with a conductive material.
Suspend two pith balls from a rod Coulomb’s Law Apparatus
and charge with the Electrostatic ES-9070
Materials SE-6658. See page 305.

Coming soon!
Check pasco.com for availability.

Pith Balls (Pack of 10)....................................................SE-7719

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 213

 Electrostatics Systems
Basic Electrostatics System
ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

ES-9080B
A Q uantitative electrostatics
A C  omprehensive experiment manual included
A Individual or demonstration use
The PASCO Basic Electrostatics System
includes all the components necessary for
a quantitative investigation into the basics
of electrostatics. With this integrated set of
equipment, students can study:
A  roduction of charges, equal and opposite
P
A Charge by induction
A Principle of the Faraday Ice Pail
A Charge transfer
A Charge distribution in electric fields
A Capacitors and the Q=CV relationship Includes
A Moving charges and current • Basic Electrometer ES-9078A • Conductive Shapes ES-9061
• Charge Producers and Proof Plane ES-9057C • Basic Variable Capacitor ES-9079
• Faraday Ice Pail and Shield ES-9042A • Electrostatics Voltage Source ES-9077

Basic Electrostatics System........ES-9080B • Conductive Spheres, 13 cm ES-9059C • Experiment Manual

Direct Polarity Indication

Basic Electrometer Centered zero scale shows both positive
ES-9078A and negative charges.
The PASCO Basic Electrometer is a quantitative electroscope,
measuring the polarity and magnitude of charged objects.
With almost infinite input resistance (1014 ohm), the
Electrometer is a high-impedance voltmeter, draining
almost no charge from the object it is measuring. Digital Readout

Features Signal
Center-Zero Meter: Output Zero Button
Polarity is indicated directly. To computer
3, 10, 30, and 100 VDC interface Connector for
Switch-Selectable Ranges: Shielded Input Cable
LED lamps indicate the range in use.
Zeroing Switch: For removing all
charge from the input and bringing
the meter to zero. Charge Sensor
Automatic Shutoff: Unit turns off PS-2132
about three hours after being used.
Output compatible with the
Range A Ideal for
850 Universal Interface and
Indicator Range Electrostatics
ScienceWorkshop Interfaces: For
LEDs Adjustment Grounding
recording data or producing a
Switch Jack The Charge Sensor is designed for
demonstration-sized meter display.
Adjust the experiments in electrostatics such as
Battery Operation: Uses four “AA” cells
sensitivity On/Off inductive charging, charge production/
(included). Range indicator lights flash distribution, and charge on a capacitor.
to match the Switch
when batteries need to be replaced. experiment. When used with the Faraday Ice
Pail, the Charge Sensor can measure
Includes the total charge on an object by the
• Shielded input cable to connect the induction method.
Electrometer to the Faraday Ice Pail or The Charge Sensor can also be used as
a high impedance voltmeter (1012 Ω).
other source of charge
• Grounding cable with clip
• Interface cable
Charge Sensor...............PS-2132
• Instruction and experiment manual Basic Electrometer............ES-9078A

214 more information at pasco.com

 Electrostatics Systems
Electrostatics Conductive Spheres Conductive Shapes

ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

Voltage Source ES-9059C ES-9061
ES-9077

30 cm
high 30 cm
high

These Conductive Spheres (two per set)

This compact unit is ideal for performing can be used to store charge or to investigate This set includes a conductive sphere with
experiments in electrostatics. It may be the charge distribution on one or two a hole in it. Demonstrate that static charge
used as a source of charge or to maintain spherical conductors. A terminal on the resides outside the surface of a conductive
an object at a constant potential. bottom of each sphere provides a con­nec­tion sphere by sampling the inside surface with
Output voltages are 1000, 2000, and 3000 point for the power supply. Each sphere is the ball end of the proof plane (on this
VDC for charging spheres, capacitor plates, attached to a heavy base (for stability) with page). Also included is an oblong shape
etc. A 30 VDC source is also provided for an insulating rod. The spheres are 13 cm in for demonstrating the difference in charge
experiments with capacitors. diameter and 30 cm high.
densities on a large-radius surface vs. a
small-radius surface. The whole surface is
Specifications at the same potential, and students seem
Conductive
Output: 30, 1000, 2000, 3000 VDC ±3%, surprised to find that the charge density is
Spheres................................ES-9059C
line regulated greater on the smaller end.
Resistance in Series with Output:
120 MΩ/kV Charge Producers and
Operating Voltage: 115/220, 50/60 Hz Proof Plane Conductive
AC Adapter: 9 VDC ES-9057C Shapes...................................ES-9061

Electrostatics Voltage Faraday Ice Pail

Source................................ ES-9077 The Charge and Shield
Producers create Use the ball end ES-9042A
Basic Variable Capacitor equal positive and to sample
negative charges inside the
ES-9079 when rubbed hollow
together. The Proof sphere.
Plane samples the
charge density from
a charged object. The
charge can then be
measured using the
Electrometer and Faraday Ice Pail.

With the Faraday Ice Pail, students can use

Charge Producers and the Electrometer to measure charge as well
Proof Plane.......................... ES-9057C as potential.
Touch the Proof Plane to the point of
interest on the charged body, then place
Two 18 cm diameter plates allow the
capacitance to be varied from 225 pF to zero Replacement Pad Set the Proof Plane inside the Ice Pail. The
by sliding the movable plate in its 28 cm ES-9056 (for ES-9057C) Electrometer reading will be directly
long track. The sliding plate has adjustment proportional to the charge on the Proof
screws to make the plates parallel to each Plane.
other. Electrical connection studs are located The Faraday Ice Pail is 10 cm in diameter
on each plate. and 15 cm deep. It is made of wire mesh,
A BNC connector cable is provided for Includes so it is easy to see what is going on inside.
connection to an Electrometer. • Artificial leather pads (5) The outside shield has a diameter of 15 cm.
• Blue vinyl pads (5)

Basic Variable Replacement Pad Set............... ES-9056

Capacitor................................. ES-9079 Faraday Ice Pail.....................ES-9042A

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 215

 Electric Field Mapping
Charge, Equipotential, Field Mapper Kit Cork Surface
ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

PK-9023 Use pushpins to hold the paper during

and Field Mapper the experiment.
Conductive Paper
ES-9060 Printed grid makes
measurements
easy.

The Charge, Equipotential, and Field

Mapper is an excellent addition to the
Basic Electrostatics System.
Draw any set of two-dimensional
conductors with the conductive ink. Storage Tray Conductive Pen
Investigate the electric field and the After the lab, everything stores neatly under the corkboard. Draw any shaped charge electrode with
this conductive ink pen.
equipotential field lines between and
Start by investigating standard electrostatic
around the conductive paper to any shape.
Charge it and investigate the distribution of
configurations, such as point sources, Typical
charge on its surface.
dipoles, and capacitors. Then go further. You Experiments
might, for example, investigate whether a
Similar to the Field Mapper Kit, except it person is safe in a car, under a tree, or on 1. Dipoles of Like Charges
includes elec­trom­e­ter probes, a “point top of a flag pole in a thunder storm. Or you 2. Dipoles of Opposite Charges
charge” holder, and larger sheets of might create an electrostatic model of fluid 3. Parallel Plate Capacitor
con­duc­tive paper for in­ves­ti­gat­ing charge flow to show that water flows fastest in the 4. Point Source and Guard Ring
dis­tri­bu­tions on con­duc­tive surfaces. narrowest portion of a hose. (cylindrical capacitor)
5. Floating Electrode
Includes How It Works Plus five more experiments.
•C
 onductive paper for mapping charge With this kit students can map both the To see the experiments,
distributions: 30 x 45 cm (50 sheets) potentials and the electric fields around any type the product number
•C
 onductive paper with cm grid for conceivable system of two-dimensional into the search box at
mapping equipotentials and field charged conductors. www.pasco.com and
gradients: 23 x 30 cm (100 sheets) The procedure is simple: download the manual.
•P
 ushpins (10), connecting wire (1) 1. D
 raw any electrode Includes
and electrometer probes (2) 2. Plot the equipotentials •C onductive paper with cm grid:
3. Plot the electric field 23 x 30 cm (50 sheets)
•C
 onductive ink pen and a circular
• 10 pushpins; three wires
template for drawing conductors Features • Conductive ink pen and circular template
• “Point charge” holder A Complete kit • Plastic tray with corkboard top: 32 x 48 cm
•P
 lastic tray with corkboard top: A Complete manual • Instruction manual with 10 experiments
32 x 48 cm A Measure electric fields directly
A Measure potentials directly
• Manual with 13 experiments
A No mess Field Mapper Kit.................PK-9023
A Inexpensive Required:
A Easy storage Basic Digital
Multimeter...........................SE-9786A p. 216
(or any voltmeter with at
Charge, Equipotential,
and Field Mapper....................... ES-9060
Special Conductive Ink Pen least a 10 MΩ input impedance)
Power Supply.....................SE-8587 p. 244
Replacement Supplies:
PK-9031B (or another low voltage DC power supply
or battery)
Conductive Ink Pen.................... PK-9031B The PASCO Con­duc­tive Silver Ink Pen makes
(limited shelf life of six months; it easy to study field patterns. Draw over 60 Replacement Supplies:
pen is not refillable) meters of patterns with a single pen. Pen Conductive Ink Pen............PK-9031B
shelf life is six months. Not refillable. (limited shelf life of six months; not refillable)
Conductive Paper with grid
Conductive Paper with grid
(50 sheets, 23 x 30 cm).............. PK-9025 (50 sheets, 23 x 30 cm)......PK-9025
Conductive Paper (no grid) Conductive Ink Pen.................. PK-9031B Conductive Paper (no grid)
(100 sheets, 30 x 43 cm)............ PK-9026 *Price may fluctuate with the price of silver. (100 sheets, 30 x 43 cm)....PK-9026

216 more information at pasco.com

 Resistance
Resistance Apparatus Built-in cm scale and

ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

EM-8812 slide wire probe make it easy
to measure the voltage drop Sample wire
across various wire lengths. Wires are held securely
A S lide-wire potentiometer and straight by the wire
guides and lugs.
A M  easure resistance and resistivity
A Four wire diameters, five wire materials
A current is established in a wire of known
diameter, and the voltage drop across a
section of the wire is measured. Students
Slide-wire probe
can calculate the resistance of the wire and Spring-loaded wire probe slides
the resistivity of the material. easily along the wire, making
contact at a single point. Wire
storage
tray
Features Connection
A Vary wire length: Slide-wire potentiometer to DC power
pick-up makes it easy. Use the built-in scale supply
to measure the length of the wire.
A Vary wire diameter: Four different
diameters of brass wire are included.
Investigate the difference between Connection to
resistance and resistivity. Interchange wires The Resistance voltmeter
quickly and easily. Apparatus has a
slide-wire probe to
A Vary wire material: Five different material easily change the
wires are included. Investigate how measured length of the
resistivity depends on the wire material. wire and utilizes a four wire
A Storage: Built-in storage tray holds wires. hook-up to accurately mea-
sure the voltage drop. It comes with four
different brass wire diameters and four
other wire materials.

For this experiment, the

850 Universal Interface
produces a 10 sec voltage
ramp to apply a varying
current through a brass
wire. A graph of Voltage
Drop vs. Current is created,
Graph shows voltage drop across various lengths for
and the slope of this line is
three different material wires. The slope of the line
the resistance of that length
(along with wire diameter and current) is used to
of wire.
calculate the resistivity of the material.

Includes Resistance Apparatus.........................................EM-8812

Two each of the following
Shown in use with:
•30 cm long wires:
850 Universal Interface.......................................UI-5000 p. 26
Copper (1.0 mm diameter) Voltage Sensor.....................................................UI-5100 p. 54
Aluminum (1.0 mm diameter) 2 m Patch Cord Set..............................................SE-9415A p. 226
Stainless Steel (1.0 mm diameter) Recommended:
Nichrome (1.0 mm diameter) Galvanometer Sensor.........................................PS-2160 p. 57
Brass (0.5 mm, 0.8 mm, 1.0 mm, 1.3 mm diameter) Replacement Wires.............................................EM-8813

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 217

 Circuits
PASCO Modular Circuits
ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

Basic Modular Circuits Kit

EM-3535
Believe it or not, these
two circuits are the same.
Essential Physics Which would be easier
Modular Circuits Kit for your students to
EM-3536 understand?
A P
uts learning first
A Eliminates confusing wires
A Easy-to-connect modules
These circuit modules are designed specifically for
introductory circuits classes. For students who have
never wired a circuit, this modular system makes it
easy for them to see the layout because it ends up
looking like a circuit diagram.

Each module connects mechanically to another by

sliding the tabs into each other. It works on any
tabletop. No special surface is required. To electrically
connect two modules, students insert a jumper clip,
which emphasizes that an electrical connection has
been made. The large size of the modules (8 cm x 8
cm) enables all the students around the table to see
and understand the completed circuit.

Students learn the correct way to insert an ammeter into a circuit: First they remove one
of the straight wire modules from their circuit and then they replace it with the Wireless
Current Sensor Module. Since the Current Sensor Module is in the same form factor as
the other modules, it naturally fits in series with the circuit components. The fact that the
Current Sensor is wireless helps the pedagogy: There is only one way in and one way out
of the Current Sensor. There are no extra wires coming out of it to confuse students.

The voltage and current are read on a tablet using

SPARKvue or on a computer using Capstone.

The Wireless Voltage Sensor is not in the same form

because it is used to clip on across the components.
The jumper clips between modules make a convenient
place to clip on the Voltage Sensor leads.

To electrically connect two modules, students insert a jumper clip,

which emphasizes that an electrical connection has been made.

218 more information at pasco.com

 Circuits

ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

Each module connects mechanically
to another by sliding the tabs into
each other.

Since the Current Sensor Module is in the same form factor as the other modules,
it naturally fits in series with the circuit components.

Wireless Current Sensor Module EM-3534 (included in EM-3536)

Specifications
A Two ranges: ±1A, ±0.1A
A Resolution: 0.2mA (±1A range); 0.02mA (±0.1A range)
A Bluetooth® sampling rate of 1 kHz
A Higher speed sampling via USB To make them visible, many of the
components are mounted on top of
A Includes remote logging the module or in a well for protection.

See Expansion Pack (EM-3540) on page 220

for extra modules and replacement parts.

There are two kits.

The Basic Kit has enough modules to do the five basic experiments listed below. The Essential Kit has more modules,
includes the Wireless Current Sensor Module and Wireless Voltage Sensor, and has 12 experiments.

Basic Circuit Kit Experiments Essential Circuit Kit Experiments

• Ohm’s Law • Ohm’s Law • Electromagnets
• Series/Parallel Circuits • Series/Parallel Circuits • Electromagnetic Induction
• Batteries and Bulbs Circuits • Kirchhoff’s Laws • RC and RL circuits
• Switches/Open/Closed Circuits • Batteries and Bulbs Circuits • Variable Resistance
• Electric Power and Energy • Switches/Open/Closed Circuits • LED Circuits
• Electric Power and Energy • Electric Motors

Includes
Basic Essential
Module EM-3535 EM-3536
Straight 4 5
Corner 4 4
Resistor 2 3
Light Bulb 2 3
Tee 2 2
Battery Holder (batteries not included) 2 2
SPST 1 1
Capacitor 1 1
Spring Clips 1 1
Inductor 0 1
Each kit comes in a Gratnells® case with trays that organize the modules.
Motor 0 1
LED 0 1
Potentiometer 0 1 Basic Modular Circuit Kit .............................. EM-3535
SPDT Switch 0 1
Essential Physics Modular Circuit Kit ......... EM-3536
Bar Magnet 0 1
Required:
Wireless Voltage Sensor 0 1
2 AA Batteries
Wireless Current Sensor Module 0 1
Required for EM-3536:
Extra Jumpers 15 15
Loose Components for PASCO Capstone Software
Spring Clips 5 5 or SPARKvue Software...................................See pages 18-20
Gratnells® Case 1 1 Also available separately:..............................
Experiments (download) 5 12 Wireless Current Sensor Module.................EM-3534
Wireless Voltage Sensor................................PS-3211

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 219

 Circuits
Modular Circuits Expansion Pack
ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

EM-3540
This expansion pack supplies extra modules found in
both the Basic and Essential Physics Modular Circuits
Kits (EM-3535 and EM-3536). It also includes a Banana
Jack Terminals module for powering your circuits with an
external power supply or signal generator. It also includes
a storage case with custom foam insert.

Includes
• Spring Clips (1)
• Straight (2)
Coming soon!
• Tee (2) Check pasco.com for availability.
• Corner (2)
Modular Circuits Expansion Pack ................................EM-3540
• Light Bulb (1)
• Battery Holder (1) (battery not included) Recommended:
• Jumper Clips (15) Basic Modular Circuits...................................................EM-3535 pp. 218-219
Essential Physics Modular Circuits..............................EM-3536 pp. 218-219
• Banana Jack Terminals (1)
• Gratnells® Storage Case Replacements:
Replacement Bulbs for Modular Circuits (Qty 25).....EM-3541
Replacement Jumper Clips (Qty 15).............................EM-3542

Resistors for Determining Temperature Coefficient

Determine the temperature coefficient for the resistivity of various materials. Measure the change in resistance
of these wire-wound resistors as they are immersed in different temperature non-conductive liquids (boiling or ice
water or liquid nitrogen). The wire is wound on Plexiglas® tubes that are fitted with sockets for safety plugs. We
recommend an ohmmeter that can read to 0.01 Ω (such as SE-8792, see order information below).

SE-8792

SF-7214

SF-7215
SF-7213 LN2

Specifications
Dimensions: 20 x 180 mm diameter
Resistors for Determining Temp Coefficient/Copper.................. SF-7213
The resistance values below are measured at 20°C:
Resistors for Determining Temp Coefficient/Constantan ......... SF-7214
Copper, approx. 1.8 Ω Resistors for Determining Temp Coefficient/Nickel .................. SF-7215
Constantan, approx. 46.7 Ω Required:
Nickel, approx. 8.7 Ω Digital LCR Meter.............................................................................. SE-8792 p. 251

220 more information at pasco.com

 Circuits
Charge/Discharge Circuit

ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

EM-8678A
The Charge/Discharge Circuit offers a unique way
to observe and measure the behavior of DC circuits
including batteries, capacitors, light bulbs, and resistors.
It also includes an open slot that allows a component to 1F Capacitor
be inserted for further experimentation.

Light Bulbs

Resistors

Works Like a Variable DC Power Supply

Charge the capacitor using batteries and then
the capacitor will act as a variable DC power
source as you discharge it through a resistor
or light bulb. Students measure the voltage
and current as the capacitor discharges, and
they can graph the relationship between voltage
and current for various components.

Batteries
(not included)

Charge/Discharge
Switch

Voltage vs. Current for a 33 Ω resistor, a 10 Ω resistor, and a light bulb.

Note the non-linearity for the bulb. Data was recorded in PASCO Capstone
using a 550 Universal Interface, Voltage Sensor (UI-5100) and a Wireless
Current Sensor (PS-3212).

Includes
• 1 Farad Capacitor
• #14 Light Bulbs (3)
• 10 Ω Resistor Charge/Discharge Circuit................................ EM-8678A
• 33 Ω Resistor Recommended:
• 100 Ω Resistor #14 Light Bulbs (25 pack)..................................EM-8627 p. 228
• Battery Holders (uses AA or AAA; batteries not included) 4-pack “AA” Batteries (not included)
• Double-Throw Knife Switch Wireless Current Sensor..................................PS-3212 p. 11
Wireless Voltage Sensor..................................PS-3211 p. 11
• Instruction Manual
PASCO Capstone Software.......................................................pp. 70-73

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 221

 Circuits
AC/DC Electronics Light Bulbs Iron
ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

Push-button Switch and Sockets Potentiometer Core

Laboratory
EM-8656

A S tand-alone operation
A C  omputer compatible
A Includes coil and iron core

Coil
The AC/DC Electronics Laboratory dynamically
teaches the basics of AC/DC circuits. Students
can use this kit with an 850 or 550 or as a stand-
Banana
alone unit with batteries. The storage tray holds
Jacks
all included components, reducing the chance of
For computer
losing capacitors, resistors, etc. Two D batteries connection
(not included) are required for stand-alone use.

Experiments

Battery Holder Component Springs

Hold circuit components securely.

Includes
• 18 cm x 25 cm circuit board
• Resistors (24) (4.7 Ω–220 kΩ, 5%, 0.25-5 W)
• Capacitors (7) (1 µF – 330 µF)
• Diodes (6), Transistors (2), and LEDs (4)
The AC/DC Electronics Laboratory can be • Wire leads (22 gauge)
used as a stand-alone electricity learning • Push-button switch
center.
• Storage tray and laboratory manual
Students study how the resistance of a light • Battery holders (2)
bulb filament changes as it heats up. The Using PASCO Capstone and a Voltage • Light sockets (3) and lamps (3)
graph below displays Voltage vs. Current for Sensor, students can measure the • 25 Ω, 2 W potentiometer (1)
an incandescent light bulb. It is clear that electromotive force (EMF) created when
the resistance is not linear but changes as • Component connectors (36)
a magnet is dropped through a coil.
the bulb begins to glow. • Transistor socket (1)
By integrating the voltage-time graph,
students can also measure the changes in • 8.2 to 19 mH coil and iron core
magnetic flux created by the magnet.

To see the experiments, type the

product number into the search AC/DC Electronics Laboratory.................... EM-8656
box at www.pasco.com and Electronic Components –
download the manual. AC/DC Electricity........................................... EM-8668

222 more information at pasco.com

 Circuits
Basic Electricity

ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

Circuit Experiment
EM-8622 Components Set
Board
A Durable, easy-to-use kits With this board and the
included components,
A Explore basic electronics students can build a
A Complete lab manual variety of basic circuits,
from resistors in series
These simple kits provide a strong foundation for future and parallel to a simple
studies in electronics. They take students from the basics amplifier.
of Ohm’s Law through simple series and parallel circuit
analysis and into some elementary aspects of electronics,
where they will build circuits using capacitors, transistors,
and diodes. One kit per two students is recommended,
giving each student his or her own circuit board.

Includes
Two Circuit Boards with the
following features: Low Voltage
• Battery holders: (2) Two D batteries provide
• Resistor: (1) 3.3 Ω, 2 W all the power needed
Unique Spring (batteries not included).
• Light sockets: (3) with 3 bulbs (#14)
• Potentiometer: (1) 25 Ω, 2 W Connectors
Twist them, bend them,
• Spring connectors: (32) push on them:
• Transistor socket: (1) no damage done.
• Storage tube for holding components These connectors will
(components stay with the kit longer) still hold components
Components Package containing: and wires securely.
• Resistors: (23) (10 Ω - 220 kΩ, 5%, 1/2 W)
• Capacitors: (4) (100 µf, 330 µf)
• Diodes: (2) Innovative physics textbooks and PASCO physics products
• Transistors: (2) Matter & Interactions is a two-volume textbook and curriculum by Ruth Chabay and Bruce
• Wire leads: 22 gauge Sherwood, published by Wiley & Sons. It is intended for science and engineering students
taking calculus-based introductory university physics. For more information on purchasing
Typical these textbooks, visit www.wiley.com.
Experiments
With Teacher’s Guide and Sample Data Electric and Magnetic Interactions
1. Getting Acquainted Electric and Magnetic Interactions (Vol. 2 of 2) continues the emphasis
2. Series vs. Parallel Circuits on atomic-level descriptions and analysis and modeling physical systems.
3. Ohm’s Law Electrostatics and circuit phenomena are treated as one integrated
subject. The Desktop Electricity Kit allows students to carry out just-in-
4. Resistances in Circuits
time desktop experiments on electrostatics, magnetism, and circuits.
5. Voltages in Circuits
6. Currents in Circuits
7. Kirchhoff’s Rules (nodes and loops) Desktop Electricity Kit EM-8675
8. Capacitors in Circuits Desktop experiment kit includes
9. Diodes • Capacitor 1F, 2.5 V
10. Transistors • Resistor 47 Ω, 0.5 W
To see the experiments, type the • Resistor 100 Ω, 0.5 W
product number into the search • Lamp Holder T3-1/4 (qty 2)
box at www.pasco.com and • #48 Miniature Lamp 2.0 V, 0.6 A (qty 2)
download the manual. • Incandescent Lamp 2.5 V, 0.3 A (qty 2)
• Battery Holder
• Alkaline Battery D-cell (qty 2)
When used in tandem with the
Basic Electricity Laboratory Electric and Magnetic Interactions • Bar Magnet (0.375” x 1”)
(2 boards)..............................EM-8622 textbook, this kit gives students • Compass, Liquid Filled
Required: the conceptual tools to further • Wire-Red 22AWG (6 ft)
“D” Cell Batteries their understanding of electric • Alligator Clip Leads (12”) (qty 7)
Basic Digital and magnetic interactions. While • Nichrome Wire #26 (18”)
Multimeters (2)........................ SE-9786A p. 250 its components look simple, they • Nichrome Wire #30 (18”)
Replacement Supplies: provide hands-on opportunities
Light Bulbs (#14, 25 pack)...... EM-8627 for students to build powerful
Electronic Components – conceptual models. Desktop Electricity Kit...................... EM-8675
Basic Electricity Lab............... EM-8663

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 223

 Circuits
CASTLE “2005” Curriculum Carbon Resistors
ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

Capacitor-aided system for teaching and learning electricity These impede flow similar to low resistance bulbs, but
don’t glow and divert attention to role as energy sinks.
A C
 omplete electricity curriculum
Battery Holder
A Redesigned sections to facilitate beginning Securely holds batteries and yet makes
CASTLE curriculum in grade 8 or 9 them visible so their function within
the circuit is evident.
CASTLE Kit High-Quality Compass
(for 2 students) EM-8624A Non-invasive monitoring of
movement in wires enables
Economy CASTLE Kit students to visualize the
(for 8 students) EM-8654 direction of charge flow.
Miniature
The CASTLE™ Approach Light Bulbs
CASTLE is a high school electricity Different shaped
curriculum that leads students from initial bulbs have
naive ideas to an increasingly expert Screw Sockets different
understanding of electrical phenomena. A and Stands resistance
sequence of self-guided experiments uses Stands provide a sturdy values.
large capacitors and transient bulb lighting support for bulbs and are
to help students confront misconceptions, easy to quickly connect
grasp the physics of current propulsion, and into a circuit. Wires with Alligator Clips
build intuitive explanatory models. These 10 color-differentiated wires make
25,000 µf Capacitor circuit connections quick and easy—
Provides the foundation for this no soldering or wire-twisting required.
Typical intuitive introduction to current
Experiments electricity.
Core Curriculum investigates Auxiliary Equipment for Auxiliary Equipment for
1. What is happening in the wires? Core Curriculum Advanced Curriculum
2. What do the bulbs do to moving
charge?
3. Where does the moving charge 3
originate? 2
4. What makes charge move in a circuit? 1
5. How do wires distribute electric
pressure in a circuit? The Mini Generator (1) enables students to Bi-color LEDs detect electric vectors in
6. How are values of circuit variables distinguish charge circulation from energy electromagnetic fields produced in these
measured? transfer. The 100,000 µf Capacitor (2) coils (3) by accelerating charge when
Advanced Curriculum investigates lengthens the time scale of transient bulb current is turned on and turned off.
7. Does all matter contain charge? lighting.
What are electrons?
8. What is the cause of distant action The Kits
effects?
9. What pushes on tiny charge carriers Each CASTLE Kit includes all the materials
like electrons? needed (except for three D batteries) for CASTLE Kit...................................EM-8624A
10. How do semiconductors work? two students to work through a complete Three “D” batteries are required per kit, (not included).
What is AC? introduction to basic electricity. Each
Economy CASTLE Kit..................EM-8654
11. How do motors and generators work? Economy CASTLE Kit includes all the
materials needed (except batteries) for 12 “D” batteries are required per kit, (not included).
12. How are magnetic and
electromagnetic fields produced? eight students. Recommended:
Mini Generator............................SE-8645 p. 232
To see the experiments, type Materials Included in Each Kit Capacitor (0.1 F)..........................EM-8655
the product number into the Component CASTLE Economy (Minimum of two each per class)
search box at www.pasco.com Kit Kit Primary and Secondary
and download the manual. Coils...............................................SE-8653A p. 236
25,000 µF capacitor 1 4
(20 V, nonpolar) (Minimum of two each per advanced class)
The Curriculum Guide Replacement Supplies:
#14 light bulbs (round) 4 25
Download the Manuals FREE. #48 light bulbs (oblong) 6 25 We recommend the purchase of one EM-8627 and
Download the CASTLE Curriculum Guide for 10 Ohm resistor 4 16 one EM-8628 spare bulb set for every five CASTLE
FREE. At www.pasco.com just type CASTLE Kits, or for every Economy CASTLE Kit.
in the search box and click GO! Miniature light bulb 4 16
sockets and stands Light Bulbs (#14, 25 pack)..........EM-8627
The teacher’s manual helps teachers put the
Wires with alligator clips 10 40 Light Bulbs (#48, 25 pack)..........EM-8628
CASTLE Kits to the best possible use. The
student manual has investigations for each Battery holder 1 4 Light Bulb Sockets (10 pack)....EM-8630
stated experiment, plus commentaries to (spring-loaded) Liquid-filled Compasses
prepare students for labs, as well as summary High-quality compass 1 4 (5 pack).........................................EM-8631A
exercises to reinforce the lab experience. Storage box 1 0 Capacitors (0.025 F, 2 pack).......EM-8632

224 more information at pasco.com

 Circuits
Resistor Capacitor Inductor Network RLC Circuit

ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

UI-5210 CI-6512
Board components can be used to investigate Kirchhoff’s circuit
laws, Ohm’s Law, RC circuits, and A.C. LRC circuit theory with
resonant frequencies between 55 kHz and 135 kHz, depending
on values used. (Designed for the 850 Universal Interface)

This board offers

a unique set of
com­po­nents for
Banana Connectors Measure Voltage Drop
demonstrating:
Across Component
A Voltage/Current Phase Relationships
A RLC Resonance
A Non-Ohmic Characteristics; components include resistors,
capacitors, and an inductor coil.

Phase relationships can be

studied between voltage
across the capacitor, resistor,
and inductor.

Test Points

Shrouded Banana Plug

The circuit board

accepts patch cords
with shrouded
banana terminals.

Shown in use with the

850 Universal Interface
power amplifier. Both
the applied voltage and
the resulting current are
measured directly by
the 850.

The 550 or 850 Interface can measure current and

voltage as well as provide power to the RLC Circuit.
Resistor Capacitor Inductor
component board includes
• Two inductors: 6.8 mH; 2.5 mH
• Two capacitors: 3900 pF, 560 pF
• Four resistors: 47 kΩ, 3.3 kΩ, and two 1.0 kΩ.

Resistor Capacitor Inductor Network...............................UI-5210 RLC Circuit..............................................................................CI-6512

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 225

 Patch Cords
Banana plug cord sets 30 cm, 75 cm, and 2 m lengths
ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

These stackable patch cords come in four

convenient lengths. The grips are made of soft
plastic for flexible strain relief. Spring connectors
rotate in the grips, reducing wear due to friction.

Shown in use with UI-5210 circuit board.

See page 225 for more information.

2 Meter Patch
Cord Set
SE-9415A Long Patch
Two each of black and
red; 2 m long Cords
SE-9750, SE-9751
75 cm long, available
in red or black

2 Meter Patch Cord Set.....................................................SE-9415A

Patch Cord Jumper Set

EM-9737 (set of 5)
15 cm long,
Red (set of 5).....................................................................SE-9750
available
Black (set of 5).................................................................SE-9751
in black only

Shrouded Long Patch

Cords
Patch Cord and Jumper Set (set of 5)............................ EM-9737
EM-9740, EM-9745
Short Patch Cords 75 cm long, five black or five red. Terminals are shrouded
banana plugs. Maximum rating: 600 VDC, 10 Amps.
SE-7123
30 cm long,
two each red, EM-9740
yellow, blue,
black

Short Patch Cords (set of 8)............................................. SE-7123

Alligator Clip Leads

EM-8634 (10 pack) EM-9745

Use these 30 cm long Alligator

Clip Leads for almost any
application — from hooking up
instruments to bread boarding
circuits. They come in sets of 10:
two each of yellow, white, red,
green and black.

Red (set of 5)....................................................................... EM-9740

Alligator Clip Leads (set of 10)........................ EM-8634 Black (set of 5)................................................................... EM-9745

226 more information at pasco.com

 Circuit Components
Alligator Clip Resistors and Capacitors

ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

Adapters
Resistor Pack (10 ea.) EM-8784
SE-9756 (10 pack)
10 Ω, 100 Ω, 330 Ω, 560 Ω,
Convert banana plugs into
1000 Ω, 3300 Ω, 10 kΩ, 22 kΩ,
alligator clips with this set of 10
100 kΩ, 220 kΩ, 330 kΩ.
adapters. The 4 mm banana plug
clips are bright tin-plated steel.
Includes five red and five black.
Resistors

Alligator Clip Adapters

(set of 10).......................................................................SE-9756

Shrouded Alligator Capacitor Pack (10 ea.) EM-8785

Clip Adapters 1 µF, 10 µF, 47 µF, 100 µF,
SE-9758 330 µF, 470 µF.

(10 pack)
Capacitors
For use with both regular
and shrouded banana
plugs.
Includes five red and five
black adapters.

Resistor Pack...................................................................... EM-8784

Shrouded Alligator Clip Adapters
(set of 10)......................................................................SE-9758 Capacitor Pack................................................................... EM-8785

Spade-to-Banana Adapters Capacitors

EM-8629 0.1 F
EM-8655 (0.1 F)
(10 pack)
EM-8632 (0.025 F)
For use with both regular and SE-8626 (1.0 F)
shrouded banana plugs.
0.025 F
Includes five red and five black
adapters.

1.0 F
Spade-to-Banana Adapter
(10 pack).......................................................................EM-8629

EM-8655:
Shrouded Alligator Test Leads (0.1 F) Electrolytic, bipolar, 10 V capacitor with screw
terminals, 4.5 cm diameter, 14 cm long.
PS-3544
(Set of 2) EM-8632:
(0.025 F) Electrolytic, bipolar, 25 V capacitor with screw
These test leads are included terminals, 5 cm diameter, 8 cm long. Contains two capacitors.
with the Wireless Voltage Sensor
(PS-3211). They can also be used SE-8626:
with the Wireless Current Sensor (1.0 F) Electrolytic, bipolar, 5 V capacitor.
(PS-3212).
Includes one red and one black lead.

Capacitors 0.1 F.........................................................EM-8655

Shrouded Alligator Test Leads 0.025 F (2 pack).....................................EM-8632
(set of 2)........................................................................PS-3544 1.0 F.........................................................SE-8626

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 227

 Basic Circuits
Circuit Components
ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

Use these stand-alone components to build your own circuits.

Investigate series and parallel combinations of bulbs and batteries using components detailed below.

Series/Parallel Battery Light Bulb Sockets Switch Set

Holder EM-8630 EM-8815 (6 pack)
SE-8799 (10 pack) This single-pole
Miniature socket has a plastic base with single-throwknife
This unique battery holder allows “D” cell spring-loaded metal clips to hold wire leads. switch has screw
batteries to be easily connected in both Accepts screw-type miniature bulbs. terminals and a Bakelite™ base. Through-holes
series and parallel. Metal extensions on both Includes ten sockets. allow for mounting base to another surface.
sides of the holder are also convenient for
use with alligator clips.
Switch Set (SPST) 6 pack..........EM-8815

Series – Use the

snaps to connect
Alligator Clip Leads
the batteries EM-8634 (10 pack)
end to end. Use these 30 cm long Alligator
Light Sockets (10 pack).............. EM-8630
Clip Leads for almost any
application — from hooking
Light Bulbs up instruments to bread
boarding circuits. They come
EM-8627: 2.5 V, 0.3 A bulbs (25 bulbs.) in sets of 10: two each of
EM-8628: 2.0 V, 0.06 A bulbs. (25 bulbs.) yellow, white, red, green and black.

Parallel – Use
EM-8814: 7.5 V, 0.22 A bulbs. (25 bulbs.)
the metal slides to use Screw-type base, suitable for use with Alligator Clip Leads
EM-8630 Sockets. (set of 10)................................. EM-8634
the batteries side by side.

Replacement Bulbs
EM-8679 (5 pack)

Series/Parallel Battery Holder

The Replacement
(10 pack)...........................................SE-8799
Bulbs (5 pack) is a
Recommended: replacement part for the:
Light Bulbs (#14, 25 pack)..............EM-8627
• Series/Parallel Circuit (EM-8677)
Light Bulb Sockets (10 pack)........EM-8630 2.5 V, 0.3 A (25 pack #14)............ EM-8627
Alligator Clip Leads (set of 10)......EM-8634 • Introductory Optics System (OS-8500)
2.0 V, 0.6 A (25 pack #48)............ EM-8628
7.5 V, 0.22 A (25 pack #50).......... EM-8814
Replacement Bulbs
(5 pack).................................... EM-8679

228 more information at pasco.com

 Voltage
Voltaic Cell

ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

SE-7249
A Learn how batteries work
A Includes different types of electrodes

A basic student voltaic cell set is ideal for demonstrating the

characteristics of battery cells. Set includes one plastic cell, complete
with a screw-on plastic ring, two adjustable electrode holders, porous
ceramic cup and ten electrodes (one each of aluminum, nickel, tin,
graphite, iron, and copper, and two each of lead and zinc).

Electrolyte (such as vinegar) is not included.

Voltaic Cell .......................................................................... SE-7249

Suggested:
Basic Digital Multimeter.................................................... SE-9786A

Basic Digital Multimeter Precision Digital Multimeter, Component

SE-9786A Tester, and Thermometer
This basic meter
SB-9631B
includes all functions This is an excellent general
and ranges needed for purpose multimeter that features
most in­tro­ducto­r y lab high-ac­cu­ra­cy overload pro­tec­tion
work. on all ranges and a built-in digital
ther­mom­e­ter. It can measure
Features capacitance and transistor
gain (hFE).
A 20 A range
A Backlit display with
25 mm digits
Specifications
A Soft rubber boot for
DC Voltage: 200 mV, 2 V, 20 V, 200 V, 1000 V; ± (0.5% + 1 digit)
drop protection
10 M Ω input impedance
A Built-in tilt stand
AC Voltage: 200 mV, 2 V, 20 V, 200 V; ± (1% + 4 digits) 750 V; ± (1.5%
A Type K thermometer built in for + 4 digits) 10 M Ω input impedance
surface or air measurements
DC Current: 200 µA, 2 mA, 20 mA, 200 mA; ± (1% + 1 digit)
A Auto power off saves battery life
AC Current: 200 µA, 2 mA, 20 mA, 200 mA; ± (1.2% + 4 digits)
Resistance: 200 Ω; ± (1% + 3 digits) 2 kΩ, 20 kΩ, 200 kΩ, 2 MΩ;
± (0.8% + 1 digit) 20 M Ω; ± (3% + 3 digit)
Specifications Capacitance: 20 nF, 200 nF, 2 µF, 20 µF, 200 µF; ± (3% + 10 digits)
DC Voltage: 0.1 mV to 600 V with ±0.5% accuracy Temperature: -4° to 1400°F; -4°F to 900°F; ±2.0% reading + 4°F;
AC Voltage: 1 mV to 600 V with ±0.3% accuracy 900°F to 1,400°F; ±3.0% reading + 4°F
DC Current: 0.1 μA to 20 A Additional Functions: Diode test, transistor hFE, audible continuity test,
fold-out stand
AC Current: 0.1 mA to 20 A
Display: 3-1/2 digit LCD display, 17 mm high digits, polarity indication, low
Resistance: 0.1 Ω to 20 MΩ
battery indication
Additional Functions: Input fuse protection, audible
Drop Resistant
and visible misconnection signals, data hold freezes
display reading Power: 200-hour life on 9 V alkaline (battery included).
Test leads, temperature probe and battery are included.
Display: 3-1/2 digit display with 25 mm digits, polarity
indication, low battery indication
Power: 9 V battery (included)
Precision Digital Multimeter............................................................. SB-9631B
Replacement Supplies:
Basic Digital Multimeter............................SE-9786A Thermocouple Probe.......................................................................... SB-9632

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 229

 Generators
Energy Transfer Generator Transparent Case
ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

ET-8771B
Coil Rod Clamp
A T
 ransfers gravitational potential
energy to electrical energy
A O
 pen design: 19 mm neodymium
magnet can be seen spinning
between the two coils
A R
 eal-time computer measurement
of output power
Magnet

5.2 cm
PASCO’s Energy Transfer Generator demonstrates
the conversion of gravitational potential energy into
electrical energy as a falling weight turns a magnet
between two coils. The open design permits easy Power Output
identification of the essential parts of the generator.
The supplied lamp or load resistor can be plugged
into the output banana jacks. A Voltage/Current
Sensor can be used to measure the generated Three-Step Pulley
current, voltage, and power.

By wrapping the string around different-sized steps

on the three-step pulley, the generator will spin at
different speeds. The smaller the pulley radius, the
slower the weight falls and the greater percentage
of the potential energy is converted to electrical
energy.
Hooked Mass
The AC power generated by spinning the shaft by (not included)
hand easily lights the included red-green LED. The
LED goes from red to green, indicating the direction
of the current.

The built-in rod clamp is used to mount the

generator on a rod stand.

Case Dimensions: 8.7 x 4.4 x 3.6 cm

Energy Transfer Generator............................... ET-8771B

Recommended:
2 Meter Patch Cord Set.................................... SE-9415A p. 226
Includes
Hydro Accessory............................................... ET-8772 p. 231
• Generator with three-step pulley
Hooked Mass Set............................................... SE-8759 p. 197
• Red-green LED mounted on plug
Large Rod Base.................................................. ME-8735 p. 186
• 100-ohm load resistor mounted on plug Steel Rod (90 cm)............................................... ME-8738 p. 186
• Spool of thread No Bounce Pad.................................................. SE-7347 p. 194
Required for use with PASPORT:
Voltage/Current Sensor.................................... PS-2115 p. 56

230 more information at pasco.com

 Generator Accessories
Energy Transfer Energy Transfer Hydro Accessory

ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

Wind Turbine ET-8772
ET-8783 A Demonstrates hydroelectric
power generation
A Open design gives view of
spinning turbine and water stream
A Falling water lights an LED

Attach this clear propeller to the Energy Transfer

Generator for a complete wind energy turbine.
Students will better understand the process
of electrical energy production from wind after
using the turbine.

The Hydro Accessory is used with the Energy Transfer Generator to demonstrate how falling
water generates electricity. The gravitational potential energy of the water is converted into
electrical energy as the falling water turns the turbine. The water can be supplied using the
optional Water Reservoir. The water that has passed through the turbine is caught in a beaker
and measured to determine the total mass that has fallen.
The water nozzle size and angle can be adjusted to optimize performance. By changing the
height of the Water Reservoir, different efficiencies are achieved.

Power data as water falls

from the reservoir through
the turbine

Includes
• Turbine housing
• Plastic turbine (4 cm diameter)
• Water nozzles (5)
• Tubing (2 m long)
• Plastic hose clamp
• Screwdriver for attaching Hydro Accessory to Generator

Energy Transfer Hydro Accessory......................................... ET-8772

Includes Required:
• Fan Energy Transfer Generator...................................................... ET-8771B
• Mounting hardware
Recommended:
Water Reservoir........................................................................ME-8594 p. 195
Large Rod Base.........................................................................ME-8735 p. 186
Energy Transfer Wind Turbine........ET-8783 Steel Rod (90 cm)......................................................................ME-8738 p. 186
Required: Three-Finger Clamp..................................................................SE-9445 p. 188
Energy Transfer Generator..............ET-8771B 1000 ml Beaker (6 pack)...........................................................SE-7288 p. 195

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 231

 Motor/Generators
Demonstration Motor/Generator Set
ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

SF-7216
A H and-crank generator
A A  C and DC generators
A DC motor
This sturdy kit clearly demonstrates single-phase
AC and DC generators and DC motors. The
brushes can be adjusted on the commutator to
convert the generator from AC to DC.

Includes
• Coil holder with commutator
Used as a generator, crank the handle to light a
• Coil, 800 windings
bulb or display the generated voltage on a meter.
• Laminated core
• Commutator contact spring (2)
• Base rail: 37 cm long
• Carrier with 10 mm diameter hole (4)
Use a DC power supply (or 850
• Magnet mount (2) Universal Interface output) to power
• Bar magnets (2): 100 x 10 x 10 mm the DC motor.
• Manual drive pulley
• Drive belts, set of 4 different
• Instructions

Demonstration Motor/Generator Set........ SF-7216

Required:
DC Power Supply ......................................... SE-9720A p. 244
or
850 Universal Interface................................ UI-5000 p. 26
Patch Cords................................................... SE-9750 p. 226
Basic Digital Multimeter.............................. SE-9786A p. 250

Mini Generator Capacitor (1 Farad)

SE-8645 SE-8626 (1.0 F)

The Mini Generator produces up to 6 volts DC for basic experiments in electricity, Electrolytic, bipolar, 5 1.0 F capacitor. Charge
electromagnetism, and electrolysis. It replaces the usual power supply with a device up this capacitor with the Mini Generator
that students can see, operate, and understand. and then let go of the crank. The handle will
continue to rotate in the same direction as
the capacitor discharges.

Mini Generator......................................................................... SE-8645

Recommended:
Capacitor (1 Farad) (see below)............................................ SE-8626
Light Bulb Sockets (10 pack)................................................. EM-8630
Light Bulbs #50
1.0 F Capacitor........................ SE-8626
7.5 V (25 pack).......................................................................... EM-8814

232 more information at pasco.com

 Induction
Ring Launcher

ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

EM-8817
A E  lectromagnetic induction
A S  hoots ring 2 meters high Aluminum
A Improved design with thermal shutoff Ring
This Ring Launcher has been optimized to maximize safety by enclosing all Launches
wiring inside the case. A thermal shutoff switch protects the coil by preventing up 2 meters
overheating.
Includes a coil with a bulb that lights by induction when the coil is placed over
the launcher core. Also includes five rings: one split aluminum ring that will not
launch, one copper ring, one shorter aluminum ring, and two regular length
aluminum rings. Iron Core

A classic demonstration
In this demo, an aluminum ring is propelled straight up by the Lorentz force Rod Clamp
that arises from the interaction between the alternating magnetic field of the is attached to
coil and the current induced in the ring. Coil the back for
attaching to a
For great demo ideas using the PASCO Ring Launcher, check out James ring stand.
Lincoln’s AAPT video. James explains how the Ring Launcher works and walks
you through all the classic demonstrations. Power
Indicator
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G0sTOcyhcFM
Light

Launch
Switch

Ring Launcher design ideas contributed

by Carl Schneider and John Ertel from
the U.S. Naval Academy.

Overheat Light

EM-8817 Includes
• Launcher
• Coil with Light Bulb
• Split Aluminum Ring
• Aluminum Ring (2)
• Short Aluminum Ring
• Copper Ring

Lighting a bulb connected to

a coil by induction; coil
and bulb are included in Ring
Launcher Accessories.

Ring Launcher with Accessories (120 VAC only)................................ EM-8817

Also available:
Ring Launcher without Accessories..................................................... EM-8661
Replacement:
Ring Launcher Accessories.................................................................... EM-8662

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 233

 Magnetisim
Magnetic Demonstration System
ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

EM-8644B
Demonstrate:
A Magnetic damping
A Diamagnetism and paramagnetism
A Magnetic force on a current-carrying wire swing
This all-in-one demonstration system includes the
Variable Gap Magnet (EM-8618) and the Magnetic Force
Accessory (EM-8642A), both on the opposite page.

Demonstrate
 M
 agnetic Damping
Swing the solid aluminum paddle through
the gap and it stops dead, the motion Includes
damped due to eddy currents. Now try the • Variable Gap Magnet • Glass rod
slotted paddles. One swings freely, while • Pole Pieces • Aluminum rod
the other is immediately damped. • Three aluminum paddles • Wire swing
(solid, slotted, closed slotted) • Special mounting rod

Demonstrate Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism

The diamagnetic glass rod (Figure a) aligns transverse to the
field; the paramagnetic aluminum rod (Figure b) aligns with
the field.

(a)

Demonstrate Force on a
Current-Carrying Wire
Pass a current through the wire
swing (power supply not included)
to investigate the right-hand rule
for magnetic forces. (b)

Magnetic Demonstration System.................. EM-8644B

(Includes EM-8618 and EM-8642A)
Required:
Power Supply (18 V DC, 5A)............................ SE-9720A p. 244
or
Mini-Generator.................................................. SE-8645 p. 232
Base and Support Rod..................................... ME-9355 p. 186
Shown in use with:
2 Meter Patch Cord Set................................... SE-9415A p. 226

234 more information at pasco.com

 Magnetisim
Variable Gap Magnet Induction Wand

ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

EM-8618 EM-8099
A Lower cost See EX-5541A
Faraday’s Law
A Larger magnets (1 inch diameter) of Induction
A Greater field (1 Tesla maximum) Experiment on
A Great for induction experiments page 367.

The redesigned Variable Gap Magnet is rugged and durable, while

providing excellent results as a demonstration tool. The two The Induction Wand is a rigid
one inch (2.54 cm) diameter neodymium magnets are mounted pendulum with a coil at the
on a heavy-duty cast iron base that has a threaded hole to mount bottom end connected to the
on a support rod, which provides even more versatility. banana terminals at the other
The gap may be varied from 0.5 cm to 8.9 cm using the end. A through-hole allows the
adjustment screws. Two flat pole pieces are also included to pendulum to be connected
provide a uniform magnetic field when needed. to a Rotary Motion Sensor,
for detailed investigations of
induction as the coil is swung
Neodymium through a magnetic field.
Magnets
Adjustment
Screws

Flat Pole
Pieces

Heavy-Duty
Cast Iron Base
May be used in four
freestanding positions or
mounted on a threaded rod.

On
On
On
On
end
End
End
End
Upright Upside Down OnSide
Side
Upright
Upright
Upright Upside-down
UpsideDown
Upside Down On
On
On side
Side

Variable Gap Magnet....................................... EM-8618 The energy of the pendulum decreases with each pass of the coil through the
(Includes Variable Gap Magnet with Pole Pieces) magnet. The energy dissipated in the resistor is obtained from the area under
a Power vs. Time plot.

Magnetic Force Accessory

EM-8642A
Includes Includes
• Three aluminum paddles • Wand with screw
(solid, slotted, closed slotted) • Resistive load
• Glass rod
• Aluminum rod
• Wire swing
• Special mounting rod

Magnetic Force Accessory................................................EM-8642A Induction Wand....................................................................EM-8099

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 235

 Coils and Cores
Complete Coil Set Primary and Secondary Coils
ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

SF-8617 SE-8653A
A Study transformer theory with this set of nested coils.
AD rop a magnet through the outer coil to demonstrate
induction.

Basic Coil Set

SF-8616 Outer Coil: 2920 turns; length 11 cm; 2 cm ID
Inner Coil: 235 turns; length 12 cm; 1 cm ID
Soft Iron Core: 0.96 cm diameter

Primary and Secondary Coils.......................................... SE-8653A

These high-quality coils and laminated iron cores provide an effective

Economy Primary and
introduction to electromagnetic theory. Purchase them individually or Secondary Coils
as a complete set. The coils are color-coded and each coil is labeled SE-8722
with the number of turns and the direction of the winding. Use them
to investigate: Outer Coil: 1100 turns;
length 11.4 cm; 4.7 cm ID
Electromagnetism: Show how the magnetic field can be increased
Inner Coil: 210 turns;
by increasing the current, by adding an iron core, or by using a coil length 10.9 cm; 1.7 cm ID
with more turns.
Iron Core: 1.6 cm diameter
Induction: Pass a magnet through a coil and detect the resulting Shielded Banana Jacks
electromotive force (EMF) with a galvanometer. Show how the
EMF depends on the number of turns in the coil and on the relative
velocity of the magnet and coil.

Transformers: Mount coils onto the U- or E-shaped iron cores to

demonstrate mutual inductance and transformer theory. Then connect
a load to investigate power transfer. Investigate basic transformer
theory with an AC power supply and a voltmeter. Advanced principles
require a high power output function generator (Model PI-9587C
or PI-9598) and an oscilloscope. For more in-depth experiments
and demonstrations, use a computer with PASCO’s 850 Universal
Interface (pp. 26-27). Economy Primary and Secondary Coils......................... SE-8722

Using the signal generator capability of the 850 Universal Interface and
oscilloscope display of PASCO Capstone™ software, students can investigate Air Core Solenoid
transformer theory.
SE-7585

This air core solenoid produces

Basic Complete a uniform magnetic field
Coil Set Coil Set Individual Parts
(200 gauss at 5 A).
SF-8616 SF-8617 Model Description
1 1 SF-8609 Coil (200 turn)
2 2 SF-8610 Coil (400 turn)
1 1 SF-8611 Coil (800 turn) Coil: 550-570 turns (16 AWG);
1 SF-8612 Coil (1600 turn) length 11.4 cm;
1 SF-8613 Coil (3200 turn) 5.5 cm ID;
13.5 cm OD
Max Current: 5 A

Basic Coil Set .................................................................SF-8616

Complete Coil Set ..........................................................SF-8617
Individual parts sold separately (see chart above). Air Core Solenoid............................................................... SE-7585

236 more information at pasco.com

 Coils
Field and Detector Coils

ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

2
A 5 V triangle wave (red trace) is
applied to the Field Coil, and the
1 induced voltage in the 2000-turn
Detector Coil is a square wave
500-turn (green trace).
200-turn Coil
Coil

5
4

1. EM-6711 Field Coil: 200 turns of #22 copper wire, 18.6 cm ID, 22.1 cm OD. Developed for Workshop For details of experiments using these coils,
Max. current 2 A. Physics® activities see Christopher C. Jones, “Faraday’s Law
2. EM-6723 500 turns of #22 copper wire. Max current 2 A. Apparatus for the Freshman Laboratory.”
Am. J. Phys. 1987; 55(12):1148-1150.
3. EM-6712 Detector Coil (400 turn): 400 turns of #28 copper wire.
4. EM-6713 Detector Coil (2000 turn): 2000 turns of #36 copper wire.
5. EM-6714 Bi-color LED Indicator.
Field Coil (200-turn)...................................................EM-6711
Features Field Coil (500-turn)...................................................EM-6723
A Verify Faraday’s Law: Verify all aspects of Faraday’s Law. Detector Coil (400-turn)............................................EM-6712
A Qualitative Demonstration: With the Bi-Color LED Indicator and Detector Coil (2000-turn)..........................................EM-6713
the Variable Gap Magnet, students can see when a current is LED Indicator.............................................................EM-6714
induced in the detector coil. With the LED indicator plugged into Recommended:
a detector coil, the LED flashes red or green as the detector coil Variable Gap Magnet...............................................EM-8618 p. 235
passes through the magnet. 850 Universal Interface.................................................................... pp. 26-27
or
A Quantitative Demonstration: PASCO’s coils can be used with a
function generator and an oscilloscope, or connected to the Low Voltage AC/DC Power Supply........................SF-9584B p. 246
and:
850 Universal Interface. Function Generator...................................................PI-8127 p. 249

Helmholtz Coils
EM-6722 with 200-turn Coils This plot shows
EM-6724 with 500-turn Coils the magnetic field
strength along the axis
The Helmholtz Coils consist of two coils of Helmholtz coils for
mounted on a base to provide a uniform three different coil
magnetic field between the coils. The separations: the green
base has a slot that allows the data is the magnetic
coils to be spaced apart at any field with the coils
distance from 3 cm to 20 cm separated at the
(center-to-center distance). proper distance (the
The proper separation for radius of the coils).
Helmholtz coils (e.g., the
radius of the coils) is marked
on the base. Two 0.635 cm Helmholtz Coils (200-turn Coils) ...................................... EM-6722
(0.25 inch) diameter holes between the coils accommodate
Helmholtz Coils (500-turn Coils) ...................................... EM-6724
mounting devices in the uniform magnetic field.
Helmholtz Coil Base (without Coils) .............................. EM-6715

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 237

 Force on Current-carrying Wires
Basic Current Balance The Current Balance
ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

SF-8607 Accessory Kit

A M easure force vs. current, wire length, magnetic field, and angle SF-8608
A Use a gram balance to measure force The Current Balance Ac­ces­so­r y Kit
One to six magnets are mounted on an iron yoke, which is placed on a gram balance. completes the Basic Current Balance,
A conductor is suspended between the magnets. The weight of the magnets and yoke allowing the angle between the conductor
is measured, then a current (0-5 A) is passed through the conductor. The change in the and the magnetic field to be varied. The
reading of the balance (0-4 grams) measures the force between the conductor and the experiment is the same as with the Basic
magnetic field. Current Balance, but a 10-turn rectangular
coil is used. The coil can be turned through
a full 180°, and a built-in degree scale lets
Basic Current Balance students accurately measure the angle
measuring the force on a current-carrying between the coil and the field of the fixed
wire in a magnetic field magnet.

Six conductors of different lengths are

provided and can be easily changed while
main­tain­ing a repeatable position with
respect to the magnetic field.

Includes
• Iron Yoke (holds magnets)
• Removable Magnets (six)
• Six Conductors (1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 cm in length)
• Mount (to hold position conductors)

Basic Current Balance.................................................. SF-8607

Required: Includes
Ohaus Balance............................................................... SE-8725 p. 196 • Fixed Magnet with Yoke
Power Supply................................................................. SF-9584B p. 246
Base and Support Rod.................................................. ME-9355 p. 186 • 10-turn Rectangular Coil
Recommended:
Basic Digital Multimeter............................................... SE-9786A p. 250
Tesla Meter..................................................................... SF-7579A p. 242
Shown in use with: Current Balance
2 Meter Patch Cord Set................................................ SE-9415A p. 226 Accessory Kit......................... SF-8608

238 more information at pasco.com

 Ampere’s Law
Ampere’s Law Accessory See complete experiment

ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

EM-6720 on page 366.

A Verify Ampere’s Law

A Plot magnetic field tangent to path
A Closed integral is area under B vs. Distance plot
A Choose to enclose current in path or not

Students can verify Ampere’s Law experimentally by

graphing the magnetic field strength that is tangent to
the path taken along a closed path that encloses a current
source.
The magnetic field strength is measured with a Wireless
Magnetic Field Sensor which rides on a Rotary Motion
Sensor. The student pushes the Rotary Motion Sensor,
which rolls on its wheel, along a closed path.

If you traverse a path that does not enclose any current

source, the area under the curve is zero. The magnetic field
of the Earth or any nearby source is measured but they will
cancel out in a closed loop that encloses no current.
The key to making this work is that the Magnetic Field Sensor The Wireless 3-Axis Magnetic Field and Rotary Motion sensors allow students to
element is positioned tangent to the Rotary Motion Sensor’s move in any shaped path without wires getting wrapped around the coil. Students
wheel. This accomplishes the dot product in Ampere’s Law can choose any path they want; you don’t have to follow a circular path because
because only the component of the magnetic field the sensors are recording the field tangent to any path.
that is tangent to the path is recorded.
Ampere’s Law

Area under B vs. Distance curve = μo (# of coil turns enclosed in path) (Current)

No current enclosed: Area is zero. Current enclosed: Area is μo NI.

Coming soon!
Check pasco.com for availability.
Includes
Ampere’s Law Accessory............................................. EM-6720
• Aluminum Table Required:
(46 cm x 46 cm x 11 cm) Wireless 3-Axis Magnetic Field Sensor.................... PS-3221 p. 13
• Sensor Bracket Wireless Rotary Motion Sensor.................................. PS-3220 p. 9
Field Coil (500-turn)........................................................ EM-6723 p. 237
PASCO Capstone Software.......................................... pp. 70-73

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 239

 Electron Charge/Induction
Determine the Charge and Laplace Force Demo Lenz’s Law
ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

Mass of the Electron with Magnet Demonstrator

SF-7279 MG-8600
Electron Charge-to-Mass A D
 emonstrates the forces on a
Ratio System current-carrying wire in a magnetic
SE-9629 field
See page 299.

Magnet 6 cm long
19.8 mm OD
When the conducting rod is placed on the
rails and a current (maximum 10 A) runs
through the rails, the rod will be affected by
a force, making it roll perpendicular to the
magnetic field along the rails.
The apparatus consists of a pair of rails with
4 mm diameter terminals. The conductor

1.5 meter tube

consists of a bar with plastic discs that
is placed across the rails. The included alnico
Horseshoe Magnet (SF-7225) is used as a
magnet.
Rails: 15.5 cm long; 5 cm apart
Includes
• Laplace Force Demonstration (SF-7261)
• Horseshoe Magnet (SF-7225)

Laplace Force Demo

Millikan Oil Drop Apparatus with Magnet................... SF-7279
AP-8210A Required:
See page 298. DC Power Supply ......... SE-9720A p. 244
Banana Cords Drop a mass through the 1.5 m tube. It takes
Available separately: about half a second to drop. Then drop a
Laplace Force magnet with an identical mass. It takes over
Demonstration .............. SF-7261 10 times as long to fall. As the magnet falls,
(Includes rails and movable conductor shown it generates a current in the tube, moving
above; magnet not included.) in one direction above the magnet and in
Horseshoe Magnet....... SF-7225 the opposite direction below. Both currents
obey Lenz’s Law and induce magnetic fields
Horseshoe Magnet that oppose the magnet’s motion. See the
SF-7225 difference in weight as the magnet falls
through the tube.

MG-8600 includes:
• Lenz’s Law Magnet
• Unmagnetized Slug
•1 .5 m Aluminum Tube
This Alnico Horseshoe (2 cm ID, 0.28 cm wall)
Magnet includes a steel keeper. • 10-turn Rectangular Coil
Dimensions: 8.0 x 12.5 x 3.0 cm • Attachment Bracket for Spring Scale
Field Strength: 600 gauss at pole surface • Ohaus Spring Scale 10N

Horseshoe Magnet......................SF-7225 Lenz’s Law Demonstrator............MG-8600

240 more information at pasco.com

 Magnetic Fields
Iron Filings Liquid-Filled Compasses Magnaprobe

ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

SE-7723 (5 pack) SE-7390
EM-8631A

The Magnaprobe is a great

way to demonstrate the
3-D nature of magnetic
fields. The probe features
a gimbal-mounted Alnico
magnet, which is free to
move in the x, y, and z
dimensions. Suggested
activities are included with
each probe. Magnaprobe is
2.5 cm long needle has north end marked 12 cm long.
in black. This compass is perfect for
investigating the magnetic fields around
straight wires. It has a 4.5 cm diameter
liquid-filled plastic case.

Iron filings sprinkled

Liquid-Filled Compasses
over a bar magnet
(5 pack).............................. EM-8631A
instantly make the
magnetic field visible. Replacement part for CASTLE Kits
(EM-8624A and EM-8654)

Plotting Compass
SE-8680
Iron Filings (0.25 kg)..................... SE-7723

3-D Magnetic Field

Demonstrator
SE-8603
Magnaprobe (1)......................SE-7390

Dip Needle
SF-8619
(Appearance may vary.)

Includes 20 compasses (19 mm diameter).

(Magnet not included.)

With this 3-D Magnetic Field Demonstrator,

the iron filings are suspended in oil in a
sealed acrylic container. Insert a magnet
into the 10 mm opening, or two magnets
with opposing polarities, and watch the
filings line up. View the demonstration This rotatable compass has durable
directly or with an overhead projector. and almost frictionless bearings. Use it
horizontally as a standard compass or
vertically to find the dip angle of the Earth’s
3-D Magnetic Field magnetic field. Instruction sheet included.
Demonstrator.......................... SE-8603
Recommended:
Bar Magnets (set of 2).......... SE-8604 p. 242 Plotting Compass (20 pack)........SE-8680 Dip Needle.............................. SF-8619

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 241

 Magnetism Supplies
Horseshoe Magnet Cow Magnets (Pair) Neodymium Magnets
ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRICITY & ELECTROMAGNETISM

SF-7225 SE-7722 Neodymium magnets are some of the

strongest commercial magnets available.
They come either bare or with a protective
coating to prevent the brittle metal from
chipping. Plastic case included.

These strong smooth

magnets are convenient
for showing magnetic induction
by moving one through a coil connected Without Hole EM-8648B
to an ammeter. As the name suggests, 13 mm dia. x 5 mm
This Alnico Horseshoe the primary purpose of these magnets
Magnet includes a steel keeper. is to collect metal objects in a cow’s first
Dimensions: 8.0 x 12.5 x 3.0 cm stomach to prevent internal damage.
Field Strength: 600 gauss at pole surface Length: 7.5 cm
Field Strength: 1400 gauss at pole surface

Horseshoe Magnet...................... SF-7225 Cow Magnets (Pair)..................... SE-7722

Tesla Meter
SF-7579A Neodymium Magnets (16)
(without hole)......................EM-8648B
A 0–2 Tesla range
A Range autoscaling
Bar Magnets
SE-8604 (2 pack)

These cylindrical
magnets (10 x 50 mm)
are small, strong, and
color-coded for polarity.
Plastic case and keeper
plates included.

A 6-12 V DC power supply is required to Bar Magnets

(2 pack)..................................SE-8604
use the Tesla Meter.
Zero Gauss Chamber
Includes
• Tesla Meter with Digital Display
EM-8652 Alnico Bar Magnets
• Probe (80 mm x 8 mm x 2 mm) EM-8620 (2 pack)
• Power Adapter: 110 V AC to
9 V DC, 200 mA This double-walled, high
permeability metal chamber
Specifications produces a zero gauss field within the
Resolution: 0
 .1 mT (0 – 200 mT) chamber. By placing the Magnetic Field
1 mT (200 mT – 2T) Sensor probe into the chamber and These magnets (150 x 13 mm) are stronger
Accuracy: ±5% of measurement pushing the “Tare” button, the sensor and last longer than iron magnets. They fit
may be zeroed. Highly recommended for a St. Louis motor and the north poles are
measurement of Earth’s magnetic field. notched. Case included.

Tesla Meter................................... SF-7579A

Zero Gauss Chamber................... EM-8652 Alnico Bar Magnets
(2 pack)................................. EM-8620

242 more information at pasco.com

 Power Supplies
DC Programmable Power Supply

INSTRUMENTATION
Display Selection
PI-9880 Current, voltage, cycle time;
green LED indicates which
A 1 A at 18 VDC measurement has been
A Digital display selected.
A Ramp or step positive voltage up or down

Provides a current of 1 A at 18 V, with a Start/Stop

resolution of 0.01 V and typical ripple of
10 mV. This DC power supply has added Power Output
features to cycle the voltage on and off, to Standard banana
jacks allow the DC Cycle
ramp the voltage up or down between the
Power Supply to be Choice of
maximum and minimum set, and to change easily connected
the voltage in steps. A positive offset can steps, ramps,
to circuits. or cycle on
be introduced so the ramp can start at a
and off.
voltage other than zero. Minimum period is
0.1 sec (10 Hz) and the maximum period is
999 seconds.
The digital display has four digits (0.76 cm
high) and can display voltage, current,
or time. The time is displayed to set the Indentations
period, duration, or duty cycle. For stacking
during storage
There are both coarse and fine adjustment
knobs. As a safety factor, a maximum
current and a maximum voltage can be set
to protect your students’ external circuits.
The output is voltage-regulated but not
current regulated.
LED Display
The power supply is connected to AC Red LEDs make the
power using a universal power adapter. display easy to read.

Amplitude
Small and lightweight;
12 cm x 13 cm x 5.5 cm high
Adjustment
Sets maximum current,
and approximately 300 g.
voltage, and cycle period.

Available Functions:
Includes
• DC Power Supply
• Universal Power Adapter

Step Voltage Up Step Voltage Down from Cycle On and Off

Max to Min

Cycle On and Off with Ramp Up with Offset Programmable DC Programmable

Different Duty Cycles Power Supply............................ PI-9880

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 243

 DC Power Supplies
Power Supply (18 VDC, 5 A) Student Power Supply Triple Output Power Supply
INSTRUMENTATION

SE-9720A (18 VDC, 3 A) SE-8587

SE-8828
A 0-18 VDC at 0-5 A A 0-30 VDC at 0-3 A
A Serial and parallel operation A 0-18 VDC at 0-3 A A Fixed 5 V and 12 V outputs
A Constant voltage or current A Digital voltage & current meters
A Short-circuit protected A Overload and short circuit protection
A Current limiting A Constant voltage or current
A Low noise/ripple

This power supply has a remote control

connector and switch on the rear panel, so
units can be connected in series or parallel with This power supply offers adjustable voltage
each other to provide higher voltage, higher This high quality, compact power supply output (0-30 V), adjustable current output
current, and higher power output. provides the DC voltage and current levels (0-3 A), and two independent constant
necessary for most introductory student labs. voltage outputs (5 V and 12 V) with easy snap
terminals. Digital displays of both current and
voltage allow students to easily gather data.
Features overload and short-circuit protection.
Specifications Specifications
Digital Meters: Voltage and current; LED
Digital Meters: Voltage and current;
Constant Voltage Mode: Backlit LCD Specifications
• Output Voltage: continuously variable, Constant Voltage Mode: Digital Meters: Voltage and current;
coarse and fine control • Output Voltage: continuously variable 3 digits; LCD
• Line Regulation: ≤0.01% ±3 mV • Line Regulation: <0.01% ±3 mV Constant Voltage Mode:
• Load Regulation: ≤0.01% ±3 mV • Load Regulation: <0.01% ±2 mV • Output Voltage: continuously variable
• Ripple and Noise: ≤
 0.5 mV rms • Ripple and Noise: <0.5 mV rms • Line Regulation: ≤0.05% ±10 mV
Constant Current Mode: Constant Current Mode: • Load Regulation: ≤0.05% ±10 mV
• Output Current: continuously variable, • Output Current: continuously variable • Ripple and Noise: ≤0.5 mV rms
coarse and fine control
• Line Regulation: <0.2% ±3 mA Constant Current Mode:
• Line Regulation: ≤0.02% ±3 mA
• Load Regulation: <0.2% ±3 mA • Output Voltage: continuously variable
• Load Regulation: ≤0.02% ±3 mA
• Ripple: <3 mA rms • Line Regulation: ≤0.05% ±10 mA
• Ripple and Noise: ≤3 mA rms
Power Source: AC 100, 120, 220, 240 V ±10%, • Load Regulation: ≤0.05% ±10 mA
Power Source: AC 100, 120, 220, 240 V 50/60 Hz; Protection – overload and reverse • Ripple and Noise: ≤3 mA rms
±10%, 50/60 Hz; Protection – overload and polarity protected
reverse polarity protected Fixed Output Voltage: 5 V at 0.5 A continuous;
Dimensions: 34 x 26 x 15 cm (11.5 kg) 1 A max. 12 V at 0.5 A continuous; 1 A max.
Dimensions: 29 x 13 x 15 cm (5.5 kg)
Power Source: AC 110/220 VAC, 50/60 Hz
Dimensions: 29 x 13 x 15 cm (5.5 kg)

Includes
• Instruction Manual
• Test Lead

Power Supply Student Power Triple Output

(18 VDC, 5 A)............................... SE-9720A Supply (18 V).............................. SE-8828 Power Supply............................. SE-8587

244 more information at pasco.com

 Power Supplies
Power Supply (30 VDC, 6 A) High Voltage Power Supply Kilovolt Power Supply

INSTRUMENTATION
SE-9721A SF-9585A SF-9586B

A 0-30 VDC at 0-6 A A 0 to 50 VDC at up to 50 mA A 0 to 6 kVDC

A 0.01% high regulation A 0 to 500 VDC at up to 50 mA A 6.3 VAC, 2 A filament source
A Constant voltage or current A 2 to 7 VAC at up to 3 A A Digital readout

Appearance may vary. Appearance may vary.

This single output linear DC power supplies
is suitable for high-end precision bench top Here is a versatile and reliable supply for This Kilovolt DC Power Supply is used for
applications. Low load and line regulation for experiments requiring medium to high voltages electron tubes and electrostatics.
both constant voltage and constant current at relatively low currents, such as the Millikan The high voltage section is by design
mode ensure reliable, predictable output. Oil Drop experiment. The 50 and 500 VDC “floating” relative to ground. This means that
Overload and reverse polarity protection as well outputs are in­de­pen­dent­ly variable, providing either the black (negative) terminal or the
as internal selection for dynamic or constant up to 50 mA, and the output displays can be red (positive) terminal may be connected to
load are standard. switch-selected to read voltage and current ground to give a voltage range of 0 to +6 kV,
in either range. A separate set of output resp. 0 to -6 kV relative to ground.
terminals provides 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7 VAC at up The output is well regulated and current
Specifications to 3 A, a convenient source for electron tube limited for safety.
Digital Meters: Voltage and current: filaments. (The maximum short circuit current is 2 mA).
3 1/2 digits; 0.5” LED display
Constant Voltage Mode:
• Output Voltage: continuously variable,
coarse and fine control Note: The positive terminal of the 50 V supply is
• Line Regulation: ≤0.01% ±5 mV internally connected to the negative terminal of the
• Load Regulation: ≤0.01% ±5 mV 500 V supply.
• Ripple and Noise: ≤1 mV rms 5 Hz -1 MHz
Constant Current Mode:
• Output Voltage: continuously variable,
Specifications Specifications
coarse and fine control
Ripple: Less than 0.1%, ±1 digit line DC – Output Voltage: 0-6 k V stabilized,
• Line Regulation: ≤0.2% ±3 mA continuously adjustable
Regulation: <1% at 98-130 V (line voltage)
• Load Regulation: ≤0.2% ±3 mA Load Regulation: <1% at 0-100% load • Short Circuit Current: 2 mA (max.)
• Ripple: ≤3 mA rms Displays: Digital readouts 0-50 V, 0-500 V, • Ripple and Noise (max.): less than 1%
Power Source: AC 100, 120, 220, 240 V 0-50 mA (switch-selectable) • Readout Accuracy: better than 1% + 1 digit
±10%, 50/60 Hz; Protection – overload and Power Source: 115/220 VAC, 50/60 Hz AC – Output Voltage: 6.3 V
reverse polarity protected Dimensions: 21 x 29 x 11 cm (8 x 12 x 4 in.) • Output Current (max.): 3 A
Dimensions: 34 x 26 x 15 cm (11.5 kg) Dimensions: (W x D x H): 312 x 225 x 117 mm

Includes
• Instruction Manual
• Test Lead

Power Supply High Voltage Kilovolt

(30 VDC, 6 A)............................... SE-9721A Power Supply............................. SF-9585A Power Supply............................. SF-9586B

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 245

 AC/DC Power Supplies
AC/DC Power Supply 12 V 3 A Low Voltage AC/DC Tunable DC Power
INSTRUMENTATION

SF-9581 Power Supply Supply 6 A

SF-9584B SE-9656
A C ombined DC and AC supply at a
low price A Used in Zeeman Effect experiment
A 0 to 24 VDC at 0 to 10 A
A Stabilized, continuously adjustable A Can be used in the e/m experiment
DC: 0 to 12 V A 0 to 24 VAC at up to 6 A
to power the coils
A AC presets: 2, 4, 6 and 12 V A Digital readouts
A Maximum current of 6 A
A Currents up to 3 A for both outputs
A Outputs are overload protected

Appearance may vary.

Appearance may vary. The Low Voltage Power Supply has been
The Tunable DC Power Supply supplies
designed specifically for use in teaching
power to the pen-type mercury lamp and
physics, chemistry, and other science subjects.
the electromagnet (SE-9655) in the Zeeman
This power supply delivers a stabilized DC It can provide both direct current (DC) and Effect Apparatus (SE-9654). The output for
voltage, continuously adjustable between alternating current (AC). The Power Supply the mercury lamp is 1500 V AC and the
0 and 12 V. Moreover, an AC voltage is can provide both types of electrical power output for the electromagnet is zero to 6 A
supplied, which can be set to 2, 4, 6 or at the same time, and they can be adjusted with a maximum voltage of 36 V DC.
12 V. The two outputs can simultaneously independently of one another. Separate digital
supply up to 3 A. Both outputs are overload displays are provided for DC and AC output.
protected. The DC part is protected
electronically and resets automatically, while
the AC part is provided with a circuit breaker Specifications
that must be reset manually if it trips. AC Output: Fixed 1500 V, maximum current
Specifications
DC – Output Voltage: 0 to 24 V DC 145 mA
• Current: From 0 to 12 V, 10 A maximum; DC Output: Constant current: adjustable
Specifications From 12 to 24 V, linearly decreasing from from zero to 6 A
DC Output Voltage: 0-12 V (stabilized), 10 A to 6 A, dependent on voltage setting • Maximum voltage: 36 V
continuously adjustable • Meter: Digital display (volts/amps); • Digital readout
Maximum DC Output Current: 3 A 1% ±2 LSD; Ripple: <25 mVpp • Extra fuse included: 250 V T5A
Maximum Ripple: 100 mV AC – Output Voltage: 0 to 24 V AC,
AC Output Voltage: 2, 4, 6, 12 V, stepwise continuously adjustable
adjustable • Current: 0 to 6 A
Maximum AC Output Current: 3 A • Overload Protection Meter: Digital display
Power Consumption: 110 W (max.) (volts/amps); 2% ± LSD
Fuse: T 1A (slow) Power Source: AC 115/230 VAC, 50/60 Hz
Dimensions: 20.3 x 20.5 x 11.7 cm Power Use: 320 W
Dimensions: 30 x 23 x 12 cm (12 x 9 x 5 in.)

AC/DC Low Voltage Tunable DC

Power Supply............................. SF-9581 AC/DC Power Supply................. SF-9584B Power Supply 6A........................ SE-9656

246 more information at pasco.com

 Power Supplies
Power Supplies and a Current Amplifier for Advanced Physics Experiments

INSTRUMENTATION
The power supplies and instruments on this page are used
DC Power DC Power DC (Constant DC Current
in various advanced physics experiments involving finding
Experiment Supply I Supply II Current) Supply Amplifier
fundamental constants (Photoelectric Effect, Franck-Hertz,
and e/m). Since each experiment uses some combination of Photoelectric Effect
X X
these, it is possible to purchase one of each to perform all (page 300)
three experiments, one at a time. Franck-Hertz
X X X
(page 297)
Connect to a 550 or 850 Interface: e/m (page 299) X X
These instruments can be used stand-alone by reading the
digital displays. However, they have special data collection ports
that connect a 550 or 850 Universal Interface (see pp. 26-28) to
record data and analyze it in PASCO Capstone. Each type of voltage
and current reading is automatically identified when the power
supply is connected to a 550 or 850 analog port with the special 8-Pin DIN 1.8 m Male-to-Male
cable (included). Extension Cable........................................................................ UI-5219

DC (Constant Voltage) Power Supply I DC (Constant Voltage) Power Supply II

SE-6615 SE-9644
A 0 to 6.3 V DC, 1 A maximum A 0 to 12 V DC, 1 A maximum
A -4.5 to 0 V DC, 10 mA maximum A 0 to 100 V DC, 30 mA maximum
A -4.5 to 30 V DC, 10 mA maximum A 0 to 200 V DC, 30 mA maximum

The (0 to 6.3 V) output The (0 to 12 V) output is

is independent of the independent of the (0 to
(-4.5 to 0 V) and (-4.5 100 V) and (0 to 200V)
to 30V) outputs, which outputs, which share an
share an output and are output and are selected
selected by pushing a by pushing a button.
button.

Specifications Specifications
Independent floating ground reference Includes cords to Independent floating ground reference Includes cords to connect
Ripple: <1% connect to the 550 Ripple: <1% to the 550 and 850.
and 850.

DC (Constant Voltage) DC (Constant Voltage)

Power Supply I...............................................................SE-6615 Power Supply II..............................................................SE-9644

Tunable DC (Constant Current) DC Current Amplifier (Pico-ammeter)

Power Supply SE-6621
SE-9622 A Measures picoamp currents
A 0 to 3.5 A DC, A Six ranges from 10-8 A to 10-13 A
20 V maximum
A Fixed 6.3 V AC,
1A maximum

This constant current power supply has a digital readout for the Includes cords to
current, which can be tuned from 0 to 3.5 A DC. It also has a Specifications connect to the 550
6.3 V AC power supply for heating filaments. A High Current Sensor and 850.
(PS-2193 or CI-6740) can read the current when using this power Independent floating ground reference
supply with interfacing experiments. Both DC and AC outputs are Maximum Voltage Input: 15 V
available simultaneously on separate floating output terminals.  0.2% of full range 10-13 A after 30 min.
Zero drift: ≤

Tunable DC (Constant Current)

Power Supply.................................................................SE-9622 DC Current Amplifier.....................................................SE-6621

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 247

 Function Generators
Student Function Generator High-Frequency, High-Power
INSTRUMENTATION

SF-7208 Function Generator

A Sine, triangle, square waves A 7.5 V peak at 1 A SF-9580

A Wide frequency range: 0.001 Hz to 10 MHz

A 10 W up to 100 kHz to drive speakers
A Sweep mode
A Step mode

This affordable alternative to the advanced Function Generator

PI-8127 covers the most common experiments.
The function generator is operated with three buttons: Waveform,
Frequency, and Amplitude. There is a single output, provided with
4 mm safety sockets. The frequency is displayed on the LCD display.
The output can easily drive a speaker or vibrator with ample
amplitude for resonance. The frequency range extends well beyond Appearance may vary.
the audible range. The lowest frequencies are suitable for slow-
motion AC experiments. Simple design
For basic use, you just operate two large buttons: one for frequency,
Specifications
one for amplitude. That’s it. If you want to change waveform or
Waveforms: sine, triangle, square to utilize the new step and sweep modes, the display keeps you
Distortion (sine): <0.25% (20 Hz to 20 kHz); <1% (0.05 Hz to 50 kHz) updated on the status of the generator.
Frequency Range: 0.05 Hz to 50.00 kHz
Unique frequency control
Frequency Deviation: <0.05 % (for f >10 Hz)
The frequency is set by a speed sensitive button. Turn slowly to
Frequency Drift: <0.005 % set the display’s last digit. Turn faster and the response accelerates
Amplitude: 0 to 7.5 V peak (15 V p-p; 5.3 V RMS) softly. We have designed this function to work intuitively in practical
Maximum Current: >1 A peak (overload protected) experiments with common physics equipment.
Supply Voltage: 12 V (1.5 A) (adapter included)
Drive speaker and vibrators directly
Accessories: BNC to insulated clips
The built-in 10 W power amplifier effortlessly drives power-
consuming equipment such as a vibrator or speaker. The amplifier
can deliver more than 1 A for all frequencies between 0.001 Hz and
Student Function Generator..........................................SF-7208 100 kHz.

Advanced features
Wide Range Function Generator The generator connects to your PC through a standard USB
SB-9549A cable. Custom defined waveforms (e.g. created by means of a
This function generator is spreadsheet) can be saved to the generator. Sequences of settings
can be programmed for automatic execution.
similar to the Basic Function
Generator, but it provides a
Specifications
wider frequency range and
greater output voltage. Bipolar: Sine, triangle, square;
Positive: Square pulse, triangle pulse, ramp up, ramp down
Specifications Distortion (sine): <0.1% up to 20 kHz; <1% otherwise
Ranges: 0.2 Hz to 5 MHz in seven ranges, (±1 count) Frequency Range: 50 Ω and sync outputs: 0.001 Hz to 10.00 MHz;
Waveforms: sine (distortion <1% below 100 kHz); square Power output: 0.001 Hz to 100.0 kHz
(2% symmetry, 50 nS max rise and fall time); triangle (98% linearity
below 100 kHz, 95% above 100 kHZ Frequency Stability: Better than 0.005%
Outputs: 20 Vp-p no load, 10 V p-p max into 50 Ω load; continuously Amplitude: 50 Ω output, no load: 0 to 10 V (20 V p-p for bipolar
variable, 20 dB range with 20 dB step; DC offset: ±10 V (no load), waveforms); Sync output: 5 V (TTL signal: 0 to 5 V); Power output: 0
±5 V (50 Ω load); TTL/CMOS-compatible pulse to 10 V (20 V p-p for bipolar waveforms)
Sweep: external voltage-controlled oscillator, 0-10 V signal can Max Current: 50 Ω output, short circuit: 200 mA (only briefly); 50 Ω
produce 100:1 frequency change output, into 50: 100 mA (unlimited); Power output: 1 A (unlimited)
Power Source: 115/220 VAC, 50/60 Hz Power Consumption: 85 W (max); 21 W (idle)
Accessories: BNC to insulated clips Dimensions (WxDxH): 31.2 x 20.5 x 11.7 cm

Wide Range Function Generator..................................SB-9549A High-Frequency, High-Power Function Generator................... SF-9580

248 more information at pasco.com

 Function Generator
Function Generator

INSTRUMENTATION
PI-8127
A 0.001 Hz to 150 kHz
A Programmable frequency sweep
A 10 V at 1 A
A Use for circuits and/or driving speakers
Menu driven selection makes the
A Use the ramp function to vary the Function Generator intuitive to use.
speed of DC motors LCD displays
frequency, voltage, Frequency Selection
A Frequency resolution of current and menus. Voltage
0.001 Hz over entire range Adjust/
Menu Item
Selection

Upgradable Firmware
Download the latest features
for your PI-8127: The built-in USB port
allows users to access and upgrade
firmware whenever the unit is attached
to a computer running current versions
of PASCO Capstone™ software (pp. 70-73).

Features
The Function Generator outputs sine, square,
triangle, positive and negative ramps in addition
to DC. It’s powerful output, 1 A at 10 V, makes it Standby push-button
useful for driving speakers, string vibrators, and Power enables/disables Resolution Selection Output Jacks
circuits. Set maximum current and voltage outputs Button output voltage. Buttons
for safety. The LCD display is used to show
readouts of frequency, voltage amplitude, and rms Specifications
current.
Input Power: 15 V @ 1.6 A.
A LCD Readout: The LCD displays frequency, Voltage Output: ±10 V @ 1 A.
voltage, current, waveform, and menus. Frequency Range: DC to 100 kHz.
The backlight has two levels, low and high, Sine wave retains its form to 150 kHz.
selectable using the menu. The low backlight Frequency Resolution: 0.001 Hz over
is useful in dark rooms. entire range.
A Frequency/Range Selection: There are two Offset Voltage: ±10 V.
ranges, 0.001 Hz to 100 Hz and 1 Hz to 100 kHz, Waveforms: Sine, Triangle, Square,
selected using the range push-button switch Positive Ramp, Negative Ramp, DC
(integrated with the frequency knob). External Voltage Input: ±10 V Maximum
A Output Standby: Pushing the standby button Trigger Output: TTL Compatible; BNC
disables the output without changing settings. jack on back of unit
A Output Current/Voltage Maximum: The Display: LCD Graphics Monochrome
maximum current or maximum voltage can be Display, 128 x 64, with Two-Level Backlight
set using the menu. This is useful when the Displays: Frequency, Waveform, Voltage,
instructor needs to limit the voltage applied to Current, Offset Voltage.
a light bulb. Amplitude Modulation: Modulate the
A Offset Voltage: Any waveform may be offset signal of one function generator using
another.
with a DC voltage ranging from ±10 V, provided
the peak voltage does not exceed 10 V. Use the Function Generator as a stand-alone or
connect it to a computer via USB cable and control
A Frequency Sweep: Sweep between any all its functions from PASCO Capstone™. Use it with
two frequencies at a selectable rate. PASPORT interfaces and sensors. Function Generator ............... PI-8127

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 249

 Oscilloscope/Digital Meters
Digital Storage Oscilloscope
INSTRUMENTATION

SB-9621A (100 MHz)

A  -Channel 100 MHz bandwidth
2
A 2 M points of memory gives finer detail
A FFT/FFTrms/Zoom FFT
A Delay on/off
A USB flash storage and data logger
A Go/NoGo function
A Print directly to printer
A PC remote control software
This 2-channel oscilloscope is designed to meet Specifications
educational demands. With fast waveform process Bandwidth: 100 MHz, 2 Input Channels
capability, more advanced triggering functions, and
lightweight design, this oscilloscope is an excellent Sampling Rate: 1 GSa/s Real-Time and 25 GSa/s
Equivalent-Time
replacement for an analog scope.
Record Length: 2 Mega Points
Via the USB Device port, the user can easily build a
remote control program to manipulate the machine, Vertical Scale: 2 mV to 10 V See www.pasco.com for
storing data directly into a flash drive for further analysis. Horizontal Range: 1 ns to 50 s complete specifications.
Several acquisition modes and 27 auto measurement Number of Auto Measurements: Up to 27
functions help the user accurately measure waveform Functions: +, -, x, FFT, FFTrms, Zoom FFT
properties.
Display: 5.7” Color TFT LCD
A total of 15 waveforms can be saved into the internal
memory for later recall and display, and two saved Ports: USB Host and Device Ports
Digital Storage Oscilloscope
reference waveforms plus two live waveforms can be Data Logger
100 MHz ......................SB-9621A
shown on the screen at the same time for comparison.

Basic Digital Multimeter Precision Digital Multimeter, Component

SE-9786A Tester, and Thermometer
This basic meter includes all functions SB-9631B
and ranges needed for most in­tro­duc­ This is an excellent general purpose multimeter
to­r y lab work. that features high-ac­cu­ra­cy overload pro­tec­tion
on all ranges and a built-in digital ther­mom­e­ter.
Features
It can measure capacitance and transistor
A 20 A range gain (hFE).
A Backlit display with 25 mm digits
A Soft rubber boot for drop protection Specifications
A Built-in tilt stand DC Voltage: 200 mV, 2 V, 20 V, 200 V, 1000 V; ± (0.5% + 1 digit) 10 M Ω
input impedance
A Type K thermometer built in for
AC Voltage: 2  00 mV, 2 V, 20 V, 200 V; ± (1% + 4 digits) 750 V; ± (1.5%
surface or air measurements
+ 4 digits) 10 M Ω input impedance
A Auto power off saves battery life DC Current: 200 µA, 2 mA, 20 mA, 200 mA; ± (1% + 1 digit)
AC Current: 200 µA, 2 mA, 20 mA, 200 mA; ± (1.2% + 4 digits)
Specifications Resistance: 2  00 Ω; ± (1% + 3 digits) 2 kΩ, 20 kΩ, 200 kΩ, 2 MΩ;
DC Voltage: 0.1 mV to 600 V with ±0.5% accuracy ± (0.8% + 1 digit) 20 M Ω; ± (3% + 3 digit)
AC Voltage: 1 mV to 600 V with ±0.3% accuracy Capacitance: 20 nF, 200 nF, 2 µF, 20 µF, 200 µF; ± (3% + 10 digits)
DC Current: 0.1 μA to 20 A Temperature: -4° to 1400°F; -4°F to 900°F; ±2.0% reading + 4°F;
AC Current: 0.1 mA to 20 A 900°F to 1,400°F; ±3.0% reading + 4°F
Resistance: 0.1 Ω to 20 MΩ Additional Functions: Diode test, transistor hFE, audible continuity test,
fold-out stand
Additional Functions: Input fuse protection, audible
Display: 3-1/2 digit LCD display, 17 mm high digits, polarity indication, low
and visible misconnection signals, data hold freezes battery indication
display reading
Drop Resistant
Display: 3-1/2 digit display with 25 mm digits, polarity Power: 200-hour life on 9 V alkaline (battery included). Test leads,
indication, low battery indication
temperature probe and battery are included.
Power: 9 V battery (included)

Precision Digital Multimeter.....................SB-9631B

Replacement Supplies:
Basic Digital Multimeter............................SE-9786A Thermocouple Probe..................................SB-9632

250 more information at pasco.com

 Decade Boxes/Meters
Digital LCR Meter Decade Capacitance Box Decade Resistance Box

INSTRUMENTATION
SE-8792 SE-8689 SE-7124
Measure in­duc­tance,
ca­pac­i­tance, and re­sis­tance.
Test leads are included,
along with a battery, a
protective holster, and a
manual.

Features
A Accuracy: 1% or better on most ranges
A Easy to Use: Push-button selection for all
mea­sure­ments
A Digital Display: 4-1/2 digit backlit LCD This Decade Capacitance Box supplies five Resistance is plainly displayed with this
A Built-in Tilt Stand: Con­ve­nient tabletop use decades of capacitance from 100 pF to 11.111 six-decade resistance box since a rotary
μF in 100 pF steps. Add or subtract capacitance switch selects the resistance within each
Specifications with slide switches. Three color-coded binding decade. With 1% accuracy and 1/2 W
Inductance: 2000.0 μH, 20.000 mH, 200.00 posts provide reliable connections. resistor, it will accommodate most student
mH, 2000.0 mH, 20.000 H, 200.00 H, 20.000 experiments.
H (±0.7% rdg + Lx/10000 + digit)
Capacitance: 2000.0 pF, 20.000 nF, 200.00
nF, 2000.0 nF, 20.000 μF, 200.00 μF, 2000.0 μF Specifications Specifications
(±0.7% rdg + 5 digit) Accuracy: ±5% Resistance: 0 to 1, 111, 110 Ω in 1 Ω
Resistance: 20.000 Ω, 200.00 Ω, 2.0000 kΩ, Maximum Voltage: 50 VDC increments
20.000 kΩ, 200.00 kΩ, 2.0000 MΩ, 20.000 Accuracy: ±1.0% ±0.1 Ω
MΩ (±0.5% rdg + 8 digit) Power Dissipation: 1/2 W resistors
Power: 9 V alkaline battery (included)
Accessories: Test leads (2), alligator clips (2),
protective holder

Decade Decade
Digital LCR Meter.............. SE-8792 Capacitance Box........................ SE-8689 Resistance Box.......................... SE-7124

Heavy-Duty Voltmeter Heavy-Duty Ammeter Heavy-Duty Galvanometer

SF-9568A SF-9569A SF-9500A

The Voltmeter has three ranges and is The Ammeter has three ranges and is A “push-to-read” switch protects
switch-selectable to measure AC or DC switch-selectable to measure AC or DC the gal­va­nom­e­ter during hookup
voltages. values. All ranges are overload-protected by shunting the cur­rent through an
up to 15 amps. equivalent resistor.
Specifications Specifications Specifications
DC Ranges: 0 to 3 V/15 V/30 V DC Ranges: 0 to 50 mA/500 mA/5 A DC Ranges: 50 µA/500 µA/5 mA
AC Ranges: 0 to 3 V/15 V/30 V AC Ranges: 0 to 50 mA/500 mA/5 A Internal Resistance: 1.5 kΩ/170 Ω/17 Ω
Accuracy: ±2% Accuracy: ±2% Accuracy: ±2%
Sensitivity: 10 kΩ/V

Heavy-Duty Heavy-Duty Heavy-Duty

Voltmeter............................SF-9568A Ammeter............................. SF-9569A Galvanometer...................... SF-9500A

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 251

 Ripple Tank
Ripple Tank System
WAVES & SOUND

WA-9899

A C ompletely redesigned system

A More affordable
A Integrated strobe/ripple generator White LED Strobe
simplifies operation Cool running, produces
bright, clear, wave patterns
A Foam “beach” design dramatically (includes rod)
reduces reflections from walls
A Silent operation Ripple Generator
Producing interference pattern Sloped Foam Beach
with two point sources Eliminates reflections
The redesigned Ripple Tank System is easier
to use, more reliable, and more affordable. The
strobe and rippler are controlled by the same unit,
and a new feature makes it possible to introduce
a small frequency difference between the strobe
and the rippler to make the waves appear to move
slowly. A simple switch changes the phase of the
two ripplers from 0 to 180 degrees. Ripple
The rippler uses voice coil actuators for precise Tank
and silent operation. The frequency range (1.0
Hz to 50.0 Hz) includes those important low Base and Rod
frequencies that make refraction more prominent. (not included)
The LED digital frequency readout can be seen in
low lighting. The rippler has knobs to easily adjust
the dipper depth and the amplitude of the dipper
stroke.
The new light source is a white LED that remains
cool during operation and produces a bright, clear Detachable
wave pattern. The light can be used as a strobe or Legs
in steady mode.

Viewing
Point Sources Screen
Typical Applications (three sizes) (included)
A Speed of Wave Propagation
A Superposition of Waves
A Effects of Varying Water Depth
Plane Wave
A Reflection, Refraction, and Diffraction
and multiple source
Curved Diffraction Refractors
Reflector Barriers Convex, Concave, and
Trapezoid

Digital Depth
Frequency Amplitude
Phase Control
Readout

Frequency
(1-50 Hz)
The yellow convex lens focuses the plane
water waves. The waves show a pronounced Ripple Arms Strobe
refraction due to the abrupt change in depth (shown with Control
of the water over the plastic lens. Point Source) Level Control

252 more information at pasco.com

 Ripple Tank
Ripple Tank

WAVES & SOUND

WA-9897

Includes
• Tank with Legs
• Projection
Mirror and
Screen
Refraction occurs at the boundaries of this
rhomboid shape. • Strobe Mounting Rod
• Drainage Tube
• Refractors (convex, concave,
(30 cm) with Clamp
The Doppler Effect is clearly demonstrated rhomboid)
by moving the dipper. In this picture the • 1 L Plastic Beaker
• Curved Reflector
movement is downward. • Pipette
• Diffraction Barriers (2 long,
1 short, 1 mini) • Clear Plastic Ruler
• Plastic Storage Box for • Water Resistant
components Storage Box for
Entire System
• Surfactant

See specifications at left.

Diffraction Barriers are used to create
a double slit to show interference. Ripple Tank.............................. WA-9897
The barriers can be changed to adjust
the slit width and slit separation.
Ripple Generator/Light Source
Specifications – Ripple Tank (WA-9897) WA-9896
Viewing Area: 34 cm x 34 cm Includes
Usable Tank Depth: 1 cm • Ripple Generator/
Drain Tube: 30 cm long Strobe Driver with
Projection Screen: 35.6 cm x 38.8 cm wide Power Adapter
Acrylic Mirror: 49.8 cm x 38.8 cm wide • LED Strobe Assembly
Light Source Support Rod: 46 cm long
• Plane Wave Generator
Water-Resistant Storage Box: 64 cm x 52 cm x 17 cm
with Multi-point
Dippers
Specifications – Ripple Generator/Light Source (WA-9896) • Point Sources (3 sizes)
Voice Coil Actuator Frequency Range: 1.0 to 50.0 Hz with 0.1 Hz Resolution See specifications at left.
Light Source: Strobe or Steady, 5 W White LED
Digital LED Display: Frequency/Delta
Adjustable Delta Frequency Between Ripple Generator and Strobe: Ripple Tank Generator/
± 45% frequency setting in steps of 9% Light Source............................ WA-9896
Phase Switch: 0 or 180 degrees
Depth, Tilt, and Amplitude Adjustment Controls
Power Supply: 15 VDC at 1.5 A with On/Off Switch
Ripple Tank Replacement Set
Rippler Case Dimensions: 10.5 cm x 16.3 cm x 3.9 cm WA-9898
Includes
Includes •P lastic Storage Box • Foam Beach
•R  ipple Tank (complete components for Components • Refractors
list at right) • Dippers • Curved Reflector
• Ripple Generator/Light Source • Pipette • Diffraction Barriers
(complete components list at right)
See specifications at left.
• Water Resistant Storage Box included
(64 cm x 52 cm x 17 cm)
Ripple Tank Optics.......................... WA-9898

Ripple Tank System..................................................................WA-9899 Ripple Tank Screen and Mirror

Required: WA-9881 Includes
Large Rod Base .......................................................................ME-8735 p. 186
• Screen and mirror
90 cm Rod...................................................................................ME-8738 p. 186
Replacement:
Ripple Tank Replacement Set.................................................WA-9898 Ripple Tank Screen and Mirror............WA-9881

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 253

 Standing Waves
String Vibrator
WAVES & SOUND

WA-9857A Clamping
Convenient for clamping the String Vibrator
to the tabletop or any other edge; holes allow
A G reat tool for mechanical wave demonstrations permanent mounting to a surface.
A Uses magnetic field to drive flexible tongue
Power Inputs
Drive String Vibrator’s coil with
The String Vibrator transforms mechanical wave demonstrations Sine Wave Generator or
into hands-on activities that every lab group can easily perform. 850 Interface.
Featuring an elegant design with no motors or speakers, the String
Vibrator allows students to study the fundamental characteristics
of mechanical waves including wave speed, frequency, wavelength,
amplitude, interference, and resonance.

Includes
• String Vibrator Unit Built-in
• Wave Cord (3 meters) Rod Clamps
(not shown) For mounting on
Stainless Steel either a horizontal
Tongue or vertical rod
Flexible metal strip Air Vents Custom
mounted to a powerful Provide good Plastic Case
neodymium magnet; circulation Tough enough for
String Vibrator.................................................................... WA-9857A includes a hole for of air around student use; stacking posts
Required: connecting string or coil. allow several units to be
Sine Wave Generator........................................................ WA-9867 wave cord. vertically stacked for storage.

Strobe
ME-6978
A 1 Hz to 500 Hz
A Variable intensity
A Low cost
A External trigger
This unique modular design makes it easy to light any
geometry. The Strobe includes the Strobe Control Box
and one Strobe Module. Additional Strobe Modules
can be purchased separately (see below) for up to a
total of four lamp modules per controller, and multiple
control boxes can be connected together using the
External Trigger. The Strobe Modules have a tilting lamp
head on a sturdy base that sits on the table or fastens
to a rod stand.

Digital Display Specifications

Frequency Range: Lamp Life: 50,000 hours
1 Hz to 500 Hz Brightness: 230 lumens
Resolution: 0.1 Hz (peak) per module
Lamp ON/OFF
Accuracy: 0.1%

Brightness Control

Tilting lamp head on a Strobe..........................................................................ME-6978

sturdy base sits on the table Additional Strobe Module........................................ME-6982
or fastens to a rod stand. Shown in use with:
String Vibrator............................................................WA-9857A p. 186
25 cm long Steel Rod (2) (threaded) .....................ME-8988 p. 189
Includes Aluminum Table Clamp (2)........................................ME-8995
• Control Box Sine Wave Generator ...............................................WA-9867
Frequency Adjustment • Strobe Module (1) Multi-Clamp................................................................ME-9507

254 more information at pasco.com

 Standing Waves
Sine Wave Generator Power Output

WAVES & SOUND

Standard banana Frequency Increments
WA-9867 Use these buttons to store a frequency
jacks allow the
Sine Wave increment and scan through a frequency
A S ine wave output up to 800 Hz Generator to be range by this increment.
A Ideal for driving speakers and wave drivers easily connected
to other devices.
A Auto-scan of resonant frequencies
LED Display
Red LEDs make
the display easy
to read with 0.1 Amplitude
Hz resolution. Vary the amplitude of
the sine wave
0 to 10 V peak.

Frequency
Adjustment
Change the
frequency
by 1 Hz or 0.1 Hz
increments.

High Power Output

To drive speakers

Features
A Custom Plastic Case: Designed to withstand student use; includes angled rubber
feet for ease of use and rear rod clamp for additional mounting options. Cases are
also stackable for easy storage.
A Digital Display: Frequency is displayed with 0.1 Hz resolution using red LEDs.
A Frequency Adjustment: Adjust the frequency of the output with either the fine
(0.1 Hz) or coarse (1 Hz) knobs. The knobs include a “smart scan” feature so they
change frequency more quickly when continuously turned.
A Amplitude Adjustment: Change the voltage of the sine wave signal.
A “Learn” Frequency: The Sine Wave Generator will store a frequency increment,
then it will cycle through the selected frequency range by the increment
automatically, which is very useful for resonance demonstrations or activities.

Includes Sine Wave Generator...............................................................WA-9867

Recommended:
• Sine Wave
String Vibrator...........................................................................WA-9857A p. 254
Generator
Mechanical Wave Driver........................................................SF-9324 p. 256
•P
 ower Supply: Open Speaker............................................................................WA-9900 p. 258
15 VDC 2A Economy Resonance Tube......................................................WA-9495 p. 258
Shown in use with:
2 Meter Patch Cord Set...........................................................SE-9415A p. 226

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 255

 Mechanical Waves
Mechanical Wave Driver and Accessories
WAVES & SOUND

Mechanical Wave Driver Longitudinal

SF-9324 Wave Spring
A Drive any wave experiment at specified frequencies WA-9401
A Variable amplitude
Using the Longitudinal Wave
A Tough and versatile
Spring accessory, it is easy
to demonstrate and visualize
the nodes and antinodes of
longitudinal waves.
Unstretched length is 13 cm.

Longitudinal waves can be

easily demonstrated with the
Longitudinal Wave Spring.

Longitudinal Wave Spring.............................................. WA-9401

Violin Chladni Plate

SE-7319
This 40 cm-long plate is
shaped like a standard violin.
SF-9324 Place sand on the plate and
8 Ω Impedance excite with either a violin bow or wave driver.
Includes a standard banana jack connector
for use with the Mechanical Wave Driver.
Powering the Wave Driver
Different PASCO products can be
used to power the Wave Driver; Violin Chladni Plate.......................................................... SE-7319
see below.
Chladni Plates Kit
WA-9607
In the early nineteenth century,
Features Ernst Chladni added another
Frequency Response: From 0.1 to 1000 Hz with an amplitude of dimension to wave experiments
approximately 5 mm up to about 50 Hz. by sprinkling sand on a thin plate
Mounts Vertically or Horizontally: Designed to sit upright on a and using a violin bow to induce
table, on its side, or mounted on a 12.7 mm (1/2 inch) rod. vibrations. The sand that collected
Driving Signal Required: Requires a function generator with a along the nodal lines of the wave patterns painted clear and beautiful
minimum of ±8 V at 0.5 A. An accurate measurement of frequency is pictures of the various modes of vibration.
necessary for quantitative resonance experiments. The Chladni Plates Kit and a Wave Driver allow continuous vibrations
to be produced at measurable frequencies. Students can determine
the resonant frequencies of the plates and examine the modes of
vibration at any frequency.
Mechanical Wave Driver.......................... SF-9324
The Chladni Plates Kit includes a
Required:
24 cm x 24 cm square plate, round plate,
Banana Plug Patch Cord............................ SE-9751 p. 226
0.8 kg of extra-fine sand, and a sand shaker.
Plus one of the following function generators:
Sine Wave Generator.................................. WA-9867 p. 255 The round plate can be vibrated about its center
Function Generator..................................... PI-8127 p. 249 or about an offset point to investigate both
850 Universal Interface............................... UI-5000 p. 26 symmetric and asymmetric modes of vibration.
Equivalent function generator providing up to 1 A to an 8 Ω impedance. WARNING! This product can expose you to
Shown in use with: crystalline silica, which is known to the State of
California to cause cancer.
2 Meter Patch Cord Set.............................. SE-9415A p. 226 For more information go to www.P65Warnings.ca.gov.
Recommended:
Slot String Holder (set of 4)........................ SF-9322 p. 257
Hole String Holder (set of 4)...................... SF-9323 p. 257 Chladni Plates Kit ............................................................ WA-9607

256 more information at pasco.com

 Mechanical Waves
Mechanical Wave Driver Accessories Structures Resonance

WAVES & SOUND

Metal Resonance Strips Structures System
SF-9404 PASCO’s Structures System is ideal for demonstrating resonance
These resonance strips demonstrate standing waves, harmonics, in complex systems. The plastic I-Beams clearly show two different
and the relationship between length, frequency, and resonance. bending moments and can be connected together to build a variety
of structures.
The long plastic I-Beam is constructed of components from the
Advanced Structures Set (p. 151). It is driven using the Mechanical
Wave Driver and the Function Generator (PI-8127), demonstrating
the three lowest harmonics.

See EX-5555
Shaking Tower
Experiment
on p. 343.

Investigate the unique resonant frequencies of the Metal Resonance Strips.

Metal Resonance Strips.....................................................SF-9404

Resonance Wire Loop

SF-9405
Use this wire loop (29 cm diameter) to introduce Bohr’s quantum
atom using a classical model.

Composite
Resonance Wire Loop.........................................................SF-9405 I-Beam
1.2 m tall
String Holders
4 mm diameter banana Slot (set of 4) Hole (set of 4)
plugs fit into shaft of
SF-9322 SF-9323
Wave Driver (SF-9324).

Advanced Structures Set........................ ME-6992B p. 151

Large Slotted Mass Set........................... ME-7566 p. 197
Slot String Holder (set of 4)................................................SF-9322 45 cm Stainless Steel Rod....................... ME-8736 p. 186
Hole String Holder (set of 4)..............................................SF-9323 Large Rod Base......................................... ME-8735 p. 186

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 Resonance
Demonstrate Acoustic Resonance
WAVES & SOUND

Economy
Resonance Metric Scale
Directly measures
Tube length of air column for
open and closed tube.
WA-9495

Nested Tubes
Stand

Students will have no difficulty hearing resonant

frequencies from this tube. Two nested cardboard
tubes allow the length of the air column to be
easily varied. And the inner tube contains a
removable end-cap to change from a “closed”
to an “open” tube. The length of the resonating
column can be read directly off the metric scale
for both open and closed operation.

Closed tube (with end cap in place)

Open tube (with end cap removed)

The removable end-cap on the inner tube allows the air column to act as
either an “open” or a “closed” tube. Shown in use with the
Open Speaker and the
Sine Wave Generator.
Open Speaker
WA-9900
WA-9495 includes
Features a high-quality, 13.3 cm woofer
mounted on a sturdy base with standard • Outer Tube (length 1.3 m; diameter 0.15 m)
banana jack inputs. The Open Speaker • Inner Tube (includes measuring tape and removable end-cap)
is not enclosed inside a case, making it
• Tube Stands (2)
perfect for resonance experiments.

Specifications
Frequency Response: 75 - 8000 Hz
Impedance: 8 ohms Economy Resonance Tube........................WA-9495
Input Power: 60 W (max) Shown in use with:
Open Speaker..............................................WA-9900
Sine Wave Generator.................................WA-9867 p. 255
Open Speaker.............................................. WA-9900 2 Meter Patch Cord Set.............................SE-9415A p. 226

258 more information at pasco.com

 Resonance
Resonance Air Column with Speaker

WAVES & SOUND

WA-9594
A Very loud resonance PASCO Capstone
controls the sine wave
A Tough polycarbonate tube output of the 550
A Use with speaker or tuning fork Universal Interface
to drive the speaker.
The Resonance Air Column (WA-9606) emits a very loud sound The FFT display of
when the plunger is moved to a node position. It works as well the Sound Sensor
as a water column but without the mess. The secret is in the data shows the tube’s
long molded piston head, which is very efficient in reflecting the resonant response.
sound waves. The plunger handle is made of flexible acetyl so it
will not break.

The Resonance Air Column has a polycarbonate tube so it will not

break or chip like inferior acrylic. It includes eight plastic snap-on rings
that can be slid along the tube to mark the nodes. A meter stick is
used to read the positions of the rings.

The new Sound Sensor (UI-5101)

has a microphone on a 1.4 m long Polycarbonate Tube
wire so it can be used to find the
nodes inside the Resonance Air Piston
Column.

The Resonance Air Column can

be used as a closed or open tube.
In the closed mode, tuning forks Node
or speakers are suitable for sound Marker
sources. In the open mode, a
speaker with a signal generator is Mini Speaker
required to vary the frequency Support Stand
until the tube sounds a resonance.

WA-9594 includes WA-9606 includes

• Resonance Air Column (WA-9606) • Tube and plunger,
Mini Speaker • Mini Speaker (WA-9605) • Node markers (8)
WA-9605 • Detachable stands (2)
The Mini Speaker (WA-9605) is specially made to work with the Specifications
Resonance Air Column. It can be powered with the Function
Material: Polycarbonate
Generator (PI-8127), an 850 Universal Interface (UI-5000), or a
Length: 4.0 ft (1.2 m)
550 Universal Interface (UI-5001). It is also useful as a stand-
Diameter: 1.5” O.D. (3.8 cm)
alone speaker for doing interference demonstrations. Two Mini
Shown: Wall Thickness: 1/16” (1.6 mm)
Speakers acting as point sources can output the same
WA-9594 Plunger Length: 4.2 ft (1.3 m)
frequency and the spatial interference pattern
can be explored. Plunger Handle: Acetyl

Specifications
Maximum Voltage: 10 V Resonance Air Column with Speaker.............................. WA-9594
Power: 2 W Resonance Air Column (without speaker)....................... WA-9606
Impedance: 8 Ω Shown in use with:
550 Universal Interface...................................UI-5001 p. 26
Protection Resistor: 15 Ω, 2 W
Sound Sensor...................................................UI-5101 p. 60
Tuning Fork Set.................................................SE-7342 p. 263
2 Meter Patch Cord Set..................................SE-9415A p. 226
Mini Speaker.........................................................WA-9605
Meter Stick (6 pack)........................................SE-8827 p. 192

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 Transverse Waves
Complete Wave Motion Demonstrator
WAVES & SOUND

SE-9600
A Produces slow-moving, high-amplitude transverse waves
A Demonstrates all basic wave phenomena

The PASCO Complete Wave Motion Demonstrator allows mechanical waves to be created
to demonstrate the behavior and properties common to many types of waves.

The Complete Wave Motion Demonstrator in three sections: The high-amplitude, slow-moving waves provide a fascinating introduction to basic wave phenomena.

Features How It Works

A 2.3 Meters Long: Plenty of room to watch the wave develop and A series of steel rods is attached at their centers to a torsion wire.
interact. When a rod is displaced and released, a wave propagates along the
A Three Wave Sections: Each section has rods of different lengths, rod. Velocity depends on the torsion constant of the wire and the
allowing reflection and transmission demonstrations. moment of inertia of the rods.
- Section 1 is 92 cm long with 46 cm rods.
- Section 2 is 92 cm long with 23 cm rods. The resulting wave
velocity is about three times as fast.
- Section 3 is 46 cm long with rods that vary exponentially from
46 cm to 23 cm. This section acts as an impedance-matching unit.
A Yellow Rod Tips: Easy viewing and highlights wave motion.
A Folds for Compact Storage
Complete Wave Motion
A Easy Setup Demonstrator........................................................................SE-9600

Wave Motion Actuator Single Section Wave Motion

SE-7125 Demonstrator
A S
 inusoidal driver SE-9601
A Reproducible pulse The Wave Motion Actuator sinusoidally
A Digital readout drives the Complete Wave Motion
Demonstrator (above). It can also
generate a reproducible pulse. The
Actuator arm is magnetically
coupled to the rod of the
Wave Demonstrator.
The frequency of the sine wave is
continuously variable from 0.1 Hz
to 3 Hz and the frequency and
period are displayed on the digital
readout.
A-frame design collapses for easy storage.

Demonstrate:
Includes
- Wave propagation velocity • Section 1 (46 cm long rods) • Clamp for rigid termination
- Wave reflection boundary • Length of section: 92 cm • Dash pot for liquid damping
conditions
- Wave interference and standing
waves
Single Section Wave Motion
Wave Motion Actuator....................................... SE-7125 Demonstrator........................................................................SE-9601

260 more information at pasco.com

 Waves STEM/Vacuum
Comprehensive Physics Bell Jar

WAVES & SOUND

Investigations Lab Manual SE-7725
EP-6326 This thick glass bell jar with
base plate includes an electric
Are you looking for more hands-on physics labs?
bell on a rubber mount to
The Comprehensive Physics Investigations
demonstrate that sound does
Lab Manual includes over 40 labs and activities,
not propagate in a vacuum.
seven of which are for Oscillations, Waves
Remove the air from the jar
& Sound.
and the sound from the bell
gradually fades.
Oscillations, Waves & Sound Labs
A Oscillators
A Resonance Specifications
Vacuum Pressure for Bell Jar:
A Waves
<= -0.06 MPa
A Interference
Bell Voltage: 3 V DC
A Resonance and Sound
Bell Jar: 6.5” dia. x 9.75” tall
A Design a Musical Instrument (inside: dia. 6.25” x 8” tall)
Base: 8” dia. x 1.5” high
Best of all, digital access to these Online Teacher Resources is
included with purchase of the lab manual: Includes
A Word and PDF versions of the lab instructions • Glass bell jar
A Student worksheets (blackline masters) in Word and PDF formats • Vacuum base plate
A Answer keys in Word and PDF formats • Gasket
A Sample Data • Hose
• Battery-operated electric bell
A Labs for SPARKvue
(removable)

Equipment Bell Jar.................................................................................SE-7725

Required:
Oscillations, Waves and Sound Kit 2 AA batteries
EP-3578 Vacuum Pump......................................................................SE-7726
Perform experiments to study wave properties, amplitude,
wave length, frequency, resonance, and period. Vacuum Pump
SE-7726
Includes
A 1 5 mTorr vacuum
• Steel Transverse Wave
“Snakey” Spring (1.8 m) A Pump the air out of a bell jar
• Extra-large Steel A Use with Coin and
Longitudinal Wave Feather Tube (page 129)
“Slinky” Spring
This reasonably priced
• 25 cm Extension Spring
vacuum pump can obtain a
• Pendulum/Spring Hanger vacuum down to 15 mTorr.
• Resonance Lever
• 1”-diam. Aluminum Features
Pendulum Ball •1  /2 HP, 1725/1425 RPM capacitor start motor with thermal
• Resonance Tube overload protection
• Tuning Forks (4) • 1/2” x 1/4” x 3/8” intake port
• Forces Accessories • 21-ounce (680 cc) oil capacity
• Tripod • 2 stage direct drive to achieve deep 15-micron vacuum
• Gratnells® Storage Tray • Lighter weight finned aluminum housing reduces heat during
operation
• All metal construction including all brass fittings
• Completely field-repairable
• UL listed; made in the USA
• 24-month warranty
Coming soon!
Oscillations, Waves, and Sound Equipment Kit ................... EP-3578 Check pasco.com for availability.
Comprehensive Physics Investigations Lab Manual............ EP-6326 Vacuum Pump......................................................................SE-7726

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 Wave Media
Sound Pipe Snakey Double-Length Slinky
WAVES & SOUND

SE-7724 SE-7331 SE-8760

This extra-long metal spring is ideal to

study mechanical waves. The Snakey has
an unstretched length of 2 meters. Pull the
The Slinky is an excellent tool for
convenient end loops more than 10 meters
demonstrating transverse and longitudinal
apart to demonstrate transverse, longitudinal,
wave phenomena. This Double-Length Slinky
and standing waves.
is twice as long as a traditional Slinky, allowing
students to create well-defined wave pulses
and standing wave patterns. The tension in
Easily create clear standing the Slinky is very low, causing wave pulses to
wave patterns. travel slowly throughout its length.

Double-Length Slinky...................... SE-8760

Elastic Wave
When students spin these pipes over their
Cord
heads, the pipe produces an audible tone SE-9409
similar to that produced by blowing across This highly visible
the mouth of a bottle. As the pipe is spun elastic cord can
faster, the resonant frequency increases. be used to set up
Five different frequencies can be achieved. standing transverse
Four pipes of various colors are included. waves, or pluck it to
Coming soon! watch wave propagation. Approximately
Check pasco.com for availability. 3 mm diameter and 90 meters in length.

Sound Pipe.........................SE-7724 Snakey................................SE-7331 Elastic Wave Cord..................... SE-9409

Glow String (2 pack) Singing Rods

SE-8690 SE-7301
These rods emit a VERY LOUD pure tone when stroked. The nodes are marked on
these rods to indicate where you should hold the rod. Standing longitudinal waves are
String color may vary. set up in the rod by stroking the rod with your fingers (coated with the included rosin).
Investigate the effects of different lengths and holding the rod at different nodes.
This string glows in the dark after being
exposed to light. Use it to demonstrate wave Node Marks
motion, including resonance and standing
wave patterns. Two rolls are included, totaling
over 15 meters of string.

Rosin Bag

Includes
Glow String forming a standing wave using PASCO’s • Two Aluminum Rods
String Vibrator WA-9857, Sine Wave Generator Approx. length: 20” (500 mm) and 30” (750 mm).
WA-9867, and a UV Light Source
• Bag of crushed rosin to lightly coat your fingertips

Singing Rods.................................SE-7301
Replacement Supplies:
Glow String (2 pack)................SE-8690 Rosin Bag......................................SE-6659

262 more information at pasco.com

 Tuning Forks
Doppler Rocket Sympathetic Tuning Fork Set

WAVES & SOUND

WA-9826 Resonance Box Set SE-7342
A E xperience the frequency SE-7345
shift of sound waves
A Easily generate
high velocity motion
A Rugged construction
O-rings
Remove easily to change battery

(a)

The tuning fork has long been the tool of

choice to help students understand the
relationship between wave frequency and
pitch. These high-quality aluminum tuning
Skinned Foam Body Rope Tube
Protects buzzer during impact Pass rope through forks are both rugged and economical. The
to fly horizontally set includes eight forks representing a full
octave of frequencies, a soft protective
Fly Horizontally — A set of two ropes can be case, and a rubber mallet.
passed through the center of the unit. This allows
students to use the included handles Note Frequency
to propel the Doppler Rocket
across the room C 256 Hz
at high velocities. (b)
The unit is guided D 288 Hz
by the ropes. E 320 Hz
Students hear
the change in pitch F 341.3 Hz
as the Doppler
Rocket flies past G 384 Hz
them.
A 426.7 Hz

B 480 Hz
Resonance boxes are great instruments for
amplifying sound from a tuning fork. These C 512 Hz
The Doppler Rocket combines the elements boxes are constructed from hardwood and
of a toy with an audio Doppler shift to create feature an A4 tuning fork mounted directly
an educational experience students won’t to the box. Use Capstone software and
a sound sensor (UI-5101) to measure the Tuning Fork Set........................SE-7342
forget. The Doppler Rocket emits a true,
sinusoidal sound waveform at a constant sound waves and beat frequencies created
frequency of approximately 620 Hz. The by these resonance boxes. Tuning Fork Technical Set
circuit and speaker are housed in skinned
SE-7728
foam that protects the unit during normal
impacts. The circuit is powered by a 9 V Includes This tuning fork set consists of
battery. As the Doppler Rocket passes •H
 ardwood resonance box with a 256 Hz six aluminum tuning forks:
the students, they hear a noticeable shift A4 tuning fork (a) 125, 250, 500,1000, 2000, 4000 Hz.
in frequency. Velocities of 10 m/s can be •H
 ardwood resonance box with an The frequencies are stamped on the forks.
easily achieved, resulting in a 20 Hz shift in adjustable tuning fork (b)
frequency.

Includes
• Doppler Rocket Sympathetic Resonance
Box Set.................................... SE-7345
• Rope (30 m)
Recommended:
• Handles (4)
• Handle Cushions (4) Sound Sensor......................... UI-5101
• Battery (9 V) 850 Universal Interface......... UI-5000
PASCO Capstone.................... pp. 70-73

Doppler Rocket........................ WA-9826 Tuning Fork Technical Set.........SE-7728

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 263

 Basic Optics System
Basic Optics System
LIGHT & OPTICS

OS-8515C
A Geometric and ray optics
A Concave and convex lenses Viewing Screen
White plastic screen
A Concave/convex mirror snaps into the optics
Adjustable Lens Holder bench and the position
Use your own lenses of the screen can be
PASCO’s Basic Optics System is easy-to-use, affordable, and ruggedly designed.
(from 19 mm to 75 mm read directly on the
Large 50 mm diameter optics components are mounted in protective holders that in diameter) or choose
snap directly onto the aluminum track and are easy to slide and position. bench scale.
from our lens sets.
Built-in metric tape makes measurements of image and object
distances quick and accurate for both lenses and mirrors.
The versatile Light Source doubles as a tabletop
ray box for studies in reflection, refraction, color
Four 50 mm Diameter Lenses
addition, and Snell’s Law. All the components
+100, +200, +250, -150 mm lenses
(except the track) fit in the included custom are mounted in protective
foam storage box. holders.

Concave/Convex Mirror
50 mm diameter plastic mirror with reflective
surface on both sides; includes “half-screen”
upon which the image is focused.

Ray Optics Kit

Includes concave/convex lenses, concave/convex/plane mirrors, acrylic
rhomboid for prism spreading of white light and refraction experiments,
Optics Bench (1.2 m)
and hollow lens for teaching the Lensmaker’s Equation. Also includes
The lenses, mirrors, light source,
Ray Table storage tray that can be used as a water tank for the hollow lens.
and screen snap into this rugged
Two-piece construction allows aluminum extrusion. The metric tape
the table to be rotated to study makes position measurements easy.
Snell’s Law or the Law of
Reflection. Includes D-shaped
acrylic lens. “Half-Screen”
with Image

Mirror

The storage tray is used to create a “hollow” air-filled

convex lens. Note that the rays diverge.

Light Source: Has a lighted crossed arrow target with

Ray Table in use showing both the metric scale for focusing images through lenses or for Components from the Ray Optics Kit showing
reflected and refracted rays use with the concave mirror. refraction and reflection

264 more information at pasco.com

 Basic Optics System

LIGHT & OPTICS

Versatile Light Source: Has a crossed arrow
target, a point light source for inverse-square law
Basic Optics Components
experiments, and acts as a ray box for tabletop ray and Accessories
optics experiments. Red-green-blue
rays are also available for color
addition experiments.

System Components
pp. 266-269

Color Mixer
Rotate the selector knob to choose between p. 270
rays (1, 3, or 5) or the primary color mask.

The primary color mask

allows experiments in
color addition using Lens Sets
components from the pp. 267-268
Ray Optics Kit.

System Accessories
pp. 267-268
272-273

Included Basic Optics System Experiments

1. Color Addition 7. Hollow Lens 13. Focal Length and Magnification
of a Concave Mirror
2. Prism
3. Reflection
8. Lensmaker’s Equation
9. Apparent Depth 14. Virtual Images Human Eye Model
4. Snell’s Law 10. Reversibility 15. Telescope pp. 274-279
5. Total Internal Reflection 11. Dispersion 16. Microscope
6. Convex and Concave 12. Focal Length and 17. Shadows
Lenses Magnification of a Thin Lens

Basic Optics System

Storage Box Diffraction
All components (except the track) pp. 276-278
fit in the custom foam box. There
are additional slots for accessory
lenses (see pp. 267-268).

Includes
• 1.2 m Optics Bench • Concave/Convex Mirror with Screen Dynamics Track Optics
• Basic Optics Light Source • Ray Optics Kit p. 280
• 50 mm diameter Glass Lenses in Holder • Ray Table with D-shaped Lens
+100 mm, -150 mm, +200 mm, +250 mm • Viewing Screen
• Adjustable Lens Holder • Storage Box

Basic Optics System.............................................................................................................................................OS-8515C

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 Basic Optics Components
Basic Optics Light Source Concave/Convex Mirror Accessory
LIGHT & OPTICS

OS-8470 OS-8457
A One, three, or five parallel rays A 50 mm diameter
A Three primary color source A ±100 mm focal length
A Crossed arrow object and point source A Plastic mirror

The Basic Optics Light Source is an excellent source for a variety of This double-sided convex/concave plastic mirror is mounted in a lens
optics experiments. A single 10-watt quartz-halogen bulb provides holder for easy placement on the Basic Optics Track. This accessory
bright, easy-to-see ill­umination without a lot of heat. By turning the also includes a “half screen” that allows light to pass through on one
box to a different side, it becomes a: side, and an opaque screen on the other half to focus the real image
formed by the concave mirror.
1. C
 rossed Arrow Object with Metric Scale: ideal for showing
images, focal point, and magnification.
2. B
 right Point Source: The very small filament of the halogen
“Half Screen”
bulb provides an excellent point source for experimenting
with Image
with shadows or the Inverse Square Law.
3. T
 hree Primary Colors Source: The red, green, and blue filters
provide three rays of light that are easily combined with a lens Mirror
for color mixing.
4. O
 ne,Three, or Five Ray Source: Just rotate the knob in front
of the light source to vary the number of rays produced.

Rotate the selector knob

to choose between rays
(1, 3, or 5) or the primary
color mask.

Includes
• Concave/Convex Mirror
• Half Screen

Concave/Convex Mirror Accessory........................... OS-8457

The Basic Optics Light Source provides
a point source and an extremely bright
crossed arrow target. Use free-standing or Ray Table
easily clip directly to Basic Optics Track.
OS-8465
A A ngle of reflection
A Snell’s Law
Basic Optics Light Source................................................ OS-8470 A Total internal reflection
The Ray Table provides an excellent viewing surface for ray optics.
Ray Optics Kit The table can be rotated about its axis to quickly change the
incident angle of the ray. The resulting angles of reflection
OS-8516A and refraction are easily measured directly off the polar grid
Includes printed on the table. The included acrylic cylindrical D lens
simplifies the experiment by having the rays bend at only one
• Double-Convex Lens
surface. Investigate Snell’s Law
• Double-Concave Lens for both cases of rays either
• Rhomboid entering or leaving the acrylic.
• Eye-Dropper
Includes
• Triangular mirror accessory with
concave, convex, and plane reflective surfaces • Table
• Hollow lens to fill with a liquid or use as an air lens. • D-shaped Lens

Ray Optics Kit..................................................................... OS-8516A Ray Table......................................................................... OS-8465

266 more information at pasco.com

 Basic Optics Accessories
Aperture Accessories Adjustable Lens Holder

LIGHT & OPTICS

OS-8524 OS-8474
Aperture Disk The Adjustable Lens Holder
Simulate the compound lens for the Basic Optics System
system of a camera using the is designed for use with
Aperture Disk. Simply snap the lenses and mirrors with
disk onto one face of a lens. The diameters between 19 mm
disk offers six different ƒ-number and 75 mm.
settings to control the amount Place the lens or mirror
of light that reaches the viewing screen. in the holder and adjust
the three arms to hold the
The ƒ-number is designated as ƒ / #, where # equals the focal length of the lens (ƒ) component. A set screw in
divided by the diameter of the aperture (D). Example uses a +100 mm lens. each adjustable arm ensures
that the mirror or lens will
remain in place. The holder
snaps into the Basic Optics
Track and is designed to
position all mirrors and
lenses at the same height as
the rest of the Basic Optics
System components.

Actual view through the

lens of the magnified
image of the pencil

The Peripheral Mask passes

light through the center only.

Spherical Aberration Attachments

Build a telescope or
Do the center and outside parts of a lens focus light differently? With
microscope; shown
the Spherical Aberration Attachments, students will be surprised by with 1.2 m Basic
the answer. Simply snap the attachments onto a lens from the Basic Optics Track OS-8508.
Optics System and compare the image distance for each attachment.

Adjustable Lens Holder..........................................................................................................OS-8474

Lens Holder Set

Peripheral Mask OS-8522
shown mounted
These holders for the
on +250 mm lens
The Center Mask passes Basic Optics System
light through an outside ring. are an excellent way
to permanently mount
50 mm diameter lenses.
Includes Just push in the two
retaining rings to hold
• Aperture Disk and Holder
the lens in place.
• Spherical Aberration Attachments

Aperture Accessories................................................... OS-8524 Lens Holder Set (2 pack).............................................. OS-8522

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 Basic Optics Accessories
50 mm Diameter Lens Assortment Ground Glass Lenses (set of 6)
LIGHT & OPTICS

SE-7581 SE-9013
This set of six lenses is made of polished glass with ground edges
and comes in a wooden storage box.

These precision ground glass lenses provide a useful range of focal

Focal Focal lengths. Each lens has a 50 mm diameter – small enough for easy
Length (mm) Description Length (mm) Description mounting, yet large enough for effective viewing. The set of six
comes in a convenient storage box.
+1000 double convex -1000 double concave
+300 double convex -200 double concave Focal Focal
Length Description Length Description
+150 double convex -150 double concave
500 mm concave convex -150 mm double concave
300 mm plano convex -300 mm plano concave
150 mm double convex -500 mm convex concave
50 mm Diameter Lens Assortment........................................ SE-7581

Ground Glass Lenses (set of 6)................................... SE-9013

Geometric Lens Set Adjustable Focal Length Lens
OS-8466A
OS-8494
Use the syringe to adjust the amount of water in the lens. Changing
the curvature of the clear flexible membranes changes the focal
length of the lens.
Viewing
Adjustable Screen
Lens Holder
Light
This is a set of three unmounted 50 mm diameter glass lenses with
focal lengths of +100 mm, +200 mm, and -150 mm. These are the
Source
same lenses included in the Dynamics Track Optics Kit (OS-8471A)
and the Beginning Optics System (OS-8459). They can be mounted in
the Adjustable Lens Holder on page 267.

Geometric Lens Set.......................................................... OS-8466A

Lens Sets
Basic Optics Geometric Lens Set (set of 2)
(+200, +100 mm) OS-8456 Use the Adjustable Focal Length Lens
with your Basic Optics System.
Accessory Lens Set (set of 2) See page 274 for use with Human Eye Model.
(+250, -150 mm) OS-8519 Clear Flexible
Clear Flexible Membrane
Membrane Water-filled Lens
Retaining Ring

Syringe
Removable membranes make it easy to clean.

Includes
• 10 mL Syringe
• 1 ft. Silicon Tubing
Each lens is mounted in a lens holder for protection and easy
• Lenses (2)
storage. The lens holder clips directly to the Basic Optics Track.

Adjustable Focal Length Lens......................... OS-8494............

Basic Optics Geometric Lens Set (set of 2).............. OS-8456
Shown in use with:
Accessory Lens Set (set of 2)...................................... OS-8519 Basic Optics System......................................... OS-8515C......... p. 264

268 more information at pasco.com

 Basic Optics Components
Basic Optics Optics Benches

LIGHT & OPTICS

Viewing Screen
OS-8460

This white plastic screen is used

with the Basic Optics System.
The screen snaps into the optics
bench, and the position of the
screen can be read directly on
the bench scale. Also fits the
Dynamics Track Optics Carriages 60 cm Optics Bench
(OS-8472 on page 280) for use OS-8541
with a Dynamics Track.
This short optical bench is for experiments such as polarization and
spectrophotometry.

Basic Optics Viewing Screen..........................................OS-8460

120 cm Optics Bench
OS-8508
Basic Optics This optics bench is used for lens and mirror experiments, inverse-
square law, and diffraction/interference experiments.
Spares Kit
OS-8510
60 cm Optics Bench....................................................... OS-8541
120 cm Optics Bench..................................................... OS-8508

All parts are organized

in a plastic case for easy Optics Bench Rod Clamps
storage. OS-8479
Rod Clamps are used to elevate Basic Optics benches to match the
height of various light sources.

The Basic Optics Spares Kit includes many of the small parts that
are sometimes lost after student use. Also includes two replacement
bulbs for the Light Source. Suitable for all versions of the Basic Optics
System (OS-8515).

Includes
• 10 W bulb for Basic Optics Light Source OS-8470 or OS-8517A (2)
• 6-32 1 1/2” Screw for the Basic Optics Light Source OS-8517A (8)
• 3/8” Screw for optics accessories (6)
• 3/8” Brass thumbscrew for optics track brackets (4)
• 1/4-20 1/2” Nylon thumbscrews (8)
• 1/4-20 Square nuts (20)
• Nylon washers (6)
• 1/4-20 9/16” Round steel thumbscrews (4)
• 1/4-20 3/8” Round steel thumbscrews (4)
• 6-32 5/8” Round steel thumbscrews (6)
• 6-32 3/8” Round steel thumbscrews (4)
• 4-40 5/16” Round steel thumbscrews (4)
• 6-32 3/16” Round steel thumbscrews (4) Includes
• Replacement rubber feet for optics bench (6) • Two Rod Clamps
• Replacement rubber feet for Basic Optics Light Source OS-8517A (15)
• Replacement screws for Basic Optics Light Source OS-8470 (4)
• Plastic storage box (1)
Optics Bench Rod Clamps......................................................................................... OS-8479
Shown in use with:
Spares Kit – Basic Optics........................................................OS-8510 Small Round Base with Rod................................................................................... ME-8270

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 Color
Color Mixer
LIGHT & OPTICS

OS-8496
Shown using the track,
A Demonstrates additive color mixing screen, and 20 cm focal lens
from the Basic Optics System
A Accessory to Basic Optics System

The Color Mixer has separate controls for each of the red, blue,
and green LEDs that allow brightness to be adjusted from off to
full output.

Adjust screen and

lens position to
Use as a projector control overlap of
in classroom colors.
demonstrations.

Use free-standing, handheld,

or clip it directly to the Basic
Optics Track.

Includes
• Tri-color light source
• Power supply

Individually adjust the intensity of the super bright red, green, and blue LEDs.
Color Mixer..................................................................... OS-8496

Color Mixer Accessory Kit

OS-8495
A Accessory to the Color Mixer
A 7 filter cards
A 11 printed color cards
A Manual with 9 lab activities

Each card includes a graph showing its

transmitted or reflected spectrum. Sets are
enclosed in a clear envelope.

The red filter’s spectral chart shows it transmits only red light. Students
Includes observe that the blue and green circles disappear and the overlapping areas
• 7 Filter cards of magenta, yellow, and white become red.
• 11 Printed Color cards
• Manual (not shown)
Color Mixer Accessory Kit........................................... OS-8495

270 more information at pasco.com

 Polarization
Polarizer Demonstrator

LIGHT & OPTICS

OS-9477A
Confirm Malus’ Law using the Polarizer Demonstrator and a Light Sensor. The angle is read
directly from the polarizer, which is marked in 5° increments. Any light source can be
used, but the experiment works especially well with the Color Mixer, as shown here.

Polarizer
Color Mixer Demonstrator

High Sensitivity
Light Sensor

As the polarizer is rotated, the intensity of the light

varies as the square of the cosine of the angle
between the two polarizers.

Polarization
Demonstrator..................... OS-9477A
Shown in use with:
Optics Bench (60 cm)....... OS-8541 p. 269
Aperture Bracket.............. OS-8534A p. 279
Color Mixer........................ OS-8496 p. 270
High Sensitivity
Light Sensor....................... PS-2176 p. 53

Polarizer Demonstrator Accessory

OS-8172

This accessory adds a central platform and diffuser to the Polarizer

Demonstrator (OS-9477A). Put sugar water in one of the two supplied
square glass bottles and put it on the platform between crossed
polarizers. Use a desk lamp or Color Mixer (OS-8496) behind the diffuser
and rotate one of the polarizers to see the sugar water change colors as
the axis of polarization of different colors rotates to different angles.

Sample 1st Screen Demo with Karo® corn

2nd
Polarizer Polarizer syrup shows wavelength
dependence of optical
rotation. The light source
used was a compact
florescent (not included).
View Light
Source

Polarizer Demonstrator
Accessory................... OS-8172
Stand Required:
Includes Polarizer
• Square Glass Bottles (2) Demonstrator.............. OS-9477A
• Metal Stand for Bottles Suggested:
• Diffusion Screen Color Mixer................. OS-8496 p. 270

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 Polarization
Polarization Analyzer Linear Polarizer
LIGHT & OPTICS

OS-8533A OS-8549
Students can confirm Malus’ Law of Polarization by using the Polarization Analyzer with This pair of rectangular polarizers are
the Basic Optics System. All components mount directly to PASCO’s Basic Optics Bench mounted in cardboard frames. The polarizing
OS-8541. The Rotary Motion Sensor is used to measure the angle between the two polarizing film dimensions are 3.5” x 6”. Includes two
disks. The Light Sensor measures the intensity of light that passes through both polarizers. polarizers.

Diode First Polarization CLASS 2 LASER PRODUCT

LASER LIGHT – DO NOT STARE INTO BEAM
Laser

High-Sensitivity
Light Sensor

Polarization
Analyzer

Rotary Motion
Sensor
Shown with
Optics Bench OS-8541, Linear Polarizer (2 pack)...............OS-8549
60 cm track

Polarizer Set
OS-8473
As the polarizer is rotated, the This accessory set includes two polarizer
intensity of the light varies as the disks and an optics holder. Rotate the
square of the cosine of the angle polarizers relative to one another to view
between the two polarizers. the effect on light intensity.

Includes
• Polarizer Disks (2) • Accessory Holder with Mounting Bracket
• Polarizer Holder • Accessory Holder for Aperture Bracket
• Aperture Bracket • Retarder Disk

Polarization Analyzer...............................OS-8533A
Required:
See page 374 for Rotary Motion Sensor..............................PS-2120A p. 33
complete experiment. High-Sensitivity Light Sensor..................PS-2176 p. 53
Basic Optics System...............................OS-8515C p. 264
Diode Laser................................................OS-8525A p. 279 Polarizer Set............................OS-8473

272 more information at pasco.com

 Polarization
Brewster’s Angle Accessory

LIGHT & OPTICS

Sample Being Studied
OS-8170A 850 Interface
Light Sensor Rotary Motion Sensor
A  olarization by reflection
P for reflected beam
A Brewster’s Angle
A Fresnel’s Law of Reflection
A Snell’s Law
Beam Splitter
Collimating
Slits

Light Sensor
for calibration

CLASS 2 LASER PRODUCT

LASER LIGHT – DO NOT
STARE INTO BEAM

Polarizers
for intensity control

Red Diode Brewster’s Angle is measured using a computer.

Laser It is then used to calculate the index of refraction
of the reflecting material.

When light reflects off a nonconducting material, the reflected light is Developed using original ideas from P.J. Ouseph, Professor of
partially polarized. The amount of polarization depends on the incident Physics at University of Louisville, KY: “Polarization of Light
angle and the index of refraction of the reflecting material. The by Reflection and the Brewster Angle” by P.J. Ouseph, Kevin
incident angle that gives maximum polarization is called Brewster’s Driver, and John Conklin, Am. J. Phys. 69, 1166 (2001). This
Angle. modification to the experiment was suggested by Cristian
Bahrim and Wei-Tai Hsu in the American Journal of Physics
Light from a diode laser (wavelength = 650 nm) is reflected off the
article: “Precise measurement of the refractive indices for
flat side of an acrylic semicircular lens. The reflected light passes
dielectrics using an improved Brewster angle method,”
through a polarizer and is detected by a Light Sensor. The angle of Vol. 77, page 337 (2009).
incidence is measured by a Rotary Motion Sensor mounted on the
spectrophotometer table. The intensity of the reflected polarized light
vs. incident angle is graphed to determine the angle at which the light
intensity is a minimum. This is Brewster’s Angle, which is used to
calculate the index of refraction of acrylic.

The intensity of the reflected polarized light as a function

of the incident angle; see Brewster’s Angle Experiment
on page 375.

Includes
• Acrylic semicircular lens
• Lens platform
• Polarizers (2) with holder
• Analyzing polarizer
• Beam splitter
Brewster’s Angle Accessory.........................................................................OS-8170A
Beam Splitter (only).........................................................................................OS-8171
For other required equipment, see the Brewster’s Angle experiment EX-5544A on page 375.

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 Optics of the Human Eye
Human Eye Model Blind Spot
LIGHT & OPTICS

Simulates retina Plastic Eyeball

OS-8477A Retina attachment point Holds water to simulate Crystalline Eye Lens
Three positions for near-sighted, the vitreous humor Interchangeable lenses focus
A C lassic eye model at an far-sighted, and normal vision on near and far objects.
affordable price Additional slots are for pupil
and asymmetric lens.
A 3-D working model of
the human eye

Features
AW
 orking Model of the Human Eye: Two lenses are
used to form images on the retina. Sealed tank holds
water to simulate the vitreous humor. Size and
orientation of the illuminated object can be easily
measured.
AS
 tudy the Optics of Normal Vision and
Vision Correction: Use the included plastic lenses to
create images for normal vision, far-sightedness,
near-sightedness, and astigmatism. Additional lenses are
placed in front of the eye to correct for vision problems.
A F ixed Corneal Lens and Interchangeable
Crystalline Lens: The crystalline lens is surrounded
by water (vitreous humor). By changing the crystalline
lens, the eye can focus on both near and far objects.
AM
 ovable Retina: Three positions demonstrate
near-sightedness, far-sightedness, and normal vision.
AV
 ariable Pupil Size: Students can observe the change in brightness
and clarity of the image as the pupil size is reduced.
Eyeglass Lens Slots
Change to correct vision
Corneal Lens
Fixed glass lens
Pupil
Aperture

The Eye Model can

image any illuminated
picture, or use it with
the Basic Optics
System and Eye Model
Bracket on page 275.

Includes
• Molded Plastic Eyeball
• Plastic Lenses (2 sets of 6)
• Pupil Aperture
• Retina Screen
• Optics Caliper (1)
Use the Pupil Aperture to reduce the pupil size • Adjustable Focal Length Lens
or to change the shape to a “cat’s eye.” with Syringe, Tubing, and
2 Flexible Lenses
• Experiment Manual

Specifications
Human Eye Model............................................OS-8477A
Focal Lengths in Air of Plastic Lenses: +62 mm (+16d), +120 mm
(+8.3d), +400 mm (+2.5d), -1000 mm (-1.0d), -128 mm (-7.8d) Recommended:
cylindrical, +307 mm (+3.26d) cylindrical Basic Optics Light Source..............................OS-8470 p. 264
Human Eye Replacement Set
Corneal Lens Focal Length in Air: +140 mm (+7.1d) (includes lenses, screen, and pupil) ...........OS-8476
Dimensions: 15 cm x 17 cm x 10 cm high Optics Caliper (set of 5)..................................OS-8468 p. 275

274 more information at pasco.com

 Optics of the Human Eye
Eye Model Bracket Adjustable Focal

LIGHT & OPTICS

Image on
OS-8469 Basic Optics retina screen of Length Lens
Light Source crossed-arrow OS-8494
target
Use the syringe to adjust the amount of
water in the lens. Changing the curvature of
the clear flexible membranes changes the
focal length of the lens.
The Eye Model Bracket allows
the Human Eye Model to be Retina
used with the Basic Optics
System (OS-8515C). The
bracket holds the Eye Model
securely on the track at the
correct optical height.
The illuminated crossed-arrow
Built-in Scale target on the Basic Optics
Simplifies distance measurements Light Source makes the
on the optics track. perfect object. Easily measure
object and image distances,
Human Eye
as well as the size of the
Model
object and image for
calculations of magnification.
Demonstrate accommodation:
Show how the eye lens changes focal
length by changing its surface curvature.

See page 268 for use with Basic Optics System.

Includes
Clear Flexible
• Bracket
Membrane
Eye Model and Bracket are shown with a • Two 1/4-20 thumb
telescope made using two Adjustable screws with nuts Water-filled Lens
Lens Holders (OS-8474) and accessory
lenses (see page 268). Students can see
the image through the telescope with their
own eyes, and then place the Eye Model Eye Model Bracket.................. OS-8469
on the track and see the same image Shown in use with:
Basic Optics System............... OS-8515C
Syringe
projected on the retina screen.
Human Eye Model.................... OS-8477A
Clear Flexible Retaining
Optics Caliper Membrane Ring
OS-8468
A Glow-in-the-dark tips
A Waterproof
This lightweight plastic caliper is perfect
for measuring images in the dark. Simply Removable membranes make
span the object and then use a scale to it easy to clean.
measure the distance. For approximate
measurements, use the built-in cm scale
on the calipers. Includes
• 10 mL Syringe
Use the Optics Caliper to measure image sizes • 1ft. Silicon Tubing
in the Human Eye Model. Glow-in-the-dark tips • Lenses (2)
are activated using a UV light source.

Adjustable Focal
Length Lens................................. OS-8494
The tips of the caliper glow in the dark. Activate with Optics Caliper Shown in use with:
an incandescent or UV lamp. (set of 5)..........................................OS-8468 Human Eye Model...................... OS-8477A

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 Diffraction
Sensor-Based Diffraction System CLASS 2 LASER PRODUCT
LIGHT & OPTICS

LASER LIGHT – DO NOT STARE INTO BEAM

OS-8452 with Optics Bench High-Sensitivity

Light Sensor
A Vacuum-deposited chromium on glass A Double-slit interference
A Single-slit diffraction A Real-time intensity graphs Aperture
Bracket
Rotary
The Sensor-Based Diffraction System enables students to scan many diffraction Motion
and interference patterns during one lab period. They can study the differences Sensor
caused by changing the slit width, slit separation, and
number of slits. And, with the addition of the Green
Diode Laser, they can study the difference caused
by changing the wavelength.
Single-Slit Set
Multiple-Slit Set
Red Diode
Laser Linear Translator

Optics Bench

Scanning with the Linear Translator (on page 279): In this unique scanning system, the dif-
fraction pattern is scanned using a light sensor attached to a Rotary Motion Sensor. As the
wheel on the Rotary Motion Sensor is rotated by hand, the Rotary Motion Sensor moves
along a gear rack (called the Linear Translator). Students make the association between the
diffraction pattern they see and the real-time graph of the light intensity vs. position.
Computer scan of a single-slit and double-slit having the
same slit width

The computer scan of an interference pattern

is shown above a photograph of the actual Includes
laser pattern. The pattern was produced with
• Red Diode Laser (OS-8525A)
a double-slit, having a slit width 0.08 mm
and slit separation 0.50 mm. • Linear Translator (OS-8535)
• Aperture Bracket (OS-8534A)
• Optics Bench (OS-8508)
• High Precision Diffraction Slit Set (OS-8453)

Light Sensor Aperture Bracket

For components and accessories, see pages 278-279.

Sensor-Based Diffraction
(with Optics Bench)..................................................OS-8452
Required for use with ScienceWorkshop:
Light Sensor...............................................................CI-6504A
Rotary Motion Sensor..............................................CI-6538
Required for use with PASPORT:
High Sensitivity Light Sensor..................................PS-2176
Linear Rotary Motion Sensor..............................................PS-2120A
Translator Recommended:
Rotary Motion Sensor Green Diode Laser....................................................OS-8458B p. 279

276 more information at pasco.com

 Diffraction
Diffraction Optics Kit CLASS 2 LASER PRODUCT

LIGHT & OPTICS

LASER LIGHT – DO NOT
STARE INTO BEAM
OS-8531A
Add this kit to the Basic Optics System to allow the investigation
of a wide variety of diffraction slit patterns. The slits are constructed Single Slit Pattern (a = 0.04 mm)
using vacuum-deposited chromium on glass. The following patterns
are included:

A Single Slit (four variations)

A Variable Width Single Slit Slit Accessory Double Slit Pattern (a = 0.08 m, b = 0.05 mm)
A Double Slit (four variations) Snaps into position on the bench
for automatic slit alignment with
A Multiple Slit (3,4,5)
laser. Rotate disk to select a
A Single Slit/Double Slit Comparison different pattern.
A Variable Spacing Double Slit

Red Diode
Laser

4-Slit Pattern (a = 0.04 mm, d = 0.125 mm)

Single/Double Slit Comparison

Easy Laser Alignment.

The laser beam can be aimed through the
slits using two thumb screws. Once the
beam is aligned, either the laser or the
slits can be removed from the optics bench
and returned to the bench without re-aligning the beam.

Change Slits in the Dark Without Re-aligning Everything.

The slit wheels eliminate the frustration of trying to change the slits
in a darkened room. Simply rotate to the next positive click to lock a
different slit into position. The alignment of the disk only has to be Circular Diffraction Pattern Hex Diffraction Pattern
done once. After that, all the slits on that wheel will be aligned.
Includes
Optics Caliper •R
 ed Diode Laser
(OS-8525A)
OS-8468
•H
 igh Precision Diffraction Slit Set
This lightweight plastic caliper is (OS-8453)
perfect for measuring interference
and diffraction patterns in the dark. For components and accessories, see pages 278-279.
Glow-in-the-dark tips are activated using an incandescent
or UV lamp. See page 275 for more information.
Diffraction Optics Kit................................................OS-8531A
Required:
120 cm Optics Bench...............................................OS-8508
Basic Optics Viewing Screen.................................OS-8460
Optics Caliper (Set of 5)...................... OS-8468 Recommended:
Green Diode Laser....................................................OS-8458B p. 279

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 Diffraction Components
High-Precision Diffraction Slits
LIGHT & OPTICS

OS-8453
Simply rotate the wheel to select the desired
slit. Each position locks into place, making it
A Vacuum-deposited chromium on glass easy to use, even in the dark.
A Single-slit and double-slit wheels
OS-8453 includes two slit wheels with holders designed to match the height
of the slits to the height of the diode laser. All components clip directly to
the Optics Bench from the Basic Optics System OS-8515C. The slit wheels
eliminate the frustration of trying to change the slits in a darkened room. To
change the slit being illuminated by the laser, the slit wheel is simply rotated
to the next positive click, which locks another slit into position.
Shown in use with the red OS-8525A and green OS-8458 Diode Lasers.
CLASS 2 LASER PRODUCT
LASER LIGHT – DO NOT
STARE INTO BEAM

The Single-Slit Wheel includes four single slits of different widths, The Multiple-Slit Wheel includes four double slits, a set of four
two circular apertures, one line/slit comparison, one opaque line, multiple slits having the same slit width and separation (2, 3, 4,
a variable width slit, and four patterns. and 5 slits), four slit comparisons, and a variable double slit.

Single-Slit Double-Slit
Diffraction Pattern Diffraction Pattern

2.
1.

Multi-Slit Diffraction Pattern

The comparisons have two slits illuminated

by the same red laser beam, so that the
patterns can be viewed side by side. 4.
1. Two-slit and three-slit comparison
2. Different slit widths
The Circular Diffraction The diffraction geometry represents the structure 3. Different slit separation 3.
pattern has the same of the Square and Hex patterns. 4. Single-slit and double-slit
2.
dimensions for both the 1.
dots and the holes.

High Precision Diffraction Slits..............................OS-8453

Recommended:
Includes Basic Optics System................................................OS-8515C p. 264
• Single-Slit Wheel with Holder Diode Laser – Red....................................................OS-8525A p. 279
• Multiple-Slit Wheel with Holder Diode Laser – Green................................................OS-8458B p. 279

278 more information at pasco.com

 Diffraction Components
Diode Lasers – Basic Optics

LIGHT & OPTICS

OS-8525A (Red)
OS-8458B (Green)
These unique diode lasers take the frustration out of aligning the laser beam
with the diffraction slits. With both lasers, you can demonstrate the effect of
changing wavelength on the diffraction and interference patterns.
A red laser beam was passed through a double slit. Then the Red Diode
Laser was replaced by the Green Diode Laser by simply pulling the Red
Laser off the optics track
and clipping the Green
Laser into its place. The
recorded patterns from
red and green lasers
show clearly that the
longer red wavelength is
spread out more than the
green.
Demonstrate the effect of changing wavelength on
the diffraction and interference patterns.

CLASS 2 LASER PRODUCT

LASER LIGHT – DO NOT STARE INTO BEAM

Specifications
Output Power: <1 mW
Wavelength: 650 nm (OS-8525A); 515 nm (OS-8458A)
Power Supply: 9 V adapter (included)
The horizontal and vertical
positions of the beam can
be adjusted by turning the
thumb screws on the back Diode Laser – Red............................................OS-8525A
of the laser. Diode Laser – Green........................................OS-8458B

Linear Translator Aperture Bracket

OS-8535A OS-8534A
The Aperture Bracket acts as a mask for a light sensor. The wheel is
rotated to select different size slits, defining the spatial resolution.
Narrow slits are used to scan diffraction patterns having fine detail.
Wider slits are used to let in more light when scanning dimmer
patterns. The diffuser selection is used for inverse square law
experiments.
Rotate the wheel to
Specifications select the aperture.
Six Slits: From 0.1 mm
The Linear Translator transforms a Rotary Motion Sensor into a to 1.5 mm width
linear motion device. The toothed rack of the Linear Translator fits Open Aperture:
into the slot in the side of the Rotary Motion Sensor. As the Rotary No reduction in intensity
Motion Sensor pulley is rotated by hand, the Rotary Motion Sensor 10% transmittance
moves along the rack. Rotary Motion Sensors not included. diffuser
Viewing Screen

Specifications
Resolution for Rotary Motion Sensor:
Metal Handle for
0.055 mm (CI-6538); 0.020 mm (PS-2120)
Includes proper grounding
Maximum Travel: 20 cm
• Aperture Bracket with Screen
• Metal Handle
• Accessory Holder

Linear Translator..........................................................OS-8535A Aperture Bracket............................................................. OS-8534A

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 Dynamics Track Optics
Dynamics Track Optics Kit
LIGHT & OPTICS

OS-8471A
A Turns your dynamics track into an optics bench
A Use with 1.2 m or 2.2 m Dynamics Tracks and PAStrack
A Expandable with Basic Optics
System components

The PASCO Dynamics Track Optics Kit includes specially designed

slides (carriages) that snap on the dynamics track. PASCO Basic
Optics components attach directly to the carriage for positioning
anywhere on the track.
Choose from a wide range of optics components to expand your
system. See pages 266-279 for more components.
Includes
• Basic Optics Light Source
• Two Adjustable Lens/Mirror
Typical Experiments Holders +100 mm, +200 mm,
and -150 mm Focal Length Lenses
• Viewing Screen
1. Focal Length and Magnification of a Thin Lens
• Three Optics Carriages
2. Telescope
3. Microscope
4. Shadows
5. Virtual Images Dynamics Track Optics Kit.......................................... OS-8471A
Required:
To see the experiments, type the product number into Dynamics Track 1.2 m.................................................. ME-9493
the search box at www.pasco.com and download or
the manual. Dynamics Track 2.2 m.................................................. ME-9779
or
PAStrack......................................................................... ME-6960

Dynamics Track Optics Carriages

OS-8472
The Dynamics Track Optics Carriages are designed to snap onto Includes
the PASCO Dynamics Track. Basic Optics components attach • Carriages (3)
directly to the carriages for positioning anywhere on the track.

Dynamics Track Optics Carriages...............................OS-8472

280 more information at pasco.com

 Light, Color, and Optics
Comprehensive Physics Investigations

LIGHT & OPTICS

Lab Manual
EP-6326
Are you looking for more hands-on physics labs? The Comprehensive
Physics Investigations Lab Manual includes over 40 labs and activities,
seven of which are for Light, Color, and Optics.
The Light, Color, and Optics labs in the Lab Investigations
Manual include the following:
A Magnification of Mirrors and Lenses
A Reflection in a Plane Mirror
A Refraction of Light
A Creating Real and Virtual Images with Lenses
A Image Formation for a Convex Lens
A Build a Microscope and Telescope
A Phosphorescence

Best of all, digital access to these Online Teacher Resources is

included with purchase of the lab manual:
A Word® and PDF versions of the lab instructions
A Student worksheets (blackline masters) in Word® and PDF formats
A Answer keys in Word® and PDF formats
A Sample data
A Labs for SPARKvue

Equipment
Light, Color, and Optics Kit
EP-3558
The Light, Color, and Optics Kit is a complete laboratory for learning
about light, color, and optical technology. Three 50-mm optics snap
onto the track and slide easily. The light source makes a perfect
illuminated “object” for optics experiments, and the fixed spacing
of the colored LEDs makes it easy to observe and measure image
properties such as magnification, inversion, and brightness.
Includes
• 1.2 m aluminum track • 50 mm convex lens -
• 50 mm optics mounts (3) 50 cm f.l.
• Rechargeable light source • 50 mm concave lens -
20 cm f.l.
• AC adapter/charger
• 50 mm convex mirror -
• Refraction tank
20 cm f.l.
• Triangular prism
• 50 mm concave mirror -
• Phosphorescent plastic
50 cm f.l.
• 50 mm convex lens -
• 50 mm screen
10 cm f.l. Lens holders mount to
• 50 mm diffraction grating
• 50 mm convex lens - PASCO tracks.
• Eyeglasses
20 cm f.l.

Comprehensive Physics Investigations

Lab Manual..........................................................................EP-6326
Light, Color, and Optics Kit................................................EP-3558

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 Ray Optics
Basic Optics Light Source Ray Optics Laser System CLASS 2 LASER PRODUCT
LIGHT & OPTICS

LASER LIGHT –
DO NOT STARE INTO BEAM
OS-8470 SE-8506
A One, three, or five parallel rays A N o need to dim the lights
A Three primary color source A Wide variety of optical components
A Crossed arrow object and point source A Templates simulate real-world optical devices

The Basic Optics Light Source is an excellent source for a variety of The laser rays are focused in front of
the retina by the myopic lens used
optics experiments. A single 10-watt quartz-halogen bulb provides
with the human eye template.
bright, easy-to-see ill­umination without a lot of heat. By turning the
box to a different side, it becomes a:
1. C
 rossed Arrow Object with Metric Scale: ideal for showing
images, focal point, and magnification.
2. B
 right Point Source: The very small filament of the halogen The laser rays are redirected by the
bulb provides an excellent point source for experimenting converging lens and focused on the
with shadows or the Inverse Square Law. “film” of the camera template.
3. T
 hree Primary Colors Source: The red, green, and blue filters
This demonstrations optics set uses a Laser Ray Box that has bright,
provide three rays of light that are easily combined with a lens
well-defined rays because it uses lasers rather than an incandescent
for color mixing. light source. The Laser Ray Box projects five parallel laser beams
4. O
 ne,Three, or Five Ray Source: Just rotate the knob in front onto any flat surface. It contains five 1 mW diode lasers (wavelength
of the light source to vary the number of rays produced. 635 nm). The laser beams are spread out into clearly visible lines by
cylindrical lenses inside the box.
The ray box has a magnetic back for mounting on any steel board.
The unit is powered by an included AC adapter.
This exceptional optics set includes six magnetically-backed
Rotate the selector knob templates that have guidelines showing where to put components
to choose between rays to perform different demonstrations, including:
(1, 3, or 5) or the primary A Modeling the human eye and eyeglasses
color mask. A How a camera works
A Two types of telescopes
A Spherical aberration
A Refraction and reflection
Each component has a magnetic backing
for mounting on any steel board.

The included protractor template can

be used to demonstrate refraction.

Basic Optics Light Source................................................ OS-8470 Specifications for Laser Ray Box
Dimensions: 11 cm x 6 cm x 2 cm
Laser Ray Separation: 1.8 cm
Ray Optics Kit Power Adapter: 3 VDC, 300 mA (included)
OS-8516A Wavelength: 635 nm

Includes Includes
• Laser Ray Box
• Double-Convex Lens
• Laser Ray Mask
• Double-Concave Lens • Double-convex lenses (4)
• Rhomboid • Double-concave lens
• Eye-Dropper • Plano-concave lens
• Triangular mirror • “D” lenses (4.5 cm and 7.5 cm radius) (2)
accessory with concave, • Plane, convex, and concave mirrors
convex, and plane • Right-angle prism
reflective surfaces • Rectangle (6 cm x 10 cm)
• Hollow lens to fill with a • Optical fiber (2 cm x 20 cm)
• Templates (6)
liquid or use as an air lens
• Steel whiteboard (56.5 cm x 41.5 cm)
• Most components are 10 cm tall and 1.7 cm thick.

Ray Optics Laser System....................................................SE-8506

Ray Optics Kit..................................................................... OS-8516A Laser Ray Box (alone).........................................................SE-8505

282 more information at pasco.com

 Ray Optics
Mirage Convex Mirror

LIGHT & OPTICS

SE-7302 SE-7574

These two concave mirrors create a real image of any Concave Mirror
object you place at the bottom. The image appears at SE-7573
the opening in the top and when students try to touch
Virtual and real images are
it, they find that it is only an image, not the real thing!
formed with these large,
curved mirrors. Diameter is
60 cm. Stand is included.

Demonstration Convex Mirror...........................................SE-7574

Demonstration Concave Mirror.........................................SE-7573

Optical Fiber Model

SF-7201
This bent acrylic rod simulates the operation of
optical fibers. The laser beam undergoes repeated
total internal reflections and is emitted at the other
face of the rod as a divergent beam.

Includes
• Concave mirror (14 cm diam.)
• Plastic frog
Coming soon!
Check pasco.com for availability.
Mirage...................................................................................SE-7302

Prisms Equilateral
These prisms are made of high
quality optical glass.
Equilateral Prism: 3
 0 x 30 mm sides; Specifications
50 mm long Dimensions: 50 cm length and 1.0 cm diameter,
Right-Angle Prism: 2
 3 x 32 mm sides; with two windings of approx. 5 cm diameter.
50 mm long
Right-Angle
Optical Fiber Model.............................................................SF-7201
Equilateral Prism................................................................. SE-9021A Required:
Right-Angle Prism............................................................... SE-9022A Laser Pointer (Red)..............................................................SE-9716C

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 Spectrometer
PASCO Wireless Spectrometer
LIGHT & OPTICS

PS-2600
For iOS, Android™, Computers, and Chromebooks™
Now includes Spectrometry 2.0 functionality!
A M
 easure intensity, absorbance, transmittance,
and fluorescence.
A Works on all computing platforms
A Bluetooth® or USB connectivity
A Includes free award-winning Spectrometry software

Helium spectrum

Shown using the optional Fiber

Optic Cable (shown below)

Specifications You can perform these labs with the

Bluetooth and USB connectivity Wireless Spectrometer:
Resolution: 2–3 nm FWHM A Emission Spectra of Light
Range: 380–950 nm A Absorbance Spectra
Wavelengths: 2 fluorescence excitation
A Beer’s Law
wavelengths at 405 nm and 500 nm
A Kinetics
Light Source: LED-boosted tungsten
A Fluorescence

Fiber Optic Cable

PS-2601 Includes
Required for External Light • PASCO Spectrometer
Sources • 10 cuvettes
• Spectrometry software (on opposite page)

Fiber Optic Cable.......................................................PS-2601

PASCO Spectrometer............................................. PS-2600

284 more information at pasco.com

 Spectrometry
PASCO’s Free Spectrometry Software Puts Learning First

LIGHT & OPTICS

PASCO’s award-winning software for iOS, Android™, Computers, and Chromebooks*

A Designed by teachers The four specially targeted activities are:

A Specialized software specifically targets 1. Analyze light sources with the optional fiber optic cable.
spectrometry activities 2. Analyze the absorbance, transmittance, and fluorescence of colored solutions.
A Program guides students through the four 3. After the analysis wavelength is set, you can easily create calibration curves
common types of spectrometer uses and determine the unknown concentration.
A Calibration routine is made obvious 4. Observe the kinetics of a reaction involving a colored solution. Easily create
the required graphs (ln(x), 1/x) to determine the order of the reactants.

Analyze light sources with the optional Fiber Optic Cable. Full visible spectrum analysis of solutions

Create Beer’s Law plots to relate absorbance and concentration. Quickly plot calculations of Concentrations vs. Time to determine the order of the
reaction.

The Wireless Spectrometer comes with PASCO’s FREE award-winning Spectrometry software.
A W indows® and Mac® versions included with purchase.
A FREE for iOS, Android™, and Chrome™
A Designed specifically for introductory spectrometry experiments.
Download at pasco.com/downloads

*Our list of compatible Chromebooks is expanding rapidly. Check pasco.com/compatibility for the latest updates.

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 Spectrophotometer
Educational Spectrophotometer System
LIGHT & OPTICS

OS-8450 (PASPORT) OS-8539 (ScienceWorkshop)

Educational Spectrophotometer Accessory Kit

OS-8537

A Analyze and graph spectral lines

A E
 xplore relationships between
angle, wavelength, and intensity
A Versatile and inexpensive

PASCO’s Educational Spectrophotometer

teaches basic optical principles and allows
quantitative measurements rivaling those of
Typical Spectrum Graphs
more expensive units.
When the Spectrophotometer is used with
PASCO Capstone™ software, students can
explore the relationship between angle,
wavelength, and intensity, and graph the
spectral lines from discharge tubes. Lines
from mercury, sodium, helium, neon,
krypton, and argon can be plotted. Even
the lines of the Balmer series in hydrogen
can be detected.

Collimating Slits
Set of five slits ranging
from 0.1-1.5 mm

Collimating Lens
50 mm dia. coated lens Aperture Bracket
When used with a 600
Focusing Lens lines/mm grating, permits
50 mm dia. coated lens resolution to 1.5 nm.
Diffraction Grating Metal handle ensures
High-quality, 600 lines/mm Rotating Light Sensor proper grounding,
grating strongly blazed in the Arm and Table reducing noise for very
first order low light levels.

High-Sensitivity Light Sensor

Spectral response: 320–1100 nm

Rotary Motion Sensor

Sensor is coupled to the rotating table
via a friction rim drive. Resolves to 15 arc seconds.

286 more information at pasco.com

 Spectrophotometer
Educational Spectrophotometer Components

LIGHT & OPTICS

Teachers who already own a PASCO Interface and the Basic Optics
System OS-8515C should purchase the Accessory Kit OS-8537 and
any additional equipment needed from the list below. 1
ScienceWorkshop PASPORT
The Spectrophotometer System includes OS-8539 OS-8450
1. Optics Bench (60 cm) OS-8541
2. Rotary Motion Sensor CI-6538 PS-2120A
3. High-Sensitivity Light Sensor CI-6604 CI-6604 PS-2176
4. Aperture Bracket OS-8534A
5. Spectrophotometer Table
6. Rotating Arm
7. Collimating Slits and Lens 2
CI-6538 PS-2120A
8. Focusing Lens
9. Diffraction Grating and Holder
10. Optics Bench Rod Clamps (2) ME-9836

4
CI-6604 3 PS-2176

7
6

8 10

High-Quality Grating
The Spectrophotometer Accessory Kit (OS-8537) includes 600 lines/mm SE-9358
5. Spectrophotometer Table
6. Rotating Arm The 600 lines/mm grating
7. Collimating Slits and Lens is strongly blazed in
8. Focusing Lens the first order. It has
9. Diffraction Grating and Holder excellent resolving power
10. 
Optics Bench Rod Clamps (2) ME-9836 and produces bright,
sharp spectral lines for
Note: The open design of this spectrophotometer accessory is ideal for education. spectrometer labs or
It is not intended for industrial or research applications. for projecting spectra in
lecture demonstrations.

Educational Spectrophotometer System

PASPORT....................................................................OS-8450
ScienceWorkshop....................................................OS-8539
Educational Spectrophotometer
Accessory Kit............................................................OS-8537
For use with PASPORT Sensors, see the Atomic Spectra
experiment EX-5546 on page 376.
For adjusting height of optics bench to your light source: High-Quality Grating 600 lines..................................... SE-9358
Round Base with Rod...............................................ME-8270 p. 186

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 Spectrophotometers
Prism Spectrophotometer Kit The classic textbook diagram of the intensity vs. wavelength
LIGHT & OPTICS

blackbody curves can be produced with real data. In this

OS-8544
graph, the peak wavelength in the blackbody curve shifts as
the source temperature is lowered.
A H
 igh-quality prism
A B lackbody light source
Add this kit to the Educational
Spectrophotometer System (pages 286-287)
to plot blackbody curves. A prism is used
to disperse the light (instead of a diffraction
grating) so the infrared doesn’t overlap the
second order visible spectrum.
See the complete Blackbody Radiation
Experiment (EX-559A) on page 351.

Includes
• Mounted Prism
• IR Filter
• Blackbody Light Source

Prism Spectrophotometer Kit.................................OS-8544

Required for experiment:
Broad Spectrum Light Sensor................................PS-2150 p. 53
Spectrophotometer System....................................OS-8450
850 Universal Interface............................................UI-5000 p. 26
PASCO Capstone.............................................................................. pp. 70-73 OR components of the system may be ordered separately:
Replacement Supplies: Blackbody Light Source...........................................OS-8542
Replacement Bulbs (10 pack).................................SE-8509 Mounted Prism .........................................................OS-8543

Student Spectrometer Custom Prism/Grating Table

SP-9268A Threaded holes and engraved Vernier Scale
reference lines for accurate For precision measurements
A W ide aperture optics component placement
A Precision vernier:
resolves one minute of arc
A Durable and precise

Collimator
High-quality, large-aperture optics with Telescope
a 6 mm long slit of adjustable width; High-quality, large-aperture optics plus
the collimator can be independently a 15x Ramsden eyepiece with a cross-
focused, leveled, and aligned. hair graticule; the telescope can be
independently focused and aligned.
Durable Construction
Heavy aluminum castings provide Precision-Ground Bearings
a stable base for delicate The main bearings are ground as a single
measurements and ensure long- unit, so the movement is exceptionally
term durability. Magnifier smooth with virtually no backlash. This is
For reading the Vernier Scale essential for precise positioning.
Features
A R
 esolution to 1 Minute of Arc: The 127 mm diameter,
precision-engraved de­gree plate is complemented by two Dense Flint Glass
precision-engraved verniers, one on each side of the instrument Prism with Holder
for convenient reading.
A Wider Aperture Optics: 32 mm wide apertures on the
telescope and collimator provide more light for brighter and The Vernier Scale resolves angle
sharper images. measurements within 1 minute of arc.
A Rack and Pinion Focusing: On both the telescope and the
collimator, so focusing is easier and more precise.
A Rotating Table: For greater flexibility in measurements. Turn the Student Spectrometer........................................... SP-9268A
table by hand for coarse adjustments. Use the fine lead screw Recommended:
for delicate adjustments. Spectral Light Sources......................................... p. 290

288 more information at pasco.com

 Light Sources
UV Beads Spectral Light Sources

LIGHT & OPTICS

SE-7729 Mercury Light Source
SE-6608

This bright mercury light source is perfect for studying spectra

with the Educational Spectrophotometer (OS-8539). It is also
used with the Photoelectric Effect experiment (SE-6609 and
EX-5549A) and mounts on the extruded track in that experiment.

Shining an ultraviolet flashlight on UV-sensitive beads causes them to

change color.
UV-sensitive beads are white when indoors but change color instantly
when exposed to UV radiation. These beads make students aware of
UV radiation. Students can explore how much UV there is on a cloudy
day and how much UV is blocked by car windows.
Each bead is created with a pigment that changes color as the
ultraviolet energy is absorbed. When the UV radiation is removed,
the beads will return to their pale white color. This process can be
repeated many thousands of times. Each package includes 1000
beads.

UV Beads......................................................................... SE-7729

UV Flashlight
SE-7730

This ultraviolet flashlight with 51 UV

LEDs is great for illuminating UV beads
and activating fluorescent materials.
The wavelength is centered on 385 nm.
Powered by three AA batteries (not included).
Specifications Includes
Wavelength: 385 nm • Mercury Light Source Housing
Length: 14 cm • Power Supply
Bulb Type: 51x UV LED • Mercury Lamp (SE-6597)
Bulb Life: 50,000 hours
Battery Requirement: 3 AA (not included)
Battery Life: Approx. 20 hrs on new batteries
Body Material: Machined aluminum with rubber O-rings
Mercury Light Source...........................................SE-6608
Coming soon!
Check pasco.com for availability. Replacement Supplies:
Replacement Mercury Lamp...............................SE-6597
UV Flashlight................................................................... SE-7730

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 Light Sources
Spectral Tube Power Spectral Tubes Diode Laser – Basic Optics
LIGHT & OPTICS

Supply and Mount A Argon OS-8525A (Red) OS-8458B (Green)

SE-9460 A Carbon Dioxide These diode lasers fit on the Basic Optics
A Helium Benches (OS-8505 and OS-8541) and the
This system is easy-to-use and inexpensive, Dynamics Track Optics Carriage (OS-8472).
with a variety of safety features that make it A Hydrogen
suitable for beginning labs. Mount any of the A Krypton
eight different spectral tubes into the power A Mercury
supply and turn it on. The 26 cm long tubes
A Neon
are capillary-thin over the middle 10 cm,
providing sharp, bright spectra. A Water Vapor
These spectral tubes
Features are designed for use
in the Spectral Tube
A Student Safety:
Power Supply and Mount (at left).
The tubes mount from the front of the
supply and snap into molded sockets that
fully enclose the conductive ends. The Spectral Tubes:
all-metal case is electrically grounded. Argon.......................................SE-9463
A Spectral Tube Safety: Carbon Dioxide.......................SE-9464
A current-limiting transformer protects Helium......................................SE-9462
the tubes. A protective shield also helps Hydrogen.................................SE-9461
safeguard the tubes, while blocking Krypton....................................SE-9465 CLASS 2 LASER PRODUCT
unwanted ambient light for clear viewing. Mercury...................................SE-9466 LASER LIGHT – DO NOT STARE INTO BEAM

A Power Requirements: Neon.........................................SE-9467

Water Vapor............................SE-9468 Specifications
115/220 VAC, 50/60 Hz
Output Power: <1 mW
Wavelength: 650 nm (OS-8525A)
X-Y Adjustable 515 nm (OS-8458B)
Diode Laser Power Supply: 9 V adapter (included)
OS-8526A

This versatile, Red Diode Laser..................... OS-8525A

inexpensive Green Diode Laser................. OS-8458B
diode laser is
designed to mount on a rod stand. The
laser assembly can rotate 360 degrees. Laser Pointers
Easy set-up makes it perfect for refraction SE-9716C (Red)
investigations or other general laser
SE-8805A (Green)
experiments.
A P  ush-button switch
A I nexpensive

CLASS II LASER PRODUCT

LASER RADIATION – AVOID DIRECT EYE EXPOSURE

Two knobs allow independent adjustment of Specifications

horizontal and vertical alignment of the laser
beam. Source: Laser diode
Power: 5 mW max. (class II)
Specifications Wavelength: 645 nm (red pointer)
Output Power: <1 mW 532 nm (green pointer)
Wavelength: 650 nm Battery: Alkaline AAA (2 included)
Power Supply and Mount Power Supply: 9 VDC, 500 mA adapter Dimensions: 143 mm x 12.7 mm (red pointer)
(included) 151 mm x 13.5 mm (green pointer)

X-Y Adjustable Red Laser Pointer..................SE-9716C

Spectral Tube Power Supply......... SE-9460 Diode Laser.............................OS-8526A Green Laser Pointer..............SE-8805A

290 more information at pasco.com

 Lasers
Mini Laser with Bracket Modulated Laser (1.5 mW)

LIGHT & OPTICS

OS-8514 SE-9449A

This Helium Neon Laser has two advantages over the other lasers:
1. 1.5 mW: The extra power makes laser experiments and
demonstrations brighter (and often easier). It’s especially
Shown mounted
on a PASCO Laser useful for holography. A shorter exposure time can be used to
Alignment Bench minimize problems with vibrations.
(see below). 2. Modulation: Connect a microphone to this laser, and students
can transmit voice through the laser beam to a distant receiver.
Or use this laser as a laser stroboscope for timing.

Note: Additional equipment, not available from PASCO, is required

for laser communication experiments.

CLASS II LASER PRODUCT

LASER RADIATION – DO NOT STARE INTO BEAM OR
VIEW DIRECTLY WITH OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

This 0.5 mW Helium Neon Laser is ideal for use with the PASCO
Advanced Optics System. It includes a mounting bracket that
attaches to the PASCO magnetic optics bench and permits
adjustment of the laser beam in the x and y axes.
The aperture has a 15.8 mm (5/8”) receptacle for mounting beam
spreaders or spatial filters. An AC adapter is included, but the unit
can be powered with any power source providing 0.7 A at 12 VDC.

Specifications
Output: 0.5 mW min.
CLASS IIIa LASER PRODUCT
Wavelength: 632.8 nm LASER RADIATION – DO NOT STARE INTO BEAM
Polarization: Random
Power: 115/220 VAC, 50/60 Hz

Mini Laser with Bracket.....................................OS-8514 Specifications

Wavelength: 632.8 nm
Power: 1.5 mW min., 3.5 mW max.
Laser Alignment Bench Beam Diameter: 0.49 mm
OS-9172 Beam Divergence: 1.65 mRad
Housing Size: 32.8 x 7.2 x 7.4 cm
Modulation Range: 85-100% of full power
Input Signal Frequency: 50 Hz-600 kHz (±3 dB); miniature
phone jack accepts audio input signals at 100 mV peak-to-peak
and 60 kΩ impedance.

38 cm Transmission Range: Effective up to several hundred feet; with

a good collimator and detector, transmissions up to several
thousand feet are possible.
Power: 115 VAC, 60 Hz (not available in 220 V)
This Laser Alignment Bench connects to the Optics Bench with the
included couplers, which leaves the full 1 m length of the Optics
Bench free for experimental work.

Laser Alignment Bench......................................OS-9172 1.5 mW Modulated Laser...................................SE-9449A

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 Infrared Optics
FLIR C3 Thermal Imaging Camera
LIGHT & OPTICS

SE-7128A

A “See” into the infrared

The FLIR takes
A Simultaneously record visible and infrared simultaneous visible
snapshots and infrared images
A Stream video using FLIR tools Visible Image of a hand inside a
black garbage bag.
A Record infrared movies in PASCO Capstone
A Determine temperatures from color coding Infrared Image
A WiFi-enabled
Extend your students’ world into the infrared with this full-featured, pocket-sized thermal
camera. This infrared camera takes two pictures at once: one in the visible spectrum and
one in the infrared. An outline of the visible image is superimposed on the colorized infrared
picture for reference. In addition to the color temperature scale, there is a digital readout of
the temperature. All of this is offered at a special educator’s price.

Consider these activities:

A Check light transmission through different media: Visible light easily passes through acrylic;
IR doesn’t. Visible light is not readily transmitted through black balloons, but they are
transparent in the IR, as are silicon wafers, and black plastic garbage bags.
A Slide a block on the table. We always tell our students that the energy is dissipated as heat.
Show them!
A Look at your infrared reflection on a whiteboard. The rectangular
hole in the
A Record infrared video in PASCO Capstone and sync to data from thermal experiments. heated block
A Take off your shoes and follow your footsteps by looking at your infrared footprints. (TD-8580A)
A Evaluate different types of insulation. appears black in
visible light, but
A Measure the temperature of ice water. glows brightly
A Beakers of water with different temperatures (as measured 7 8 in infrared. This
with the camera) come to some easily predictable is an example of
temperature when mixed together. cavity radiation.
3
Key Features 1
1. Light, slim profile
2. Bright 3” touchscreen
3. Built-in LED work light and flash 2
4. Big snapshot button stores thermal,
visible and visible overlay in each JPEG
5. Easy-access on-off button powers up fast
6. USB Micro-B file transfer and data streaming
7. Visible camera
8. Thermal camera

Specifications
3” Touchscreen 4 5 6
IR Sensor: 80 x 60 pixels
Digital Camera: 640 x 480 pixels
Temperature reading at each of the 4,800 pixels
Temperature range: -10°C to 150°C Includes
Accuracy: ±2°C or 2%, whichever is greater • FLIR C3 thermal imaging camera
Onboard memory stores 500 sets of jpeg images • Tripod mount
USB Micro-B connector • Power supply/charger
WiFi • USB cable
Rechargeable Li-ion polymer battery with • Research IR software
2 h operating time • Access to FLIR education content with
Weight: 0.13 kg (0.29 lb) lectures, experiments, and teacher guides
Size: (L x W x H): 12.5 x 8.0 x 2.4 cm
Warranty: 2 -year warranty on parts and labor FLIR C3 Thermal
10-year warranty on detector Imaging Camera..................SE-7128A

292 more information at pasco.com

 USB Camera
USB Camera Microscope USB Digital Video Flex®

LIGHT & OPTICS

PS-2343 SE-7235A
A Use as web camera A D
 isplay and record falling
A Optical zoom from 1x to 60x Millikan oil drops
A Built-in LED lights A D
 igital signal for crisp, clear
Light intensity images
A High resolution: 1920 x 1080
Focus

Built-in LED lights

The versatile USB Camera Microscope is ideal for a variety of

USB
applications in the science classroom. Its dual functionality means it
connection
can take pictures just like a digital camera, but it can also magnify like
a microscope when it’s up close to a specimen. It is especially useful
when studying things such as crystalline structure. And you can use
it to take pictures showing lab setups, such as what materials look
like before and after an experiment has been performed.

How It Works The high-definition 3.2 Megapixel Digital Video Flex connects
Used with the video and image-capture features in PASCO Capstone, directly to a PC or laptop via a fast USB 2.0 connection. The flexible
magnification of specimens can be done by adjusting the dial located gooseneck and the ball-and-socket head allow the camera to adapt
on the front of the camera. easily to microscopes or to focus on scientific experiments, graphic
materials, moving objects, or presenters. A custom CMOS chip
and Quick Focus™ 8 mm glass lens enable this Digital Video Flex
to capture superior quality images, showing details that would
otherwise be missed. The ken-a-vision Applied Vision software
(supplied) allows easy display and editing of pictures and videos.
The lens can be focused from 6 mm to infinity, allowing magnification
up to 50x for macro- and micro-photography.
No external power supply is required, as the camera is powered by
the computer through the USB connection. The delivery is complete
with a 28 mm microscope adapter, Discovery Scope Kit, Applied
Vision software, and carrying case. The USB cable is pre-attached to
Included
the camera.
stand

Specifications
Light Sensitivity: 20 lux
Sensor: CMOS
Output/Interface: Digital / USB 2.0
Exposure: Software-controlled
Shown in use with ME-8236 Materials Testing Machine (see page 160). Output Resolution: HD 1080P
As the tensile sample is being stretched, the force versus time data is Pixel Count: 1920 x 1080
graphed in sync with the movie.
Real-Time Video: Up to 30 frames per second
Lens: 8 mm HD interchangeable C-mount, glass
Focal Distance: 1⁄4” (6 mm) to infinity
Magnification: 50:1
Includes See the USB Camera Microscope in
use with the Universal Gravitational Eyepiece Adapter: 34.5 mm built-in, and 28 mm
• Camera
Constant Experiment (EX-5550) Power Supply: via USB
• Microscope on page 331. Cable Length: USB connecting cable, approx. 1.5 m pre-fixed
• Stand
Gooseneck: 65 cm length
Base: 7” x 7” x 7” / 180 x 180 x 180 mm, polycarbonate
Weight: 10 lbs / 4.55 kg
USB Camera Microscope...............................PS-2343...... Height: 30” / approx. 76 cm
Suggested Base Supports:
Flex Rod ........................................................... ME-8978A p. 187
Small “A” Base .............................................. ME-8976 p. 186
Aluminum Clamp.............................................ME-8995 p. 189 USB Digital Video Flex........................................ SE-7235A

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 Interferometry
Introductory Michelson Interferometer The Introductory Michelson Interferometer
LIGHT & OPTICS

provides precision interferometry at an

OS-8501 economical price (laser and screen not included).

A Micrometer-controlled mirror movement

Diffraction Pattern
A Precision, front-surface optics May be viewed nearby or, if a laser is used,
can be projected on a wall for a classroom
A Good quality, low price demonstration.
This interferometer is a precision
instrument for the introductory lab.
It’s easier to use, more compact, and Taut-Band Mirror
less expensive than PASCO’s advanced Suspension
For minimal backlash
interferometer (see page 295).
It’s capable of measuring the wavelength
of monochromatic light with an accuracy Precision Lever Arm
of better than 5%. The Michelson Inter- Permits ±5% accuracy on
Laser or Spectral Movable Mirror
ferometer can also be used for making wavelength measurement
Light Source Front surface
precise measurements of the index of (not included) aluminized mirrors
refraction of air.
Beam Splitter
Features (50% transmittance)
 mooth Mirror Movement:
AS
Uses a taut-band mirror movement
similar to PASCO’s more expensive
interferometer, providing smooth
movement with minimal backlash.
A Built-in Micrometer:
Measures mirror movement to a
fraction of a micron.
A Easy Setup: Fine Pitch
Especially easy with a laser and a PASCO Micrometer Screw
Optics Bench. If a laser is unavailable, a Fixed Mirror Base Plate
spectral light source can be used. Two-axis adjustable mirror for Heavy 9.5 mm thick aluminum
A Complete Manual: easy alignment
Manual includes illustrated setup
instructions, a detailed discussion of Optics Bench Hand-Operated
basic Michelson interferometry, plus two Note: While the interferometer is designed Vacuum Pump
copy-ready experiments (measure the to be used with the Optics Bench of the OS-8502
wavelength of monochromatic light, and Advanced Optics System OS-9103, it can
measure the index of refraction of air). To This Hand-Operated Vacuum Pump with
also be used without the PASCO Optics Gauge is required to measure the index
download the manual, search for OS-8501 Bench.
at pasco.com of refraction of air using the Introductory
Michelson Interferometer.
Includes
• Michelson
Interferometer
• Gas Cell
Viewing Screen
• Collimating Lens
(18.4 mm
focal length)
Beam
Splitter • Lens Holder
• Storage Case
• Manual
M2
Laser (Movable
Mirror) Introductory Michelson
Interferometer....................OS-8501
Recommended:
M1 (Fixed Mirror) Mini Laser
w/Bracket.................... OS-8514 p. 291
Beam-splitting schematic for a basic Michelson Hand-Operated Vacuum Hand-Operated
Interferometer Pump w/Gauge........... OS-8502 Vacuum Pump..........................OS-8502

294 more information at pasco.com

 Interferometry
Fabry-Perot
Complete Interferometer System with Laser

LIGHT & OPTICS

Interferometry:
OS-9258B Two parallel, partially
reflecting mirrors
A Three modes: Michelson, Fabry-Perot, Twyman-Green
create clear, widely
A Large precision optics Larger Optics spaced interference
3.2 cm (1 1/4”) fringes.
A 5 kg machined aluminum base
No study of interferometry should
overlook the historical importance of Precision
the Michelson interferometer. Yet in Optics
the laboratory, the Fabry-Perot and Flat to 1/4
Twyman-Green interferometers can be wavelength.
more important tools: the first for high-
resolution spectroscopy; the second for
testing and producing optical components
with aberrations that can be measured in
fractions of a wavelength.
The PASCO Interferometer is a high-
precision, movable-mirror interferometer
that can be used to perform Michelson,
Fabry-Perot, and Twyman-Green inter-
ferometry. Mirrors are attached with
thumbscrews, so it’s easy to set up and
change configurations.
The PASCO Interferometer can be ordered
in a variety of systems. The Precision Heavy-Duty Base Smooth Mirror
Interferometer can be operated in either 5 kg ensures excellent Movement
the Michelson or Fabry-Perot modes. The stability. No friction or backlash.
Complete Interferometer Systems also
contain components for the Twyman-Green
CLASS II LASER PRODUCT
mode and a vacuum pump for the refractive LASER RADIATION – DO NOT STARE INTO BEAM OR
index of air experiment. The Systems The OS-9255A Interferometer in Michelson mode.
VIEW DIRECTLY WITH OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
Com­ponent List shows the contents of
each system. Add the Accessories Kit (OS-9256A) A M
 easure the indices of refraction for
(in­cluded in the Complete Interferometer air and glass. The indices of refraction
Features System) to: for user-supplied materials can also be
A Stable: The massive (5 kg) base A Demonstrate that cross-polarized beams measured.
is machined from a single block of will not interfere
aluminum, ensuring extremely stable A Measure lens irregularities in Note: The fitted case will hold all components and
optics. accessories except the 5 kg base, which must be
Twyman-Green Mode
stored separately.
A Smooth Mirror Movement: With the
taut-band suspension system, there’s no A. OS-9258B: Complete Interferometer System B. OS-9255A: Precision Interferometer
starting or stopping friction and virtually no with Laser C. OS-9256A: Interferometer Accessories Kit
backlash (less than 0.5 micron). Systems Component List A B C
A Precise Measurements: Mirror control is Machined base—5 kg 1 1
extremely fine—one micron per division Three-point adjustable mirror 1 1
of the micrometer head. The mirrors and
beam-splitter are flat to 1/4 wavelength to Mounted beam-splitter 1 1
ensure uniform interference patterns. Mounted movable mirror 1 1
A Larger Optics: The 3.2 cm (1 1/4”) Accessory mounts 3 2 1
diameter optics in the PASCO Inter­ Viewing screen OS-9138 1 1
fer­ome­ter produce larger and sharper Diffuser OS-9120 1 1
interference patterns for better Double convex lens (18 mm) OS-9132 1 1
experimental results.
Compensator lens 1 1
A Complete: The Precision Interferometer Fitted case 1 1
in­cludes everything necessary to Vacuum pump with gauge OS-8502 1 1
perform basic Michelson and Fabry-Perot
interferometry. Gas cell 1 1
Calibrated polarizer OS-9109 2 2
Glass plate OS-9128 1 1
Complete Interferometer Rotating component holder 1 1
System............................ OS-9258B Twyman-Green lenses OS-9133, OS-9132 2 2
Precision Mini laser with bracket OS-8514 1
Interferometer............... OS-9255A
Laser alignment bench OS-9172 1
Interferometer Instruction manual 1 1
Accessories Kit............. OS-9256A

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 295

 Microwave Optics
Basic System
LIGHT & OPTICS

WA-9314C

Advanced System Diffraction Slit

WA-9316A Hardware

A Durable construction
Magnetic Mounting
A P
 arts are made of stainless All components mount Long-Arm
steel or die-cast aluminum. magnetically. Goniometer
Built-in degree and
Ethafoam® Prism millimeter scales
with Styrene Pellets
Used for refraction of microwaves.

Receiver (WA-9800A)
with Built-in Amplifier

Rotating 18 cm High Mounts

The transmitter and receiver rotate
through a full 360° and minimize
tabletop reflections.

Gunn Diode
The Microwave Optics Advantage Transmitter
The large 3 cm wavelength makes it easy to understand A stable, low-voltage
source of linearly
and visualize electromagnetic wave interactions.
polarized microwaves
Interference and diffraction slits are several centimeters (10.5 GHz, 15 mW)
wide, and polarizers are slotted sheets of stainless steel.

The heart of the Microwave Optics System is the Gunn Diode Transmitter
and receiver. The transmitter is a low-voltage source of linearly polarized Microwave Detector Probe
micro­waves (10.5 GHz, 15 mW). The receiver has a built-in amplifier, as
WA-9319A
well as a variable sensitivity scale, ensuring accurate data for even the
lowest intensity measurements. Investigate the nodes and
antinodes in standing wave
The WA-9314C Basic Microwave Optics System includes
patterns with this microwave
• Gunn Diode Transmitter with mounting stand
probe. It plugs directly into the
• Receiver with built-in amplifier and mounting stand (WA-9800A) receiver.
• Goniometer with fixed and rotatable arms and degree scale
• Fixed-arm assembly for interferometer experiments Not compatible with older
versions of the receiver.
• Component holders: two standard, one rotating
• Rotating table
• Reflectors: two full reflectors (metal), two partial reflectors (wood)
• Polarizers (2) Microwave Detector Probe....................................... WA-9319A
• Diffraction slit hardware
• Prism (Ethafoam) with styrene pellets Microwave
• AC adapter
Accessory
• Laboratory manual with 12 experiments
Package
The WA-9316B Advanced Microwave Optics System Includes WA-9315
• Basic Microwave Optics System (WA-9314C)
(included in the WA-9316A
• Microwave Accessory Package (WA-9315)
Advanced System)
Includes a polyethylene panel for
Basic Microwave Optics System....................................WA-9314C measuring Brewster’s angle and a
Advanced Microwave Optics System............................WA-9316A simulated crystal for Bragg diffraction
Recommended: experiments. The crystal is a cubic lattice of 100 metal
The microwave transmitter and receiver assemblies may be spheres in a 5 x 5 x 4 array, mounted in plastic foam.
purchased separately:
Microwave Transmitter....................................................WA-9801
Microwave Receiver.........................................................WA-9800A Microwave Accessory Package.............................. WA-9315
Microwave Mounting Stand (two needed)...................WA-9802

296 more information at pasco.com

 Franck-Hertz
Franck-Hertz Apparatus See complete experiment

FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS
SE-9639 on page 379.
DC Current Amplifier
A Uses argon gas, so no heating is required
A Digital displays for stand-alone use DC Power Supply I
A C
 an be used with the 850 Interface 850 Universal Interface
and PASCO Capstone Connections DC Power Supply II
for Instrument Readout
Introduction Argon Tube
As early as 1914, James Franck and Gustav Hertz discovered in
the course of their investigations an energy loss in distinct steps
for electrons passing through mercury vapor and a corresponding
emission at the ultraviolet line (λ= 254 nm) of mercury. They
performed this experiment that has become one of the classic
demonstrations of the quantization of atomic energy levels.
They were awarded the Nobel Prize for this work in 1925.

This diagram shows the internal

structure of the Franck-Hertz tube
and the wiring diagram.
How It Works
Electrons are accelerated by applying a known potential between
two grids inside the argon tube. When an electron has sufficient
kinetic energy to excite one of argon’s outer orbital electrons and
has an inelastic collision with an argon atom, the electron loses a
specific amount of kinetic energy. This loss of electron kinetic
energy causes a decrease in the electron current in the argon tube.
Within a very short time, the excited argon electron will fall from the
excited state back into the ground state level, emitting energy in the
The system can be used stand-alone form of photons.
or with the 850 Interface and PASCO
Capstone. Each power supply and the As the accelerating voltage is increased, the electrons undergo
current amplifier can be connected multiple collisions and the excitation energy of the argon atom can
to 850 analog ports so Capstone can be determined by the differences between the accelerating voltages
record the data. that cause a decrease in the current. Planck‘s Constant can be
determined.
Specifications
Filling Gas: argon Power supply and
Filament Voltage: ≤6.3 VDC current amplifier specs:
Accelerating Voltage: ≤100 VDC See page 247.
Wave Crest (or Trough) Number: 6
Argon Tube Life Span: ≤3000 hrs

Franck-Hertz System (SE-9639) includes:

• Franck-Hertz Tube Enclosure with Argon Tube (SE-9650)
• Tunable DC (Constant Voltage) Power Supply I (SE-6615)
• Tunable DC (Constant Voltage) Power Supply II (SE-9644)
• DC Current Amplifier (SE-6621)
• Red and Black Patch Cords

Franck-Hertz System.......................................................... SE-9639

Power supplies & amplifier can be purchased separately. See page 247.
If you already have power supplies, you will need:
Franck-Hertz Tube Enclosure
The advantage of using Capstone is that students are able to get many more with Argon Tube.................................................................. SE-9650
data points compared to manually taking readings from the digital readouts. Replacement Parts:
The peaks and troughs are easily measured using the coordinate tool. Franck-Hertz Argon Tube.................................................. SE-9645

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 297

 Electron Charge
Millikan Oil Drop Apparatus
FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS

See complete experiment

AP-8210A on page 356.

A Nobel prize-quality physics in the student lab

A Ionization source for changing droplet charge
A Measures the charge of an electron to within ±3%
The Millikan Oil Drop Experiment is one of the most popular experiments in undergraduate
physics for several reasons:
he experimental principle is straightforward and easy to understand.
A T
A It measures a fundamental atomic constant using a method that won its
originator, Robert Millikan, the Nobel Prize. The Millikan Oil Drop Apparatus mounted on a rod
stand for easy, eye-level viewing
he observation of the effects of one or more electrons upon oil drops in an electric field
A T
provides a striking demonstration of the quantized nature of electricity. Specifications
Maximum Plate Voltage: 500 VDC
Light Source: Cool LED
Reticle Line Separation:
0.5 mm major divisions
0.1 mm minor divisions
Plate Spacing: 7.62 mm
Plate Diameter: 60 mm

Includes
• Millikan Oil Drop Apparatus with Switch
• Non-volatile Oil and Atomizer
• 12 VAC Lamp Power Adapter

Millikan Oil Drop

Apparatus.....................AP-8210A
Required:
Basic Digital
Multimeter (2)..............SE-9786A p. 250
High Voltage
Power Supply..............SF-9585A p. 245
Recommended:
For mounting unit at eye level on a standard
lab table:
Large Rod Base...........ME-8735 p. 186
45 cm Steel Rod (2).....ME-8736 p. 186
Clear droplet observation and low droplet drift are essential for success with Millikan’s classic
experiment. PASCO’s apparatus uses a pre-aligned optical system and special condenser to Complete System:
Charge of an
achieve these conditions.
Electron........................EX-9929A p. 356
Accuracy in the Oil Drop Experiment depends on the student’s ability to precisely measure Replacement Parts:
all the variables involved: plate voltage, plate separation, time and distance of droplet rise 4 oz. Bottle
and fall, temperature, oil density, etc. Extreme care taken in the design and manufacture of Mineral Oil (qty. 4).......AP-8211
this unit ensures that the student’s best efforts will be rewarded with more accurate results. Millikan LED
Typically, a careful student can achieve results within 3% or less of the accepted value. Light Source.................AP-8212

298 more information at pasco.com

 e/m
Electron Charge-to-Mass Ratio System

FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS
SE-9629

A Sharp, clearly visible electron beam

A P
 hosphorescent mirrored scale eliminates
parallax errors
A T
 ube rotates for general study of
electrons in a magnetic field

In 1897, J. J. Thomson showed that the

mysterious cathode rays were actually negatively
charged particles—he had dis­cov­ered the electron.
In the same year he measured the charge-to-mass
ratio of the electron, providing the first mea­sure­
ment of one of the fundamental constants of
the universe.
The Charge-to-Mass Ratio System
reproduces one version of Thomson’s
landmark exper­iment, providing an
accurate measurement of the charge-to-
mass ratio of the electron. And, since
the electron tube can be rotated through
90°, students can also make a more
general study of the behavior of
electrons in a magnetic field.
This apparatus also has deflection plates, Complete Charge-to-Mass Ratio System includes the power supplies, which can also
so students can study the effect of an be used in other experiments (such as Franck-Hertz experiment, see page 303).
electric field on moving electrons.

How It Works Specifications

A large, helium-filled electron tube is mounted between a pair of Hemholtz Coil Radius: 16 cm
Helmholtz coils. The tube contains an electron gun, which generates Number of Turns: 130
a focused beam of electrons. A measured current is applied to the Maximum Current: 3.5 A
Helmholtz coils so that the magnitude of the magnetic field within Filament Voltage: 6.3 VAC
the electron tube can be calculated. A measured accelerating Acceleration Voltage: 0 - 200 V
po­ten­tial (V) is then applied to the electron gun. The magnetic field
Tube Diameter: 15.5 cm
(B) deflects the electron beam in a circular path with a radius (r) that
is measured using the il­lu­mi­nat­ed mm scale. From these mea­sured
values, the charge-to-mass ratio of the electron is cal­cu­lat­ed: For more information about
e/m = 2V/B2r2. power supplies, see page 236.
(The details of the calculations are fully described in the manual.)
Electron Charge-to-Mass Ratio System
Fluorescent scale (SE-9629) includes:
shows behind the • Helmholtz Coils without tube (SE-9626)
electron beam in a
• e/m Tube (SE-9651)
dark room.
• Tunable DC (Constant Current) Power Supply I (SE-9622)
• Tunable DC (Constant Voltage) Power Supply II (SE-9644)
• Red and Black Patch Cords

Electron Charge-to-Mass Ratio System................................................... SE-9629

If you already have power supplies, you will need:
Helmholtz Coils (without tube).................................................................... SE-9626
e/m Tube ........................................................................................................ SE-9651
Replacement Parts:
Replacement Mirror Scale.......................................................................... SE-9649

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 299

 Photoelectric Effect
Photoelectric Effect System
FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS

See complete experiment

SE-6609 on page 377.
A Find Planck’s Constant to within 5%
A  Verify the stopping voltage is independent of intensity
A  Find characteristics of photodiode
The Photoelectric Effect System is used to perform the photoelectric experiment, determining Planck’s Constant to within 5%.
This apparatus uses the conventional method of determining Planck’s Constant. The metal plate in the photodiode is illuminated
with various frequencies of light, selected from a mercury lamp using filters. The voltage is then adjusted to stop the photoelectric
current. The stopping voltage is plotted vs. the frequency and Planck’s Constant is determined from the slope of the graph.
The concept that the stopping voltage does not change with light intensity is tested using the various apertures that vary the
light intensity by partially blocking the light.
DC Current
Mercury Lamp Mercury Lamp Amplifier
Power Supply Photodiode

DC Power
Supply I

Can be used with

the 850 Interface
(UI-5000, see p. 28)
and PASCO Capstone
See the complete
experiment on
page 377.

Power Supply and

Current Amplifier
For the typical sample data shown, the graph of Stopping Voltage vs. Frequency gives a slope of 4.2 x 10-15 V·s.
specs: See page 247.
This results in a value for Planck’s Constant of 6.7 x 10-34 J·s, which is 1.3% above the accepted value. This graph
was generated using PASCO Capstone™ software and the 850 Interface.
Specifications
The filters and the apertures are built into Current Amplifier
the front of the photodiode case, making Aperture Measuring Range: 10-8 to 10-13 A in six ranges
it easy to keep clean and eliminating the Selection Voltage Output for Photoelectric Tube
need for a separate storage box. To change Ring Voltage Adjustment: –4.5 V to 0 V and –4.5 V
the aperture size in order to investigate the to +30 V (two ranges); 4 digit display.
effect of different light intensities, simply
Filter Photoelectric Tube
pull outward on the aperture ring and rotate Wheel Spectral Response Range: 300–700 nm
it to a different aperture. The filter wheel Anode: nickel ring
rotates independently of the aperture ring Optical Filters
to select different frequencies of light. The Five Filters with Central Wavelengths:
wheel clicks into place, assuring that the 365.0, 404.7, 435.8, 546.1, and 578.0 nm
filter is aligned with the aperture.

SE-6609 includes: Photoelectric Effect System.............. SE-6609

• Basic Photoelectric Effect (SE-6614)
If you already have the Power Supply and Amplifier,
• DC Current Amplifier (SE-6621)
you will need:
• DC Power Supply I (SE-6615)
Basic Photoelectric Effect
SE-6614 includes: Apparatus.............................................. SE-6614
• Mercury Light Source with Hg Tube (SE-6608); see page 289. Replacement Parts:
• Photodiode enclosure with tube and track and cables Photoelectric Tube with Box Plate... SE-6612

300 more information at pasco.com

 Photoelectric, Franck-Hertz, e/m

Save

FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS
Share Instruments in Three Experiments
These three experiments use common power supplies and amplifiers. As long as these experiments are not performed simultaneously,
you can save by not duplicating the instrumentation.

1. Photoelectric Effect
Complete Setup SE-6609 DC Power DC Power DC (Constant DC Current
EXPERIMENT Supply I Supply II Current) Supply Amplifier
2. Frank-Hertz Photoelectric Effect 4 4
Complete Setup SE-9639
Frank-Hertz 4 4 4
e/m 4 4
3. Electron Charge-to-Mass

Ratio (e/m)
Complete Setup SE-9629

A To perform these experiments without duplicating equipment:

1. Photoelectric Effect
SE-6609

This complete setup

includes two instruments
that can be used in the
Frank-Hertz and e/m
experiments.

2. Frank-Hertz
A Add Frank-Hertz Tube A Add DC Power Supply II
SE-9650 SE-9644

3. Electron Charge-to-Mass Ratio (e/m)

A Add Hemholtz Coils A Add DC Constant Current A Add e/m Tube
SE-9626 Power Supply SE-9651
SE-9622

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 301

 Hall Effect
Hall Effect Apparatus (n-doped Germanium) 550 Universal
FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS

Interface
SE-7260
A V ariable magnetic field and current See complete experiment
on page 378.
A Open design makes current direction clear
A Works with 550 or 850 Universal Interface

Hall Probe
2-D Magnetic
Field Sensor

Electromagnet
The Hall Effect experiment (conducted by Edwin Hall in 1879) determines the sign
of the charge carriers in current flow. A current can be thought of as a negative
charge moving in one direction (Figure 1) or as a positive charge moving in the
opposite direction (Figure 2). To determine which it actually is, the semiconductor is
immersed in the magnetic field transverse to the direction of flow of current. The
moving charge experiences a qv x B force, causing a charge build-up on one side of
the semiconductor (creating an electric field), which in turn leads to a qE force. The
direction of the electric field will depend on the sign of the charge carriers and the
polarity of the Hall voltage across the semiconductor reveals this sign.
The magnitude of the Hall voltage is dependent on the current, the charge carrier
density, and the magnitude of the magnetic field. In modern day electronics,
the Hall Effect is used to measure the magnitude and direction of magnetic fields.
Figure 1 Figure 2

PASCO Advantage
The open design of this Hall Effect apparatus makes it possible for
students to see the direction of the current and the magnetic field,
enabling them to use the sign of the Hall voltage to deduce the sign The directions of the current and the voltage probe are clearly marked
of the charge carriers. on the probe that holds the semiconductor.
Specifications
n-Doped Semiconductor Material: GaAs
Hall Sensitivity: ≥150 mV/(mA·T) Using the 550 Universal Interface to
U-core Electromagnetic Coil (1000 Turns) record data, this plot of the Hall Voltage
Magnet Space: 10 mm vs. the Current was made in PASCO
Magnet Field: 0 to 0.065 T (at 1A) Capstone software. In this case, the
magnetic field was held constant and
Excitation Current: 0 to 1 A DC
the current through the semiconductor
Hall Voltage: 0 to 1.9999 V was varied.
Power Supply Digital Readout for Current,
Hall Voltage, and Magnet Current
Includes
• Hall Probe Unit, n-Semiconductor (GaAs)
• Hall Effect Power Supply
• U-Core Electromagnetic Coil Hall Effect Apparatus.............................................................SE-7260
• Track, Length 40 cm Note: This apparatus can be used manually by reading the digital displays. Measuring the
magnetic field requires a sensor or other Tesla meter. This apparatus includes connector cables
• Optical Carrier (2) for an 850 or 550 interface so data collection can be automated.
• Adjustable Post Holder with 9 cm Post (2) Required:
• Banana Cords (6) 2-Axis Magnetic Field Sensor .............................................PS-2162
• Connecting Cables for 550/850 Interface (2) 850 or 550 Universal Interface ...........................UI-5000 or UI-5001 pp. 26-28
• Manual PASCO Capstone Software.......................................................................pp. 70-73

302 more information at pasco.com

 Zeeman Effect
Zeeman Effect

FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS
SE-9654 See complete experiment
A M
 easure the Zeeman Effect with polarization on page 380.
perpendicular and parallel to the field
A Observe the light along the magnet axis PASCO Capstone® Software
Mercury Interference Filter
A Calculate the value of the Bohr magneton
Pen Lamp Polarizer Fabry-Perot
Interferometer
Electromagnet

Lens
Power Supply
for Hg lamp and
electromagnet USB CMOS
Camera

In this experiment, the student observes the interference pattern

from a Fabry-Perot interferometer that results from the 546.1 nm
spectral line of a mercury lamp immersed in a uniform magnetic
field. The magnetic field is varied from zero to nearly 1 Tesla.
Initially, the light is viewed along an axis perpendicular to the
magnetic field axis. A polarizer is used to show the three lines due
to light that is polarized parallel to the field axis and to show the six
lines that are polarized perpendicular to the field axis. The pattern
may also be viewed along the field axis where the light is circularly
polarized.
Finally, the pattern that is polarized perpendicular to the field axis is
used to calculate the Bohr magneton. All atomic magnetic moments
are integral or half-integral multiples of the Bohr magneton.
Specifications
End view through the axis of Electromagnet produces CMOS Camera and Lens 1/3”, 2M pixels, f=50 mm, RA=1:4
the magnet over one Tesla. Fabry-Perot Interferometer l=546.1 nm
Collimating Lens f=125 mm
Mercury Lamp 10A, 3W
Electromagnet
Tunable DC Power Supply 110V/220V, 6A
˜
5A, 1.2T, 7.4 mm gap

Precision Adjustable
Optical Mount F45 mm, 2D
Horizontal Optical Mount F45 mm, travel = 36 mm, 2D
Track Length 600 mm
Includes
• Electromagnet
• Power supply
• Optics
Lens and polarizer mount can • PASCO Capstone Single User License.
be adjusted vertically and
The vertical position can be horizontally.
Zeeman Effect........................................................ SE-9654
adjusted precisely with the
fine-adjust mechanism. May be purchased separately:
Electromagnet........................................................ SE-9655
Tunable DC Power Supply 6A.............................. SE-9656
Replacement Part:
Mercury Pen Lamp................................................ SE-9658
The optics and track come
Optional:
in an aluminum hard case
Tesla Meter............................................................. SF-7579 p. 242
with foam cutouts for each
component. Field strength as a function of the current supplied to the magnet
is included in a chart. To directly measure field strength, order the
optional Tesla Meter (SF-7579).

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 303

 Gravitational Torsion Balance
Gravitational Torsion Balance Torsion Band Height Adjust
FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS

AP-8215A
Computerized Equilibrium Adjustment
A M
 easure the universal gravitational constant Version: Center the pendulum bob
in a single lab period See the Universal arms within the case.
Gravitational Constant
A A
 djustment and locking mechanisms decrease experiment (EX-5550)
lab setup time on page 331 for a new
video analysis method of
A Torsion band easily replaced tracking the laser beam.
Torsion Band and Pendulum
Features Assembly
Raise or lower the pendulum from
A View the pendulum bob’s position through a mirror in the unit’s atop the unit. The highly sensitive
central shaft. Use the leveling screws in the cast-iron base to band (one replacement included) can
accurately center the bob. be easily installed.
A A special “U”-shaped groove in the locking mechanism is used
to dampen the oscillation of the small tungsten balls.
A Easily adjust pendulum height with a single screw.
AThe smooth action of the rotating large tungsten ball support
ensures that the balls can be moved easily without disturbing
the motion of the small tungsten balls. Aluminum Shield
Aluminum shield with optical glass
window reduces electrostatic
charges.
Attach a grounded wire Easy torsion band
to remove electrostatic replacement
charges. Mirror Use the clear plastic
shield for setup and
demonstration.

Two precision
tungsten
spheres,
1.5 kg each

Two tungsten balls are

A mirror is used to sight up the center Large Rod Stand
connected to a cross-beam
shaft, providing a simple method to Adjust the leveling screws
suspended from the
properly center the pendulum in the to center the pendulum.
pendulum bob.
housing.

Specifications
Torsion Band: Beryllium copper ribbon, 36 cm long with a
cross section of 0.0178 x 0.15 mm
Small Masses: Two tungsten balls of 38 g each
Large Masses: Two tungsten balls of 1.5 kg each Gravitational Torsion Balance............................. AP-8215A
Period of Oscillation: Eight minutes (approx.) Required:
Accuracy: 5% (approx.) X-Y Adjustable Diode Laser................................. OS-8526A
45 cm Steel Rod..................................................... ME-8736 p. 186
Includes Large Table Clamp................................................. ME-9472 p. 189
Replacement Supplies:
• Torsion Balance Assembly • Extra Torsion Band (1) Torsion Bands (2 pack) –
• Large Rod Base ME-8735 • Manual Gravitational Torsion Balance............................. AP-8218
Gravitational Balls Replacement Set................. AP-8219

304 more information at pasco.com

 Coulomb’s Law
Coulomb’s Law Apparatus

FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS
Built-in Scale
ES-9070 A degree scale on the torsion balance
provides accurate measurements of the
A Accurately measure charge, torsion wire’s twist angle.
force, and distance
A Symmetric design minimizes Magnetic Damping
stray and mirror charges Allows measurements
A Magnetic
 damping for quick, to be made quickly.
accurate measurements

How It Works
A conductive sphere is mounted on the
end of an insulating, counterbalanced rod Milligram Masses
and suspended from a thin torsion wire. Included so determining
An identical sphere is mounted on a the torsion constant and
verifying its linearity can
calibrated linear track. This second sphere
be part of the experiment.
can be positioned at various distances
Built-in
from the first. When the con­duc­tive
Millimeter
spheres are charged, the force between
Scale
them is pro­por­tion­al to the twist of the
torsion wire that is required to bring the
balance back to its equilibrium position.
Beginning students can determine the
Inverse Square Law in a simple ex­per­i­
ment. Ad­vanced students can perform a
more so­phis­ti­cat­ed investigation into all
the variables of elec­tro­stat­ic re­pul­sion. Symmetric
Construction
All conductive parts are
Vary Charge Accurately symmetrical, so errors due
A third conductive sphere, identical to the to mirror charges are
experimental spheres, is included for reducing practically nonexistent.
Insulated Track the charge on one or both spheres by fixed ratios.
The calibrated track is designed to minimize mirror This method is quick and accurate.
charges, which can significantly affect results.

Additional Equipment Specifications

To perform a basic experiment, the Torsion Balance:
Torsion Assembly: 38 mm dia.
conductive spheres can be charged with conductive sphere on 12 cm rod with
a piezoelectric gun or by contact with counterbalance vane
a charged rod. This allows the Inverse Torsion Wire: equals 10-6 Newtons/degree
Square Law to be verified with reasonable Degree Plate: 1° increments
accuracy. However, for more accurate Magnetic Damping: dampens oscillations
and thorough investigations, we strongly for quick measurements
recommend the following additional Calibrated Linear Track:
equipment (see ordering information): Sphere: 38 mm dia. conductive sphere
 Range of Movement: 350 mm in 1 mm
A A
 Kilovolt Power Supply, which increments Actual data of the Angle (force) vs. Distance
provides a fixed and repeatable charge. Material: phenolic (to minimize mirror
The charge can be refreshed before charges)
each measurement, which practically Miscellaneous Equipment:
Charging Probe: 17 cm long plus 1.5 m Coulomb’s Law
eliminates errors due to leakage Apparatus....................ES-9070
cable; banana plug connector; 200 μΩ
currents. Recommended:
internal resistance
A A
 Basic Electrometer and a Faraday Calibration Masses: 50 mg (1), 20 mg (2) Kilovolt Power
Ice Pail, for ac­cu­rate measurement of Conductive Sphere on Insulating Supply..........................SF-9586B p. 245
the charge on the spheres (required only Thread: for reducing charge by fixed ratios Basic Electrometer....ES-9078A p. 214
Spare Torsion Wire: 3 m
if you wish to measure the Coulomb Faraday Ice Pail.........ES-9042A p. 215
Constant). Shipping Information:
Size: 28 x 38 x 61 cm (11 x 15 x 24 in.) Charge Producers......ES-9057C p. 215
Weight: 9.5 kg, 21 lbs Complete System:
Coulomb’s Law...........EX-9930B p. 355

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 305

 Speed of Light
Complete Speed of Light Apparatus CLASS II LASER PRODUCT
FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS

LASER RADIATION – DO NOT STARE INTO BEAM OR

VIEW DIRECTLY WITH OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
OS-9261B
A Classic Foucault Method—accurate to 5% Measuring 0.5 m W
Microscope Laser
A 1-15 m path length
Controller with Alignment
A Tabletop or hallway experiment
Rev/Sec Readout Guides Two Lenses
Fixed Mirror and Mounts

Rotating
Mirror

Beam
Splitter
Two Polarizers
and Mount

Optics Bench

D
Speed of Light Apparatus Schematic FM
How It Works— The Foucault Method Fixed Mirror
Beam
Splitter
1. The first observation is made when the L2 BS S L1
rotating mirror is not rotating. Light from a Laser
He-Ne laser is reflected from the rotating
mirror and focused onto the fixed mirror. RM S'
Rotating Microscope
The fixed mirror reflects the image back Mirror
onto the rotating mirror, which in turn B A
reflects the light back through the lenses
to reform the image, where it can be
observed with the microscope. High Speed Rotating Mirror with Controller
2. The second observation is made when the OS-9263B
rotating mirror is rotating. Since it takes
a finite amount of time for the light to
traverse the distance between the fixed
and rotating mirrors, the rotating mirror
is in a slightly different position when the
light returns after reflecting off the fixed
mirror. This produces a displacement, which
can be measured with the microscope.
3. The displacement between the first and
second ob­ser­va­tions is pro­portion­al to
the transit time of the light to the angular
velocity of the rotating mirror. With a very
straightforward calculation, the speed of
light can be calculated. High Speed Rotating Mirror with Controller............................................. OS-9263B

OS-9261B includes
• 1 m Optics Bench
• Laser Alignment Bench Complete Speed of Light Apparatus...................................... OS-9261B
• Mini Laser with Bracket Parts available separately:
• Double Convex Lens, 48 mm F.L. Laser Alignment Bench........................................................... OS-9172 p. 291
• Plano Convex Lens, 252 mm F.L. Mini Laser with Bracket.......................................................... OS-8514 p. 291
• Calibrated Polarizer Speed of Light Experiment...................................................... EX-9932A p. 371
• Component Carrier

306 more information at pasco.com

 Speed of Light
Laser Speed of Light System

FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS
AP-8586

A Easy setup
A Accurate results
A Low cost

A linear fit is applied to the data, and

the slope of the fit represents Δd/Δt,
or the speed of light.

The Laser Speed of Light System is a low

cost, yet effective method of measuring the
speed of light. While it does not duplicate
the classic Foucault Method, its ease of
use gives every student the opportunity to
perform the experiment. Function Generator

Initial Mirror Position

How It Works 1/2 d Includes
A function generator is used to modulate Laser
• Diode Laser, Component Carrier (2)
the light from the laser at 3 MHz. This light
• +127 mm Lens
is then reflected from a mirror and focused
onto a light receiver. An oscilloscope is used • Laser Alignment Bench
to observe the modulated light, and the Light
• Light Receiver
Sensor
phase of the signal is noted as the baseline
• Stainless Steel Mounting Pads (4)
value for phase. Mirror
• Concave Mirror
The mirror is moved back, increasing the
Oscilloscope • Coaxial Cable–RCA male to BNC male
distance that the light travels. Since it takes
more time for the light to travel from the • Coaxial Cable–3.5 mm phone plug to
laser to the sensor, the phase of the signal BNC male
on the oscilloscope increases. The phase at • Coaxial Cable–BNC male to male
each successive mirror position is recorded
and compared to the baseline value. The
mirror is moved back several more times
to get a reasonable number of data points. Laser Speed of Light System............ AP-8586
For each mirror position, the additional Required:
path length (d) is graphed versus the phase Wide Range Function Generator..... SB-9549A
difference (t). Tape Measure (30 m).......................... SE-8712A
Standard Photo Tripod
Digital Oscilloscope............................ SB-9621A
Replacement Part:
Speed of Light Diode Laser............... OS-8475

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 307

 Speed of Light
Speed of Light – Reflector
FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS

SF-7203
A Measure the speed of light using short pulses of light
A Unique retro-reflector eliminates alignment problems

Retro-reflector eliminates
alignment problems.

To measure the speed of light, pulsed light is reflected off a retro-reflector and
the time between the pulse and the received reflection is measured with an
oscilloscope. The progressive delaying of light pulses is observed as they travel
farther and farther.

How It Works
Very short but powerful pulses of light are emitted from the box. When the light
pulses hit the special retro-reflective foil of the reflector, they are directed back
toward the source with no need for tedious adjustments. The returning light pulses
pass through a beam-splitter and strike a high-speed photodiode, converting the
light pulses into electric pulses that are displayed on an oscilloscope. A separate
synchronization signal marks the time of pulse emission, so time between
emission and return can be timed.
The distance to the retro-reflector is increased a known distance and the resulting
increase in return time allows the speed of light to be calculated by simply dividing
the distance by the change in time.

Includes
• Pulse-emitter box Speed of Light – Reflector................................SF-7203
• BNC cables (2) Required:
• Retro-reflective screen Oscilloscope.......................................................SB-9621A p. 250
Meter Stick.........................................................SE-8827 p. 192

308 more information at pasco.com

 Multi-Channel Analyzer
Advanced Nuclear

ATOMIC & NUCLEAR

Spectroscopy System,
USB Main screen
display for
SN-7901B (Windows) Universal
A Sophisticated spectroscopy system Computer
Spectrometer
A Multi-channel analysis

Designed for spectroscopy applications, the

Universal Computer Spectrometer (1) offers
complete support for standard scintillation
detectors together with multi-channel scaling
for decay and time-related studies. The multi-
channel analyzer contains many advanced
features, including computer-controlled
amplifier and high voltage for G-M tubes,
upper- and lower-level discriminators, data
memory, and a comprehensive software
package.

Features Specifications
A Variable Voltage: A regulated high voltage Hardware: Software:
of 0 to 1280 V is supplied with computer Physical: Interface card or box includes Energy Calibration: 2-point linear or
control (1 mA maximum, 5 V increments) pre-amplifier, amplifier, detector high 3-point quadratic converts cursor position
voltage, 1024 channel analyzer with data reading directly to energy units
A Amplifier: Onboard combination memory, LLD and ULD Computer Display: Vertical scale adjusts
pre­amp­lifier/amplifier for use with
ADC: Wilkinson-type with 80 MHz clock from 32 to 16 M and LOG display;
scintillation detectors and PMTs and computer selected conversion gain of horizontal 1024 channels with expansion
A Complete Computer Control: When 256, 512, or 1024 channels down to 128 channels
used in MCA mode, the software provides High Voltage: 0-1280 V, 1 mA maximum ISOMATCH: Isotope library text file
complete computer control of all features Amplifier: Preamplifier/amplifier with peak markers and labeling for
including preset live/real-time, preset combination; computer controlled coarse/ overlaying on spectrum for quick isotope
count, unlimited regions-of-interest, and fine gain from 2x to 1000x identification; library may be edited and
centroid, gross, and net area calculations. expanded.
Modes: MCA for pulse height analysis,
A Multiple Memory Buffers: In addition or MCS for half-life decay or other time-
to onboard hardware data memory, the related studies
spectrometer provides three software
Includes
memory buffers for holding spectra. A
background spectrum may be collected 1. Universal Computer
over a long counting period and stored in Spectrometer, USB
the back­ground buffer. 2. NaI (TI) Scintillation Probe
3. Gamma Sources (8)
4. Connection Cables
5. Installation, Instruction, and
Experiment CDs (2)

5 The sources are USNRC License Exempt

4
(US only). Outside the US, consult your
3 local laws and regulations.

Advanced Nuclear Spectroscopy System,

2 (Windows) USB*......................... SN-7901B

*Note: Purchased Sources are “Non-Cancellable”

and “Non-Returnable”.
1 See Radioactive Source Disclaimer on the Order
Information page 398.

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 309

 Multi-Channel Analyzer
Multi-Channel Analyzer
ATOMIC & NUCLEAR

SF-7222
A 1024 channels
A Analysis software included

USB Connection BNC Connection

to Computer to Scintillion
AUX
Photomultiplier Power Connection
Anode for Detector

A multi-channel analyzer (MCA) sorts incoming pulses from an energy-sensitive

detector (scintillation detector) into a large number of channels according to size.
When the counts in the channels are plotted as a function of the channel
number, the result is an energy spectrum.
This MCA features 1024 channels, variable analog and digital
gain, a variable integration time, and built-in logic to reject “pile
up” (a pulse starting on top of the previous one).
The MCA and accompanying software have been
specially developed to work with the Scintillation
Detector (SF-7223), but an ”AUX” input can be
used with the anode signal from a traditional
photomultiplier tube.
The MCA is powered through a USB connection.
When the MCA is connected to a computer, the included
user-friendly software can initiate data acquisition at the press
of a button. Default settings for CsI(Tl) and NaI(Tl) scintillation
detectors can be retrieved at the press of a button. In the spectrum,
one or more energy ranges can be defined where the counts can be
summed. Also, the data can be fitted to a Gaussian function. Decay of
the counts into a Gaussian peak (or simply into a channel range) can
be fitted to an exponential decay function.

Includes Multi-Channel Analyzer............................................................ SF-7222

• Multi-Channel Analyzer Required
• USB Cable Scintillation Detector................................................................ SF-7223
Computer

Scintillation
Detector
SF-7223
This detector is the Energy resolution (full width at half maximum) is approx.
ideal companion for the 7% at 662 keV (Cs-137) and 5% at 1333 keV (Co-60). The
Multi-Channel Analyzer detector’s bias voltage is software-controlled (through the
(SF-7222). It is powered MCA) in order to keep the gain independent of temperature.
directly by the MCA unit.
The cesium iodide scintillation crystal used
Scintillation Detector................................................................ SF-7223
measures 6 x 6 x 15 mm, which provides an
Required
exceptional angular resolution, making it an
excellent choice for the Compton Scattering Kit (SF-7224). Multi-Channel Analyzer............................................................ SF-7222
Computer

310 more information at pasco.com

 Nuclear Radiation
Intermediate Nuclear Laboratory System USB

ATOMIC & NUCLEAR

SN-7900A

A Macintosh®, Windows®, or stand-alone option

A Complete system

PASCO’s most sophisticated stand-alone G-M System provides a

wide range of experi­ments with alpha, beta, and gamma radiation.
It includes a versatile scaler, a G-M Tube with a mount and trays,
and a full set of radioactive sources and absorbers.

Features
A Preset Timing and Counting Intervals:
(in seconds) 1-9, 10-90, 100-900, 1K-9K,
10K-90K, 100K-900K. Intervals are selected
using the Preset switch.
Main screen display from LABLINK software
A Digital Display: Bright 6-decade digital read-
out uses extra-large LEDs for clear readout
in most ambient light conditions.
A Built-in Power Supply: 0 to 1200 V for the
G-M Probe.

Advanced Scaler/Timer Five Radioactive Sources Computer Compatibility

The Radiation Counter SN-7902 is a The bi-directional LABLINK software al­lows
1. Po-210: 0.1 µCi, 138 days, α
versatile, general purpose Scaler/Timer. full control of the Radiation Counter from
2. Sr-90: 0.1 µCi, 28.6 years, β the computer. LABLINK provides real-time
Sensitive G-M Probe display of a simulated analog rate-meter with
3. Co-60: 1 µCi, 5.27 years, β,γ
A S
 uitable for alpha, beta, and gamma auto-ranging, digital ratemeter in CPM or
radiation detection. 4. Tl-204: 0.25 µCi, 3.78 years, β,γ CPS, count, elapsed time, preset count,
A The rugged and versatile mount is made preset time, acquisition time, and run
5. Cs-137: 0.25 µCi, 30.2 years, β,γ
number. Data is loaded into spreadsheet-
of sturdy plastic for years of rugged use.
The five sources are USNRC License Exempt compatible files.
It comes with one sample holder and
10 shelf positions. (US only). Outside the US, consult your local
laws and regulations.
Large Variety of Absorbers
The Absorber Set SN-8111A includes four
lead, 10 aluminum sheets, two polyethylene,
two plastic, and two aluminum foil absorbers,
ranging from 5 mg/cm2 to 7200 mg/cm2
Includes
2 1. S
 N-7902 Radiation Counter with RADEM
and LABLINK software and manual
5
2. SN-7970A G-M Probe (35 mm) and stand
3. USB Cable
1 4. SN-8111A Calibrated Absorber Set (20)
5. SN-7972A Radioactive Sources (5)
6 6. T
 wo CDs with installation instructions
and nuclear science experiments

Intermediate Nuclear Laboratory

System, USB..................... SN-7900A
3
Required:
Isotope Generator Kit*.... SN-7995A
4
*Note: Purchased Sources are “Non-Cancellable”
and “Non-Returnable”.
See Radioactive Source Disclaimer on the Order
Information page 382.

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 311

 Compton Scattering
Compton Scattering
ATOMIC & NUCLEAR

SF-7277 Coincidence
Counter
A Scattering of Gamma Radiation
A Particle Nature of Gamma Radiation

The Compton Effect illustrates the particle nature of

gamma radiation. When a gamma quantum bounces
off an electron, its energy loss depends on the
scattering angle.
This kit consists of two pairs of shell-shaped targets
and a central holder with adjustment screws and
lead absorber. These rotationally symmetrical
aluminum targets give a high count-rate for the two
fixed scattering angles (approximately 60° and 90°).
With our gamma spectrometer and a standard 60° Aluminum
Cs-137 source, viable difference spectra for both Target
angles can be obtained within an hour. A lead
absorber blocks the direct radiation from the source
to the detector. Correction for background radiation
(including scattered radiation from the table top, etc.) is handled by the included spectrometer software.

The principle behind this device is the old geometric truth that the size of a
peripheral angle is defined by the arc it spans. We can then obtain the same
scattering angle over a very large solid angle.

There is a rectangular lead absorber

in a direct line between the detector
and the source. In this picture, half of
the 60° aluminum target is shown.

Scintillation
Detector
SF-7277 Complete Compton Scattering Includes
Lead Absorber
• Disk Source Holder (SF-7221)
• Multichannel Analyzer (SF-7222)
• Scintillation Detector (SF-7223)
• Compton Scattering Kit (SF-7224)
• Saddle with diameter 10 mm hole (SF-7262) Radiation
• Rail (40 cm long) (SF-7264) Disk Holder
• Analyzing Software

SF-7224 Compton Scattering Kit includes

• Lead Shield Holder
• Aluminum 90° Target
• Aluminum 60° Target

Complete Compton Scattering................................................ SF-7277*

Required:
Cs-137 source ............................................................................ SN-7938
Available separately
Compton Scattering Kit............................................................. SF-7224*

* WARNING! This product can expose you to Lead,

which is known to the State of California to cause
cancer, birth defects, or other reproductive harm.
For more information go to www.P65Warnings.ca.gov.

312 more information at pasco.com

 Alpha and Beta Particles
Deflection of Beta Particles

ATOMIC & NUCLEAR

SF-7276 Beta Source Magnets GM Tube
A Demonstrate the
deflection of beta
particles in a
magnetic field.

Base
Rotates

This apparatus can be used on three levels:

1. Q
 ualitative demonstration of the deflection of beta particles in
a magnetic field, including the sign of the charge
2. S
 imple beta spectrum, where the energy is determined by
reading from a graph
3. Detailed, relativistic processing of the beta spectrum Deflection of Beta Particles.............................................. SF-7276
The apparatus consists of a pair of permanent magnets with a Required:
radioactive source holder. The beta particles are deflected as they Radioactive Source (Sr-90)............................................... SN-9796
pass through the magnetic field. The entire source-and-magnet Radiation Sensor................................................................. SN-7927A
assembly can be rotated so the deflected beta particles will enter 550 Universal Interface...................................................... UI-5001
the fixed GM tube. The GM tube can be connected directly to a 550 Or
or 850 Universal Interface (UI-5001 or UI-5000) and the counts can 850 Universal Interface...................................................... UI-5000
be recorded in PASCO Capstone. Alternatively, the GM tube can be Or
connected to a stand-alone Geiger Counter.
Geiger Counter.................................................................... SF-7268
Includes Available separately:
• Holder for beta disk source (SF-7265) Carrier................................................................................... SF-7262
• Carrier (SF-7262) Rail (40 cm)........................................................................... SF-7264
• Rail (40 cm long) (SF-7264) Holder for Beta Disk Source............................................. SF-7265

Alpha Particle Spark Detector

SF-7219
A T he alpha radiation can be both seen and heard.
A Clear demonstration of the alpha particle’s ionization of the air
A Registers alpha radiation from radioactive minerals
Visualize alpha particles with this spark detector. When alpha particles
ionize the air in the spark detector’s aperture, sparks can be both
seen and heard. The transparent lid allows observation from several
different directions.
The spark detector needs to be connected to a high-voltage supply
such as SF-9586B. Normal operating voltage is between 2 and 5 kV.
View sparks here!
The spark detector can be placed directly on a table or mounted in
ordinary stand hardware using the supplied mounting post.
Supplied with instructions and experiment ideas.
Alpha Particle Spark Detector......................................... SF-7219
Dimensions: 7.5 cm x 13 cm x 5 cm Required:
Kilovolt Power Supply........................................................ SF-9586B

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 313

 Cloud Chamber
Diffusion Cloud Chamber
ATOMIC & NUCLEAR

SE-7943
A No dry ice required
A View cosmic rays
A Built-in illumination

How It Works
The bottom of the chamber is cooled by circulating ice
water through the base and further cooling it to -35°C
with a Peltier device. Alcohol placed in the chamber
wicks up the inside chamber lining where it evaporates
in the warmer region of the chamber and diffuses
downward. The alcohol vapor is then cooled near the
chamber bottom and becomes super saturated.
As energetic alpha and beta particles from a radioactive
source pass through the alcohol vapor, the vapor
condenses, forming droplets that appear as tracks in the
strong chamber cross-lighting.

Features
A Uses ice water instead of dry ice
A Water circulation pump
A Built-in high voltage (~800 V) power supply to clear
the chamber of unwanted ions
A Powered by 12 V DC power adapter Particle tracks are visible from radioactive particles given off by the Pb-210 source at the
A Built-in LED lamps to illuminate the particle trails center. The dense straight tracks are produced by alpha particles and the fainter, crooked
tracks are produced by beta particles.

Includes Specifications
• Cloud Chamber Diameter: 15 cm
• 12 VDC Power Adapter (6 A) 12 VDC Power Adapter (6 A)
• Water Circulation Pump Water Circulation Pump: 120 V/ 60 Hz, 3 W, 180 liter/hr
• Two Rubber Hoses Built-in High Voltage Source: ~800 VDC with 108 Ω protection
• Extraction Pipette resistor
• Source Holder and Stopper Rubber Hoses: 0.25” ID (6.4 mm ID), 60 cm long
• High Voltage Connection Cable High Voltage Connection Cable: 22 cm long, Banana plug to ring lug
• SpecTech™ Coupon for Pb-210 Source Needle Eight Amber LEDs

Diffusion Cloud Chamber.......................................................SE-7943

Diffusion Cloud Chamber – No Source...............................SE-7940
Required:
Ice Water
Recommended:
Pb-210 Replacement Radioactive Needle Source*.........SE-7945
The Needle Source is USNRC License Exempt (US only).

*Note: Purchased Sources are “Non-Cancellable” and “Non-Returnable”.

See Radioactive Source Disclaimer on the Order Information page 398.

314 more information at pasco.com

 Muon Observatory
Complete Muon Observatory

ATOMIC & NUCLEAR

SF-7278
A Detect cosmic rays
A Demonstrate the angular dependence G-M Tubes

Steel Absorber Plates

G-M Tubes

Adjust Angle

G-M Counter

Coincidence Box

Shower Mode: Three G-M tubes are clustered together, Telescope Mode: The three G-M tubes are arranged in a line and
pointed at the steel absorber sheets. the telescope angle can be varied to see which angle gives the
greatest radiation.
The apparatus can be configured for either Shower Mode or Telescope Mode:
1. In the Shower Mode setup, a shower is recorded as a coincidence event from three GM tubes arranged in a triangle. This
geometry ensures that no single particle can be detected in all three tubes. Production of showers may be enhanced by allowing
the radiation to pass through something that is slightly “thicker” than air (multiple steel plates are used). In shower mode you will
typically align the muon observatory vertically. Measurement periods are approximately one day long.
2. In Telescope Mode three GM tubes are arranged in a line, and if a muon passes through all tubes in the setup, a pulse is output
from the coincidence box. The angle of the telescope can be varied to detect the angular distribution of the muons.

Large Area Geiger Tube (SF-7266): The Coincidence Box (SF-7269): To register Geiger Counter (SF-7268): This Geiger
extra sensitive tube (28.6 mm mica window) coincidence between the three GM tubes, counter can be set to start and stop
is suitable for measurements of radon a coincidence box is required. The output manually and has a digital readout.
daughters, naturally radioactive minerals, from the coincidence box goes to a Geiger
cosmic radiation and other applications Counter (SF-7268), which is set to count
where a greater area of sensitivity, greater with manual start and stop.
solid angle or more sensitive volume are
desirable. This tube is supplied with a forked
holder with a mounting post.
Complete Muon Observatory............................................ SF-7278
Available separately:
Includes Muon Observatory.............................................................. SF-7270
• Geiger Tube, Large Area (3) (SF-7266) • Coincidence Box (SF-7269) Geiger Counter.................................................................... SF-7268
• USB Communication Adapter (SF-7267) • Muon Observatory (SF-7270) Geiger Tube, Large Area................................................... SF-7266
• Geiger Counter (SF-7268) • Software Coincidence Box................................................................. SF-7269
USB Communication Adapter for Geiger Counter........ SF-7267

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 315

 Radiation Counters
G-M Probe with Radiation Counter
ATOMIC & NUCLEAR

Sample Holder SN-7902 (Windows®/Mac®)

SN-7970A Features
A Preset Scaler/Timer
The 35 mm diameter A Large 6-digit LED Display
window provides
AC omputer Programs: For Windows and
excellent photon
Mac computers, LABLINK offers full
efficiency for detecting
computer control of all functions including
low activity samples.
preset count, preset time, count rate in
The G-M Probe has a
CPM or CPS, alarm level, start, stop, reset,
200 μs dead time.
data transfer, and high-voltage setting.
It con­tains 10 shelf
positions and is A Includes USB Cable
de­sign­ed to
accommodate the Specifications
larger G-M Probe. High Voltage: 0-1200 V, digitally
The probe can be removed selectable in 25 V increments
from the holder and comes with Software:
a standard BNC connector cable. Using a specialized microcontroller, many
of the features previously found only in RADEM: Runs on Windows and Mac
Specifications computers including CGA, EGA, VGA,
multiple products are now combined in
SVGA, and Hercules
Mica Window: ≤2 mg/cm2 PASCO’s Radiation Counter.
LABLINK: Requires EGA or VGA graphics
Probe Dimensions: 11.25 x 3.5 cm The classic nuclear scaler function has
(4.5 x 1.4 in.) OD, excluding connector Dimensions: 31 x 21 x 12 cm (12 x 8 x 4.5 in.)
been extended to include a timer, preset
Operating Voltage: 900 V, 150 V plateau counter, digital ratemeter with alarm,
computer interface, and battery power for
field applications. The alarm level may be Radiation
set to any preselected value. Counter, USB.......................SN-7902
G-M Probe........................ SN-7970A

Nuclear Experiments Handheld GM Counter

with a Computer Interface SF-7220

Geiger-Muller Tube A S ensitive to alpha, beta, and gamma radiation

SN-7927A A Shows rate (μSv/h or counts/second)
A The GM voltage can be adjusted between 400 and 700 V,
while the count rate is displayed.
A Displays max, min, and average

The battery-operated Handheld Geiger Counter is

A Geiger-Muller Tube is available for use a flexible device, specially developed for schools
with PASCO interfaces. The Geiger-Muller and other educational institutions.
Tube can also be used with any PASPORT
interface with a Digital Adapter. No Digital Use the built-in GM tube with protective cap for
Adapter is required for use with the 500, gamma radiation measurements; remove the cap
750, or 850. Easy portability makes them when working with alpha and beta radiation.
ideal alpha, beta, and gamma radiation
detectors.
Specifications
Specifications Battery: 9 V
Sensitivity: Beta, gamma, alpha Tube Window: Diameter: 9.1 mm;
Count Detection: Audio signal Mica thickness: 1.5 to 2.0 mg/cm2
Window Thickness: 1  .5 to 2 mg/cm2, mica Sound: Clicks
Gas Filling: Neon, Argon, and Halogen Measurement Periods: 1, 10, 20, 30,
40, 50, 60 and 100 s
Starting/Operating Voltage for Tube:
450 VDC/500 VDC
Dead Time: 90 µs
Handheld
GM Counter..........................SF-7220

Geiger-Muller Tube................. SN-7927A

316 more information at pasco.com

 Radioactive Sources and Supplies
The following sources are mounted in 2.5 cm diameter sealed plastic disks. All sources and isotopes on this page *Note: “Non-Cancellable”

ATOMIC & NUCLEAR

are USNRC License Exempt (US only). Outside the US, consult your local laws and regulations. Shown below are and “Non-Returnable”.
See Radioactive Source
the isotopes, activity, half-life, and types of radiation (alpha-α, beta-β, gamma-γ). Disclaimer on page 399.

Radioactive Gamma Sources Isotope Generator Kit

Sources SN-7949A (Barium-137m)
SN-8110 SN-7995A

1. Po-210 0.1 µCi 138 days α

2. Sr-90 0.1 µCi 28.6 years β
3. Co-60 1 µCi 5.27 years β,γ
1. Co-60 1 µCi 5.27 years β,γ
2. Na-22 1 µCi 2.60 years β+,γ
Radioactive Sources*
(set of 3).................................SN-8110
3. Mn-54 1 µCi 313 days γ
4. Cs-137 0.25 µCi 30.2 years β,γ
*Note: “Non-Cancellable” and “Non-Returnable”. 5. Ba-133 1 µCi 10.5 years γ
See Radioactive Source Disclaimer on page 399.
6. Cd-109 1 µCi 464 days γ
7. Co-57 1 µCi 270 days γ This Cs-137/Ba-137m Isotope Generator
8. “UNKNOWN”: mixture of Cs-137 and
Radioactive Zn-65 for student testing.
is used to demonstrate the properties of
radioactive decay. Based on the original
Sources Cs-137 is 0.25 µCi or lower. Union Carbide patented design, it offers
SN-7972A exceptional performance, ease-of-use, and
safe operation.
Gamma Sources* Each generator contains 10 μCi of Cs-137.
(set of 8)...........................SN-7949A The generator can produce up to 1000 small
aliquots of the short-lived Ba-137m isotope
*Note: “Non-Cancellable” and “Non-Returnable”. with a half-life of 2.6 minutes.
See Radioactive Source Disclaimer on page 399.
1. Po-210 0.1 µCi 138 days α Each generator is supplied with 250 mL of
2. Sr-90 0.1 µCi 28.6 years β eluting solution (0.9% NaCl in 0.04M HCl).
The parent isotope Cs-137 with a half-life
3. Tl-204 0.25 µCi 3.78 years β
4. Co-60 1 µCi 5.27 years β,γ Absorbers of 30.1 years beta decays (94.6%) to the
metastable state of Ba-137m. This further
5. Cs-137 0.25 µCi 30.2 years β,γ SN-8111A decays by gamma emission (662 keV) with
a half-life of 2.6 min. to the stable Ba-137
Radioactive Sources* element. During elution, the Ba-137m is
selectively “milked” from the generator,
(set of 5)............................SN-7972A
leaving behind the Cs-137 parent.
*Note: “Non-Cancellable” and “Non-Returnable”. Regeneration of the Ba-137m occurs as the
See Radioactive Source Disclaimer on page 399.
Cs-137 continues to decay, re-establishing
equilibrium in less than 1 hour.
Individual This set of 20 calibrated absorbers includes
Approximately 30 minutes after elution, the
residual activity of the Ba-137m sample has
Sources four lead, two plastic, 10 aluminum sheets, decayed to less than one thousandth of its
two polyethylene and two aluminum foil initial activity, making it safe for disposal.
absorbers. Absorbers vary in density When used with the eluting solution
from 5 mg/cm2 to 7200 mg/cm2. supplied, bleed-through of the parent Cs-137
is less than 50 Bq/mL, affording a long
working life. Each kit is supplied with the
Absorbers generator, syringe, tube, 250 mL of solution,
Po-210* 0.1 µCi 138 days α SN-9085 (set of 20)............................SN-8111A and a storage case.
Sr-90* 0.1 µCi 28.6 years β SN-9796
Tl-204* 1 µCi 3.78 years β SN-9797 * WARNING! This product can expose you to Lead,
which is known to the State of California to cause
Co-60* 1 µCi 5.27 years β,γ SN-9794 cancer, birth defects, or other reproductive harm.
For more information go to www.P65Warnings.ca.gov.
Cs-137* 10 µCi 30.08 years β,γ SN-7938
Isotope
Cs-137* 5 µCi 30.2 years β,γ SN-9795 Generator Kit*...................SN-7995A
Cs-137* 0.25 µCi 30.2 years β,γ SN-7942
*Note: “Non-Cancellable” and “Non-Returnable”.
Tl-204* 0.25 µCi 3.78 years β SN-7941 See Radioactive Source Disclaimer on page 399.
*Note: “Non-Cancellable” and “Non-Returnable”.
See Radioactive Source Disclaimer on page 399.

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 Introduction to Experiments
Download FREE PASCO Capstone Experiments
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

Over 60 classic physics experiments for use with PASCO equipment and software
The following pages present classic experiments in physics performed with PASCO apparatus.
Manuals can be downloaded at www.pasco.com. Interfaces and software, where indicated, should be ordered separately.
Everything else is included in the experiment: apparatus, sensors (when needed), and accessories.

Workbooks include all instructions needed to perform the experiment:

A Introduction and theory
A Detailed setup instructions including full-color photos
A Detailed analysis and summary questions
A Step-by-step instructions

Download This Experiment

Each experiment manual and the PASCO Capstone™
workbook files may be downloaded free at
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments

A Experiment Manual:
A detailed experiment manual helps ensure

student success. An electronic Word® version is
included for modification by the teacher.

A PASCO Capstone Workbook File:

PASCO Capstone workbook files are included
for each experiment. These files contain workbooks
with step-by-step instructions with embedded live
data displays. Use these files with students. A file
with sample data is also included.

318 more information at pasco.com

 Experiment List

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
EXPERIMENT EXPERIMENT LIST PAGE NO. EXPERIMENT EXPERIMENT LIST PAGE NO.
NUMBER NUMBER

Mechanics Thermodynamics
EX-5501 Atwood’s Machine 320 EX-5524A Specific Heat 348
EX-5502 Projectile Motion 321 EX-5525 Electrical Equivalent of Heat 349
EX-5503A Newton’s Law 322 EX-5527 Ideal Gas Laws 350
EX-5504A Hooke’s Law 323 EX-5529A Blackbody Radiation 351
EX-5505A Centripetal Force Pendulum 324 EX-5530B Heat Engine Cycle 352
EX-5506 Centripetal Force 325 EX-5531A Ratio of Specific Heats of a Gas 353
EX-5508 Sliding Friction 326 Electromagnetism
EX-5509A Impulse 326
EX-5532 Electrostatic Charge 354
EX-5510B Conservation of Momentum 327
EX-9930B Coulomb’s Law 355
EX-5511A Ballistic Pendulum 328
EX-9929A Charge of an Electron 356
EX-9935 Conservation of Energy 329
EX-5533 Capacitance 357
EX-5512 Conservation of Energy II 330
EX-5534 Resistivity 358
EX-5513A Work Energy Theorem 330
EX-5535 Ohm’s Law 359
EX-5550 Universal Gravitational 331
EX-5538 Kirchhoff’s Circuit Law 360
Fluids EX-5536 RC Circuit 361
EX-5553 Piping Systems 332 EX-5537 LRC Circuit 362
EX-5554 Pumping Systems 333 EX-5539A Earth’s Magnetic Field 363
EX-9909 Archimedes Principle 334 EX-9933 Magnetic Force on Wires 364
EX-5540A Magnetic Fields of Coils 365
Rotation
EX-5552 Ampere’s Law Experiment 366
EX-5516B Rotational Inertia 335
EX-5541A Faraday’s Induction Law 367
EX-5518A Physical Pendulum 336
EX-5517C Conservation of Angular Momentum 337 Waves & Optics
EX-5519A Variable-g Pendulum 338 EX-5542 Vibrating Strings 368
EX-5520A Large Amplitude Pendulum 338 EX-9952 Mechanical Waves 369
EX-5523A Chaos 339 EX-9987 Reflection & Refraction 370
EX-5551 Driven Damped Cart Oscillations 340 EX-9932A Speed of Light 371
EX-5522A Driven Damped Harmonic Oscillator 341 EX-9988 Telescope/Microscope 372
EX-5547A Light Intensity vs. Distance 372
Structures
EX-5545A Interference & Diffraction 373
EX-5556 Basic Bridges 342
EX-5543A Polarization 374
EX-5548 Bridge Vibration 343
EX-5544A Brewster’s Angle 375
EX-5555 Shaking Tower Experiment 344
Quantum
Materials
EX-5546B Atomic Spectra 376
EX-5557 Tensile Testing Metals 345
EX-5549A Photoelectric Effect 377
EX-5558 Column Buckling 346
EX-5560 Hall Effect 378
EX-5559 Bending: 3-point and 4-point 347
EX-5561 Franck-Hertz 379
EX-5562 Zeeman Effect 380

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 Mechanics
Atwood’s Machine
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

EX-5501
Concepts:
A N  ewton’s Second Law of Motion
A Newton’s Second Law of Rotational Motion
A Rotational Inertia

Designed for use with any of the following:

A 850 Universal Interface
A 550 Universal Interface
A AirLink with Digital Adapter

In this classic experiment students use a very low mass/low friction

pulley and measure the changing velocity of the unbalanced mass
system. They interpret the slope of the velocity graph as acceleration.
They examine the effect of the rotational inertia of the pulley and
estimate the friction forces based on experimental data.

The acceleration of the weights is determined using the slope of the Velocity
vs. Time graph. From this, the acceleration due to gravity can be found.

PASCO Advantage
The Super Pulley/Photogate System makes it easy for students to
set up the apparatus and take data. Analysis includes accounting for
friction and the rotational inertia of the pulley.

Download This Experiment

The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone™
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.

Experiment Includes Atwood’s Machine.......................................................... EX-5501

Required:
• Photogate/Pulley System ME-6838A
550 or 850 Universal Interface*...................................................... pp. 26-28
• Downloads
Mass and Hanger Set AvailableME-8979 PASCO Capstone Software............................................................. pp. 70-73
• Universal Table Clamp ME-9376B Balance or Scale.............................................................................. p. 196
• 60-cm Long Threaded Rod ME-8977 Calipers.........................................................................SE-8710 p. 192
• Multi Clamp ME-9507 * This experiment can be performed using the 550 or 850 Universal
• Braided Physics String SE-8050 Interface or AirLink with Digital Adapter.

320 more information at pasco.com

 Mechanics
Projectile Motion Designed for use with any of the following:

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
EX-5502 A 850 Universal Interface
A 550 Universal Interface with 2 Digital Adapters
Concepts: A Any PASPORT interface with 2 ports and 2 Digital Adapters
A Independence of x- and y-motion
A Muzzle velocity vs. time of flight
A Angle vs. horizontal range

The Photogate and Time-of-Flight Accessory

are used with the Mini Launcher to measure
both muzzle velocity and time of flight.

Muzzle Velocity vs. Time of Flight

Students fire the projectile at three different velocities from
the same height. The Photogate and Time-of-Flight Accessory
are used to measure the time of flight at each muzzle velocity.
Students are surprised to find that time of flight is not related to
muzzle velocity at 0˚ launch angle.
Angle vs. Horizontal Range
The angle of launch is varied and the horizontal range measured
for each angle. Students produce a graph of angle vs. horizontal
range. The angle of maximum range can then be found. This
experiment is conducted for two cases:
A 
Projectile is fired from a higher vertical position
than its landing position
A 
Projectile is fired from the same vertical position
as its landing position
Students are asked to use the kinematics equations to predict
the horizontal range, given a launch angle and muzzle velocity.
Carbon paper and a bulls-eye can then be used to test their
hypothesis. Students can use their data to determine which launch angle produces the maximum
horizontal range.

PASCO Advantage
PASCO projectile launchers are designed for repeatable and accurate Download This Experiment
launches. In addition, photogates and other accessories are designed
to work seamlessly with our projectile launchers. These features allow The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
student predictions and calculations from the kinematics equations to workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
be empirically verified. www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.

Experiment Includes
• Mini Launcher ME-6825A
• Time-of-Flight Accessory ME-6810A
• Phone Jack Extender Cable PI-8117 Projectile Motion........................................................... EX-5502
• Photogate Head ME-9498A Required:
• Photogate Bracket ME-6821A 850 or 550 Universal Interface*.................................................... pp. 26-28
• Carbon Paper SE-8693 PASCO Capstone Software........................................................... pp. 70-73
• Large “C” Clamp SE-7285 * This experiment can be performed using the 850 Universal Interface,
• Plumb Bob (need 1 only) SE-8728 the 550 Universal Interface with 2 Digital Adapters, or any PASPORT
• Metric Measuring Tape SE-8712A interface with 2 ports and 2 Digital Adapters.

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 Mechanics
Newton’s Laws A No interface required
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

Students can effectively study Newton’s Second Law with

EX-5503A a Dynamics System and Smart Cart.

Concepts:
A 
Newton’s First Law (Inertia)
A 
Newton’s Second Law
(F = ma)
A 
Newton’s Third Law
(Fab = -Fba)

Method
Students use this collection of equipment to discover or
experimentally determine all three of Newton’s Laws.
Newton’s First Law – Students examine an object’s motion to see Force vs. acceleration data for the cart as it experiences changing net force
if it changes when forces are applied or not.
Newton’s Second Law – Students use the Smart Cart to discover
the relationships between force, mass, and acceleration.
Experiment Includes
Newton’s Third Law – Using two Smart Cart Force Sensors,
students prove that forces between objects are equal in magnitude • Smart Cart (red) ME-1240
yet opposite in direction. These experiments include both tug-of-war • Smart Cart (blue) ME-1241
exercises and collisions between cars. • Cart Mass (set of 2) ME-6757A
• Dynamics Track Feet (2) ME-8972
• PASCO Mass and Hanger Set ME-8979
PASCO Advantage • Elastic Bumper ME-8998
The Smart Cart has all the sensors required, which makes setup • Super Pulley with Clamp ME-9448B
very quick and easy. The integration between the probeware and • 1.2 m Aluminum Dynamics Track ME-9493
equipment helps students focus on the physics of each experiment. • Friction Block ME-9807
• Braided Physics String SE-8050

Download This Experiment

The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.

Newton’s Laws............................................................... EX-5503A

Required:
Bluetooth 4.0 enabled computer
Collision between two Smart Carts having unequal masses. PASCO Capstone Software........................................................... pp. 70-73

322 more information at pasco.com

 Mechanics
Hooke’s Law and Energy Designed for use with any

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
of the following:
Stored in a Spring A 850 Universal Interface
EX-5504A A 550 Universal Interface
A Any PASPORT interface
Concepts: with 2 ports
A Relationship between force and spring deformation
A Investigate both spring compression and extension
A Amount of energy stored in a spring

Method
In this experiment, students use a High Resolution Force Sensor
to measure the force exerted to either compress or extend
various springs, and a Motion Sensor to measure position and
speed. Students create a Force vs. Stretch (or Compression)
graph. The slope of this graph is known as the spring constant,
while the vertical intercept is the initial loading force. Various
springs of different construction are included, so students can The slope of the Force vs. Stretch graph is known as the spring constant. Various
better understand the physical meaning of the spring constant. springs of different construction are included, each having a different spring constant.
The spring is then compressed (or stretched) and released. The
kinetic energy transferred to a PAScar is measured and compared
to the potential energy lost by the spring.

Compression Spring

Real-time force measurements

are collected as the spring is
stretched and then released.
PASCO Advantage
The High Resolution Force Sensor allows students to take direct
measurements of force for each compression or elongation of
the spring. This is superior to using a hanging mass to apply a
force, since students don’t have to convert from mass to force.
In addition, students are applying the forces to the springs and Download This Experiment
will have a better kinesthetic feel for the amount of force being The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
applied in each case. Energy changes are easily measured and workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.
very visual.

Experiment Includes
• 1.2 m PAScar Dynamics System ME-6955
• Motion Sensor PS-2103A Hooke’s Law and
• Dynamics Track Spring Set ME-8999 Energy Stored in a Spring............................................ EX-5504A
• High Resolution Force Sensor PS-2189 Required:
• Force Bracket ME-6622 550 or 850 Universal Interface*.................................................... p. 26
• Spring Cart Launcher ME-6843 PASCO Capstone Software........................................................... pp. 70-73
• Elastic Bumper ME-8998 * This experiment can be performed using the 550 or 850 Universal
• Physics String SE-8050 Interface or any PASPORT interface with 2 ports.

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 Mechanics
Centripetal Force Designed for use with any
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

of the following:
on a Pendulum A 850 Universal Interface
EX-5505A A 550 Universal Interface
A Any PASPORT interface
Concepts: with 2 ports
A Centripetal force
A Angular velocity
A Periodic motion

The force, position, and velocity can be

monitored for the entire range of motion.
Note that the position and velocity are not
sinusoidal for this large amplitude pendulum.

Rotary Motion Sensor

High Resolution Force Sensor

Students explore the relationship between mass,
radius of rotation, angular velocity, and centripetal
force. By continuously measuring the force and
angular velocity, students see not just peak values
but also how these change during the entire motion
of the pendulum. Students explore sources of error
and magnitude of error.

Pendulum is pulled
back by hand and
then released.

Lightweight Tube

Download This Experiment Pendulum Bob

The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.

Experiment Includes Centripetal Force on a Pendulum....................................EX-5505A

• High Resolution Force Sensor PS-2189 Required:
• Rotary Motion Sensor PS-2120A 550 or 850 Universal Interface*...................................................... p. 26
PASCO Capstone Software............................................................. pp. 70-73
• Centripetal Force Pendulum ME-9821 Balance or Scale.............................................................................. p. 196
• Aluminum Table Clamp ME-8995 * This experiment can be performed using the 550 or 850 Universal
• Steel Rod 45 cm ME-8736 Interface or any PASPORT interface with two ports.

324 more information at pasco.com

 Mechanics
Centripetal Force Designed for use with the 850 Universal Interface

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
EX-5506

Concept:
A How centripetal force depends on
radius, mass, and speed
Students explore the relationship between mass, radius
of rotation, tangential speed, and centripetal force. By
continuously measuring the force as the speed is varied,
students clearly see the effect of speed on the centripetal
force. The effect of changing the mass or radius is also
investigated.

Force vs. Velocity data is shown above with a solid line representing the theoretical
frictionless case.
High
Resolution
Easily read
Force Sensor
the radius.
measures the
centripetal force
directly.
Swivel
Connector

Speed is measured using the

frequency with which this peg
passes through the photogate.

Motor-driven so the speed can

be held constant

In this experiment, the force and the

speed are directly measured with sensors.
Download This Experiment
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
Experiment Includes workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
• Centripetal Force Apparatus ME-8088 www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.
• High Resolution Force Sensor PS-2189
• Photogate Head ME-9498A
• Large Rod Base ME-8735
• 90 cm Steel Rod ME-8738 Centripetal Force...........................................................EX-5506
• Multi-Clamp ME-9507 Required:
• 45 cm Steel Rod ME-8736 850 Universal Interface.................................................................. p. 26
• Red Banana Plug Cord (5 pack) SE-9750 PASCO Capstone Software........................................................... pp. 70-73

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 325

 Mechanics
Sliding Friction Designed for use with any of the following:
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

A 850 Universal Interface

EX-5508
A 550 Universal Interface
Concepts: A Any PASPORT interface with 2 ports
A Relationship between frictional force and normal force
A Coefficients of friction (kinetic and static) Students pull
In this experiment, students use a High Resolution Force Sensor to the friction tray
discover frictional forces and their effect on the motion of an object. from rest to a
constant velocity to
In addition, the coefficients of friction for various
measure both static and
surface combinations can be empirically determined. kinetic friction.
Experiment Includes
• Discover Friction Accessory ME-8574
• High Resolution Force Sensor PS-2189
• Motion Sensor PS-2103A
• 500 g Cart Masses (4) ME-6757
• Physics String SE-8050
Students create a
graph of Frictional
Sliding Friction...........................................EX-5508 Force vs. Normal
Force to find the The peak of the graph represents
Required: coefficients of static the maximum static frictional force.
550 or 850 Universal Interface*.................................................... p. 26 and kinetic friction. Once the friction tray begins to
PASCO Capstone Software........................................................... pp. 70-73 move, the kinetic frictional force is
* This experiment can be performed using the 550 or 850 Universal Interface or any PASPORT interface with two ports. evident on the graph.

Impulse A Designed for use with the Smart Cart

A No interface required
EX-5509A
Concepts:
A Impulse: change in momentum
A Impulse: area under a Force vs. Time curve
A Different shaped force curves for elastic and inelastic collisions
In this experiment, the impulse on a cart is
determined in two ways: by measuring the
change in velocity and by finding the area
under a Force vs. Time curve.
A Smart Cart runs down a slightly inclined track The Force vs. Time is shown for three different
with its Force Sensor equipped with either a clay bumpers: clay bumper in green, spring bumper in blue,
bumper, spring bumper, or magnetic bumper. The and magnetic bumper in red.
cart collides with the endstop. To determine the
change in momentum (impulse), the velocities
before and after the collision are recorded using
the Smart Cart’s encoder. To confirm the impulse,
the force vs. time is plotted and the impulse
is determined by finding the area under the curve.

Magnetic, Spring, and

Clay Bumpers
The impulse of a collision
PASCO Advantage is determined by two methods.
Since the PASCO Smart Cart is capable of measuring both force
and velocity, it eliminates the need for any external sensor. No Download This Experiment
interface is required. No wires interfere with the motion because The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
the Smart Cart transmits the data over Bluetooth® 4.0. workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.
Experiment Includes
• Force Sensor Bracket ME-6622
• PAScar Cart Mass (2) ME-6757A
Impulse.............................................................................EX-5509A
• Smart Cart (red) ME-1240
Required:
• Dynamics Track Endstops (2) ME-8971
Bluetooth 4.0 enabled computer
• Dynamics Track Feet (2) ME-8972 PASCO Capstone Software............................................................. pp. 70-73
• 1.2 m Aluminum Dynamics Track ME-9493 Balance or Scale.............................................................................. p. 196

326 more information at pasco.com

 Mechanics
Conservation of Momentum A Designed for use with 2 Smart Carts

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
A No interface required
EX-5510B
Concepts:
A Conservation of momentum in elastic and inelastic collisions
A Kinetic energy not conserved in inelastic collisions
A Kinetic energy temporarily stored as magnetic potential
energy during elastic collisions using magnetic bumpers

The total momentum and total energy of carts undergoing

elastic and inelastic collisions are measured. The values A real-time graph of Velocity
before and after the collisions are compared to verify that vs. Time is obtained for each
momentum is conserved in all collisions, while energy is only cart, clearly showing when
conserved in elastic collisions. the elastic collision occurred.
Elastic and inelastic collisions are performed with two
dynamics carts of different masses. Magnetic bumpers are
used in the elastic collision and Velcro® bumpers are used in
the completely inelastic collision. In both cases, momentum
is conserved.
Cart velocities are recorded using the encoders inside the The top graph
Smart Carts. A real-time graph of Velocity vs. Time is obtained of the total
for each cart, clearly showing when the collision occurred. momentum for
This enables the student to determine the cart velocities the 2-cart system
immediately before and after the collision. (as calculated in
PASCO Capstone)
The kinetic energy before and after the collision is also
shows no change
studied. Kinetic energy is not conserved for inelastic throughout the
collisions. It is also demonstrated that kinetic energy elastic collision.
momentarily decreases during the elastic collision and The total kinetic
then returns to the original value after the collision. energy, shown in
the bottom graph,
PASCO Advantage momentarily
The magnitude and direction of the velocity of each cart is decreases during
recorded continuously throughout the collision, which eliminates the collision
the problem in older methods of positioning photogates too close because energy is
or too far from the point of collision. stored as magnetic
potential energy.
Experiment Includes
• 250 g Stackable Mass (2) ME-6757A
• Smart Cart (red) ME-1240
• Smart Cart (blue) ME-1241
• Dynamics Track End Stops (2) ME-8971
• Dynamics Track Feet (2) ME-8972
• Starter Dynamics Track ME-9493

Download This Experiment Conservation of Momentum..........................................EX-5510B

Required:
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at Bluetooth 4.0 enabled computer
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments. PASCO Capstone Software............................................................. pp. 70-73
Balance or Scale.............................................................................. p. 196

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 Mechanics
Ballistic Pendulum Designed for use with any of the following:
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

A 850 Universal Interface

EX-5511A
A 550 Universal Interface
Concepts: A AirLink
A Modern approach to a classic experiment
A View graph of entire pendulum swing
A Conservation of momentum
A Conservation of energy

PASCO’s Rotary Motion Sensor is the heart of this modern approach to a classic physics
experiment. The Mini Launcher (ME-6825B) fires a steel ball into the foam catcher of the
Ballistic Pendulum Accessory (ME-6829) mounted on the Rotary Motion Sensor. The Rotary
Motion Sensor measures the angular displacement of the pendulum and it is plotted in
real-time in PASCO Capstone.
There is no need to catch the pendulum at
its maximum height because the angle is
continuously measured. Using the analysis
tools in PASCO Capstone, students can find
the maximum angle.
Using Conservation of Momentum and
Conservation of Energy, students can determine
the initial speed of the ball as it leaves the
projectile launcher. The initial speed of the ball
is confirmed by using two photogates to time
the flight of the ball for a short distance.

The ball is shot into a foam

catcher at the end of a pendulum.
The pendulum is mounted on a
Rotary Motion Sensor to record
the entire swing.
This graph of the angle of the pendulum vs. time is plotted in real-time in PASCO
Capstone. The maximum angle is displayed on the graph.

Download This Experiment

The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.

Experiment Includes
• Rotary Motion Sensor PS-2120A
• Mini Launcher ME-6825B Ballistic Pendulum.......................................................... EX-5511A
• Photogate Heads (2) ME-9498A Required:
• Photogate Mounting Bracket ME-6821A 550 or 850 Universal Interface*.................................................... p. 26
• Mini Launcher Ballistic Pendulum ME-6829 PASCO Capstone Software........................................................... pp. 70-73
• Large “C” Clamp SE-7285 * This experiment can be performed using the 550 or 850 Universal
• 45 cm Steel Rod ME-8736 Interface or AirLink.

328 more information at pasco.com

 Mechanics
Conservation of Energy

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
EX-9935

Concepts:
A Conservation of energy
A Centripetal acceleration
A Apparent weight

In this experiment, the Law of Conservation of Energy is verified

by measuring the potential and kinetic energies of a car traveling Conservation
over hills and loops on a curved track. of energy for a
car going over hills
A car is started from rest on a variety of tracks (hills, valleys, loops,
straight track). The speed of the car is measured at various points
along the track using a photogate connected to a Smart Timer.
The potential energy is calculated from the measured height and
the kinetic energy is calculated from the speed. The total energy is
calculated for two points on the track and compared.
The height from which the car must be released from rest to
just make it over the loop can be predicted from conservation of
energy and the centripetal acceleration. Then the prediction can be
tested on the roller coaster. If the car is released from the top of
the hill so it easily makes it over the top of the loop, the speed of
the car can be measured at the top of the loop and the centripetal
acceleration as well as the apparent weight (normal force) on the
car can be calculated.

Conservation of energy shows that the final speeds of these two cars are the
same even though the red car takes much less time than the yellow car to reach
the end of the track.

The different speeds of each

of three linked cars as they
go over the loop are
measured using
a photogate.
Roller coaster
loop demonstrates
conservation of energy.

Experiment Includes
• Complete Roller Coaster System ME-9812
• Photogate Heads (2) ME-9498A
• Smart Timer ME-8930
• Conservation of Energy Experiment Manual

PASCO Advantage
The Roller Coaster can be configured in many ways. The
whiteboard background is convenient for writing calculations
or making marks for measuring heights. The PASCO Roller
Coaster differs from conventional roller coaster toys in three
ways: To Download This Experiment
A 
Speed and height of the Roller Coaster car can be easily Search for EX-9935 at www.pasco.com
measured.
A 
Loss of energy due to friction is generally only about 5%.
A 
Cars will withstand repeated drops to the floor.
Conservation of Energy................................................EX-9935

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 Mechanics
Conservation of Energy II Designed for use with any of the following:
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

A 850 Universal Interface

EX-5512
A 550 Universal Interface
Concepts: Electronic
A AirLink
A Potential energy of a falling ball Drop Box
A Kinetic energy of a falling ball
A Use different size balls to change friction Hollow
A ball is dropped from rest and its height and speed are recorded using a Motion Sensor. The ball’s potential Ball
energy and kinetic energy are calculated at various points during the ball’s fall.
The total energy of the ball is examined throughout the fall to determine if there is any change. Balls of different
sizes are used to vary the amount of air friction, so that students can see that energy is not conserved when
friction is appreciable.
As the ball
Experiment Includes falls, its
• Motion Sensor PS-2103A height and
• Discover Freefall System ME-9889 speed are Guard
• Large Rod Base ME-8735 recorded and
• 120 cm Rod ME-8741 displayed
• Multi Clamp ME-9507 in PASCO
• 45 cm Rod ME-8736 Capstone
• Motion Sensor Guard SE-7256 software.

Motion Sensor
Conservation of Energy II.......................... EX-5512
Required: Download This Experiment
550 or 850 Universal Interface*...................................... p. 26
PASCO Capstone Software............................................. pp. 70-73 The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
* This experiment can be performed using the 550 or 850 www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.
Universal Interface or AirLink.

Work Energy Theorem Designed for use with any of the following:
EX-5513A A 850 Universal Interface
Concepts: A 550 Universal Interface
A Kinetic energy A Any PASPORT interface with 2 ports
A Potential energy
A Work energy theorem
A Conservation of mechanical energy
The total work done on an object is compared with
the change in kinetic energy of the object. Using a
High Resolution Force Sensor and a Motion Sensor,
students record and display the force as a function of Work done by friction and ignoring the rotational
position. The work done is the area under the Force kinetic energy of the wheels cause the cart kinetic
vs. Position plot. At any point during the energy to be approximately 5% lower.
experiment, kinetic energy is calculated
from the velocity measured with the
Motion Sensor. Students explore the
meaning of dissipative forces.
PASCO Advantage
Instead of just focusing on the end points, real-time
measurements of force, position, and velocity allow students
to continuously examine the work done and the resulting kinetic
energy of the cart during its entire trip down the track. Spring
Experiment Includes
• High Resolution Force Sensor PS-2189 High Resolution Force Sensor
• 1.2 m PAScar Dynamics System ME-6955 measures the force exerted by the
spring on the cart.
• Motion Sensor PS-2103A
• Force Bracket ME-6622
• Dynamics Track Spring Set ME-8999 Work Energy Theorem.............. EX-5513A
• Braided Physics String SE-8050 Required:
Download This Experiment 550 or 850 Universal Interface*...................................................... p. 26
PASCO Capstone Software............................................................. pp. 70-73
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone Balance or Scale.............................................................................. p. 196
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments. * This experiment can be performed using the 550 or 850 Universal
Interface or any PASPORT interface with two ports.

330 more information at pasco.com

 Mechanics
Universal Gravitational Constant

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
EX-5550
Concepts:
A Measure the Universal Gravitational Constant in less than three hours!
A Recreate Cavendish’s historical experiment
A Uses PASCO Capstone Video Analysis

The attraction between a pair of small tungsten spheres and a pair of larger tungsten spheres is measured
by the torsion of a beryllium ribbon. The large spheres are placed close to the small spheres and allowed
to equilibrate. A laser is reflected from a mirror on the beryllium ribbon and shown on a screen or wall. The
large spheres are then rotated through an angle to produce torque on the ribbon. The mirror rotates with
the ribbon, so the laser reflection on the screen or wall is displaced. The displacement of the laser reflection
is measured to find “G”.

PASCO Advantage
For the first time, the measurement of G using the Cavendish Balance can actually be performed
in a three-hour lower division physics laboratory! Data collection is done using a webcam to video
two periods of the oscillation for both ball positions in less than 45 minutes. The video data may
then be transferred to the lab groups for analysis using the video analysis capability of PASCO
Capstone. Fitting a damped sine curve to the video data allows an extremely precise determination
of period of oscillation and where the final equilibrium positions would be. When analysis of small
effects inherent in the method is included, an accuracy of better than 2% is possible.

At left, the USB Camera Microscope records

the oscillation of the laser beam.

In PASCO Capstone, a damped sine fit is applied

to the data to determine the equilibrium point.

Experiment Includes
• Gravitational Torsion Balance AP-8215A
• X-Y Adjustable Diode Laser OS-8526A
• Large Rod Base ME-9735
• USB Camera Microscope PS-2343
• Polarizer Set OS-8473
• Rods and Clamps

NOTE: No interface is required.

This is a screenshot of the video analysis
points (red plus signs) in PASCO Capstone.

Universal Gravitational Constant............................. EX-5550

To Download This Experiment Required:
PASCO Capstone Software....................................... pp. 70-73
Search for EX-5550 at www.pasco.com
Transparent Ruler and Meter Stick

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 331

 Fluids
Piping Systems Designed for use with any of the following:
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

A 850 Universal Interface

EX-5553
A 550 Universal Interface
Concepts: A Any PASPORT interface with 2 ports
A Learn how to determine the friction factor.
A Estimate the energy loss of water flowing at a various flow rates through PVC pipe.
A Estimate the energy loss of water flowing through an elbow.
A Estimate the energy loss of water flowing through a valve.

In this experiment, students determine the major losses due to friction in pipes and the minor losses due to elbows and valves. The loss over
a long distance is measured between pressure taps #1 and #5 (shown in the picture above). The water velocity is measured using the Venturi
tube attached to the General Flow Sensor.

The water velocity is varied to explore the dependence of the losses on velocity
(see graph above).
The minor losses due to elbows are found by comparing the pressure at tap #3 and
tap #4, as shown at left.

Experiment Includes
• General Flow Sensor PS-2222
• Venturi Tube ME-2220
• Dual Pressure Sensor PS-2181 Coming soon!
• Pressure Taps (2 sets of 5 included) ME-2224 Check pasco.com for availability.
• Fast Temperature Probe Included in PS-2011 Piping Systems Experiment......................................EX-5553
• Water Pump SE-7727 Required:
Bucket
Download This Experiment Pipe Network (see pasco.com/engineering/pipes for details)
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone SPARKlink Air Interface............................................PS-2011
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at PASCO Capstone Software......................................pp. 70-73
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments. * This experiment can be performed using the 550 or 850 Universal
Interface or any PASPORT interface with two ports.

332 more information at pasco.com

 Fluids
Pumping Systems Designed for use with either of the following:

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
A 850 Universal Interface
EX-5554
A 550 Universal Interface
Concepts:
A Find the relationship between pump head and flow rate.
A Creating pump performance curves:
–Single pump
–Pumps in parallel
–Pumps in series

In this experiment, students determine the characteristic curves for two pumps and examine the impact of placing pumps
in series and in parallel.

The pressure is measured just

above the pump as the water
Two pumps are operated separately and then together in series and parallel. velocity is varied.

For this experiment, the water is pumped through the short section of pipe through
valves #6 and #8. The water velocity is measured using the Venturi tube attached
to the General Flow sensor. The pressure at the pump is measured for different
velocities and a pump curve is created (at right). The maximum head is recorded.
Then two pumps are operated at the same time. The effects of pumps in series and
in parallel are explored.

Experiment Includes
• General Flow Sensor PS-2222
• Venturi Tube ME-2220
• Dual Pressure Sensor PS-2181
• Pressure Taps
(2 sets of 5 included) ME-2224
• Fast Temperature Probe Included in PS-2011
• Water Pumps (2) SE-7727 Coming soon!
Check pasco.com for availability.
Pumping Systems Experiment............................EX-5554
Download This Experiment Required:
Bucket
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
Pipe Network (see pasco.com/engineering/pipes for details).
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments. SPARKlink Air Interface.......................................PS-2011
PASCO Capstone Software.................................pp. 70-73

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 333

 Fluids
Archimedes’ Principle
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

EX-9909

Concepts:
A A
 rchimedes’ Principle
A D ensity
A B  uoyant force

Archimedes’ Principle states that the buoyant force on a

submerged object is equal to the weight of the fluid that is
displaced by the object.
The buoyant force on several objects is measured by
weighing the water displaced by a submerged object. The
buoyant force is also determined by measuring the difference
between the object’s weight in air and its apparent weight in
water.
Some of the objects have the same density, some have the
same volume, and some have the same mass. The density of
each object is measured and the dependence of the buoyant
force on density, mass, and volume is explored.
The buoyant force is measured by weighing the water displaced by the object.

The mass and volume are measured to determine the dependence of the buoyant
force on mass, volume, and density.

Experiment Includes PASCO Advantage

• Density Set ME-8569 The provided objects have related volumes, masses, and
• Overflow Can SE-8568 densities to demonstrate that only the volume of water
• Rod Base ME-8735 displaced affects the buoyant force.
• 45 cm Steel Rod ME-8736
• Physics String SE-8050
• Triple-Beam Balance SE-8707
To Download This Experiment
• Stainless Steel Calipers SF-8711
Search for EX-9909 at www.pasco.com
• 1000 ml Beaker
• 100 ml Beaker
• 50 ml Graduated Cylinder
• Archimedes’ Principle Experiment Manual Archimedes’ Principle.................................................... EX-9909

334 more information at pasco.com

 Rotation
Designed for use with any of the following:
Rotational Inertia

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
A 850 Universal Interface
EX-5516B A 550 Universal Interface
Concepts: A AirLink
A R otational inertia of a ring and a disk
A Torque

In this experiment, the rotational inertias of a ring

and a disk are determined by applying a torque The Rotary Motion Sensor
to the object and measuring the resulting angular provides a sturdy, low-friction
acceleration. rotational platform for the
Ring and Disk, in addition to
A known torque is applied to the pulley on the measuring the resulting angular
Rotary Motion Sensor, causing a disk and ring acceleration.
to rotate. The resulting angular acceleration is
measured using the slope of a graph of
Angular Velocity vs. Time. The rotational inertia
of the disk and ring combination is calculated
from the torque and the angular acceleration.
The procedure is repeated for the disk alone
to find the rotational inertias of the ring and
disk separately.

A known torque is applied

to the ring and disk by the weight
hanging over the pulley. The rotational inertia of the
ring and disk are determined from the resulting angular
acceleration. The procedure is repeated for the disk alone.

The rotational inertia of the ring and disk is calculated from the angular acceleration
obtained from the slope of this Angular Velocity vs. Time graph.
Download This Experiment
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
PASCO Advantage workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
Friction can be neglected in this compact setup. The Rotary www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.
Motion Sensor is a versatile tool that can be used in a
variety of other experiments.

Experiment Includes Rotational Inertia.......................................................EX-5516B

Required:
• Large Rod Stand ME-8735
550 or 850 Universal Interface*...................................................... p. 26
• 90 cm Long Steel Rod ME-8738
PASCO Capstone Software............................................................. pp. 70-73
• Mini-Rotational Accessory CI-6691 Balance or Scale.............................................................................. p. 196
• Mass Set (5 g resolution) ME-8979 Calipers........................................................................SE-8710 p. 192
• Rotary Motion Sensor PS-2120A * This experiment can be performed using the 550 or 850 Universal
Interface or AirLink.

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 335

 Rotation
Physical Pendulum Designed for use with any of the following:
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

A 850 Universal Interface

EX-5518A
A 550 Universal Interface
Concepts: A AirLink
A Parallel Axis Theorem
A Period of a physical pendulum
A Computer modeling of a system
A Rotational inertia

In this experiment, the period of a physical

pendulum, a narrow bar, is determined as a function
of the distance of the pivot from the center of mass.
A computer model of the system is developed,
which allows the student to vary the physical
parameters of the model (gravity, length, c.m.
position) to match the data. This makes it possible
to obtain values for the physical parameters without
direct measurement. The Pendulum Bar has holes spaced at 2 cm
intervals. A graph of Oscillation Period vs. Pivot
A second experiment verifies the parallel axis Hole Position shows that there is a unique
theorem. It also uses superposition to find the placement that gives a minimum period. This
rotational inertia of a disk with an off axis location can be verified using calculus.
circular hole.

Apply a known torque and measure the angular

acceleration to calculate the moment of inertia
of the object. Multiple holes in the plate allow
investigation of the Parallel Axis Theorem.
Center hole is at
center of mass.

Unique design allows

pivot exactly at the edge.
Measure the period of
the thick ring oscillating
at either the inner or
outer radius.

Experiment Includes
• Large Rod Stand ME-8735
• 45 cm Long Steel Rod ME-8736
• Physical Pendulum Set ME-9833
• Rotary Motion Sensor PS-2120A Physical Pendulum......................................................... EX-5518A
Required:
Download This Experiment 550 or 850 Universal Interface*.................................................. p. 26
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone PASCO Capstone Software......................................................... pp. 70-73
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at * This experiment can be performed using the 550 or 850 Universal
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.
Interface or AirLink.

336 more information at pasco.com

 Rotation
Conservation of Designed for use with any of the following:

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
A 850 Universal Interface
Angular Momentum A 550 Universal Interface
EX-5517C A AirLink

Concepts:
A Conservation
 of angular momentum during collisions
A Easy determination of before and after points
A Calculation of energy lost during collision

The study of conservation of angular momentum during collisions is

easy and fast using this system based on the Rotary Motion Sensor.
The angular velocity of the spinning disk is graphed in real-time as a The Rotary Motion Sensor
non-rotating ring is dropped onto it. provides a sturdy, low-friction
rotational platform for the
Ring and Disk, in addition
to measuring the resulting
change in angular velocity.

As a non-rotating ring is dropped onto

a rotating disk, the angular velocity
decreases to about 1/6th of its initial
value since the ring has a large
rotational inertia compared to the disk.

PASCO Advantage
It is easy to measure the rotational speeds just before and after the
collision since the entire collision is visible in the graph.
The rotational inertias of the ring and disk are calculated using the
mass and dimensions of each. Then the total angular momentum
before the collision is compared to the total angular momentum
after the collision to show that it does not change.
The total kinetic energy before and after the collision is calculated
to show the amount of energy lost during the inelastic collision.

Experiment Includes
• Rotary Motion Sensor PS-2120A
• Rotational Accessory CI-6691
• Calipers SF-8711
• Large Rod Stand ME-8735
• 45 cm Long Steel Rod ME-8736

Conservation of Angular Momentum................................EX-5517C

Download This Experiment Required:
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone 550 or 850 Universal Interface*...................................................... p. 26
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at PASCO Capstone Software............................................................. pp. 70-73
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments. Balance or Scale.............................................................................. p. 196
* This experiment can be performed using the 550 or 850 Universal
Interface or AirLink.

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 337

 Rotation
Variable-g Pendulum Designed for use with any
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

of the following: The period of the

EX-5519A A 850 Universal Interface Variable-g Pendulum is
Concepts: A 550 Universal Interface plotted as a function of
the angle of inclination
A Period of a simple pendulum A AirLink to show the dependence
A Effect of decreasing “g” on the pendulum period of the period on g.
A Large amplitude period
A Shape of displacement, velocity, and acceleration
curves for large amplitude
This experiment explores the dependence of the period of a simple
pendulum on the acceleration due to gravity and on the length and
amplitude of the pendulum.
A simple rigid pendulum consists of a 35 cm long lightweight
aluminum tube with masses at the end, mounted on a The Adjustable Angle Clamp makes it easy to
Rotary Motion Sensor. The pendulum is constrained adjust the angle from zero to 90 degrees, thus
to oscillate in a plane tilted at an angle from the varying “g” from 9.8 m/s2 to zero.
vertical. This effectively reduces the acceleration The period is measured
due to gravity because the restoring force is for varying angles,
decreased. simulating changing
the acceleration due
PASCO Advantage to gravity for the
The rigid pendulum can be assumed to be a simple pendulum.
pendulum: the actual period is approximately 99% of
the period of a simple pendulum of the same length.
Experiment Includes
• Large Rod Stand ME-8735
• 45 cm Long Steel Rod ME-8736
• Angle Indicator ME-9495A
• Adjustable Angle Clamp ME-8744
• Pendulum Accessory ME-8969
• Rotary Motion Sensor PS-2120A Variable-g Pendulum...................................................... EX-5519A
Download This Experiment Required:
550 or 850 Universal Interface*.................................................... pp. 26-28
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at PASCO Capstone Software........................................................... pp. 70-73
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments. * This experiment can be performed using the 550 or 850 Universal
Interface or AirLink.

Large Amplitude Pendulum Designed for use with any of the following:
A 850 Universal Interface
EX-5520A
A 550 Universal Interface
Concepts: A AirLink
A Low amplitude approximation for the pendulum period
A Large amplitude period
A Shape of displacement, velocity, and acceleration
curves for large amplitude
This experiment explores the dependence of the period of a simple pendulum on
the amplitude of the oscillation. Also, the displacement, velocity, and acceleration for
large amplitude are plotted vs. time to show the difference from the sinusoidal motion
of low amplitude oscillations.
The period is measured as a function of the amplitude Graphs of angular
of the pendulum and compared to theory. displacement, velocity, and
acceleration vs. time are
Experiment Includes displayed for a pendulum
oscillating with large
• Small “A” Base ME-8976
amplitude.
• 25 cm Long Threaded Steel Rod ME-8988
• Pendulum Accessory ME-8969
• Rotary Motion Sensor PS-2120A
Large Amplitude Pendulum......................................EX-5520A
Required:
Download This Experiment
550 or 850 Universal Interface*............................................. p. 26
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone PASCO Capstone Software.................................................... pp. 70-73
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments. * This experiment can be performed using the 550 or 850 Universal
Interface or AirLink.

338 more information at pasco.com

 Rotation
Chaos Designed for use with the 850 Universal Interface

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
EX-5523A

Concepts: Concepts:
A Nonlinear oscillator A Phase space
A Chaotic motion A Poincare plot
The chaotic behavior of a driven nonlinear pendulum is explored by graphing its motion in phase
space and by making a Poincare plot. These plots are compared to the motion of the pendulum when
it is not chaotic.
The oscillator consists of an aluminum disk connected to two springs. A point mass on the edge of
the aluminum disk makes the oscillator nonlinear. The frequency of the sinusoidal driver can be varied
to investigate the progression from predictable motion to chaotic motion. Magnetic damping can be
adjusted to change the character of the chaotic motion. The angular position and velocity of the disk
are recorded as a function of time using a Rotary Motion Sensor. A real-time phase plot is made by
graphing the angular velocity vs. the displacement angle of the oscillation.
The Poincare plot is also graphed in real time and superimposed on the phase plot. This is achieved
by recording the point on the phase plot once every cycle of the driver arm as the driver arm blocks a
photogate.

A graph in phase space

and a Poincare plot are
obtained to study the
chaotic motion of this
nonlinear oscillator.

The Poincare plot (in orange) shows the pendulum’s velocity vs. position once per revolution
of the driver. The purple background is the phase plot.
This phase plot (angular velocity vs. angle) is graphed in PASCO Capstone
using partial opacity, so the trace gets darker as it traces back over itself.

Experiment Includes
• Large Rod Stand ME-8735
• 120 cm Long Steel Rod (2) ME-8741
• 45 cm Long Steel Rod ME-8736
• Multi Clamps (2) ME-9507
• Chaos/Driven Harmonic Accessory CI-6689A
• Mechanical Oscillator/Driver ME-8750 PASCO Advantage
• Rotary Motion Sensor PS-2120 PASCO Capstone can graph the motion in phase space and super-
• Photogate Head ME-9498A impose the Poincare plot in real time, showing students how the
motion in phase space relates to actual motion of the oscillator.

Download This Experiment

Chaos...........................................................................EX-5523A
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
Required:
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments. 850 Universal Interface.................................................................. p. 26
PASCO Capstone Software........................................................... pp. 70-73

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 339

 Oscillations
Driven Damped Cart Oscillations
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

Magnets induce currents in the aluminum track

EX-5551 and cause a drag force that is proportional to
the cart velocity.
Concepts:
Designed for use with:
A Resonance curves A 850 Universal Interface
A Magnetic drag

The oscillator consists of a Smart Cart attached to two springs. The damping
is provided by magnets mounted on the Smart Cart that cause eddy currents
in the aluminum track. The amplitude of the oscillation is plotted vs. the driving
frequency for different amounts of magnetic damping. Increased damping is
provided by moving adjustable magnets closer to the aluminum track.

The amplitude of the cart’s velocity is plotted vs. the driving

PASCO Advantage frequency. The amount of drag is varied by changing the distance
between the magnets and the track.
The Smart Cart wirelessly measures the position and velocity of the cart as
well as the magnetic drag, since the magnetic drag bumper is attached to Experiment Includes
the Smart Cart’s force sensor.
• Smart Cart ME-1240
In PASCO Capstone, a damped • Mechanical Oscillator/Driver ME-8750
sine wave curve fit is applied to • Magnetic Damping Accessory ME-6828
the data to determine the spring • Dynamics Spring Set ME-8999
constant, period, and damping • Photogate Head ME-9498A
coefficient. • Cart Mass (set of 2) ME-6757A
• 1.2 m Metal Dynamics Track ME-9493
• Dynamics Track End Stop (2 Pack) ME-8971
• Dynamics Track Feet (Pair) ME-8972
• Physics String SE-8050
Required:
• Mass Balance SE-8707
• 850 Universal Interface UI-5000
• PASCO Capstone

Download This Experiment

The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.

Coming soon!
Check pasco.com for availability.

Driven Damped Cart Oscillations.............EX-5551

The period can be
Required:
directly measured
Mass Balance.............................................SE-8707
to determine the
resonant frequency. 850 Universal Interface..............................UI-5000 pp. 26-27
PASCO Capstone Software.............................................. pp. 70-73

340 more information at pasco.com

 Oscillations
Driven Damped Harmonic Oscillator Designed for use with: Magnetic

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
A 850 Universal Interface Damping
EX-5522A
Concepts: Disk
A Resonance curves for an oscillator: amplitude vs. frequency
A Resonant frequency
A Period of a pendulum
A Effect of magnetic damping on shape of resonance curve
A Phase difference between oscillator and driver at low, resonant,
and high frequencies
In this experiment, the resonance of a driven damped harmonic oscillator is examined by
plotting the oscillation amplitude vs. frequency for various amounts of damping.
The oscillator consists of an aluminum disk with a pulley connected to two springs by
a string. The angular positions and velocities of the disk and the driver are recorded as
a function of time using two Rotary Motion Sensors. The amplitude of the oscillation is
plotted vs. the driving frequency for different amounts of magnetic damping. Increased
damping is provided by moving an adjustable magnet closer to the aluminum disk.
PASCO Advantage
The combination of PASCO Capstone software and the 850 Universal Interface has
the power to sweep through the driver frequencies and the capability to plot the
amplitude vs. the driver frequency in real time.

Springs

This graph shows the resonance

curves (Amplitude vs. Frequency)
for three different settings of
magnetic damping.
Driver

Experiment Includes
• Rotary Motion Sensor (2) PS-2120A
• Mechanical Oscillator/Driver ME-8750
• Chaos/Driven Harmonic Accessory CI-6689A
• Large Rod Base ME-8735
• 120-cm Long Steel Rod (2) ME-8741
• 45-cm Long Steel Rod ME-8736
The magnetically damped oscillator is driven by a
• Multi-Clamps (2) ME-9507 sinusoidal mechanical driver.
• Physics String SE-8050

Driven Damped Harmonic Oscillator...............EX-5522A

Required:
Download This Experiment
850 Universal Interface......................................UI-5000 pp. 26-27
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone PASCO Capstone Software....................................................... pp. 70-73
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
Hooked Mass Set................................................SE-8759 p. 197
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.
Calipers.................................................................SE-8710 p. 192

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 341

 Structures
Basic Bridges
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

EX-5556 Load Cells

Designed for use with:
A 850 Universal Interface,
550 Universal Interface
or AirLink
Concepts:
A Learn about different types of bridges
through hands-on exploration. Measuring Loads
Each bridge is loaded by hanging a weight from the bridge. The tension and
A Measure the tension/compression in compression in the I-beams are measured with load cells. The load cells can
beams for different bridge designs. be moved around to explore the load in every beam in the bridge.

Rectangular Segments
First, students build a bridge with rectangular segments. Of course,
bridges are never made this way but students will never understand
why until they try it.
Rectangular

Triangular Segments
Next, students build a Warren bridge with triangular segments. This
shows how much stronger triangular segments are than rectangular
segments.
Triangular

Effect of Scale
Students build a second Warren bridge on a different scale to discover
how the forces change in this bridge that has twice the number of
segments but spans the same distance. Effect of Scale

Effect of Adding Verticals

Verticals are added to the larger Warren bridge. Students will find that
the loads do not change when the verticals are added: So why are
verticals used? Adding Verticals

Full Warren Bridge vs. Pratt Bridge

Additional verticals are added to make a Full Warren bridge. Then the Full Warren
students change the Full Warren to a Pratt bridge. How are the forces
different in a Pratt compared to a full Warren?

Experiment Includes
• Truss Set Members (3) ME-6993
• Truss Set Screws (3) ME-6994 Pratt
• #6 I-Beams (1) ME-7008
• 12 kg Mass Set ME-7589
Coming soon!
• Load Cell Amplifier (1) PS-2198 Check pasco.com for availability.
• 100 N Load Cells (4) PS-2200
Basic Bridges.............................................................EX-5556
Download This Experiment Required:
550 or 850 Universal Interface..................................................pp. 26-28
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at OR
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments. AirLink...........................................................................................pp. 24
PASCO Capstone Software.......................................................pp. 70-73

342 more information at pasco.com

 Structures
Shaking Tower Designed for use with:

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
A 850 Universal Interface
EX-5555 or Function Generator
Concepts:
A Explore the resonance modes
A Measure accelerations with wireless sensors
A Demonstrate passive damping

Built from PASCO Structures beams, this tower is made to oscillate

in its various resonance modes by a driver attached by a rubber
band to the first floor of the tower. Wireless Load Cells with
Accelerometers are attached to each floor to record how much
shaking each floor experiences.

This FFT, generated in PASCO Capstone software, shows the frequency responses
of the top Wireless Load Cell/Accelerometer.

In the second part of the experiment, a damping pendulum is installed

on top of the tower. In modern buildings, passive damping mechanisms
are installed to damp out oscillations during earthquakes. The damping
pendulum in this tower quickly stops oscillations.
The tower is shaken by the Mechanical Wave Driver which is powered by an
850 Universal Interface or Function Generator.
Experiment Includes
• Shaking Tower Kit (see p. 153) ME-7018
• Mechanical Wave Driver SF-9324
• 2 Meter Patch Cord Set SE-9415A
• Large Rod Base ME-8735
• Threaded Rod 25 cm ME-8988
• Large Slotted Mass Set ME-7566
• Wireless Load Cells (4) PS-3216
Download This Experiment
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
The gray graph, in PASCO Capstone workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
software shows the oscillation www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.
without the pendulum. The red graph
shows the damping caused when the Coming soon!
pendulum is allowed to oscillate. Check pasco.com for availability.
Shaking Tower.......................................................EX-5555
Required:
850 Universal Interface..............................................................pp. 26-28
OR
Function Generator (PI-8127)....................................................pp. 249
PASCO Capstone Software.......................................................pp. 70-73

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 343

 Structures
Bridge Vibrations
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

EX-5548
Concepts:
A Resonance in complex systems
A Driven vs. free vibrations

Designed for use with the

850 Universal Interface

The resonance of the bridge is characterized by driving the

bridge at different resonant frequencies. Note how different
the amplitudes are at different locations on the bridge.

The 5 N Load Cells are used to measure

the oscillations of the bridge at several
different positions.

5 4 3
2
1

Experiment Includes
• Large Structures Set ME-7003
• Load Cell Amplifier PS-2198
• 100 N Load Cell PS-2200
• 5 N Load Cell (5) PS-2201
• Mechanical Wave Driver SF-9324
• Red 4 mm Banana Plug Cords SE-9750
• Rubber Cord ME-8986
• Large Slotted Mass Set (4) ME-7589
The bridge is struck by hand and allowed to freely oscillate. Using PASCO • Short Mass Hanger (2) ME-7590
Capstone™, the FFT shows that there are several resonant frequencies. • 20 g Masses (3 sets of 6) ME-8983
Note how different the amplitudes are at different locations on the bridge.

Download This Experiment Bridge Vibrations....................................................... EX-5548

The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone Required:
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at 850 Universal Interface.................................................................. p. 26
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.
PASCO Capstone Software........................................................... pp. 70-73

344 more information at pasco.com

 Structures
Tensile Testing Metals Designed for use with any of the following:

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
A 850 Universal Interface
EX-5557
A 550 Universal Interface
Concepts: A AirLink
A Young’s Modulus A Ductility
A Yield Strength A Modulus of Toughness
A Tensile Strength
The three metal tensile samples are made from 1018 Steel, 360 Brass and 2024-T3 Aluminum. The
properties measured for these samples include Young’s Modulus, Yield Strength, Tensile Strength,
Ductility, and Modulus of Toughness. These properties are the same ones found in materials
handbooks and databases and are used by engineers to design bridges, buildings, and machines.
1. M
 easure the slope in the linear portion of the Stress vs. Strain graph to find
Young’s Modulus for the material.
2. Estimate the Yield Strength by examining the Force vs. Position graph to
see where the linear part of the curve ends.
3. Find the maximum stress on the graph to determine the Tensile Strength.
4. Find the maximum strain just before it breaks to determine the Ductility
of the material.
5. Take the area under the Stress vs. Strain graph to determine the Modulus
of Toughness for the material.

PASCO Advantage
The hand-cranked Materials Testing Machine allows students to feel the
different forces required to break different samples. Data is recorded live
and can be played back in PASCO Capstone software.

The Stress vs. Strain graph for three metals is displayed

in real time and can be played back in PASCO Capstone
software. Young’s Modulus for brass is
determined from the slope of
the line.

Experiment Includes
The toughness of brass is determined by Materials Testing Machine ME-8236
taking the area under the Stress-Strain Tensile Samples (Aluminum, 10 ea.) ME-8231
curve in PASCO Capstone software. Tensile Samples (Brass, 10 ea.) ME-8232
Tensile Samples (Steel, 10 ea.) ME-8243
Calipers SE-8710

Tensile Testing Metals.......................................... EX-5557

Download This Experiment
Required:
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone AirLink...................................................................... PS-3200
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments. 550 or 850 Universal Interface..................................................p. 26
PASCO Capstone Software.......................................................pp. 70-73

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 345

 Materials
Column Buckling Designed for use with any of the following:
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

A 850 Universal Interface

EX-5558
A 550 Universal Interface
Cover Plastic
Concepts: A AirLink
I-Beam
A Column Buckling of I-Beams
A Slenderness Ratio
A Euler Column Equation Lower
Fixture
In part one, three different length plastic I-beams are tested
under compression to investigate their method of failure. The
way in which a member fails (buckling or not) is determined
by its Slenderness Ratio, and this ratio is calculated for each
beam. Topics covered also include the Radius of Gyration and
the Area Moment of Inertia.

In part two, the critical force is predicted using

the Euler Column Equation. When a compressive
force is applied to a long straight column, it
will elastically compress until a critical force
(Fcrit) is reached, and at this point the column
will suddenly buckle. The relationship between
this critical load and the column material and Plastic
geometry is called the Euler Column Equation. I-Beam

Structures
PASCO Advantage Beam
PASCO Capstone software has the ability to Fixture
embed live video from a webcam and sync the
Materials Tester data to the recorded video. Then
you can play back the video along with the data
on the graph, stepping through one frame at a
time to see the exact breaking point

Experiment Includes Download This Experiment

• Materials Testing Machine ME-8236 The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
• Structures Beam Adapter ME-8242 www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.
• Structures Truss Set I-Beams ME-6993
• Structures Flat Beam ME-6987
• Structures Thin I-Beam ME-7012
• Calipers SE-8710 Column Buckling........................................................EX-5558
Required:
Required 550 or 850 Universal Interface or AirLink..............pp. 24-28
• 550 or 850 Universal Interface or AirLink PASCO Capstone Software......................................pp. 70-73

346 more information at pasco.com

 Materials
3-Point and Designed for use with any of the following:

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
A 850 Universal Interface
4-Point Bending A 550 Universal Interface
EX-5559 A AirLink
Concepts:
A 3-Point Bending
A 4-Point Bending
A Flexural Elastic Modulus

3-Point Bending
A Three-Point Bend test is performed on a round rod as shown. As a downward force (F)
is applied in the middle of the rod, the flex (Δx) is recorded. The ratio (F/Δx) is the effective
stiffness of the length of rod being tested.
The distance between the anvils is varied, and the resulting effect on the stiffness of the
beam is measured. A graph of the resulting data yields the Flexural Elastic Modulus for the
material.

4-Point Bending
A Four-Point Bend Test is performed on the ABS plastic beams from
the PASCO Structures System. As a downward force (F) is applied
in the middle of the beam, the flex (Δx) is recorded. The ratio (F/Δx)
is the effective stiffness of the length of beam being tested, and is
measured directly from the slope of the F vs. Δx graph. The Flexural
Elastic Modulus for the material is then calculated.

Experiment Includes
• Materials Testing Machine ME-8236
• Bending Accessory ME-8237
• Shear Samples ME-8240
• Structures Flat Beams ME-6987
• Four-Point Load Anvil ME-8249
• Calipers SE-8710
Required
• 550 or 850 Universal Interface or AirLink
• PASCO Capstone software

Download This Experiment

3-Point and 4-Point Bending...............................EX-5559
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
Required:
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments. 550 or 850 Universal Interface or AirLink...............................pp. 24-28
PASCO Capstone Software.......................................................pp. 70-73

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 347

 Thermodynamics
Specific Heat Designed for use with any
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

of the following:
EX-5524A A 850 Universal Interface
Concepts: A 550 Universal Interface
A Thermal energy A AirLink
A Equilibrium temperature
A Specific heat

Students learn that materials can be identified using

specific heat as a measurable characteristic. A known
mass of water is used and the unknown material is
placed in the water. The initial temperature of the water
and the unknown material are measured. The equilibrium
temperature is found and from this the specific heat of
the unknown material is derived.
By performing this experiment in two ways (water
warming, water cooling) students explore how
experiment design may alter results. Finally students
explore sources of error and magnitude of error.

Room temperature A1 is added to hot water. After 210 s, the system has come
to equilibrium and is slowly cooling. A linear fit to the cooling curve allows
extrapolation back to find the equilibrium temperature that would have occurred
at 131 s when the A1 was added if the system had come to equilibrium
instantaneously. This allows measurement of the specific heat within at
approximately 10%.

Experiment Includes
• Temperature Sensor PS-2125 Comparison of a similar system shows that A1 causes about twice the drop in
• Calorimetry Cup with Lid water temperature as does brass. The cooling slopes before and after support
• Heater Stirrer PS-3401 Newton’s Law of Cooling.
• Balance SE-8723
• Hot Plate SE-8830
• Graduated Cylinder, 50 mL
• 1000-mL Beaker
• Braided Physics String SE-8050

Specific Heat..............................................................EX-5524A
Download This Experiment Required:
550 or 850 Universal Interface*.................................................... p. 26
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone™ PASCO Capstone Software........................................................... pp. 70-73
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments. * This experiment can be performed using the 550 or 850 Universal
Interface or AirLink.

348 more information at pasco.com

 Thermodynamics
Electrical Equivalent Designed for use with the 850 Universal Interface

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
of Heat
EX-5525
Concept:
A Compare electrical energy input to
changes in internal energy
The double wall of the aluminum Calorimeter
Cup ensures good insulation. Energy is
added to the system using the 10 Ω
Heating Resistor, powered by the
850 Universal Interface. The voltage,
current, power, and resulting increase
in temperature are monitored and
displayed continuously.
The amount of electrical energy used
to heat the water (and the inner cup)
is equal to the area under the Power
vs. Time curve. The amount of heat delivered
to the water (and the inner cup) can be
calculated using the increase in temperature
and the mass of the
water. The comparison of the electrical
energy to the heat results in a value for
the number of joules in a calorie.

Heating
Resistor

The bottom graph displays the power output from the generator and the top graph the increase in temperature.
The amount of electrical energy used to heat the water is determined by finding the area under the Power vs.
Time curve.
Double-wall Aluminum
Experiment Includes Calorimeter
• Energy Transfer-Calorimeter ET-8499
• Temperature Sensor PS-2125
• Mass Scale SE-8707

Download This Experiment

The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone Electrical Equivalent of Heat........................................ EX-5525
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at Required:
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments. 850 Universal Interface.................................................................. p. 26
PASCO Capstone Software........................................................... pp. 70-73

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 349

 Thermodynamics
Ideal Gas Law Designed for use with any of the following:
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

A 850 Universal Interface

EX-5527
A 550 Universal Interface
Concepts: A AirLink
A Ideal Gas Law
A Boyle’s Law
A Gay-Lussac’s Law
The temperature, volume, and pressure
of a gas are measured simultaneously to
show that they change according to the
Ideal Gas Law. Two special cases of the
Ideal Gas Law are also examined: constant
volume (Gay-Lussac’s Law) and constant
temperature (Boyle’s Law). A syringe
is used to vary the volume at constant
temperature. A sphere of constant volume
is immersed in different temperature water
baths to show the change in pressure.

PASCO Advantage
The Ideal Gas Syringe and Absolute
Zero Sphere have a thermistor with For the Ideal Gas Syringe (shown above) the
small mass that responds quickly to Slope of the Volume vs. —T graph equals nR.
temperature changes. P

For the Absolute Zero Apparatus (shown at right), which has constant volume, the
Pressure vs. Temperature graphs have different slopes corresponding to the different
number of moles in the container.

Download This Experiment

The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.

Ideal Gas Law...............................................................EX-5527

Required:
Experiment Includes 550 or 850 Universal Interface*...................................................... p. 26
• Ideal Gas Law Syringe TD-8596A PASCO Capstone Software............................................................. p. 70-73
• Pressure/Temperature Sensor PS-2146 Calipers..........................................................................SE-8710 p. 192
• Absolute Zero Apparatus TD-8595 * This experiment can be performed using the 550 or 850 Universal
• Plastic Containers (2) ME-7559 Interface or AirLink.

350 more information at pasco.com

 Thermodynamics
Blackbody Radiation Designed for use with the

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
850 Universal Interface
EX-5529A The continuous blackbody
spectrum is scanned using
Concepts: a prism spectrophotometer.
A Blackbody spectrum
A Peak wavelength vs. temperature
The classic blackbody spectrum of light intensity
vs. wavelength is obtained for a light bulb,
and the shift in the peak wavelength is
demonstrated for different bulb
temperatures.

The
spectrum
of an incandescent light
bulb is scanned by hand using a
prism spectrophotometer, which measures
relative light intensity as a function of angle. A Broad
Spectrum Light Sensor is used with a prism, so the entire spectrum
from approximately 400 nm to 2500 nm can be scanned without the
overlapping orders caused by a grating. The wavelengths corresponding
to the angles are calculated using the equations for a prism
spectrophotometer. The relative light intensity can then be plotted
as a function of wavelength as the spectrum is scanned, resulting in
the characteristic blackbody curve. The intensity of the light bulb is
reduced, which reduces the temperature, and the scan is repeated
to show how the curves nest with a shift in the peak wavelength.
The temperature of the bulb’s filament can then be measured
indirectly by determining the resistance of the bulb from the
measured voltage and current. From the temperature, the
theoretical peak wavelength can be calculated and compared
to the measured peak wavelength.
Note: Results are qualitative and suitable for introductory
classes only.

Classic textbook diagram of the intensity vs. wavelength blackbody curves

can be produced with real data. In this graph, the peak wavelength in the
PASCO Advantage blackbody curve shifts as the source temperature is decreased.
All the complex calculations for the angle-to-wavelength conversion
are stored in the setup file supplied for PASCO Capstone.

Download This Experiment

Experiment Includes The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
• Prism Spectrophotometer Kit OS-8544 workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.
• Optics Bench (60 cm) OS-8541
• Spectrophotometer Accessory Kit OS-8537
• Aperture Bracket OS-8534A
• Broad Spectrum Light Sensor PS-2150
• Rotary Motion Sensor PS-2120A
• Voltage Sensor UI-5100 Blackbody Radiation................................................ EX-5529A
• Replacement Bulb (10 pk) SE-8509 Required:
• Black Banana Plug Cords (5 pack) SE-9751 850 Universal Interface.................................................................. p. 26
PASCO Capstone Software........................................................... pp. 70-73

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 351

 Thermodynamics
Heat Engine Cycle Designed for use with any of the following:
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

A 850 Universal Interface

EX-5530B
A Any PASPORT interface with 3 ports
Concepts: Concepts:
A Heat engine efficiency A Isobaric processes
A Isothermal processes A Ideal Gas Law

A P-V diagram is generated as a heat engine is taken

through a cycle. From this diagram, the heat added to the
gas and the work done by the engine are measured to
determine the efficiency of the engine. This actual efficiency
is compared to the theoretical maximum efficiency.
The heat engine consists of air inside a cylinder that
expands when an attached can is immersed in hot water.
The expanding air pushes on a piston and does work by
lifting a weight. The heat engine cycle is completed by
immersing the can in cold water, which returns the air The PASCO Capstone™ graph shows an isobaric/isothermal heat
pressure and volume to the starting values. engine cycle operating between a cold water bath at 1.5°C and a
hot water bath at 41.8°C.

The actual efficiency is determined

for a heat engine that lifts a weight
as heat is added to the gas.

PASCO Advantage
This operating heat engine shows how
a difference in temperature can be
used to do work. Each part of the cycle
is easily identifiable, and the actual
efficiency as well as the maximum
possible efficiency can be easily
determined.

Experiment Includes
The cycle is performed as follows: • Heat Engine/Gas Law Apparatus TD-8572A
• Large Rod Stand ME-8735
1. 
With the can in the cold bath, the 200 g mass is placed
• Slotted Mass (200 g) SE-8811
on the platform.
• Mass & Hanger Set ME-8979
2. The can is moved from the cold bath to the hot bath. • Plastic containers (2) ME-7559
3. The 200 g mass is removed from the platform. • Thread
• 90 cm Long Steel Rod ME-8738
4. The can is moved from the hot bath to the cold bath.
• Rotary Motion Sensor PS-2120A
The change in pressure is measured with a Low Pressure Sensor. • Quad Temperature Sensor PS-2143
The change in piston height is measured by the attached string • Dual Pressure Sensor PS-2181
over the Rotary Motion Sensor pulley. The change in volume is
calculated by multiplying the change in piston height by the piston
cross-sectional area.
Heat Engine Cycle..................................................EX-5530B
Download This Experiment Required:
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone 550 or 850 Universal Interface*................................................ p. 26
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at PASCO Capstone Software....................................................... pp. 70-73
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.
* This experiment can be performed using the 850 Universal
Interface or any PASPORT interface with three ports.

352 more information at pasco.com

 Thermodynamics
Ratio of Specific Heats Designed for use with any

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
of the following:
EX-5531A A 850 Universal Interface
A 550 Universal Interface
Concepts: A AirLink
A Cp/Cv for a gas
A R
 uchardt’s method of measuring the ratio
of specific heats
A Adiabatic process
In this experiment, the ratio of specific heat capacities for air is
determined using Ruchardt’s method of measuring the period of
oscillation of the piston in a cylinder filled with air.
A cylinder is filled with air and a Pressure Sensor is attached. The
piston is plucked by hand and allowed to oscillate. The oscillating
pressure is recorded as a function of time and the period is
determined. The ratio of specific heat capacities is calculated
using the period of oscillation, according to Ruchardt’s method.
PASCO Advantage
Since the oscillations are plotted, it is easy to accurately A plot of the Piston Height vs. the Period Squared shows that the period increases as
measure the period of oscillation. the gas volume increases. The slope of the line is related to the ratio of specific heats
(Cp /Cv) and is different for the two gases.

The pressure oscillates after the piston is plucked by hand.

Experiment Includes
• Heat Engine/Gas Law Apparatus TD-8572A
• Large Rod Stand ME-8735
• 45 cm Long Steel Rod ME-8736
• Dual Pressure Sensor PS-2181
Ratio of Specific Heats............................................. EX-5531A
Download This Experiment Required:
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone 550 or 850 Universal Interface*...................................................p. 26
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at PASCO Capstone Software..........................................................pp. 70-73
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.
* This experiment can be performed using the 550 or 850 Universal
Interface or AirLink.

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 353

 Electromagnetism
Electrostatic Charge
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

EX-5532
Concepts:
A Methods of charging
A Charge distribution
Use the ball end
A Conservation of charge to sample
Using classic equipment (a Faraday Ice Pail and Conductive Spheres), students inside the
learn to charge objects by direct contact and by induction. The charge is measured hollow
using a high impedance electrometer. sphere.
Students explore the distribution of charge on different shaped conductive shapes.
A sphere with a hole in it is provided to show that no charge resides on the inner
surface of the conductor when it is charged.

New Digital
Readout

Experiment Includes
• Basic Electrometer ES-9078A
• Charge Producers and Proof Plane ES-9057C
• Faraday Ice Pail and Shield ES-9042A
• Conductive Spheres, 13 cm ES-9059C
• Conductive Shapes ES-9061
• Electrostatics Voltage Source ES-9077

Download This Experiment Electrostatic Charge......................................................EX-5532

The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone Required:
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at PASCO Capstone Software..........................................pp. 70-73
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments. (No interface required.)

354 more information at pasco.com

 Electromagnetism
Coulomb’s Law

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
EX-9930B
Concepts:
A Verify the Inverse Square Law: F ~ 1/R2
A Verify the Force/Charge Relationship: F ~ q q
1 2
A Determine Coulomb’s Constant: k = 9.0 x 109 Nm2/C2

A conductive sphere is mounted on the end of an

insulating counterbalanced rod and suspended from a
very thin torsion wire. An identical sphere is mounted
on a calibrated linear track and can be positioned at
various distances from the first sphere. When the con-
ductive spheres are charged, the force between them
is proportional to the twist of the torsion wire that is
required to bring the balance back to its equilibrium
position. Introductory physics students can determine
the Inverse Square Law in a simple experiment, while Electrostatic force is directly proportional to the angle of twist, and the angle of
advanced students can perform investigations into all twist is proportional to the inverse square of the separation of the balls.
the variables involved in electrostatic repulsion.

When an electrostatic force is applied, the torsion wire is twisted to return the balance to equilibrium.
The twist of the wire is proportional to the electrostatic repulsion force.
Experiment Includes
• Coulomb’s Law Apparatus ES-9070
• Kilovolt Power Supply SF-9586B
• Basic Electrometer ES-9078A
• Faraday Ice Pail ES-9042A
• Charge Producers and Proof Plane ES-9057C
• Coulomb’s Law Experiment Manual

To Download This Experiment Coulomb’s Law..........................................................EX-9930B

Search for EX-9930B at www.pasco.com (No interface required.)

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 355

 Electromagnetism
Charge of an Electron
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

EX-9929A
Concepts:
A Accurately measure the charge
of a single electron
A Recreate Robert Millikan’s
historical experiment

Small droplets of oil are introduced

into a chamber where an electric
field of known strength is present.
Using the viewing scope and
a stopwatch, the velocity of a
falling oil droplet is measured and
recorded. Next, the electric field in
the chamber is increased, causing
the oil droplet to move upward.
This allows the measurement
of the force on the droplet and,
ultimately, the charge of the
droplet. By measuring the charge
of several different oil droplets,
the smallest difference in charge
between them can be equated to
the charge of an electron.

Droplet
Easy Cleaning
PASCO Advantage The condenser system
Hole Cover
Prevents additional
PASCO’s Charge of an Electron Experiment features easily disassembles for
droplets from
a 30x, bright-field, erect-image microscope for clear cleaning and inspection.
entering the chamber
viewing of the oil droplets. The droplet viewing chamber once the experiment
utilizes a special condenser to minimize droplet drift has started.
Condenser
typically caused by droplet illumination and outside air Housing
currents. An ionization source allows the droplet charge
to be changed.
Minimum Electric
Polished
Field Distortion
A 0.5 mm diameter
Surfaces
Polished surfaces
droplet entry hole in
on the plate spacer
the top capacitor plate
minimize absorption
has a negligible effect
of light (and heat)
on the electric field.
Experiment Includes through the chamber
walls.
• Millikan Oil Drop Apparatus AP-8210
• Basic Digital Multimeter SE-9786A
Ionization Source
• High Voltage Power Supply SF-9585A The thorium-232 alpha
• Large Rod Base ME-8735 source can be activated
• 45 cm Steel Rod (2) ME-8736 by the switch on the side Electrical
• Red Banana Plug Cords (5 Pack) SE-9750 of the chamber. The source Connection
allows the charge on the oil Electrical
• Black Banana Plug Cords (5 Pack) SE-9751 droplets to be changed. connection to
• Charge of an Electron Experiment Manual Condenser Assembly the top plate

To Download This Experiment

Charge of an Electron...........................................EX-9929A
Search for EX-9929A at www.pasco.com
(No interface required.)

356 more information at pasco.com

 Electromagnetism
Capacitance Designed for use with any of the following:

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
A 850 Universal Interface
EX-5533
A 550 Universal Interface
Concepts:
A Capacitance
A Parallel plate capacitor
A Factors affecting capacitance

This lab explores the effect of varying the plate distance

and insulating dielectric materials in a variable flat plate
capacitor.
The electrometer used in this experiment makes it
possible to measure the voltage across the capacitor
plates without discharging the capacitor, since it has an
internal resistance of 1014 ohms.

Manipulation of the computer model allows measurement

of the capacitance of the connecting cables and the charge
on the system.

Digital
Readout

Experiment Includes
• Basic Electrometer ES–9078A
• Basic Variable Capacitor ES–9079
• Electrostatics Voltage Source ES–9077

Download This Experiment Capacitance................................................................EX-5533

The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
Required:
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments. 550 or 850 Universal Interface...................................................... p. 26
PASCO Capstone Software........................................................... pp. 70-73

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 357

 Electromagnetism
Resistivity Designed for use with the
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

850 Universal Interface

EX-5534
Concepts:
A Relate resistance to wire length
A Determine resistivity of different materials

Discover the relationship between the resistance of a wire and its

length, diameter, and the resistivity of the metal.
The current is measured directly by the 850 Universal Interface, and
the voltage drop over the selected section of wire is measured by the
Voltage Sensor. This allows easy calculation of the resistance of the
length of wire. The resistance is plotted vs. the length of the wire,
and the slope of the resulting straight line is used to determine the
resistivity.
Using wires of the same diameter made of different materials allows
examination of the effect of resistivity. Using brass wires with various
diameters allows examination of the effect diameter has on resistance. Since both wires have the same diameter, the resistivity is directly proportional
to the slope. The graph shows that the resistivity of copper is about one-third
that of aluminum.

The Resistance Apparatus has a slide wire probe to easily change

the measured length of the wire, and it utilizes a four wire hook-up
to accurately measure the voltage drop. It comes with four different
brass wire diameters and four other wire materials.

PASCO Advantage
The Resistance Apparatus has a slide-wire probe to easily
Experiment Includes
change the measured length of the wire. It utilizes a four-wire
hook-up to accurately measure the voltage drop. • Resistance Apparatus EM-8812
• Voltage Sensor UI-5100
The 850 Universal Interface Power Amplifier makes it possible • Patch cords (set of 5) SE-9750
to scan the voltages, allowing more time to examine wires
made of different metals and with different diameters.

Resistivity.......................................................................EX-5534
Download This Experiment
Required:
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at 850 Universal Interface.................................................................. p. 26
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments. PASCO Capstone Software........................................................... pp. 70-73
Micrometer...................................................................................... p. 192

358 more information at pasco.com

 Electromagnetism
Ohm’s Law Designed for use with any of the following:

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
A 850 Universal Interface
EX-5535
A 550 Universal Interface
Concepts:
A Relationship between voltage and current

Method
In this experiment, students simultaneously measure
both current and voltage for a simple DC circuit. The
relationship between current and voltage is explored
for different resistors in parallel. Voltage is graphed
vs. current to verify Ohm’s Law and recognize the
physical meaning of slope.

The relationship between voltage and current varies for different circuit resistance.
Resistors can be connected in series or parallel.

Experiment Includes
• Resistive/Capacitive/Inductive Network UI-5210
• Short Patch Cords (set of 8) SE-7123

Download This Experiment

The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.

Ohm’s Law...................................................................... EX-5535

Students control output from the 850 signal generators directly from the Required:
user interface in PASCO Capstone. 550 or 850 Universal Interface...................................................... p. 26
PASCO Capstone Software........................................................... pp. 70-73

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 359

 Electromagnetism
Kirchhoff’s Circuit Law Designed for use with any
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

of the following:
EX-5538 A 850 Universal Interface
Concepts: A 550 Universal Interface

A S ummation of the voltages around a closed loop

are zero at any instant
A Summation of the currents at any junction are zero

Kirchhoff’s Laws form the basis of all circuit analysis.

The high speed for AC applications and high sensitivity
(0.1 mA) for DC applications make the 850 Interface
an ideal tool for investigating AC and DC circuits.

Students control output from the 850

signal generators directly from the user
interface in PASCO Capstone.

Measurement of voltages and

currents in series-parallel DC circuits
demonstrates the validity of Kirchhoff’s
Laws. The use of multiple current
probes avoids student confusion that
can arise when rearranging the circuit
to measure currents at different points.

Students compare the current flow through

each resistor to the total current output
from the 850.

Experiment Includes
• Resistive/Capacitive/Inductive Network UI-5210
• Voltage Sensors (3) UI-5100
• Current Probe (2) PS-2184
• Short Patch Cords (set of 8) SE-7123

Download This Experiment

The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.

Kirchhoff’s Circuit Law.................................................EX-5538

The high speed of the 850 Universal Interface, in scope mode, allows the Required:
examination of time varying voltages in an RC circuit to verify that Kirchhoff’s 550 or 850 Universal Interface...................................................... p. 26
loop theorem holds even when voltage is not constant. PASCO Capstone Software........................................................... pp. 70-73

360 more information at pasco.com

 Electromagnetism
RC Circuit Designed for use with any of the following:

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
A 850 Universal Interface
EX-5536
A 550 Universal Interface
Concepts:
A Charging and discharging a capacitor
A Exponential growth and decay
A Time constants

Students collect data to understand the

relationship between charging and discharging
rates and the capacitance and resistance in a
simple circuit. The time constant is derived and
exponential growth and decay are explored.

PASCO Advantage
The RC Circuit experiment is extremely
simple and transparent to set up. It is very
easy to measure the time to half charge.
It is also easy to verify that the curve
is exponential using the curve-fitting
capability of PASCO Capstone
software.

The 850 Universal Interface provides a very

The actual capacitance is determined from the charge/discharge curve. clean square wave to the series RC circuit.

Experiment Includes
• Resistive/Capacitive/Inductive Network UI-5210
• Voltage Sensor UI-5100
• Short Patch Cords (set of 8) SE-7123

Download This Experiment

RC Circuit........................................................................EX-5536
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at Required:
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments. 550 or 850 Universal Interface.................................... p. 26
PASCO Capstone Software......................................... p. 70-73

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 361

 Electromagnetism
LRC Circuit Designed for use with the 850 Universal Interface
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

EX-5537

Concepts:
A LC oscillations
A Inductive, capacitive, and resistive AC circuits
A LRC resonant frequency

The response of a series LRC circuit is examined at

driving frequencies above, below, and at the resonant
frequency. A sinusoidal voltage is applied individually to
a resistor, a capacitor, and an inductor. The amplitude
of the current and the phase difference between the
applied voltage and the current are measured in each of
the three circuits to see the effect each component has
on the current. Finally, a sinusoidal voltage is applied
to an inductor, resistor, and capacitor in series.
The amplitude of the current and the
phase difference between the applied
voltage and the current are mea-
sured and compared to theory.

The 850 Interface supplies AC voltage

to an LRC series circuit.

The effect of circuit resistance on peak width is clear and leads

to an understanding of how to design a filter for a circuit.

Experiment Includes
• Resistive/Capacitive/Inductive Network UI-5210
• Voltage Sensors (3) UI-5100
• Short Patch Cords (set of 8) SE-7123
The oscilloscope display in PASCO Capstone is used to simultaneously display
• BNC-to-Banana Output Cable UI-5119 the voltages across the inductor, capacitor, and resistor, as well as the source
voltage.

Download This Experiment

LRC Circuit....................................................................EX-5537
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at Required:
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments. 850 Universal Interface.................................................................. p. 26
PASCO Capstone Software........................................................... pp. 70-73

362 more information at pasco.com

 Electromagnetism
Earth’s Magnetic Field Designed for use with any of the following:

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
A 850 Universal Interface
EX-5539A
A 550 Universal Interface
Concepts: A Any PASPORT interface with 2 ports

A M agnitude of the earth’s magnetic field

A Direction of earth’s magnetic field
A Dip angle
The Magnetic Field Sensor is mounted on
The magnitude and direction of the Earth’s a Rotary Motion Sensor to measure the
magnitude and direction of the Earth’s
magnetic field are measured using a
magnetic field.
Magnetic Field Sensor mounted on a Rotary
Motion Sensor. The Magnetic Field Sensor
is rotated through 360 degrees by rotating
the Rotary Motion Sensor pulley by hand.
The Magnetic Field Sensor is zeroed using
the Zero Gauss Chamber, the walls of which
are made of a highly permeable material
that redirects the magnetic field around the
chamber.

Experiment Includes
• 2-Axis Magnetic Field Sensor PS-2162
• Zero Gauss Chamber EM-8652
The Earth’s magnetic field is measured as the Magnetic Field Sensor
• Rotary Motion Sensor PS-2120A
is rotated 360 degrees in the Earth’s field.
• Dip Needle SF-8619
• Aluminum Table Clamp ME-8995
• 25 cm Stainless Steel Rod (threaded) ME-8988
PASCO Advantage • Adjustable Angle Clamp ME-8744
The sensitive Magnetic Field Sensor combined with the Rotary • Angle Indicator ME-9495A
Motion Sensor enables the measurement of the magnetic field
strength as a function of angle from North. It is essentially a
computerized compass that can measure both the direction
and the magnitude of the field.

Earth’s Magnetic Field........................................... EX-5539A

Download This Experiment Required:
550 or 850 Universal Interface*...................................................p. 26
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
PASCO Capstone Software..........................................................pp. 70-73
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments. * This experiment can be performed using the 850 or 550
Universal Interface or any PASPORT interface with two ports.

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 363

 Electromagnetism
Magnetic Forces on Wires
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

EX-9933

Concepts:
A Examine the relationships between: force and current,
force and length of wire, force and magnetic field
strength, and force and angle

2 1. Fixed Magnet with Yoke

2. 1 0-turn Rectangular Coil
(with a built-in degree
scale)
1

1. Iron Yoke (holds magnets)

4
2. Removable Magnets (six)
3
3. S ix Conductors (1, 2, 3, 4, 6
and 8 cm in length) 2
4. M
 ount (for holding/positioning 1
conductors)

Magnets are mounted on an iron yoke and placed on a balance

(resolution of at least 0.01 g). One of the conducting paths
is suspended between the magnets. The balance is used to
measure the mass of the magnets and yoke prior to any current
passing through the conducting path. Current is then passed
through the conducting path, producing a force. The change in
reading on the balance can be converted to find the magnetic
force between the conductor and magnetic field.
Conductors of different lengths are included to measure the Graph illustrates the direct relationship between magnetic field and
effect of length on magnetic force. Magnetic field can be varied magnetic force.
by changing the number of magnets in the yoke. The power
source is used to change the current supplied to the conductor.
The Current Balance Accessory includes all the components Experiment Includes
needed to test the effect of angle on magnetic force. • Basic Current Balance SF-8607
• Current Balance Accessory SF-8608
• Ohaus Cent-o-Gram Balance SE-8725
PASCO Advantage • Low Voltage AC/DC Power Supply SF-9584B
PASCO’s Magnetic Forces on Wires Experiment allows students • Large Base and Support Rod ME-9355
to study the key variables (conductor length, current, magnetic • Red Banana Plug Cords (5 pack) SE-9750
field strength, and angle) that affect magnetic force. • Black Banana Plug Cords (5 pack) SE-9751
• Magnetic Forces on Wires Experiment Manual

To Download This Experiment

Magnetic Forces on Wires...........................................EX-9933
Search for EX-9933 at www.pasco.com
No interface required.

364 more information at pasco.com

 Electromagnetism
Magnetic Fields of Coils Designed for use with the

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
850 Universal Interface
EX-5540A

Concepts:
A 
Magnetic fields of: This plot shows the magnetic field strength
single coil along the axis of Helmholtz coils for three
Helmholtz coils different coil separations. The green data is
for coils with the proper separation (the coil
inside a solenoid radius); the red data is for the coils too
close together; and the blue data
is for the coils too far apart.

The green curve is the measured magnetic field vs.

distance along the perpendicular axis of a single coil.
The red theoretical curve is plotted from an equation.

The dependence of the magnetic field strength of current-carrying coils on the distance from the The magnetic field inside a solenoid
coil along the perpendicular axis is determined and compared to the theoretical curve. In addition, is measured in the radial and axial
the effect of varying the coil separation on the shape of the magnetic field between the Helmholtz directions.
coils is examined. The magnetic field of Helmholtz coils
The magnetic fields of various coils are plotted vs. position as the Magnetic Field Sensor is passed is measured as a function of distance
through the coils, guided by a track. The position is recorded by a string attached to the Magnetic along the perpendicular axis.
Field Sensor that passes over the Rotary Motion Sensor pulley to a hanging mass.
It is particularly interesting to compare the field from Helmholtz coils at the proper separation of
the coil radius to the field from coils separated at less than or more than the coil radius.
The magnetic field inside a solenoid can be examined in both the radial and axial directions.

Experiment Includes
• Helmholtz Coil Base EM-6715
• Field Coil (2) (500 turn) EM-6723
• Primary and Secondary Coils SE-8653
• Red Patch Cords (set of 5) SE-9750
• Black Patch Cords (set of 5) SE-9751
• 60 cm Optics Bench OS-8541
• Dynamics Track Mount CI-6692
• 20 g Hooked Mass (Hooked Mass Set) SE-8759
• Round Base with Rod (2 of each) ME-8270
• Optics Bench Rod Clamps (set of 2) OS-8479
PASCO Advantage
• 2-Axis Magnetic Field Sensor PS-2162
Using the PASCO Capstone™ curve fit, the theoretical equation
for the magnetic field can be plotted on the same graph. • Rotary Motion Sensor PS-2120A

Download This Experiment

Magnetic Fields of Coils..........................................EX-5540A
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at Required:
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments. 850 Universal Interface.................................................................. p. 26
PASCO Capstone Software........................................................... pp. 70-73

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 365

 Electromagnetism
Ampere’s Law Experiment
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

EX-5552
Concepts:
A Verify Ampere’s Law
A Plot magnetic field tangent to path
A Closed integral is area under B vs. Distance plot
A Choose to enclose current in path or not

Students can verify Ampere’s Law experimentally by

graphing the magnetic field strength that is tangent to
the path taken along a closed path that encloses a current
source.
The magnetic field strength is measured with a Wireless
Magnetic Field Sensor which rides on a Rotary Motion
Sensor. The student pushes the Rotary Motion Sensor,
which rolls on its wheel, along a closed path.

PASCO Advantage
The Wireless 3-Axis Magnetic Field and Rotary Motion
sensors allow the students to move in any shaped path
without wires getting wrapped around the coil. Students can The path taken can be any shape, provided that it is a closed path.
choose any path they want; you don’t have to follow a circular The suggested dotted path shown is not marked on the apparatus.
path because the sensors are recording the field tangent to
any path.

Ampere’s Law

Area under B vs. Distance curve = μo (# of coil turns enclosed in path) (Current)
No current enclosed: Area is zero.

The key to making this work is that the Magnetic Field Sensor element is positioned
tangent to the Rotary Motion Sensor’s wheel. This accomplishes the dot product in
Ampere’s Law because only the component of the magnetic field that is tangent to
the path is recorded.
If you traverse a path that does not enclose any current source, the area under the
curve is zero. The magnetic field of the Earth or any nearby source is measured but
they will cancel out in a closed loop that encloses no current.

Includes
• Ampere’s Law Accessory EM-6720
• Wireless 3-Axis Magnetic Field Sensor PS-3221
• Wireless Rotary Motion Sensor PS-3220
• Field Coil (500-turn) EM-6723
• Zero Gauss Chamber EM-8652 Current enclosed: Area is μo NI.

Download This Experiment Coming soon!

Check pasco.com for availability.
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at Ampere’s Law.............................................................EX-5552
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments. Required:
PASCO Capstone Software......................................pp. 70-73

366 more information at pasco.com

 Electromagnetism
Faraday’s Law of Induction Designed for use with any

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
of the following:
EX-5541A A 850 Universal Interface
A 550 Universal Interface
Concepts: Concepts:
A Magnetic flux A Conservation of energy
A Faraday’s Law of Induction A Electrical power
A Lenz’s Law
A voltage is induced in a coil swinging through a magnetic field. Faraday’s
Law and Lenz’s Law are examined and the energy dissipated in a load
resistor is compared to the loss of energy of the coil pendulum.
A rigid pendulum with a coil at its end swings through a horseshoe
magnet. A resistive load is connected across the coil and the induced
voltage is recorded using a Voltage Sensor. The angle is measured with
a Rotary Motion Sensor, which also acts as a pivot for the pendulum.
The induced voltage is plotted vs. time and angle. The power dissipated
in the resistor is calculated from the voltage and the energy converted to
thermal energy is determined by finding the area under the Power vs. Time Plot of induced voltage as coil swings through the magnet
curve. This energy is compared to the loss of energy determined from the
amplitude and speed of the pendulum.
Faraday’s Law is used to estimate
the magnetic field of the
magnet from the
maximum induced
voltage. Also, the PASCO Advantage
direction of the induced
PASCO Capstone™ calculates energy and
voltage as the coil enters power using the voltage and angle data.
and leaves the magnetic field The induced voltage and the calculations
is examined and analyzed using are plotted in real time as the coil swings
Lenz’s Law. through the magnet.

A voltage is induced in a coil

swinging through a magnetic field.

Download This Experiment

Experiment Includes The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
• Induction Wand EM-8099 www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.
• Variable Gap Lab Magnet EM-8641
• Large Rod Base ME-8735
• 45 cm Steel Rod (2) ME-8736
• Multi Clamp ME-9507
• Voltage Sensor UI-5100 Faraday’s Law of Induction..................................... EX-5541A
• 2-Axis Magnetic Field Sensor PS-2162 Required:
• Rotary Motion Sensor PS-2120A 550 or 850 Universal Interface...................................................... pp. 26-28
PASCO Capstone Software........................................................... pp. 70-73

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 367

 Waves and Optics
Vibrating String Designed for use with the
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

850 Universal Interface

EX-5542

Concepts:
A Investigate standing waves
A Pull string to adjust number of segments
A Vary frequency of vibration
Study standing waves in a string by varying the driver
frequency and keeping the number of segments constant.
The String Vibrator is powered by the 850 Universal Interface.
Students vary both the frequency and amplitude.

The string tension is measured

directly with a Force Sensor, enabling
students to feel the force required
to obtain a certain number
of segments.
A graph of force vs. the
square of the frequency
shows a linear relationship.
The slope of this line is
related to the length and
density of the string.

PASCO Advantage
The unusual approach in this version of the
experiment is that the students actually provide
the tension in the string by pulling directly on the
force sensor. This is particularly instructive because the
students get a feel for how the tension must change to
vary the number of segments. Rather than hanging more
weight over a pulley, the students must pull harder to achieve
a smaller number of segments. This helps them remember the
relationship between tension and wavelength.
The 850 Universal Interface controls the frequency and amplitude
of the sine waves applied to the String Vibrator. As the frequency is
gradually increased (in 10 Hz increments), the student pulls on the Force
Sensor to adjust the tension for resonance with the string vibrating in
two segments.

Download This Experiment

The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.

Experiment Includes
• String Vibrator WA-9857
• Physics String SE-8050
• High Resolution Force Sensor PS-2189 Vibrating String............................................................... EX-5542
• Large “C” Clamp Required:
• Patch Cords (set of 5) SE-9750 850 Universal Interface.................................................................. p. 26
• Tape Measure SE-8712A PASCO Capstone Software........................................................... pp. 70-73

368 more information at pasco.com

 Waves and Optics
Waves

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
EX-9952
Concepts:
A Speed of waves in a string A R esonance in strings and air columns
A Speed of sound in air A Harmonics

Standing waves in strings and air columns are studied. Using

a sine wave generator to drive a string vibrator, the driving
frequency, length, density, and tension of the string are varied
to explore standing waves in strings and to determine the
speed of the wave. For the sound waves in the air column,
a speaker is used to drive a resonance tube. The driving
frequency and the length of the tube are varied for both
open and closed tubes. The relationship between resonant
frequency modes and tube length is determined for closed vs.
open tubes.

Experiment Includes
• String Vibrator WA-9857
• Sine Wave Generator WA-9867
• Open Speaker WA-9900
• Economy Resonance Tube WA-9495
• Elastic Wave Cord SE-9409
• Physics String SE-8050
Graphs of the square of the frequency vs. the hanging mass for two different types
• Yellow Braided Cord 699-067 of strings have different slopes corresponding to different string densities.
• Mass and Hanger Set ME-8979
• Universal Table Clamp (2) ME-9376B
• Adjustable Angle Clamp ME-8744
• Super Pulley ME-9450
• Pulley Mounting Rod SA-9242
• 45 cm Rod (2) ME-8736 PASCO Advantage
• Red Banana Plug Cord Set SE-9750 The frequency of the vibration of the string is not limited
to the line frequency, so the frequency can be varied as
• Waves Experiment Manual
well as the length and the tension.

To Download The Manual

Search for EX-9952 at www.pasco.com Waves...............................................................EX-9952

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 369

 Waves and Optics
Reflection and Refraction
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

EX-9987

Concepts:
A Reflection and refraction
A Index of refraction

Students experimentally derive the Law of Reflection for

curved and flat mirrors. Snell’s Law is explored and the
index of refraction for a piece of acrylic material is found.

Sample of student work, showing the path of

two different rays passing through the acrylic
rhomboid.

PASCO Advantage
Students trace the rays on the
provided templates and make angle
measurements directly from their
drawing. This reinforces the connection
between the real rays they can see in
the lab and the type of ray diagrams
seen in the classroom.

Experiment Includes
• Ray Optics Kit OS-8516A
• Basic Optics Light Source OS-8470
• Reflection and Refraction Experiment Manual

To Download The Manual Reflection and Refraction........................................ EX-9987

Required:
Search for EX-9987 at www.pasco.com
Protractor and Ruler

370 more information at pasco.com

 Waves and Optics
Speed of Light
CLASS II LASER PRODUCT

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
LASER RADIATION – DO NOT STARE INTO BEAM OR
VIEW DIRECTLY WITH OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
EX-9932A
Concepts:
A 
Determine the Speed of Light in Air
A 
Recreate Foucault’s Historical Experiment

The Speed of Light Experiment uses laser light and a high-

speed rotating mirror to determine this fundamental constant
using the Foucault method. D
Laser light passes through a series of lenses to produce an FM
Fixed Mirror
image of the light source at a measured position. The light is Beam
then directed to a rotating mirror, which reflects the light to a Splitter
L2 BS S L1
fixed mirror at a known distance from the rotating mirror. The
Laser
laser light is reflected back through its original path and a new
image is formed at a slightly different position. The difference RM S'
between final/initial positions, angular velocity of the rotating Rotating Microscope
Mirror
mirror, and distance traveled by the light are then used to
B A
calculate the speed of light in air.

PASCO Advantage
PASCO’s Speed of Light Experiment allows students to
experimentally measure the speed of light within 5% of the Experiment Includes
accepted value. In addition, the experiment can be performed • Complete Speed of Light Apparatus OS-9261B
on a desktop or in a hallway. • Speed of Light Experiment Manual

To Download This Experiment

Search for EX-9932A at www.pasco.com
Speed of Light........................................................EX-9932A

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 371

 Waves and Optics
Telescope/Microscope
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

EX-9988
Concepts:
A Multiple lens systems A 
Parallax
A Magnification A Description of images
Students construct an astronomical telescope, a Galilean telescope, and a compound
microscope on the optical bench. Using a viewing screen with grid, they find and
describe the ways in which images are changed by the multiple lens systems.
The parallax method is used to locate
virtual images. Students draw ray
diagrams and measure the
magnification of the instruments. Actual view through the lens of magnified screen when
used as a microscope
PASCO Advantage
Using the Basic Optics Track and
Adjustable Lens Holders makes it
easy for students to quickly build
each of the instruments. Open
construction means that all students Basic Optics
can see the location and types of Light Source
lenses used.
Adjustable
Lens Holder
Experiment Includes
• Beginning Optics System OS-8459 To Download This Experiment
Includes:
Search for EX-9988 at www.pasco.com
• Basic Optics Light Source OS-8470
• Adjustable Lens Holders (2) OS-8474
• Geometric Lens Set OS-8466A
• Viewing Screen OS-8460 Telescope and Microscope..........................................EX-9988
• 1.2 m Optics Bench OS-8508 Required:
Rubber Bands and Ruler

Light Intensity vs. Distance

EX-5547A Designed for use with any of the following:
In this experiment the student measures intensity as a function of distance from A 850 Universal Interface
a point of source and from an extended (5 cm x 5 cm) source. Manipulation of a A 550 Universal Interface
computer model verifies that for the point source, the intensity drops off like an A Any PASPORT interface with 2 ports
inverse square. But for the extended source the data cannot
be fit by an inverse square relationship.
PASCO Advantage
As the student slides the light sensor away from the
Light Source, the Optics Track keeps everything aligned.
The Rotary Motion Sensor measures the position, allowing
the Intensity vs. Distance graph to be plotted in
real time. Students immediately see the relationship
between distance and intensity of light.
Experiment Includes
• 120 cm Optics Bench OS-8508
• Basic Optics Light Source OS-8470
• Aperture Bracket OS-8534A
• 20 g Hooked Mass (Hooked Mass Set) SE-8759
• Thread 699-011
• High Sensitivity Light Sensor PS-2176
• Rotary Motion Sensor PS-2120A
• Dynamics Track Mount CI-6692 Light Intensity vs. Distance.....................................EX-5547A
Required:
Download This Experiment 550 or 850 Universal Interface*................................................p. 26
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone PASCO Capstone Software.......................................................pp. 70-73
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
* This experiment can be performed using the 550 or 850 Universal
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.
Interface or any PASPORT interface with two ports.

372 more information at pasco.com

 Waves and Optics
Interference and Diffraction of Light Designed for use with any of the following:

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
A 850 Universal Interface A 550 Universal Interface
EX-5545A
A Any PASPORT interface with 2 ports
Concepts: Concepts:
A Two-slit interference A Multiple-slit minor maxima
A Single-slit diffraction A Slit vs. line diffraction
Interference and diffraction patterns from laser light passing through various single-slits
and multiple-slits are scanned and plotted in real time. These patterns are then examined
for similarities and differences.
The distances between the central maximum and the diffraction minima for a single slit
are measured by scanning the laser pattern with a Light Sensor and plotting light intensity
vs. distance. Also, the distances between interference maxima for two or more slits are
measured. These measurements are compared to theoretical values. Differences and The laser interference pattern is scanned by hand
similarities between interference and diffraction patterns are examined. with a Light Sensor on a Linear Translator.
PASCO Advantage
CLASS 2 LASER PRODUCT
Since the Linear Translator tracks the position of LASER LIGHT – DO NOT
the Light Sensor, it is not necessary to move STARE INTO BEAM
the Light Sensor at a constant speed. The
Intensity vs. Distance graph is plotted
in real time, showing the connection
between the intensity pattern and
the actual laser pattern. Adjustment
of the slit size on the Light Sensor
mask gives the resolution required
to see detail in the interference
patterns.

Students view the laser pattern

while simultaneously seeing the
graph drawn on the screen.

A computer scan of a double-slit

interference pattern (slit width
0.08 mm and slit separation
0.50 mm) is shown at left. A
Experiment Includes photograph of the actual laser
pattern is shown above.
• Basic Optics Track, 1.2 m OS-8508
• High Precision Diffraction Slits OS-8453
• Basic Optics Diode Laser OS-8525A
• Aperture Bracket OS-8534A
• Linear Translator OS-8535
• High Sensitivity Light Sensor PS-2176
• Rotary Motion Sensor PS-2120A

Interference and
Download This Experiment Diffraction of Light................................................EX-5545A
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone Required:
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at 550 or 850 Universal Interface*.................................................. p. 26
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments. PASCO Capstone Software......................................................... pp. 70-73
* This experiment can be performed using the 550 or 850 Universal
Interface or any PASPORT interface with two ports.

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 373

 Waves and Optics
Polarization of Light Designed for use with any of the following:
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

A 850 Universal Interface

EX-5543A
A 550 Universal Interface
Concept: A Any PASPORT interface with 2 ports
A Malus’ Law of Polarization
In this experiment, Malus’ Law of Polarization is verified by showing that the intensity
of light passed through two polarizers depends on the square of the cosine of the
angle between the two polarization axes.
Laser light (peak wavelength = 650 nm) is passed through two polarizers. As the
second polarizer (the analyzer) is rotated by hand, the relative light intensity is
recorded as a function of the angle between the axes of polarization of the two
polarizers. The angle is obtained using a Rotary Motion Sensor coupled to the
polarizer with a drive belt. The plot of light intensity vs. angle can be fitted
to the square of the cosine of the angle.
CLASS 2 LASER PRODUCT A laser beam passes through
LASER LIGHT – DO NOT STARE
INTO BEAM two polarizers to a Light Sensor.

As the polarizer is rotated, the intensity of the light varies as the

square of the cosine of the angle between the two polarizers.

A three-polarizer system can be produced using the fact that the laser is
polarized. The data (red trace) at left shows that there are four oscillations
per full rotation for a three-polarizer system.

Download This Experiment

The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.

PASCO Advantage
Laser light is used in this experiment because its wavelength
is more completely extinguished by the crossed polarizers.
Experiment Includes Polarization of Light....................................................EX-5543A
• Polarization Analyzer OS-8533A Required:
• Basic Optics Bench (60 cm) OS-8541 550 or 850 Universal Interface*.................................................... p. 26
• Red Diode Laser OS-8525A PASCO Capstone Software........................................................... pp. 70-73
• High Sensitivity Light Sensor PS-2176 * T his experiment can be performed using the 550 or 850 Universal
• Rotary Motion Sensor PS-2120A Interface or any PASPORT interface with two ports.

374 more information at pasco.com

 Waves and Optics
Brewster’s Angle Designed for use with any of the following:

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
CLASS 2 LASER PRODUCT
A 850 Universal Interface A Any PASPORT interface with 3 ports LASER LIGHT – DO NOT STARE INTO BEAM
EX-5544A
Concepts:
A Polarization by Reflection Sample Being
Light Sensor Studied
A Brewster’s Angle for reflected beam
A Fresnel’s Law of Reflection
A Snell’s Law Beam Splitter

Collimating Slits 850 Universal

Interface
Rotary Motion
Red Diode Laser Sensor

Light Sensor
for calibration

Polarizers
for intensity control
Brewster’s angle is measured and used
to calculate the index of refraction of
the reflecting material.
In this experiment, light is partially polarized when
reflected off a nonconducting surface and Brewster’s
Angle is measured. Light from a diode laser is reflected off
the flat side of an acrylic semicircular lens. The reflected light passes
through a polarizer and is detected by a Light Sensor. The angle of reflection
is measured by a Rotary Motion Sensor mounted on the Spectrophotometer
table. The intensity of the reflected polarized light vs. reflected angle is graphed to
determine the angle at which the light intensity is a minimum. This is Brewster’s
Angle, which is used to calculate the index of refraction of acrylic.
PASCO Advantage
It is possible to determine the difference in index of refraction for different wavelengths
of light. This is accomplished by using a beam-splitter and a second light sensor to
compensate for the variation of the laser intensity. The reflected beam intensity is
normalized by the intensity of the laser. This modification to the experiment was
suggested by Cristian Bahrim and Wei-Tai Hsu in the American Journal of Physics
article: “Precise Measurement of the Refractive Indices for Dielectrics Using an
Improved Brewster Angle Method”, Vol. 77, page 337 (2009).
Developed using original ideas from P.J. Ouseph, Professor of Physics at University of Louisville, KY: “Polarization
of Light by Reflection and the Brewster Angle” by P.J. Ouseph, Kevin Driver, and John Conklin, Am. J. Phys. 69,
1166 (2001).

Download This Experiment

Brewster’s Angle is determined by finding the angle at which The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
no light is transmitted through the analyzing polarizer. workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.
Experiment Includes
• Brewster’s Angle Accessory OS-8170A
• Spectrophotometer Accessory Kit OS-8537
• Optics Bench (60 cm) (2) OS-8541 Brewster’s Angle........................................................EX-5544A
• Rotary Motion Sensor PS-2120A Required:
• High Sensitivity Light Sensor (2) PS-2176 850 Universal Interface*................................................................ p. 26
• Aperture Bracket for Light Sensor (2) OS-8534A PASCO Capstone Software........................................................... pp. 70-73
• Red Diode Laser OS-8525A * This experiment can be performed using the 850 Universal
• Polarizer Set OS-8473 Interface or any PASPORT interface with three ports.

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 375

 Quantum
Atomic Spectra Designed for use with any of the following:
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

A 850 Universal Interface

EX-5546B
A 550 Universal Interface
Concepts: A Any PASPORT interface with 2 ports
A Hydrogen balmer series
A Helium spectrum
A Mercury doublet
The wavelengths of the discrete lines of the atomic spectra of various gases are
measured using a grating spectrophotometer.
The atomic spectra of hydrogen, helium, and mercury are scanned by hand using a
grating spectrophotometer, which measures relative light intensity as a function of
angle. From the resulting graph, the wavelengths of the spectral lines are determined
by measuring the angle from the central maximum to each line. First and second order
lines are examined.
The wavelengths of the spectral lines are compared to the accepted values and, in the
case of hydrogen, the electron orbit transitions corresponding to the lines are identified.

The spectral lines of

helium are scanned.

The four brightest lines of

the Balmer series for
hydrogen

PASCO Advantage
The open construction of
the spectrophotometer
allows the entire spectrum
to be seen, while the
intensity vs. angle is
graphed in real time.

Experiment Includes Download This Experiment

• Spectrophotometer Accessory Kit OS-8537 The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
• 60 cm Optics Bench OS-8541 workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.
• Aperture Bracket OS-8534A
• High Sensitivity Light Sensor PS-2176
• Rotary Motion Sensor PS-2120A
• Round Base with Rod (2) ME-8270 Atomic Spectra..........................................................EX-5546B
• Spectral Tube Power Supply and Mount SE-9460 Required:
• Hydrogen Spectral Tube SE-9461 550 or 850 Universal Interface*...............................p. 26
• Helium Spectral Tube SE-9462 PASCO Capstone Software......................................pp. 70-73
• Mercury Spectral Tube SE-9466 * This experiment can be performed using the 550 or 850 Universal
Interface or any PASPORT interface with two ports.

376 more information at pasco.com

 Quantum
Photoelectric Effect Designed for use with either of the following:

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
A 850 Universal Interface
EX-5549A
A 550 Universal Interface
Concepts:
A Connects to the 850 Universal Interface for data collection in PASCO Capstone
A Find Planck’s Constant to within 5%
A Verify that stopping voltage is independent of intensity
A Find characteristics of the photodiode
The Photoelectric Effect System is used to perform the photoelectric experiment, determining Planck’s Constant to within 5%. This
apparatus uses the conventional method of determining Planck’s Constant. The metal plate in the photodiode is illuminated with
various frequencies of light, selected from a mercury lamp using filters. The voltage is then adjusted to stop the photoelectric
current. The stopping voltage is plotted vs. the frequency, and Planck’s Constant is determined from the slope of the graph.
The concept that the stopping voltage does not change with light intensity is tested using the various apertures that change the
light intensity by partially blocking the light.
Use the 850 Universal Interface and PASCO Capstone to collect and analyze data.
Both the picoammeter and the power supply for the stopping voltage have sensor ports
on the front that connect to the analog sensor ports of the 850 Universal Interface. PASCO
Capstone automatically recognizes these instruments and can read the current and the
voltage. During the experiment, each time a different filter is applied, the user clicks “Keep”
in PASCO Capstone and the value of the stopping voltage for that frequency is recorded
and automatically graphed vs. frequency.

For the typical sample data shown, the graph of Stopping Voltage vs. Frequency Experiment Includes
gives a slope of 4.2 x 10-15 V·s. This results in a value for Planck’s Constant • Photoelectric Effect Apparatus SE-6614
of 6.7 x 10-34 J·s, which is 1.3% above the accepted value. • DC Current Amplifier SE-6621
Graph generated using PASCO Capstone software. • Tunable DC Power Supply SE-6615
• Cables for 850 Interface

Download This Experiment

Photoelectric Effect..............................................EX-5549A
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
Required:
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments. 550 or 850 Universal Interface..................................................p. 26
PASCO Capstone Software.......................................................pp. 70-73

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 377

 Quantum
Hall Effect Designed for use with either of the following:
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

A 850 Universal Interface 550 Universal Interface

EX-5560
A 550 Universal Interface
Concepts:
A Determine sign of charge carriers
A Vary magnetic field and current

Hall Probe
2-D Magnetic Field
Sensor

Electromagnet

The Hall Effect experiment (conducted by Edwin Hall in 1879) determines the sign of
the charge carriers in current flow. A current can be thought of as a negative charge
moving in one direction (Figure 1) or as a positive charge moving in the opposite
direction (Figure 2). To determine which it actually is, the semiconductor is immersed
in the magnetic field transverse to the direction of flow of current. The moving charge
experiences a qv x B force, causing a charge buildup on one side of the semiconductor
(creating an electric field), which in turn leads to a qE force. The direction of the electric
field will depend on the sign of the charge carriers, and the polarity of the Hall voltage
across the semiconductor reveals this sign.
The magnitude of the Hall voltage is dependent on the current, the charge carrier
density, and the magnitude of the magnetic field. In modern day electronics, the
Hall Effect is used to measure the magnitude and direction of magnetic fields.
Figure 1 Figure 2

PASCO Advantage
The open design of this Hall Effect apparatus makes it possible for students
to see the direction of the current and the magnetic field, enabling them to
use the sign of the Hall voltage to deduce the sign of the charge carriers.

The directions of the current and the voltage probe are clearly marked on the probe that
Using the 550 Universal Interface to record data, this plot of the holds the semiconductor.
Hall Voltage vs. the Current was made in PASCO Capstone software.
In this case, the magnetic field was held constant and the current
through the semiconductor was varied.
Download This Experiment
Includes
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
• Hall Probe Unit, n-Semiconductor (GaAs) workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
• Hall Effect Power Supply www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments.
• U-Core Electromagnetic Coil
• Track, Length 40 cm
• Optical Carrier (2)
• 2-D Magnetic Field Sensor (PS-2162) Hall Effect....................................................................EX-5560
• Adjustable Post Holder with 9 cm Post (2) Required:
• Banana Cords (6) 550 or 850 Universal Interface.................................pp. 26-28
PASCO Capstone Software......................................pp. 70-73
• Connecting Cables for 550/850 Interface (2)

378 more information at pasco.com

 Quantum
Franck-Hertz Designed for use with either of the following:

PASCO EXPERIMENTS
A 850 Universal Interface
EX-5561
A 550 Universal Interface
Concepts:
A Demonstrate atomic energy level quantization Picoammeter
A Uses argon gas so no heating is required
DC Power Supply I
Introduction
As early as 1914, James Franck and Gustav Hertz discovered in
the course of their investigations an energy loss in distinct steps DC Power Supply II
for electrons passing through mercury vapor and a corresponding
emission at the ultraviolet line (λ= 254 nm) of mercury. They Argon Tube
performed this experiment that has become one of the classic
demonstrations of the quantization of atomic energy levels.
They were awarded the Nobel Prize for this work in 1925.
850 Universal Interface Connections
for Instrument Readout

PASCO Advantage
The advantage of using Capstone is that students are able to get
many more data points compared to manually taking readings from
the digital readouts. The peaks and troughs are easily measured using
the coordinate tool. This diagram shows the internal
structure of the Franck-Hertz tube
and the wiring diagram.

How It Works
Electrons are accelerated by applying a known potential between
two grids inside the argon tube. When an electron has sufficient
kinetic energy to excite one of argon’s outer orbital electrons and
has an inelastic collision with an argon atom, the electron loses a
specific amount of kinetic energy. This loss of electron kinetic
energy causes a decrease in the electron current in the argon tube.
Within a very short time, the excited argon electron will fall from the
Includes: excited state back into the ground state level, emitting energy in the
• Franck-Hertz Tube Enclosure with Argon Tube (SE-9650) form of photons.
• Tunable DC (Constant Voltage) Power Supply I (SE-6615) As the accelerating voltage is increased, the electrons undergo
multiple collisions and the excitation energy of the argon atom can
• Tunable DC (Constant Voltage) Power Supply II (SE-9644)
be determined by the differences between the accelerating voltages
• DC Current Amplifier (SE-6621)
that cause a decrease in the current. Planck‘s Constant can be
• Red and Black Patch Cords determined.
• Interface Cables (2)

Download This Experiment

Franck-Hertz...............................................................EX-5561
The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at
Required:
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments. 550 or 850 Universal Interface.................................pp. 26-28
PASCO Capstone Software......................................pp. 70-73

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 379

 Quantum
Zeeman Effect No interface required
PASCO EXPERIMENTS

EX-5562
Concepts:
A M
 easure the Zeeman Effect with polarization
perpendicular and parallel to the field
PASCO Capstone™ Software
A Observe the light along the magnet axis
Mercury Interference
A Calculate the value of the Bohr magneton Pen Lamp Filter
Polarizer Fabry-Perot
Electromagnet Interferometer

Lens
Power Supply
for Hg lamp and
electromagnet USB CMOS
Camera

In this experiment, the student observes the interference pattern

from a Fabry-Perot interferometer that results from the 546.1 nm
spectral line of a mercury lamp immersed in a uniform magnetic
field. The magnetic field is varied from zero to nearly 1 Tesla.

Initially, the light is viewed along an axis perpendicular to the

magnetic field axis. A polarizer is used to show the three lines due
to light that is polarized parallel to the field axis and to show the six
lines that are polarized perpendicular to the field axis. The pattern
may also be viewed along the field axis where the light is circularly
polarized.

Finally, the pattern that is polarized perpendicular to the field axis is

used to calculate the Bohr magneton. All atomic magnetic moments
End view through the axis of Electromagnet produces are integral or half-integral multiples of the Bohr magneton.
the magnet about one Tesla.

PASCO Advantage
In PASCO Capstone software, students can use the video magnifier
tool to enlarge the region to see the details of the line splitting. Also,
the radius tool needs only three points to define the circle, so even
rings that are partially out of view can be measured.

Includes
• Electromagnet
• Power Supply
• Optics
• Tesla Meter
• PASCO Capstone Single User License

Download This Experiment

The FREE experiment files include instructions in Microsoft Word®, PASCO Capstone Zeeman Effect............................................................ EX-5562
workbook files with sample data, and graphics. Download these experiments at Required:
www.pasco.com/CapstoneExperiments. PASCO Capstone Software........................................................... pp. 70-73

380 more information at pasco.com

 PASCO Professional Development
Educators Trust PASCO Professional Development

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
PASCO’s Professional Development provides Fully customizable and tailored to your scope and
teachers with the training, guidance, and innovative solutions sequence, you get affordable professional development
they need to lead sensor-based science lessons. Our trainers that fits your curriculum.
are curriculum experts who model how to confidently guide
students through inquiry-based science lessons. With ongoing teacher support and a free
follow-up webinar, PASCO PD isn’t just a one-time
Sessions are relevant for teachers at all workshop. Our trainers provide their ongoing support
grade levels. Trainings include classroom-ready and expertise, whenever and wherever you need it.
activities aligned to STEM-based standards and national
and state correlations for:

• Elementary and Middle School sciences “When educators learn,

• H
 igh school and higher education Biology, Chemistry, students learn more.”
Earth Science, Environmental Science, Physical Science,
and Physics Hayes Mizell, in “Why Professional Development Matters.”
Written for Learning Forward.
http://www.learningforward.org/docs/pdf/why_pd_matters_web.pdf
• Advanced, AP®, and IB® courses in Biology, Chemistry,
Environmental Science, and Physics*

*AP is a registered trademark of the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. IB is a registered trademark of the International
Baccalaureate Organization, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 381

 PASCO Professional Development
What a PASCO Professional Development plan
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

provides for you, your school, and your district

1 Student-centered, classroom-ready 3 Skills development

lab activities for all sciences, all devices Our approach is to help you create a solid foundation
for success, as students develop these fundamental
Our labs range from structured-inquiry to open-inquiry.
skills underlying content standards:
They can be used on multiple platforms including
iOS, Android™, Chromebook™, Mac®, and Windows®. • Critical thinking skills
With them, teachers can: • Procedural expertise
• Integrate technology into the classroom, while
• Proficiency in design and construction of
showing students better ways to collect data.
lab experiments
• Engage students and make data meaningful for
• Analytical skills
them while they do science.
• Inquiry-based learning leading to science literacy
2 Customizable delivery options and
training formats that fit your needs 4 Technical skills necessary to
We custom-design the training to suit your individual integrate probeware with your
requirements. Training programs include: Science Standards
• Training onsite at your school PASCO’s trainers will show you how to use
probeware to effectively engage students in
• Support in the classroom while you teach
scientific and engineering practices, while
• Webinar-based training addressing disciplinary core ideas and
• Train-the-trainer crosscutting concepts.

• Summer institutes

382 more information at pasco.com

 Part Number Index
540-007............................123 EM-8631A........................241 ES-9077............................215 EX-5552............................366 ME-5713...........................101

INDEX
AP-8210A..........................298 EM-8632...........................227 ES-9078A...................59, 214 EX-5553............................332 ME-5714...........................101
AP-8211............................298 EM-8634.................. 226, 228 ES-9079............................215 EX-5554............................333 ME-5715...........................101
AP-8212............................298 EM-8642A........................235 ES-9080B.........................214 EX-5555............................343 ME-5716...........................101
AP-8215A.........................304 EM-8644B........................234 ET-8499.............................204 EX-5556............................342 ME-5717...........................101
AP-8218............................304 EM-8648B........................242 ET-8771B..........................230 EX-5557............................345 ME-5718...........................101
AP-8219............................304 EM-8652.................... 58, 242 ET-8772.............................231 EX-5558............................346 ME-5719...........................101
AP-8222............................164 EM-8654...........................224 ET-8783.............................231 EX-5559............................347 ME-6569.....................34, 112
AP-8223............................164 EM-8655...........................227 EX-5501............................320 EX-5560............................378 ME-6617.............................37
AP-8586............................307 EM-8656...........................222 EX-5502............................321 EX-5561............................379 ME-6622...................... 37, 111
CI-6460...............................36 EM-8661...........................233 EX-5503A.........................322 EX-5562............................380 ME-6666.....................44, 105
CI-6504A............................52 EM-8662...........................233 EX-5504A.........................323 EX-9909............................334 ME-6667.............................65
CI-6512.............................225 EM-8663...........................223 EX-5505A.........................324 EX-9929A.........................356 ME-6668.............................65
CI-6520A............................58 EM-8668...........................222 EX-5506............................325 EX-9930B.........................355 ME-6743..................... 32, 111
CI-6532A............................46 EM-8675...........................223 EX-5508............................326 EX-9932A.........................371 ME-6755...........................109
CI-6537...............................36 EM-8678A........................221 EX-5509A.........................326 EX-9933............................364 ME-6757A........................109
CI-6538...............................33 EM-8679...........................228 EX-5510B.........................327 EX-9935............................329 ME-6796...........................134
CI-6556...............................54 EM-8784...........................227 EX-5511A.........................328 EX-9952............................369 ME-6798...........................134
CI-6604...............................52 EM-8785...........................227 EX-5512............................330 EX-9987............................370 ME-6800...........................132
CI-6605A............................49 EM-8812...........................217 EX-5513A.........................330 EX-9988............................372 ME-6802...........................132
CI-6620...............................62 EM-8813...........................217 EX-5516B.........................335 EZ-2331..............................66 ME-6810A........... 43, 45, 135
CI-6688A............................33 EM-8814...........................228 EX-5517C.........................337 EZ-2333B............................66 ME-6816...........................184
CI-6689A..........................177 EM-8815...........................228 EX-5518A.........................336 EZ-2334A...........................66 ME-6819A........................195
CI-6690.....................171, 179 EM-8817...........................233 EX-5519A.........................338 EZ-2337..............................66 ME-6821A........................137
CI-6692.......................34, 112 EM-9737...........................226 EX-5520A.........................338 EZ-2338..............................66 ME-6822................... 137, 193
CI-6693...............................33 EM-9740...........................226 EX-5522A.........................341 EZ-2339A...........................66 ME-6824...........................133
CI-6742A.............................32 EM-9745...........................226 EX-5523A.........................339 EZ-2340..............................66 ME-6825B........................133
CI-6748...............................32 EP-3558..................... 89, 281 EX-5524A.........................348 EZ-2341..............................66 ME-6828........................... 115
EC-3590..............................18 EP-3563............................144 EX-5525............................349 ME-1234...................123, 198 ME-6829...........................139
EM-3534...........................219 EP-3567A............................95 EX-5527............................350 ME-1235...................123, 198 ME-6830...........................138
EM-3535....................218-219 EP-3572............................144 EX-5529A.........................351 ME-1240.......................8, 106 ME-6831...........................138
EM-3536............. 89, 218-219 EP-3574.............................195 EX-5530B.........................352 ME-1241.......................8, 106 ME-6837...........................180
EM-3540...........................220 EP-3575............................195 EX-5531A.........................353 ME-1242....................107, 117 ME-6838A..................43, 145
EM-3541...........................220 EP-3576..............................89 EX-5532............................354 ME-1243...........................107 ME-6841................... 108, 119
EM-3542...........................220 EP-3577............... 89, 96, 144 EX-5533............................357 ME-1244...........................107 ME-6842...........................166
EM-6711...........................237 EP-3578..................... 89, 261 EX-5534............................358 ME-2220.............. 47, 182-183 ME-6843........................... 110
EM-6712...........................237 EP-6323........................ 90-94 EX-5535............................359 ME-2221.............................47 ME-6844...........................166
EM-6713...........................237 EP-6323-EB1.......................91 EX-5536............................361 ME-2224.............. 47, 182-183 ME-6847........................... 110
EM-6714...........................237 EP-6323-EB5.......................91 EX-5537............................362 ME-3419...........................176 ME-6853...........................135
EM-6715...........................237 EP-6326............. 88, 261, 281 EX-5538............................360 ME-3420.....................32, 176 ME-6855...................142, 191
EM-6720...........................239 EP-6471..............................97 EX-5539A.........................363 ME-3581...........................154 ME-6856...........................180
EM-6722...........................237 EP-6472..............................97 EX-5540A.........................365 ME-5700A........................ 119 ME-6933...........................108
EM-6723...........................237 EP-6473..............................97 EX-5541A.........................367 ME-5701...........................101 ME-6934...........................108
EM-6724...........................237 EP-6483......................96, 144 EX-5542............................368 ME-5702...........................101 ME-6937.............................64
EM-8099...........................235 EP-6485..............................97 EX-5543A.........................374 ME-5703...........................101 ME-6950...........................108
EM-8618...........................235 EP-6490....................... 88, 95 EX-5544A.........................375 ME-5704...........................101 ME-6957........................... 112
EM-8620...........................242 ES-9042A.........................215 EX-5545A.........................373 ME-5705...........................101 ME-6960................... 108, 118
EM-8622...........................223 ES-9056............................215 EX-5546B.........................376 ME-5706...........................101 ME-6965........................... 118
EM-8624A........................224 ES-9057C.........................215 EX-5547A.........................372 ME-5707...........................101 ME-6967........................... 118
EM-8627...........................228 ES-9059C.........................215 EX-5548............................344 ME-5708...........................101 ME-6972...........................180
EM-8628...........................228 ES-9060............................216 EX-5549A.........................377 ME-5709...........................101 ME-6974...........................157
EM-8629...........................227 ES-9061............................215 EX-5550............................331 ME-5711...........................101 ME-6977........................... 116
EM-8630...........................228 ES-9070............................305 EX-5551............................340 ME-5712...........................101 ME-6978...................199, 254

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 383

 Part Number Index
ME-6982...................199, 254 ME-8569A............... 185, 203 ME-9350...........................197 ME-9864...........................137 OS-8533A.........................272
INDEX

ME-6983...........................156 ME-8574........................... 110 ME-9351...........................197 ME-9865................... 137, 193 OS-8534A.........................279

ME-6984...........................154 ME-8594...................195, 231 ME-9355...........................187 ME-9866...........................166 OS-8535A.........................279
ME-6985...........................157 ME-8734...........................127 ME-9376B........................189 ME-9868A........................137 OS-8537................... 286-287
ME-6986...........................157 ME-8735...........................186 ME-9377A..........................44 ME-9872................... 137, 193 OS-8539................... 286-287
ME-6987...........................157 ME-8736...........................186 ME-9403A........................122 ME-9873...........................189 OS-8541...........................269
ME-6988A................. 38, 157 ME-8738...........................186 ME-9426A........................127 ME-9875...........................194 OS-8542...........................288
ME-6990...........................149 ME-8741...........................186 ME-9430...........................108 ME-9876...........................194 OS-8543...........................288
ME-6991...........................150 ME-8743...........................189 ME-9447B........................141 ME-9884...................... 37, 111 OS-8544...........................288
ME-6992B........................151 ME-8744...........................189 ME-9448B................109, 145 ME-9885A................... 37, 111 OS-8549...........................272
ME-6993...........................157 ME-8750........................... 115 ME-9450A................145, 190 ME-9889...........................130 OS-9172...........................291
ME-6994...........................157 ME-8752.................... 43, 167 ME-9454...........................108 ME-9890...................130, 193 OS-9255A.........................295
ME-6995...........................157 ME-8930................... 120-121 ME-9471A..................44, 105 ME-9892...........................139 OS-9256A.........................295
ME-6996...........................157 ME-8932................... 120-121 ME-9472...........................189 MG-8600..........................240 OS-9258B.........................295
ME-6997...........................157 ME-8933...........................105 ME-9483...................145, 187 OS-8170A.........................273 OS-9261B.........................306
ME-6998A........................157 ME-8949...........................140 ME-9486........................... 114 OS-8171...........................273 OS-9263B.........................306
ME-6999A........................157 ME-8950A................ 168-169 ME-9493...........................108 OS-8172...........................271 OS-9477A.........................271
ME-7001...........................155 ME-8951...........................170 ME-9495A........................109 OS-8450...........................286 PI-8117................................44
ME-7002...........................157 ME-8952...........................170 ME-9498A..........................43 OS-8452...........................276 PI-8127.............................249
ME-7003...........................152 ME-8953...........................170 ME-9499...................145, 190 OS-8453...........................278 PI-9880.............................243
ME-7008...........................157 ME-8954...........................186 ME-9502...........................143 OS-8456...........................268 PK-9023............................216
ME-7009...........................156 ME-8955...........................171 ME-9503...........................143 OS-8457...........................266 PK-9025B.........................216
ME-7011................... 157, 162 ME-8960...........................178 ME-9504...........................143 OS-8458B................ 279, 290 PK-9026............................216
ME-7012...........................157 ME-8961...........................178 ME-9506................... 167, 188 OS-8460...........................269 PK-9031B.........................216
ME-7017...........................157 ME-8963...........................179 ME-9507...........................188 OS-8465...........................266 PS-2011..............................30
ME-7018...........................153 ME-8966A........................181 ME-9509...........................191 OS-8466A.........................268 PS-2102..............................69
ME-7559...........................195 ME-8968................... 137, 175 ME-9510...........................191 OS-8468.................. 275, 277 PS-2103A...........................32
ME-7566...........................197 ME-8969...........................176 ME-9511...........................191 OS-8469...........................275 PS-2104..............................37
ME-7589...........................197 ME-8970...........................166 ME-9512...........................191 OS-8470.................. 266, 282 PS-2107..............................46
ME-7590...........................197 ME-8971...........................109 ME-9513...........................191 OS-8471A.........................280 PS-2109..............................60
ME-8088...........................172 ME-8972...........................109 ME-9774...........................175 OS-8472...........................280 PS-2111...............................62
ME-8094...........................172 ME-8976...........................186 ME-9779...........................108 OS-8473...........................272 PS-2112..............................57
ME-8229...........................162 ME-8977...........................186 ME-9781........................... 116 OS-8474...........................267 PS-2115..............................56
ME-8231...........................160 ME-8978A........................187 ME-9803B........................109 OS-8475...........................307 PS-2117..............................69
ME-8232...........................160 ME-8979...........................197 ME-9804.....................44, 105 OS-8476...........................269 PS-2120A...........................33
ME-8233...........................160 ME-8980...........................197 ME-9805.............................43 OS-8477A.........................274 PS-2121..............................68
ME-8234...........................160 ME-8981...........................197 ME-9806................... 105, 112 OS-8479...........................269 PS-2125..............................49
ME-8235...........................160 ME-8982...........................197 ME-9807........................... 110 OS-8494.................. 268, 275 PS-2126A...........................64
ME-8236...........................160 ME-8983...........................197 ME-9812...........................126 OS-8495...........................270 PS-2128......................41, 113
ME-8237...........................163 ME-8984...........................197 ME-9813...........................126 OS-8496...........................270 PS-2130..............................67
ME-8238...........................163 ME-8985...........................197 ME-9814...........................126 OS-8501...........................294 PS-2131..............................50
ME-8239...........................162 ME-8986...........................194 ME-9815...........................126 OS-8502...........................294 PS-2132......................59, 214
ME-8240...........................162 ME-8987...........................164 ME-9821...........................174 OS-8508...........................269 PS-2134..............................51
ME-8241...........................162 ME-8988...........................186 ME-9823........................... 112 OS-8510...........................269 PS-2135..............................50
ME-8242...........................162 ME-8995...........................189 ME-9824A........................143 OS-8514...........................291 PS-2136A...........................41
ME-8243...........................160 ME-8998.....................32, 109 ME-9825A........................164 OS-8515C................. 264-265 PS-2137......................61, 147
ME-8244................... 158-159 ME-8999...........................109 ME-9827...........................165 OS-8516A................ 266, 282 PS-2138..............................61
ME-8245...........................163 ME-9204B..........................43 ME-9833...........................177 OS-8519...........................268 PS-2139..............................61
ME-8246...........................163 ME-9207B................. 44, 131 ME-9836...........................109 OS-8522...........................267 PS-2141......................40, 147
ME-8247...........................162 ME-9215B........................122 ME-9837A........................174 OS-8524...........................267 PS-2142......................40, 147
ME-8248...........................162 ME-9283...........................123 ME-9838...........................128 OS-8525A................ 279, 290 PS-2143..............................50
ME-8249...........................163 ME-9284...........................123 ME-9847...........................175 OS-8526A.........................290 PS-2146..............................48
ME-8270...........................187 ME-9337...........................197 ME-9859...........................136 OS-8531A.........................277 PS-2148..............................53

384 more information at pasco.com

 Part Number Index
PS-2150..............................53 PS-2588..............................63 PS-3597..............................19 SE-7301............................262 SE-8636A.........................208

INDEX
PS-2151..............................67 PS-2600..............77, 284-285 PS-3598..............................19 SE-7302............................283 SE-8645............................232
PS-2152..............................62 PS-2601...................... 77, 284 PS-3599..............................19 SE-7303............................208 SE-8653A.........................236
PS-2153..............................50 PS-2611......................61, 146 PS-3600........................ 20-24 SE-7304............................165 SE-8680............................241
PS-2155..............................51 PS-3200..................19, 24, 30 PS-3601........................ 20-24 SE-7317............................202 SE-8685............................140
PS-2158..............................45 PS-3201..............................12 PS-3602..............................23 SE-7319............................256 SE-8689............................251
PS-2159..............................45 PS-3202..............................11 PS-3603..............................23 SE-7331.................... 167, 262 SE-8690....................194, 262
PS-2160...................... 57, 217 PS-3203..............................12 PS-3701..............................42 SE-7335B.........................128 SE-8691............................212
PS-2162..............................58 PS-3204..............................15 PS-3702......................42, 145 SE-7337............................192 SE-8693....................135, 137
PS-2163..............................66 PS-3206..............................16 PS-3812..............................84 SE-7342............................263 SE-8695............................192
PS-2164..............................48 PS-3207..............................16 PS-3813..............................85 SE-7345............................263 SE-8703A.........................196
PS-2165..............................21 PS-3208..............................17 PS-3814..............................85 SE-7347............................194 SE-8704A.........................196
PS-2168..............................59 PS-3209..............................18 PS-3815..............................86 SE-7355............................212 SE-8707............................196
PS-2170..............................68 PS-3210..............................15 PS-3816..............................87 SE-7370............................181 SE-8708............................196
PS-2172..............................68 PS-3211...............14, 218-219 PS-3817..............................87 SE-7390............................241 SE-8710............................192
PS-2176..............................53 PS-3212..............................14 PS-3818..............................85 SE-7560............................195 SE-8712A.........................192
PS-2179..............................64 PS-3213..............................13 SA-9241...................145, 190 SE-7571............................193 SE-8722............................236
PS-2180......................42, 104 PS-3214..............................14 SA-9242...................145, 187 SE-7573............................283 SE-8723............................196
PS-2181...................... 47, 183 PS-3215..............................18 SB-9549A.........................248 SE-7574............................283 SE-8725............................196
PS-2184..............................55 PS-3216..............................11 SB-9621A.........................250 SE-7581............................268 SE-8726A.........................196
PS-2187..............................62 PS-3218..............................17 SB-9631B................ 229, 250 SE-7585............................236 SE-8728.................... 137, 194
PS-2189..............................36 PS-3219................................9 SB-9632............................229 SE-7586A.........................185 SE-8729............................194
PS-2193..............................56 PS-3220....................... 9, 239 SC-3512..............................18 SE-7591............................127 SE-8739..............................18
PS-2194..............................63 PS-3221..................... 13, 239 SE-3570............................ 117 SE-7592............................136 SE-8749............................165
PS-2195..............................66 PS-3222..............................12 SE-6597............................289 SE-7594............................181 SE-8756B.........................196
PS-2196..............................63 PS-3223..............................10 SE-6608............................289 SE-7596............................136 SE-8757B.........................196
PS-2197..................... 51, 209 PS-3225......................10, 104 SE-6609................... 300, 301 SE-7597............................201 SE-8758B.........................196
PS-2198......................38, 148 PS-3326............................195 SE-6612........................... 300 SE-7598............................201 SE-8759............................197
PS-2199......................38, 148 PS-3327............................195 SE-6614........................... 300 SE-7700............................181 SE-8760.................... 167, 262
PS-2200.............................39, PS-3328............................195 SE-6615............................247 SE-7718............................213 SE-8768............................198
PS-2201.............................39, PS-3329............................195 SE-6621............................247 SE-7719............................213 SE-8792............................251
PS-2204.............................39, PS-3401............................201 SE-6655............................174 SE-7722............................242 SE-8799............................228
PS-2205......................38, 148 PS-3500..............................19 SE-6658............................213 SE-7723............................241 SE-8805A.........................290
PS-2206.............................38, PS-3501..............................30 SE-6659............................262 SE-7724............................262 SE-8806............................128
PS-2222............... 47, 182-183 PS-3504..............................12 SE-6849............................203 SE-7725............................261 SE-8821............................196
PS-2225.......47, 182-183, 184 PS-3514..............................15 SE-7123............................226 SE-7726................... 129, 261 SE-8822............................196
PS-2226..............................46 PS-3515..............................15 SE-7124............................251 SE-7727............................183 SE-8823A.........................196
PS-2343................... 161, 293 PS-3516..............................15 SE-7125............................260 SE-7728............................263 SE-8827............................192
PS-2400.........................74-75 PS-3517..............................15 SE-7128A................ 209, 292 SE-7729............................289 SE-8828............................244
PS-2401.........................74-75 PS-3518..............................15 SE-7226............................185 SE-7730............................289 SE-9013............................268
PS-2500..............................30 PS-3519..............................15 SE-7231............................212 SE-7940............................314 SE-9021A.........................283
PS-2509..............................68 PS-3520..............................15 SE-7232............................212 SE-7943............................314 SE-9022A.........................283
PS-2521B...........................63 PS-3521..............................15 SE-7233............................212 SE-7945............................314 SE-9072............................129
PS-2522..............................62 PS-3544............................227 SE-7235A.........................293 SE-8028A.........................129 SE-9084B.........................209
PS-2546..............................32 PS-3545..............................17 SE-7247............................213 SE-8050............................194 SE-9358............................287
PS-2547............................147 PS-3553..............................18 SE-7249............................229 SE-8505............................282 SE-9372............................189
PS-2548..............................40 PS-3585..............................19 SE-7256..............................32 SE-8506............................282 SE-9373............................189
PS-2565..............................69 PS-3586..............................19 SE-7260............................302 SE-8509............................288 SE-9409....................194, 262
PS-2567..............................62 PS-3587..............................19 SE-7283............................211 SE-8568............................185 SE-9415A.........................226
PS-2568..............................62 PS-3588..............................19 SE-7285.................... 137, 189 SE-8587............................244 SE-9444............................188
PS-2573..............................69 PS-3594..............................19 SE-7287............................185 SE-8603............................241 SE-9445............................188
PS-2577..............................30 PS-3595..............................19 SE-7288............................185 SE-8604............................242 SE-9446............................188
PS-2587..............................63 PS-3596..............................19 SE-7289............................185 SE-8626.................... 227, 232 SE-9449A.........................291

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 385

 Part Number Index
SE-9460............................290 SF-7208............................248 SF-9569A..........................251 UI-5129...............................27
INDEX

SE-9461............................290 SF-7213............................220 SF-9580............................248 UI-5200..............................26

SE-9462............................290 SF-7214............................220 SF-9581............................246 UI-5210....................... 27, 225
SE-9463............................290 SF-7215............................220 SF-9584B..........................246 UI-5218...............................27
SE-9464............................290 SF-7216............................232 SF-9585A..........................245 UI-5219.............................247
SE-9465............................290 SF-7219............................313 SF-9586B..........................245 UI-5400........................ 70-73
SE-9466............................290 SF-7220............................316 SN-7900A........................311 UI-5401......................... 70-73
SE-9467............................290 SF-7222............................310 SN-7901B.........................309 UI-5405......................... 70-73
SE-9468............................290 SF-7223............................310 SN-7902...........................316 UI-5406......................... 70-73
SE-9600............................260 SF-7224............................312 SN-7927A............ 45, 60, 316 UI-5800C............................78
SE-9601............................260 SF-7225................... 240, 242 SN-7938...................312, 317 UI-5801B............................78
SE-9622.................... 247, 301 SF-7261............................240 SN-7941...........................317 UI-5802A............................79
SE-9626....................299, 301 SF-7262............................313 SN-7942...........................317 UI-5803...............................79
SE-9629............................299 SF-7264............................313 SN-7949A.........................317 UI-5813...............................80
SE-9639............................297 SF-7265............................313 SN-7970A.........................316 UI-5820...............................81
SE-9644.................... 247, 301 SF-7266............................315 SN-7972A.........................317 UI-5822A............................76
SE-9645............................297 SF-7267............................315 SN-7995A.........................317 UI-5830...............................82
SE-9649............................299 SF-7268............................315 SN-8110............................317 UI-5831...............................83
SE-9650.................... 297, 301 SF-7269............................315 SN-8111A.........................317 WA-9314C........................296
SE-9651....................299, 301 SF-7270............................315 SN-9085...........................317 WA-9315..........................296
SE-9654............................303 SF-7274............................131 SN-9794...........................317 WA-9316A........................296
SE-9655............................303 SF-7275............................122 SN-9795...........................317 WA-9319A........................296
SE-9656................... 246, 303 SF-7276............................313 SN-9796...........................317 WA-9401.................. 167, 256
SE-9658............................303 SF-7277............................312 SN-9797...........................317 WA-9495..........................258
SE-9716C.........................290 SF-7278............................315 SP-9268A..........................288 WA-9594..........................259
SE-9719A.........................185 SF-7279............................240 TD-8498A.........................205 WA-9605..........................259
SE-9720A.........................244 SF-7280............................131 TD-8550A.........................208 WA-9606..........................259
SE-9721A.........................245 SF-7579A..........................242 TD-8551A.........................204 WA-9607..........................256
SE-9750............................226 SF-8607............................238 TD-8553............................210 WA-9800A........................296
SE-9751............................226 SF-8608............................238 TD-8554A.........................210 WA-9801..........................296
SE-9756............................227 SF-8609............................236 TD-8555............................210 WA-9802..........................296
SE-9758............................227 SF-8610............................236 TD-8556A.........................201 WA-9826..........................263
SE-9786A................ 229, 250 SF-8611.............................236 TD-8557B.........................203 WA-9857A........................254
SE-9788............................129 SF-8612............................236 TD-8561............................202 WA-9867..........................255
SE-9790............................181 SF-8613............................236 TD-8565............................205 WA-9881..........................253
SF-6300............................125 SF-8616............................236 TD-8570A.........................210 WA-9896..........................253
SF-6301............................125 SF-8617............................236 TD-8572A.........................207 WA-9897..........................253
SF-6302............................125 SF-8619............................241 TD-8577............................205 WA-9898..........................253
SF-6303............................125 SF-8711.............................192 TD-8581A.........................207 WA-9899..........................252
SF-6304............................125 SF-9068............................213 TD-8582............................204 WA-9900..........................258
SF-6305............................125 SF-9214............................124 TD-8583............................204
SF-6306............................125 SF-9216............................125 TD-8595............................206
SF-6307............................125 SF-9217............................125 TD-8596A.........................206
SF-6308............................125 SF-9224............................125 TD-8825A.........................203
SF-6309............................125 SF-9295............................125 TD-8855............................211
SF-6311.............................125 SF-9298............................125 TD-8856........................... 200
SF-6313............................125 SF-9322............................257 UI-5000..............................26
SF-7201............................283 SF-9323............................257 UI-5001...............................28
SF-7202............................199 SF-9324............................256 UI-5100...............................54
SF-7203............................308 SF-9404............................257 UI-5101...............................60
SF-7204............................173 SF-9405............................257 UI-5102...............................60
SF-7205............................173 SF-9500A.........................251 UI-5110...............................54
SF-7206............................173 SF-9568A..........................251 UI-5119...............................27

386 more information at pasco.com

 A–B
1-Axis Force Platform............................................40, 147 Adapter, Freefall Timer.........................................44, 131 Archimedes’ Principle Experiment..............................334

PRODUCT and TOPIC INDEX

10-32 Adapter.............................................................163 Adapters – Argon Tube, Franck-Hertz............................................297
10-port USB Charging Station......................................30 Ohaus Balances.....................................................196 Arm Model, PASPORT Human..............................61, 146
18 VDC, 3A Power Supply..........................................244 ScienceWorkshop-to-PASPORT...............................45 Atmospheric Pressure Demonstrator..........................181
18 VDC, 5A Power Supply..........................................244 USB Bluetooth 4.0...................................................19 Atmospheric Pressure Sensor.......................................18
2-Axis Force Platform............................................40, 147 Adiabatic Compression Fire Syringe..........................205 Atomic Spectra Experiment........................................376
2-Axis Magnetic Field Sensor......................................58 Adiabatic Gas Law Apparatus....................................205 Atwood’s Machine..............................................145, 320
2-meter Patch Cord.....................................................226 Adjustable Angle Clamp.............................................189 Atwood’s Machine Experiment...................................320
3-Axis Acceleration Altimeter Sensor....................10, 41 Adjustable End Stops..................................................109 Avogadro–See Mole Set............................................185
3-Axis Gyroscope........................................................178 Adjustable Feet...........................................................109
—B—
3-D Magnetic Field Demonstrator..............................241 Adjustable Lens..................................................268, 275
Balance, Current.........................................................238
3-Point Bending...................................................163, 347 Adjustable Lens Holder...............................................267
Balance, Equal Arm.....................................................140
30 VDC, 6A Power Supply..........................................245 Adjustable Speed Motorized Cart..............................116
Balances, Electronic....................................................196
4-Point Bending...................................................163, 347 Advanced Nuclear Spectroscopy System...................309
Ball and Ring...............................................................201
5 N Load Cell................................................................39 Advanced Physics Lab Bundles.............................. 85-87
Ball Launchers..................................................... 132-133
8-Pin DIN Extender Cable.....................................27, 247 Advanced Physics Lab Manuals,
Ball Ramp....................................................................136
50 mm Diameter Lens Assortment.............................268 High School........................................................84, 86
Ballistic Cart Accessory..............................................114
60 cm Optics Bench....................................................269 Advanced Structures Set............................................151
Ballistic Pendulum.............................................. 138-139
100 MHz Digital Storage Oscilloscope.......................250 Air Cannon..................................................................181
Ballistic Pendulum Accessory.....................................139
100 N Load Cell............................................................39 Air Core Solenoid........................................................236
Ballistic Pendulum Experiment...................................328
100 NTU Calibration Standard.....................................18 Air Column, Resonance...............................................259
Balls............................................................................193
120 cm Optics Bench..................................................269 Air Friction Coin and Feather......................................129
Balls, Gravitational Torsion.........................................304
200 -3200 Turn Coils...................................................236 Air Pressure Demo......................................................181
Balls, Replacement Freefall................................131, 193
550 Physics Bundle................................................. 82-83 Air Pressure Sensor......................................................18
Banana Plugs..............................................................226
550 Physics Manual......................................................83 Air Source, Cordless...................................................128
Banana Plugs, Shrouded.............................................226
550 Universal Interface.................................................28 Air Supply, Variable Output........................................125
Banana-to-Alligator Clip Adapters.............................227
550 Physics Experiment Bundle.............................. 82-83 Air Track and Accessories.................................. 124-125
Bar Magnets...............................................................242
850 Physics Probeware Bundles............................. 78-81 Air Velocity –
Barium-133..................................................................317
850 Accessories............................................................27 See Pitot Tube..........................................................47
Base, Large Rod..........................................................186
850 Comprehensive Physics System – AirLink, Wireless.............................................. 19, 24, 30
Base, Small “A”..........................................................186
Electromagnetism....................................................79 Alligator Clip Adapters...............................................227
Base, Small Round w/ rod..........................................187
Experiment Manual..................................................80 Alligator Clip Leads.....................................................226
Base, Support Rod.............................................. 186-187
Mechanics................................................................78 Alligator Test Leads, Shrouded...................................227
Basic Bridges..............................................................342
Optics.......................................................................79 Alignment Bench, Laser..............................................291
Basic Calorimetry Set.................................................203
Physics............................................................... 78-80 Alnico Magnets...........................................................242
Basic Current Balance.................................................238
Thermodynamics......................................................79 Alpha Particle Spark Detector....................................313
Basic Digital Multimeter.............................................250
Waves......................................................................79 Alpha Sources.............................................................317
Basic Electricity Lab....................................................223
850 Experiment Manual................................................80 Altimeter/3-Axis Accelerometer.............................10, 41
Basic Optics Spares Kit..............................................269
850 Function Generator BNC Cables............................27 Altitude...................................................................10, 41
Basic Optics System........................................... 264-265
850 Physics Probeware Bundles............................. 78-81 Aluminum Cart............................................................108
Basic Optics –
850 Replacement Power Supply...................................26 Aluminum Table Clamp...............................................189
Concave/Convex Mirror ........................................266
850 Universal Interface.................................................26 Aluminum Tracks.........................................................108
Color Mixer............................................................270
Ammeter, Analog........................................................251
—A— Diode Laser....................................................279, 290
Ammeter, Pico –
A-base Adapter for Rotary Motion.....................171, 179 Light Source...........................................................266
See DC Current Amplifier......................................247
A-base Rod Stand.......................................................186 Slit Accessories.....................................................278
Ampere’s Law Accessory............................................239
Aberration, Spherical – Storage Box............................................................265
Ampere’s Law Experiment..........................................366
See Aperture Access.............................................267 System........................................................... 264-265
Amplifier, DC Current..................................................247
Absolute Pressure Sensor.......................................12, 46 Viewing Screen......................................................269
Amplifier, Dual Load Cell......................................38, 148
Absolute Pressure/Temperature Sensor.......................48 Basic Variable Capacitor.............................................215
Amplifier Set with Load Cell................................38, 148
Absolute Zero Apparatus............................................206 Batteries, Rechargeable.............................................117
Amusement Park Physics............................................127
Absorbers, Radiation..................................................317 Battery –
Analog Adapter,
AC/DC Electronics Lab See Voltaic Cell......................................................229
ScienceWorkshop-to-PASPORT...............................45
Electronic Components..........................................222 Battery Charger...........................................................117
Analyzer, Multi-Channel.............................................310
AC/DC Electronics Laboratory....................................222 Battery, Coin Cell..........................................................12
Anemometer –
AC/DC Power Supply..................................................246 Battery Holders...........................................................228
See Weather Sensor................................................18
Acceleration Altimeter Sensor, 3-Axis...................10, 41 Beads, UV....................................................................289
Angle Indicator (Dynamics Track)...............................109
Acceleration – Freefall....................................... 129-131 Beakers.......................................................................185
Angle Sensor –
Acceleration Sensor ...............................................10, 41 Beam Bending.............................................................163
See Human Arm.......................................................61
Accelerometer Springs...............................................127 Beams, Structures.......................................................157
Angular Momentum Experiment,
Accelerometer, Amusement Park...............................127 Bell Jar........................................................................261
Conservation of......................................................337
Accelerometer, Visual...........................................41, 113 Bell Jar, Student.........................................................181
Aperture Accessories (Basic Optics)..........................267
Accessory Photogate....................................................43 Bench, Optics..............................................................269
Aperture Bracket, Light Sensor..................................279
Acid Base – See pH Sensor...................................15, 69 Bending Accessory......................................................163
App, MatchGraph..........................................................76
Acoustic Resonance– Bending: 3-Point and 4-Point......................................347
App, SPARKvue....................................................... 74-75
see Resonance Tube..............................................259 Beta Particles, Deflection of.......................................313
App, Spectrometry........................................................77
Acoustics, Sound Sensor..............................................60 Beta Sources...............................................................317
Aquatics Productivity Bottles........................................64
Actuator, Wave Motion..............................................260 Beta Spectrometer......................................................313

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 387

 B–C
Bicycle Gyro................................................................180 Calipers, Digital..........................................................192 Timing Options............................................... 120-123
PRODUCT and TOPIC INDEX

Bimetallic Strip...........................................................201 Caliper, Optics.............................................................275 Tracks.....................................................................108

Biomechanics............................30, 40, 61, 146-147, 155 Calipers, Vernier..........................................................192 Wheels, Replacement............................................112
Blackbody Experiment.................................................351 Calorimeter Cup..........................................................203 Carts and Tracks.................................................... 98-101
Blackbody Light Source...............................................288 Calorimeter, Energy Transfer......................................204 Carts ..................................................................106, 108
Blackbody Radiation Experiment................................351 Calorimetry Set...........................................................203 Cast Beams.................................................................156
Blood Pressure Sensor..................................................17 Cameras.............................................................. 292-293 CASTLE Curriculum Guide...........................................224
Black Thread...............................................................194 Can, Overflow.............................................................185 CASTLE Kit..................................................................224
Blower, Air..................................................................125 Cannon, Air.................................................................181 Cavendish Balance......................................................304
Bluetooth, USB Adapter................................................19 Cans, Radiation...........................................................210 Cavendish Experiment................................................331
BNC 850 Function Generator Cables............................27 Capacitance Experiment.............................................357 Cell, Voltaic.................................................................229
Bohr Magneton...................................................303, 380 Capacitor Assortment.................................................227 Cent-O-Gram Balance.................................................196
Bottles, Aquatic Productivity........................................64 Capacitor Box, Decade................................................251 Centripetal Motion & Force
Bounce/No Bounce Ball Set.......................................193 Capacitor Circuit.........................................................220 Accessory (Computer Based).................................172
Brachistochrone – Capacitor, 1 Farad.......................................................227 Accessory (Rotating Platform)...............................170
See Roller Coaster.................................................126 Capacitor, Basic Variable............................................215 Accessory, Wireless...............................................172
Brackets – Capacitor, CASTLE Kit.................................................224 Apparatus....................................................... 172-173
Collisions (Force)..............................................37, 111 Capacitor, Variable......................................................215 Circular Motion......................................................173
Eye Model..............................................................275 Capacitors...................................................................227 Conical Pendulum..................................................173
Force.................................................................37, 111 Capstone Experiment List...........................................319 Discover (Hand-Held) Kit.......................................174
Gyroscope Mount...................................................179 Capstone Software – Experiments................................................... 324-325
Magnetic, Motion Sensor........................................32 See PASCO Capstone........................................ 70-73 Flying Pig................................................................174
Parallel Spring........................................................166 Carbon Dioxide Sensor.................................................17 Pendulum...............................................................174
Photogate...............................................................105 Carbon Paper...............................................................135 Chair, Rotating............................................................180
Structures Force Platform................................38, 157 Carriage, Dynamics Track Optics................................280 Chaos Experiment.......................................................339
Braided Physics String................................................194 Cart Adapter Accessory, Chaos/Driven Harmonic Accessory............................177
Breath Rate Sensor.......................................................62 Motion Sensor.................................................32, 111 Charge – See Electrometer..................................59, 214
Breathing Sensor – Cart, Gratnells.............................................................195 Charge, Equipotential and Field Mapper....................216
See Spirometer........................................................62 Cart Launcher, Spring..................................................110 Charge Experiment......................................................354
Brewster’s Angle Accessory.......................................273 Carts and Accessories – Charge/Discharge Circuit............................................221
Brewster’s Angle Experiment.....................................375 Accelerometer, Visual......................................41, 113 Charge of an Electron Experiment..............................356
Bridge Deflection – Angle Indicator.......................................................109 Charge Producers and Proof Plane.............................215
see Displacement Sensor........................................39 Adjustable-Speed Cart...........................................116 Charge Sensor.......................................................59, 214
Bridge Set, Structures.................................................150 Ballistic Cart Accessory.........................................114 Charge-to-Mass Ratio.................................................299
Bridge Shaking............................................................344 Bumper Accessory Kit......................................37, 111 Charging Garage, Smart Cart.....................................107
Bridge Vibrations Experiment.....................................344 Cart Adapter Accessory ..................................32, 111 Charging Station,..............................................................
Bridges, Basic.............................................................342 Cart Damping Accessory, Magnetic................37, 111 Smart Cart..............................................................107
Bridges, Building Better..............................................154 Classic Carts..........................................................108 SPARK LXi/LX...........................................................23
Broad Spectrum Light Sensor.......................................53 Collision Cart..........................................................108 SPARKlink Air...........................................................30
Buckling, Column........................................................346 Compact Cart Mass...............................................109 Wireless Sensor.......................................................19
Buggy, Constant Speed...............................................129 Constant Velocity Cart...................................116, 129 Chemistry & Advanced Chemistry Sensors..................68
Building Better Bridges...............................................154 Constant-Force Cart....................................... 116-117 Chladni Plates Kit........................................................256
Bulbs, Replacement....................................................228 Dynamics Cart Tracks............................. 100-101, 108 Chladni Violin Plate.....................................................256
Bumper Accessory Set..................................................37 Circuit Components............................................. 227-228
Dynamics Track Spring Set....................................109
Bumper Set, Magnetic..................................................37 Circuit, Charge/Discharge...........................................221
Elastic Bumper.......................................................109
Bumper, Elastic.....................................................32, 109 Circuit Laws, Kirchhoff’s Experiment..........................360
End Stops, Adjustable...........................................109
Bundles – Circuit, Resistor-Capacitor-Inductor......................27, 225
Fan Accessory, Smart............................................117 Circuit, RLC..................................................................225
550 Universal Physics........................................ 82-83
Fan Cart.......................................................... 116-117 Circuits................................................................ 218-225
Advanced Physics.............................................. 84-87
Comprehensive 850........................................... 78-80 Feet, Adjustable.....................................................109 Circuits, Modular................................................ 218-220
Essential Physics................................................88, 95 Friction Accessory, Discover..................................110 Circulation, Density.....................................................184
Mechanics 850.........................................................81 Friction Block..........................................................110 Circular Motion –
STEM.................................................................. 96-97 Magnetic Bumper Set............................................111 Apparatus...............................................................173
Buoyancy.............................................................185, 334 Mass Bar................................................................109 Centripetal Force.................................... 170, 172-174
Buoyant Force – Measurement Systems................... 102-105, 120-123 Complete Rotational System......................... 168-171
See Density Set ............................................185, 334 Mechanical Oscillator/Driver.................................115 Conical Pendulum..................................................173
Buret Clamp................................................................188 Motion Sensor.....................................................9, 32 Motor.....................................................................173
Motorized Cart.......................................................116 Clamp, Track Rod........................................................109
—C— PAScars..................................................................108 Clamps................................................................ 188-189
“C” Clamps..................................................................189 Classroom Density Set................................................185
PAScar Mass..........................................................109
Cable, 8-pin DIN Sensor Extender................................31 Clevis Grip...................................................................163
Plunger Cart...........................................................108
Cable, Fiber Optic (Spectrometer) .......................77, 284 Cloud Chamber............................................................314
Replacement Axles................................................112
Cable, CO2 Gas Sensor............................................................17
Rubber Cord...........................................................112
PASPORT Sensor Extension.....................................31 Cobalt..........................................................................317
Smart Carts............................................................106
Phone Jack Extender...............................................45 Coils –
Cadmium-109..............................................................317 Spring Cart Launcher.............................................110
Spring Set..............................................................109 Air Core Solenoid...................................................236
Calibrated Polarizer.....................................................272 Coils and Cores Set...............................................236
Calibration Standard, 100 NTU....................................18 Super Pulley with Clamp.......................................109
Detector Coils........................................................237

388 more information at pasco.com

 C–E
Field Coils...............................................................237 Constant Velocity Tubes..............................................129 Detector, Scintillation.................................................310

PRODUCT and TOPIC INDEX

Helmholtz...............................................................237 Constant Volume Gas Thermometer – Dew Point Sensor –
LED Indicator..........................................................237 See Absolute Zero Apparatus...............................206 See Weather Sensor................................................18
Primary and Secondary..........................................236 Constantan Resistor....................................................220 Diffraction Gratings....................................................287
Coin and Feather Tube................................................129 Constants, Measurement of Diffusion Cloud Chamber............................................314
Coin Cell Battery...........................................................12 Bohr Magneton..............................................303, 380 Digital Adapter, ScienceWorkshop-to-PASPORT..........45
Coincidence Box..........................................................315 Charge of an Electron............................................298 Digital Calipers...........................................................192
Colliding Spheres........................................................208 Coulomb Constant..................................................305 Digital Tesla Meter.....................................................242
Collision Cart...............................................................108 Electron Charge-to-Mass.......................................299 Digital Indicator –
Color Addition.............................................................270 Newton’s Gravitational Constant..................304, 331 See Displacement Sensor.......................................39
Color Filter Set (for Color Mixer)................................270 Permittivity of Free Space.....................................305 Digital LCR Meter.......................................................251
Colorimeter, Wireless w/Turbidity................................18 Planck’s Constant...................................................300 Digital Multimeters.....................................................250
Colorimeter, Water Quality...........................................66 Speed of Light................................................ 306-308 Digital Photogate Timer System.................................122
Color Mixer.................................................................270 Container Set, 3.8 Liter Plastic...................................195 Digital Storage Oscilloscope......................................250
Color Mixer Accessory Kit..........................................270 Construction – Digital Stopwatch.......................................................198
Column Buckling.................................................162, 346 See Structures............................................... 148-157 Digital VideoFlex, USB................................................293
Compact Cart Mass....................................................109 Convex Mirror, Demonstration Size............................283 Diode Laser.........................................................279, 290
Compass, Liquid Filled................................................241 Convex/Concave Mirror..............................................266 Dip Needle..................................................................241
Compass, Plotting.......................................................241 Copper Wire Wound Resistor.....................................220 Discharge Sphere, Van de Graaff...............................212
Complete e/m System................................................299 Cord, Elastic Wave..............................................194, 262 Discover Centripetal Force..........................................174
Complete Interferometer System...............................295 Cord, Rubber...............................................................194 Discover Density Set...................................................185
Complete Roller Coaster.............................................126 Cord, Yellow................................................................194 Discover Freefall System............................................130
Complete Rotational System.............................. 168-171 Cordless Air Source....................................................128 Discover Friction Accessory........................................110
Complete Wave Motion Demonstrator......................260 Cords, Patch................................................................226 Discover Pi Set............................................................195
Components, Spectrophotometer...............................287 Cores, Solenoid and Coil............................................236 Disk and Ring Set.......................................................176
Component Testers.....................................................250 Cosmic Rays – Displacement Sensor....................................................39
Comprehensive Physics Systems – See Muon Observatory..........................................315 Dissectible Leyden Jar................................................213
850 Complete..................................................... 78-80 Coulomb’s Law Apparatus..........................................305 Dissolved O2 Sensor, Optical........................................63
850 Thermodynamics/Waves..................................79 Coulomb’s Law Experiment.........................................355 Doppler Rocket............................................................263
850 Electricity/Magnetism......................................79 Counter, Radiation......................................................316 Double-length Slinky...........................................167, 262
850 Mechanics.........................................................78 Cow Magnet...............................................................242 Double Rod Clamp......................................................189
Compression Accessory, Materials............................162 Cow, Radioactive – Driven Damped Cart Oscillations...............................340
Compression Igniter....................................................205 See Isogenerator....................................................317 Driven Damped Harmonic
Compton Scattering....................................................312 Crooke’s Radiometer...................................................211 Oscillator Experiment.............................................341
Computer Interfacing – Current Balance..........................................................238 Driven Harmonic/Chaos Accessory............................177
550 Universal Interface...........................................28 Current Balance Accessory Kit...................................238 Driver, Mechanical Oscillator.....................................115
850 Universal Interface...........................................26 Current, PASPORT High................................................56 Driver, Mechanical Wave...........................................256
AirLink......................................................................30 Current Probe................................................................55 Drop Counter...........................................................15, 69
Nuclear Systems....................................................309 Current Sensor.................................................. 14, 54-57 Drop Shoot Accessory.................................................136
PASCO Capstone Software................................ 70-73 Current Sensor, Modular.............................................219 Dropper Popper...........................................................165
Sensors, Wired.................................................. 31-69 Current Sensor, Wireless..............................................14 Dual Load Cell Amplifier.......................................38, 148
Sensors, Wireless................................................ 8-19 Curriculum, Physics................................................. 84-94 Dual Pressure Sensor............................................47, 183
SPARK LXi/LX..................................................... 20-21 Curriculum, STEM................................................... 96-97 Dynamics Cart Tracks.................................. 100-101, 108
SPARKlink Air...........................................................30 Curved PAStrack..................................................108, 119 Dynamics Carts...................................................106, 108
SPARKvue Software.......................................... 74-75 Curved Track/Smart Cart Dynamics System...............119 Dynamics Systems................................................ 98-101
Computer Software................................................. 70-77 Cuvette Rack.................................................................18 Dynamics Track Mount Rotary Motion.................34, 112
Computer-Based Centripetal Force.............................172 Cuvettes and Caps, Colorimeter...................................18 Dynamics Track Optics Kit..........................................280
Computer-Based Diffraction System..........................276 Dynamics Track Spring Set.........................................109
—D—
Computer-Based Gravitational
Damped Cart Oscillations...........................................340 —E—
Torsion Balance......................................................331
Damped Harmonic Motion Experiment......................341 Earth’s Magnetic Field Experiment.............................363
Concave/Convex Mirror Accessory.............................266
Damped Pendulum..............................................171, 341 e-Book, Essential Physics....................................... 90-94
Concave Mirror, Demonstration Size..........................283
Damping Accessory, Cart............................................115 EcoChamber..................................................................65
Conduction, Thermal...................................................202
Damping Accessory, Magnetic...................................115 Economy CASTLE Kit...................................................224
Conductive Ink Pen......................................................216
Dataloggers............................................................. 20-24 Economy Force Sensor..................................................34
Conductive Paper........................................................216
DC Constant Voltage Power Supplies........................247 Economy Resonance Tube..........................................258
Conductive Shapes.....................................................215
DC Current Amplifier...................................................247 EcoZone System............................................................65
Conductive Spheres....................................................215
DC Programmable Power Supply................................243 EKG Electrode Patches..................................................62
Conductivity Sensor, Wireless......................................15
Decade Capacitance Box............................................251 EKG Sensor...................................................................62
Conductivity, Thermal.................................................202
Decade Resistance Box..............................................251 Elastic Bumper......................................................32, 109
Conical Pendulum.......................................................173
Deflection of Beta Particles........................................313 Elastic Wave Cord...............................................194, 262
Conservation of Angular Momentum Experiment......337
Demonstration Mirrors...............................................283 Elasticity, Stress/Strain...................................... 158-164
Conservation of Energy Experiments.................. 329-330
Demonstration Spring Set..........................................166 Electric and Magnetic Interactions............................223
Conservation of Momentum Experiment....................327
Demonstration Wave Spring..............................166, 262 Electric Circuits................................................... 218-225
Constant Force Cart............................................ 116-117
Density Circulation Model..........................................184 Electric Field Mapper..................................................216
Constant Speed Buggy................................................129
Density Sets................................................................185 Electric Plume for Van de Graaff................................212
Constant Velocity Cart –
Desktop Electricity Kit.................................................223 Electric Whirl for Van de Graaff.................................212
See Motorized Cart................................................116
Detector Coil...............................................................237 Electrical Equivalent of Heat Experiment...................349

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 389

 E–F
Electricity Kit, Desktop................................................223 Light, Color and Optics Shaking Tower Experiment....................................343
PRODUCT and TOPIC INDEX

Electricity Lab, Basic...................................................223 Teacher Resources......................................89, 281 Sliding Friction.......................................................326

Electricity/Magnetism Option, Optics System..................................................89, 281 Specific Heat..........................................................348
850 Comprehensive.................................................79 Oscillations, Waves and Sound Speed of Light........................................................371
Electrocardiogram Sensor.............................................62 Teacher Resources......................................89, 261 Telescope/Microscope...........................................372
Electrode Patches, EKG.................................................62 Programming and Robotics with Tensile Testing of Metals......................................345
Electrode, pH.................................................................69 ErgoBot Teacher Resources................................97 Universal Gravitational Constant..........................331
Electromagnetic Ring Launcher..................................233 Waves and Sound Kit......................................89, 261 Variable-g Pendulum..............................................338
Electrometer..........................................................59, 214 Essential Physics Textbook..................................... 90-94 Vibrating String......................................................368
Electron Charge – Ethanol Sensor..............................................................63 Waves....................................................................369
Millikan Oil Drop....................................................298 Exercise Heart Rate, Wireless......................................16 Work Energy Theorem...........................................330
Electron Charge-to-Mass Ratio..................................299 Expansion, Thermal.....................................................200 Zeeman Effect........................................................380
Electronic Balances & Adapters.................................196 Experiment Manuals............................ 80, 83, 84, 86, 88 Experiment List...........................................................319
Electronics Laboratory, AC/DC...................................222 Experiments – Extension Cable............................................................30
Electroscope................................................................213 Ampere’s Law........................................................366 Eye Model Bracket......................................................275
Electrostatic Charge Experiment................................354 Archimedes’ Principle............................................344 Eye Model, Human......................................................274
Electrostatics Materials Kit........................................213 Atomic Spectra......................................................376 ezSample Test Kits, Water Quality...............................66
Electrostatics Systems – Atwood’s Machine.................................................320
Basic ......................................................................214 —F—
Ballistic Pendulum.................................................328
Charge Producers...................................................215 Fabry-Perot Interferometer.................................295, 303
Basic Bridges.........................................................342
Charge Sensor..................................................59, 214 Fan Accessory, Smart.................................................117
Bending: 3-point and 4-point.................................347
Conductive Shapes................................................215 Fan Cart............................................................... 116-117
Blackbody Radiation..............................................351
Conductive Spheres...............................................215 Faraday Ice Pail and Shield........................................215
Brewster’s Angle....................................................375
Electrometer...........................................................214 Faraday’s Law of Induction Experiment......................367
Bridge Vibrations...................................................344
Electroscope...........................................................213 Fast Response Temp Probe...........................................50
Capacitance...........................................................357
Faraday Ice Pail......................................................215 Feet, Track...................................................................109
Centripetal Force....................................................325
Field Mappers........................................................216 Fence, Cart Picket.........................................................44
Centripetal Force on a Pendulum..........................324
Materials Kit..........................................................213 Fence, Large Picket for Photogate................................44
Chaos.....................................................................339
Proof Planes...........................................................215 Fence, Photogate..........................................................44
Charge of an Electron............................................356
Replacement Pad Set............................................215 Fence, Picket for Smart Timer...............................44, 121
Conservation of Angular Momentum....................337
Van de Graaff.........................................................212 Fiber Optic Cable, Spectrometer..........................77, 284
Conservation of Energy..........................................329
Variable Capacitor.................................................215 Fiber Optic Demo........................................................283
Conservation of Energy II.......................................330
Voltage Source.......................................................215 Field Coil.....................................................................237
Conservation of Momentum..................................327
e/m Apparatus............................................................299 Field Mapper Kits........................................................216
Coulomb’s Law.......................................................355
e/m Replacement Mirror Scale..................................299 Filings, Iron..................................................................241
Driven Damped Cart Oscillations..........................340
e/m Replacement Tube...............................................299 Filter Set, Color Mixer................................................270
Driven Damped Harmonic Oscillator.....................341
End Stops, Track..........................................................109 Fire Syringe.................................................................205
Earth’s Magnetic Field...........................................363
Energy Conservation........................................... 329-330 Flashlight, UV..............................................................289
Electrical Equivalent of Heat.................................349
Energy Conversion – Flat Coupon Fixture.....................................................163
Electrostatic Charge...............................................354
See Generators..............................................230, 232 Flat pH Electrode...........................................................15
Faraday’s Law of Induction....................................367
See Thermoelectric................................................208 Flex Rod.......................................................................187
Franck-Hertz...........................................................379
Energy Systems – Flexible I-beam............................................................157
Hall Effect..............................................................378
Hydro Accessory....................................................231 FLIR Camera................................................................292
Heat Engine Cycle..................................................352
Thermoelectric.......................................................208 Flow Rate/Temperature Sensor....................................67
Hooke’s Law...........................................................323
Wind Turbine..........................................................231 Flow Sensor, General.................................... 47, 182-183
Ideal Gas Law........................................................350
Energy Transfer, Calorimeter......................................204 Fluid Flow................................................ 47, 67, 182-183
Impulse...................................................................326
Energy Transfer – Fluids –
Interference and Diffraction of Light.....................373
Generator....................................................... 230-231 Atmospheric Pressure Demo.................................181
Kirchhoff’s Circuit Laws.........................................360
Thermoelectric.......................................................208 Bell Jar...................................................................261
Large Amplitude Pendulum...................................338
Wind Turbine..........................................................231 Bell Jar, Student....................................................181
Light Intensity vs. Distance...................................372
Engines, Glass Stirling................................................208 Flow Sensor............................................. 47, 182-183
LRC Circuit..............................................................362
Entry Optics Systems.......................................... 280-281 Pipe Network................................................. 182-183
Magnetic Fields of Coils........................................365
Equal Arm Balance......................................................140 Piping Systems.......................................................332
Magnetic Forces on Wires....................................364
Equal Length Spring Set.............................................166 Pumping Systems...................................................333
Mechanical Waves................................................369
Equilateral Prism.........................................................283 Venturi Tube...........................................................184
Newton’s Laws......................................................322
Equipotential and Field Mapper.................................216 Flying Pig.....................................................................174
Ohm’s Law..............................................................359
Ergopedia...................................... See Essential Physics Force Acceleration Sensor, Wireless...........................11
Photoelectric Effect................................................377
Essential Physics Curriculum.................................. 90-94 Force Bracket........................................................37, 111
Essential Physics e-book......................................... 90-94 Physical Pendulum.................................................336
Force Platform Handle Set............................................40
Essential Physics Equipment........................................95 Piping Systems.......................................................332
Force Platform, PASPORT 1-Axis..........................40, 147
Essential Physics Lab Manual..................... 88, 261, 281 Polarization of Light...............................................374
Force Platform, PASPORT 2-Axis..........................40, 147
Essential Physics Modules – Projectile Motion...................................................321
Force Platform, Structures Bracket.......................38, 157
ErgoBot with Sensors..............................................97 Pumping Systems...................................................333
Force Sensor –
ErgoBot with ErgoBoard .........................................97 Ratio of Specific Heats..........................................353
Bracket.............................................................37, 111
Robotics...................................................................97 RC Circuit...............................................................361
Bumper Accessory Set.....................................37, 111
Simple Machines......................................................... Reflection and Refraction......................................370
Collision Bracket..............................................37, 111
Engineering Kit.........................................................96 Resistivity...............................................................358
Handle Set, Force Platform......................................40
Simple Machines Teacher Resources.....................96 Rotational Inertia...................................................335
High Resolution........................................................36

390 more information at pasco.com

 F–I
Magnetic Bumper Set......................................37, 111 Generator, Energy Transfer.........................................230 High Current Sensor, PASPORT....................................56

PRODUCT and TOPIC INDEX

PASPORT............................................................ 36-37 Generator, Hand Crank................................................232 High Frequency High Power Function Generator.......248
Platform............................................................40, 147 Generator, Hydro-Electric............................................231 High Precision Diffraction Slits..................................278
Rocket Engine Test Bracket.....................................37 Generator, Mini...........................................................232 High Quality Gratings..................................................287
ScienceWorkshop....................................................36 Generator/Motor Demo..............................................232 High Resolution Force Sensor......................................36
Wireless, Acceleration............................................11 Generator, Sine Wave.................................................255 High Resolution Photogate Tape..........................44, 105
Force Table..................................................................141 Generator, Steam........................................................201 High Sensitivity Light Sensor................................. 52-53
Forces on a Human Body – Generator, Wind Turbine.............................................231 High Speed Rotating Mirror.......................................306
see Force Platform...........................................40, 147 Geometric Lens Set.....................................................268 High Voltage Power Supply........................................245
Four-Point Bending..............................................163, 347 Glass Stirling Engine...................................................208 High Voltage Van de Graaff........................................212
Four Scale Meter Stick...............................................192 Glassware...................................................................185 Hooke’s Law Experiment.............................................323
Franck-Hertz Apparatus..............................................297 Gliders, Air Track.........................................................125 Hooke’s Law Set.........................................................165
Franck-Hertz Argon Tube.............................................297 Global Positioning Sensor – Hooke’s Law Spring Set..............................................165
Franck-Hertz Tube Enclosure.......................................297 See Wireless Weather............................................18 Hooked Mass Sets......................................................197
Freefall – Glow String.........................................................194, 262 Horseshoe Magnet.............................................240, 242
See Coin and Feather Tube....................................129 Goniometer Probe.........................................................61 Hot Plate.....................................................................201
Freefall Adapter....................................................44, 131 Goniometer...........................................................61, 147 Hover Puck..................................................................128
Freefall Apparatus......................................................131 GPS Sensor – Hovercraft...................................................................128
Freefall System, Discover...........................................130 See Wireless Weather............................................18 Hovercraft Blower.......................................................128
Freefall Timer Adapter..........................................44, 131 Graduated Cylinders...................................................185 Human Applications of Physics.......................... 146-147
Friction Accessory, Discover.......................................110 Graph Matching Experiment.........................................76 Human Arm Model................................................61, 146
Friction Block...............................................................110 Graph Match Software.................................................76 Human Back Model.....................................................155
Friction Experiment, Sliding........................................326 Graphing – Human Eye Model.......................................................274
Friction Trays...............................................................110 See PASCO Capstone........................................ 70-73 Human Structures –
Friction, Magnetic – Gratings, Diffraction...................................................287 Arm Model.......................................................61, 146
See Cart Damping..................................................115 Gratnells Rolling Cart..................................................195 Back Model............................................................155
F-Stops-See Aperture.................................................267 Gratnells Sensor Storage Trays....................................19 Leg Model..............................................................155
Function Generators – Gratnells Storage Trays..............................................195 Set..........................................................................155
550 Interface............................................................28 Gravitational Torsion Bands........................................304 Humidity/Temp/Dew Point
850 Interface............................................................26 Gravitational Torsion Balance.....................................304 See Wireless Weather............................................18
High-Frequency......................................................248 Gravity – Hydraulic and Pneumatic Structures..........................154
PASCO....................................................................249 Cavendish Torsion Balance....................................304 Hydro-Electric Generator............................................231
Sine Wave Generator............................................255 Experiment.............................................................331
Student...................................................................248 Green Diode Laser..............................................279, 290 —I—
Wide Range...........................................................248 Green Laser Pointer....................................................290 I-beam, Super-Flex......................................................164
Fur, Electrostatics........................................................213 Ground Glass Lenses..................................................268 I-beam Set,........................................................................
Guard, Motion Sensor...................................................32 Structures Flexible ................................................157
—G—
Gyroscope, 3-Axis............................................... 178-179 Ice Melting Blocks......................................................202
G-M Counter.......................................................315, 316
Gyroscope, Bicycle Wheel..........................................180 Ideal Gas Law Apparatus...........................................206
G-M Probe with Sample Holder.................................316
Gyroscope, Demonstration................................. 178-179 Ideal Gas Law Experiment..........................................350
G-M Tube/Power Supply Sensor................... 45, 60, 316
Gyroscope Disk and Mass..........................................178 Ideal Gas Law Syringe................................................206
Galvanometer Meter, Analog.....................................251
Gyroscope Masses, Bicycle........................................180 Igniter, Compression...................................................205
Galvanometer Sensor...................................................57
Gyroscope Mounting Bracket.....................................179 Impulse Experiment....................................................326
Gamma Sources..........................................................317
Inclined Plane..............................................................118
Gamma, Ratio of Specific Heats................................353 —H—
Individual Sources.......................................................317
Gas Law – h/e Apparatus.............................................................300
Induction –
Adiabatic................................................................205 h/e Experiment............................................................377
Faraday’s Law........................................................367
Experiment.............................................................350 Hall Effect Apparatus..........................................297, 378
Laplace Force.........................................................240
Heat Engine............................................................207 Hand-Operated Vacuum Pump....................................294
Lenz’s Law..............................................................240
Ideal.......................................................................206 Hand-Crank Generator................................................232
Magnetic Force Accessory....................................235
Ratio of Specific Heats..........................................353 Hand-Crank Mini-Generator.......................................232
PASCO Coil.............................................................237
Gas Sensor, CO2 Wireless............................................17 Hand-Grip Heart Rate Sensor.......................................16
Primary and Secondary Coils.................................236
Gas Sensor, O2..............................................................17 Hand-Held Centripetal Force......................................174
Ring Launcher........................................................233
Gas Thermometer, Constant Volume Handle Set, Force Platform...........................................40
RLC Circuit..............................................................225
See Absolute Zero Apparatus...............................206 Heart Rate Sensors.......................................................16
Induction Wand...........................................................235
Gauss – Magnetic Field Sensor.............................13, 58 Heat Engine......................................................... 207-208
Inductor-Capacitor –
Geiger Counter....................................................315, 316 Heat Engine Accessory...............................................207
Resistor Network.............................................27, 225
Geiger-Müller – Heat Engine Cycle Experiment...................................352
Inertia, Rotational Moment of....................................170
G-M Tube/Power Supply ......................... 45, 60, 316 Heat Engines, Stirling.................................................208
Inertia Wands.............................................................175
Intermediate Nuclear Lab......................................311 Heat Engine/Gas Law Apparatus...............................207
Infrared Light Sensor ...................................................53
Large Area Tube.....................................................315 Heat Expansion...........................................................200
Interfaces, Computer –
Probe with Sample Holder.....................................316 Heat, Mechanical Equivalent of.................................204
550 Universal Interface...........................................28
Tube........................................................................316 Heater-Stirrer..............................................................201
850 Universal Interface...........................................26
General Flow Sensor..................................... 47, 182-183 Heavy-Duty Ammeter..................................................251
AirLink......................................................... 19, 24, 30
with Pitot Tube.........................................................47 Heavy-Duty Galvanometer..........................................251
SPARK LXi................................................................20
with Venturi Tube..................................... 47, 182-183 Heavy-Duty Voltmeter.................................................251
SPARKlink Air...........................................................30
General Purpose Digital Multimeter..........................250 Helmholtz Coils...........................................................237
Interface Overview...................................................... 6-7
General Science Sensor................................................59 High Accuracy Drop Counter..................................15, 69

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 391

 I–M
Interference and Diffraction of Light Light Bulb Sockets......................................................228 Magnetic Motion Sensor Bracket................................32
PRODUCT and TOPIC INDEX

Experiment.............................................................373 Light Intensity vs. Distance Experiment.....................372 Magnetic Stirrer –

Interferometer..................................................... 294-295 Light Sensors – Heater-Stirrer.........................................................201
Interferometer Accessory Kit......................................295 Aperture Bracket....................................................279 Stirrer.....................................................................181
Intro Dynamics Systems....................................... 98-101 Broad Spectrum.......................................................53 Magnets......................................................................242
Inverse Square Law – General Science Sensor..........................................59 Malus’ Law of Polarization.........................................374
See Light Intensity.................................................372 High Sensitivity.................................................. 52-53 Manganese-54............................................................317
Ion-Selective Electrodes...............................................15 Infrared.....................................................................53 Manuals –
Iron Filings...................................................................241 Light Level, Wireless...............................................13 550 Universal Physics..............................................83
ISE Amplifier.................................................................15 PASPORT..................................................................53 850 Comprehensive Physics Systems.....................80
Isogenerator Kit (Barium-137m)..................................317 RGB .........................................................................13 Comprehensive Physics...........................................88
Isotope Generator, Radioactive..................................317 ScienceWorkshop....................................................52 High School Advanced Physics..........................84, 86
UVA & UVB..............................................................13 STEM.................................................................. 96-97
—J—
Wireless...................................................................13 Mass and Hanger Sets....................................... 196-197
Jacks, Lab...................................................................189
Light Sources – Mass Balances............................................................196
Joule Equivalent of Heat............................................349
Basic Optics...........................................................266 Mass Set, Gyroscope..................................................180
Jumping Ring –
Blackbody Light Source.........................................288 Mass Set, Ohaus Additional.......................................196
See Ring Launcher.................................................233
Diode Laser....................................................279, 290 Mass Set, Spherical (balls).........................................193
—K— Lasers..................................................... 279, 290-291 Mass Sets........................................................... 196-197
Kilovolt Power Supply.................................................245 Mercury Vapor Lamp..............................................289 Mass, Cart...................................................................109
Kirchhoff’s Circuit Laws Experiment...........................360 Millikan LED...........................................................298 MatchGraph App...........................................................76
Knife Switches............................................................228 Replacement Lamps...............................................290 Materials............................................................. 158-164
Ripple Generator....................................................253 Materials Testing –
—L—
Spectral Sources............................................ 289-290 10-32 Adapter........................................................163
Lab Jacks....................................................................189
Spectral Tube Power Supply..................................290 Apparatus...............................................................160
Lab Manuals........................................ 80, 83, 84, 86, 88
Stefan-Boltzmann Lamp.........................................210 Bending Accessory.................................................163
Lamp, Stefan Boltzmann.............................................210
UV Flashlight..........................................................289 Bending: 3-Point and 4-Point.................................347
Laplace Force Demonstration.....................................240
X-Y Adjustable Laser.............................................290 Clevis Grip..............................................................163
Large Amplitude Pendulum Experiment.....................338
Light, Speed of.................................................... 306-308 Comprehensive.............................................. 158-159
Large Rod Stand..........................................................186
Linear Motion Accessory..............................................33 Compression Accessory.........................................162
Large Slotted Mass Set..............................................197
Linear Polarizer...........................................................272 Flat Coupon Fixture................................................163
Large Structures Set...................................................152
Linear Translator.........................................................279 Machine.................................................................160
Large Table Clamp......................................................189
Liquid-Filled Compass.................................................241 Photoelasticity Accessory......................................162
Laser Alignment Bench...............................................291
Load Cell.................................................................11, 39 Shear Accessory....................................................162
Laser Pointer, Green....................................................290
Load Cell, 5 N...............................................................39 Shear Samples.......................................................162
Laser Pointer, Red.......................................................290
Load Cell, 100 N...........................................................39 Storage Base..........................................................162
Laser Speed of Light...................................................307
Load Cell Amplifiers..............................................38, 148 Structures Beam Fixture........................................162
Lasers –
Load Cell and Amplifier Sets................................38, 148 Systems.......................................................... 158-160
Diode, Basic Optics........................................279, 290
Load Cell, Wireless.......................................................11 Tensile Samples.....................................................160
Green Diode...................................................279, 290
Longitudinal Wave Spring..................................167, 256 Matter Model..............................................................164
Helium-Neon..........................................................291
Loop-the-Loop.............................................................127 Maxwell’s Equations –
Laser Alignment Bench..........................................291
Low Pressure Sensor – Ampere’s Law........................................................366
Mini........................................................................291
See Wireless Pressure............................................12 Faraday’s Law........................................................367
Modulated..............................................................291
Low Voltage AC/DC Power Supply.............................246 Measuring Tape, Metric.............................................192
Pointer....................................................................290
LRC Circuit Experiment...............................................362 Mechanical Equivalent of Heat..................................204
Red Diode.......................................................279, 290
LRC Meter, Digital.......................................................251 Mechanical Equivalent of Heat Brush........................204
X-Y Adjustable Laser.............................................290
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat Cylinder....................204
Launchers – —M—
Projectile........................................................ 132-134 Mechanical Oscillator/Driver......................................115
Magnaprobe................................................................241
Ring .......................................................................233 Mechanical Wave Driver ...........................................256
Magnet, Cow..............................................................242
Spring Cart.............................................................110 Mechanical Wave Driver Accessories............... 256-257
Magnet, Horseshoe............................................240, 242
LCR Meter, Digital.......................................................251 Mechanics System with 850 Probeware......................81
Magnet, Variable Gap.................................................235
Leads – Patch Cords...................................................226 Melting Block, Ice.......................................................202
Magnetic Bumper Set.................................................111
Leaf Blower.................................................................128 Mercury Pen Lamp......................................................303
Magnetic Compass.....................................................241
LED Indicator for Coils................................................237 Mercury Vapor Lamp...................................................289
Magnetic Damping Accessory....................................115
Lens, Adjustable.................................................268, 275 Metal Knobs and Feet................................................186
Magnetic Demonstration System...............................234
Lens Holder, Adjustable..............................................267 Metal Resonance Strips.............................................257
Magnetic Dip Needle..................................................241
Lens Holder Set...........................................................267 Meter Stick.................................................................192
Magnetic Drag Demo –
Lens Replacement Set, Human Eye............................274 Meter Stick, Four Scale..............................................192
See Lenz’s Law.......................................................240
Lens Set, Accessory....................................................268 Meters –
Magnetic Field Demonstrator.....................................241
Lens Set, Basic Optics Geometric..............................268 Analog Meters.......................................................251
Magnetic Field Sensor –
Lenses.........................................................................268 Digital Multimeters................................................250
2-Axis.......................................................................58
Lenses, Basic Optics...................................................268 Galvanometer.........................................................251
PASPORT............................................................ 57-58
Lenz’s Law Demonstration..........................................240 Heavy-Duty Student Meters..................................251
ScienceWorkshop....................................................58
Leslie’s Cube...............................................................210 LRC Digital Meter..................................................251
Wireless 3-Axis........................................................13
Level, Spirit.................................................................194 Magnetic Field.......................................................242
Magnetic Fields of Coils Experiment..........................365
Leyden Jar...................................................................213 Temperature Meter................................................251
Magnetic Force Accessory..........................................235
Light Bulbs..................................................................228 Tesla ......................................................................242
Magnetic Forces on Wires ........................................364

392 more information at pasco.com

 M–P
Metric Measuring Tape..............................................192 —N— PAStrack, Curved.................................................108, 119

PRODUCT and TOPIC INDEX

Metric Spring Scales..................................................191 N-Doped Germanium, Hall Effect.......................297, 378 PAStrack Dynamics Systems.............................. 100-101
Michelson Interferometer................................... 294-295 Neodymium Magnet...................................................242 Patch Cords –
Micro Stir Bar................................................................69 Network, Pipe...................................... 182-183, 332-333 2-meter...................................................................226
Micrometer.................................................................192 Network, RCL........................................................27, 225 Long........................................................................226
Microphone...................................................................60 Newton’s Laws Experiment........................................322 Short.......................................................................226
Microscope/Telescope Experiment............................372 Nickel Wire Wound Resistor......................................220 Shrouded................................................................226
Microscope, USB Camera...........................................293 No Bounce Ball Set.....................................................193 Pb-210 Cloud Chamber Source ..................................314
No Bounce Pad............................................................194 Pen, Conductive Ink.....................................................216
Microscope, VideoFlex........................................161, 293
Non-Contact Temperature Sensor........................51, 209 Pendulum –
Microwave Accessories Package...............................296
Nuclear Sensors – Accessory (Rotary Motion)....................................176
Microwave Detector Probe.........................................296
G-M Tube.................................................. 45, 60, 316 Ballistic..................................................................138
Microwave Mounting Stand.......................................296 Scintillation Detector.............................................310 Ballistic, Accessory................................................139
Microwave Optics System..........................................296 Nuclear Spectroscopy, USB........................................309 Ballistic, Mini Launcher.........................................139
Microwave Receiver...................................................296 Nuclear Systems................................................. 309-311 Centripetal Force....................................................174
Millikan LED Light Source..........................................298 Clamp.............................................................167, 188
Millikan Oil Drop Apparatus.......................................298 —O—
Conical...................................................................173
Mineral Oil..................................................................298 O2 Gas Sensor...............................................................64
Damped..................................................................177
Mini Cars, Roller Coaster...........................................126 Ohaus Balances..........................................................196
Large Amplitude.....................................................338
Ohaus Balance Adapters............................................196
Mini Cars, Structures..................................................126 Physical Experiment...............................................336
Ohaus Mass Sets........................................................196
Mini Generator, Hand-Crank.......................................232 Physical Set............................................................177
Ohmmeters..................................................................250
Mini Laser...................................................................291 Set, Photogate Pendulum................................43, 167
Ohm’s Law Experiment...............................................359
Mini Launcher.............................................................133 Variable g...............................................................338
Oil, Mineral Replacement...........................................298
Mini Launcher Ballistic Accessory.............................139 Pendulum Accessory...................................................176
Open Speaker..............................................................258
Mini Launcher Spares Kit...........................................133 pH Electrode, Flat..........................................................15
Optical Dissolved Oxygen –
Mini Rotational Accessory..........................................176 pH Sensor, PASPORT.....................................................69
Metal Guard.............................................................63
Mini Speaker...............................................................259 pH Sensor, Wireless.....................................................15
Replacement Cap.....................................................63
Mirage.........................................................................283 pH - ORP & ISE probes.................................................15
Sensor......................................................................63
PhiTOP.........................................................................181
Mirror, Concave/Convex.....................................266, 283 Optical Fiber Model....................................................283
Photoelasticity Accessory...........................................162
Mirror, High Speed Rotating.......................................306 Optics Bench...............................................................269
Photoelectric Effect Experiment.................................377
Mirror Scale, e/m Replacement.................................299 Optics Bench Rod Clamp............................................269
Photoelectric Effect System................................300, 301
Mirrors, Demonstration .............................................283 Optics Caliper......................................................275, 277
Photoelectric Effect,
Modular Circuits................................................. 218-220 Optics Carriage, Dynamics Track................................280
Tube with Box Plate...............................................300
Modular Circuits Expansion Kit..................................220 Optics Kit, Diffraction.................................................277
Photogate Port –
Modular LED Strobe............................................199, 254 Optics Kit, Dynamics Track.........................................280
See Digital Adapter.................................................45
Modulated Laser.........................................................291 Optics, Microwave......................................................296
Photogate, Smart Gate................................ 42, 104, 134
Modules, Essential Physics.................................... 88-89 Optics Kit, Ray.....................................................266, 282
Photogate, Wireless Smart Gate................. 10, 104, 134
Optics Systems –
Moisture/Humidity Sensor – Photogate Timer.................................................. 120-122
Basic............................................................... 264-265
See Wireless Weather............................................18 Photogate/Pulley System......................................43, 145
Diffraction, Sensor-Based......................................276
Moisture Sensor, Soil...................................................66 Photogates and Accessories................................... 42-45
Dynamics Track Optics Kit.....................................280
Mole Set.....................................................................185 Accessory Photogate...............................................43
Microwave.............................................................296
Moment of Inertia Experiment...................................335 Bracket for Dynamics Track...................................105
Optics, Eye.......................................................... 274-275
Monkey Hunter Demonstration – Bracket for Projectile Launcher.............................137
Optics, Ray Table........................................................266
(Shoot the Target)..................................................135 Dynamics........................................................ 104-105
ORP Probe.....................................................................15
Motion Graph Matching...............................................76 Fences......................................................................44
Oscillations, Driven Damped.............................. 340-341
Motion Sensor – High Resolution Photogate Tape.......................42, 44
Oscillator/Mechanical Driver......................................115
Cart Adapter.............................................................32 Mounting Bracket..........................................105, 137
Oscilloscope................................................................250
Mounting Rods...............................................145, 187
Elastic Bumper.................................................32, 109 Overflow Can..............................................................185
Pendulum Set...................................................43, 167
Guard........................................................................32 Oxidation Reduction Potential Probe............................15
Photogate Head.......................................................43
Magnetic Motion Sensor Bracket...........................32 Oxygen Gas Sensor.......................................................64
Photogate Port – See Digital Adapter.....................45
PASPORT..................................................................32 —P— Photogate Stand......................................................43
Science Workshop...................................................32 Paper, Conductive.......................................................216 Picket Fence, Cart............................................44, 105
Wireless.....................................................................9 Parallel Spring Bracket...............................................166 Picket Fence, Large..................................................44
Motor, Circular Motion...............................................173 Paramagnetism – Picket Fence, Smart Timer...............................44, 105
Motor Drive, Rotational..............................................171 See Magnetic Force Acc........................................235 Pulley System...................................................43, 145
Motor/Generator.........................................................232 Partial Immersion Thermometer.................................209 Smart Gate Pulley ...................................................42
Motorized Cart............................................................116 PAScars.......................................................................108 Smart Timer.................................................... 120-121
Mount, Dynamics Track........................................34, 112 PAScar Dynamics Systems................................. 100-101 Smart Timer Photogate System.............................121
Mounting Bracket for Photogates..............................137 PAScar Mass...............................................................109 Smart Timer Picket Fence................................44, 105
Mounting Stand, Microwave......................................296 PAScar Replacement Wheel/Axle Set ......................112 Stand-Alone Timers....................................... 120-123
Multi-Channel Analyzer..............................................310 PASCO Capstone..................................................... 70-73 Tape Set.............................................................42, 44
Multi-Clamp................................................................188 PASCO Capstone Experiments............................ 319-380 Timer.............................................................. 120-123
Multimeters, Digital....................................................250 PASCO Stopwatch.......................................................198 Photosynthesis Tank.....................................................63
Muon Observatory......................................................315 PASPORT Interfaces................................................ 20-30 Physical Pendulum Experiment...................................336
PAStrack..............................................................108, 118 Physical Pendulum Set................................................177

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 393

 P–R
Physics Lab Manuals........................... 80, 83, 84, 86, 88 Student Function Generator..................................248 Pump Curves............................................... 182-183, 333
PRODUCT and TOPIC INDEX

Physics Probeware Bundles......................... 78-89, 95-97 Triple-Output..........................................................244 Pump, Vacuum............................................ 129, 261, 294
Physics Stem Modules............................................ 96-97 Tunable DC ............................................................247 Pump, Water...............................................................183
Physics String..............................................................194 Precision Interferometer.............................................295 Pumping Systems........................................................333
Physics Textbook..................................................... 90-94 Predictions, Capstone Software............................. 70-73
—Q—
Physiology Sensors – Pressure Demonstrator, Atmospheric.........................181
Quad Pressure Sensor...................................................48
Blood Pressure.........................................................17 Precision Digital Multimeter.......................................250
Quad Temperature Sensor............................................50
Breath Rate..............................................................62 Pressure Sensors –
Quantum Physics Experiments............................ 376-380
EKG Sensor..............................................................62 Absolute.............................................................12, 46
Exercise Heart Rate.................................................16 Absolute Pressure/Temperature..............................48 —R—
Goniometer Sensor..........................................61, 147 Barometer/Low Pressure – Radiation Absorbers...................................................317
Hand-Grip Heart Rate..............................................16 See Wireless Pressure.......................................12 Radiation Cans............................................................210
Human Arm Model..........................................61, 146 Dual..................................................................47, 183 Radiation Coincidence Box.........................................315
Spirometer...............................................................62 General Flow Sensor...............................................43 Radiation Counters.....................................................316
Pi Set, Discover...........................................................195 Low Pressure, Gauge – Radiation Cube............................................................210
Picket Fence, Cart.................................................44, 105 See Wireless Pressure.......................................43 Radiation Detector (Sensor)........................................316
Picket Fence, Large.......................................................44 Quad.........................................................................48 Radiation Sensor, Thermal..........................................210
Picket Fence, Smart Timer....................................44, 105 Pressure Taps........................................... 47, 182-183 Radiation Sensor, Computer Nuclear.........................316
Picoammeter – Relative....................................................................47 Radiation, Thermal......................................................211
See DC Current Amplifier......................................247 Thermocline Sensor.................................................67 Radioactive Cow –
Pig, Flying....................................................................174 Wireless...................................................................12 See Isogenerator....................................................317
Pipe Network....................................... 182-183, 332-333 Pressure, Air..................................................................18 Radioactive Source, Cloud Chamber..........................314
Piping Systems............................................................332 Pressure Taps................................................ 47, 182-183 Radioactive Sources...................................................317
Pith Balls.....................................................................213 Pressure/Temperature Sensor......................................48 Radiometer, Crooke’s..................................................211
Pitot Tube......................................................................47 Pressure, Water............................................ 47, 182-183 Rail, Beta Spectrometer..............................................313
Pivot Clamp, Dynamics Track......................................109 Primary and Secondary Coils......................................236 Ramp, Ball...................................................................136
Planck’s Constant – Prism Spectrophotometer...........................................288 Ratio of Specific Heats Experiment............................353
see Photoelectric Effect......................... 300-301, 377 Prisms..........................................................................283 Ray Optics Kit......................................................266, 282
Plane, Inclined.............................................................118 Professional Development.................................. 381-382 Ray Optics Laser System............................................282
Plastic Balls.........................................................137, 193 Programmable Fan – Ray Table.....................................................................266
Plastic Storage Bins....................................................195 See Smart Fan Accessory......................................117 RC Circuit....................................................................221
Plastic Storage Bins, Gratnells...................................195 Projectile Launchers and Accessories – RC Circuit Experiment.................................................361
Plastic Tracks......................................................108, 118 Ball Ramp...............................................................136 Receiver, Microwave..................................................296
Platform, Chair............................................................180 Ballistic Pendulum......................................... 138-139 Rechargeable Batteries and Charger.........................117
Platform, Force......................................................40, 147 Balls, Replacement................................................137 Red Diode Laser..................................................279, 290
Platform, Rotating.......................................................170 Carbon Paper..........................................................137 Red Laser Pointer........................................................290
Plotting Compass........................................................241 Drop Shoot.............................................................136 Reflection and Refraction .................................. 264-266
Plumb Bobs.........................................................137, 194 Launcher.................................................................132 Reflection, Total Internal –
Plumb Bobs, Projectile Launcher................................137 Mini Launcher........................................................133 See Optical Fiber Model........................................283
Plume, Van de Graaff..................................................212 Photogate Mounting Bracket.................................137 Refraction and Reflection Experiment........................370
Plunger Cart................................................................108 Plumb Bobs............................................................137 Relative Pressure Sensor..............................................47
Pneumatic Structures..................................................154 Shoot-the-Target Accessory..................................135 Replacement Axles, Cart............................................112
Pointer, Laser..............................................................290 Sights.....................................................................137 Replacement Belt, Van de Graaff...............................212
Polarimetry Demonstration.........................................271 Smart Gate System................................................134 Replacement Components, AC/DC Lab......................222
Polarization Analyzer.......................................... 271-272 Spares Kits.....................................................132, 133 Replacement Cuvettes............................................18, 68
Polarization of Light Experiment.................................374 Spherical Mass Set...............................................137 Replacement Gravitational Balls................................304
Polarizer, Calibrated....................................................272 Time-of-Flight Accessory.......................................137 Replacement Parts, Air Track.....................................125
Polarizer Demonstrator...............................................271 Wireless Smart Gate System................................134 Replacement Parts, Heat Engine................................207
Polarizer Demonstrator Accessory..............................271 Projectile Launcher Smart Gate System.....................134 Replacement Set, Ripple Tank....................................253
Polarizer, Linear...........................................................272 Projectile Motion – Ballistic Cart...............................114 Replacement Wheel/Axle Set....................................112
Polarizer Set, Basic Optics..........................................272 Projectile Motion Experiment.......................................32 Replacement Wires, Resistance Apparatus...............217
Polonium-210..............................................................317 Proof Plane and Charge Producers.............................215 Reservoir, Water.................................................195, 231
Popper, PASCO............................................................165 Protractor, Tension..............................................142, 191 Resistance Apparatus.................................................217
Position Sensor, GPS – Proximity Sensor – Resistance Box, Decade.............................................251
See Wireless Weather............................................18 See Motion Sensor..............................................9, 32 Resistivity Experiment................................................358
Power Supplies, AC and DC – Pulley Demonstration System.....................................140 Resistivity –
18 VDC, 3A.............................................................244 Pulleys and Accessories – See Resistance Apparatus....................................217
18 VDC, 5A.............................................................244 Demonstration System..........................................140 Resistor Assortment...................................................227
30 VDC, 6A.............................................................245 Mounting Rods...............................................145, 187 Resistor Capacitor Inductor Network...................27, 225
AC/DC ...................................................................246 Photogate/Pulley System.................................43, 145 Resistors for Temperature Coefficient.......................220
DC Constant Voltage..............................................247 Pulley Mounting Rod.....................................145, 187 Resonance Air Column
DC Current Amplifier.............................................247 Pulley with Mounting Rod.............................145, 187 with or without Speaker........................................259
DC Programmable..................................................243 Pulley/Photogate System.................................43, 145 Resonance Box Set.....................................................263
Function Generators....................................... 248-249 Smart Gate Pulley System.......................................42 Resonance Strips, Metal............................................257
High Voltage..........................................................245 Super Pulley...................................................145, 190 Resonance Structures System....................................153
Kilovolt...................................................................245 Resonance Tube..........................................................259
Super Pulley Combination.............................145, 190
Low Voltage AC/DC...............................................246
Super Pulley with Clamp...............................109, 145 Resonance Tube, Economy.........................................258
Spectral Tube and Mount......................................290

394 more information at pasco.com

 R–S
Resonance Wire Loop.................................................257 Sensor Extension Cables..............................................31 SPARKvue, Software............................................... 74-75

PRODUCT and TOPIC INDEX

Respiration Clips...........................................................62 Sensor Index.................................................................31 Speaker, Open.............................................................258
Respiration Mask..........................................................62 Sensor, Rotary – Speaker, Resonance Air Column................................259
Right Angle Clamp......................................................188 Mounting Accessory..............................................179 Specific Gravity – See Density...................................185
Right Angle Prism.......................................................283 Sensor Options............................................................ 6-7 Specific Heat Experiment...........................................348
Ring and Ball...............................................................201 Series/Parallel Battery Holder....................................228 Specific Heats of Gases, Ratio of..............................353
Ring Launcher.............................................................233 Series/Parallel Spring Set..........................................166 Specific Heat Set........................................................203
Ring Launcher Accessories.........................................233 Shaking Towers and Bridges.............................. 343-344 Spectral Lamps...........................................................290
Ripple Generator/Light Source...................................253 Shapes, Conductive....................................................215 Spectral Light Sources........................................ 289-290
Ripple Tank System............................................. 252-253 Shear Accessory, Materials........................................162 Spectral Tubes, Power Supply....................................290
Ring and Disk Set.......................................................176 Shoot-the-Target Accessory.......................................135 Spectrometer,
RLC Circuit...........................................................225, 362 Shrouded Alligator Clips.............................................227 Bet –.......................................................................313
Rocket Engine Test Bracket..........................................37 Shrouded Alligator Test Leads....................................227 Computer-based............................................. 284-287
Rocket, Doppler...........................................................263 Shrouded Cables.........................................................226
Student...................................................................288
Rod Clamp, Optics Bench...........................................269 Sights, Projectile Launchers.......................................137
Spectrometer System, Nuclear Radiation..................309
Rod Stand, Large.........................................................186 Signal (Function) Generators.............................. 248-249
Spectrometer, Wireless...................................... 284-285
Rod Stand Adapter, Smart Cart..................................107 Sine Wave Generator ................................................255
Spectrometry –
Rod, Flex......................................................................187 Singing Rods...............................................................262
Computer-based............................................. 284-287
Rod, Pulley Mounting..........................................145, 187 Single Section Wave Motion ....................................260
Skin/Surface Temp Sensor...........................................50 Educational.................................................... 286-287
Rods, Singing..............................................................262
Rods, Stainless Steel..................................................186 Sliding Friction Experiment.........................................326 Prism Spectrophotometer......................................288
Roller Coaster.............................................................126 Slinky, Double Length.........................................167, 262 Spectral Light Sources................................... 289-290
Roller Coaster, Loop-the-Loop....................................127 Slit Set, Basic Optics..................................................278 Spectroscopy Nuclear Lab.....................................309
Rotary Motion Sensors.............................................9, 33 Slotted Mass Sets and Hangers......................... 196-197 Student Spectrometer............................................288
A-base Adapter..............................................171, 179 Small “A” Base...........................................................186 Wireless......................................................... 284-285
Ballistic Pendulum Accessory................................139 Small Round Base w/Rod...........................................187 Spectrophotometer –
Centripetal Force Pendulum..........................174, 324 Smart Cart Charging Garage......................................107 Accessory Kit.........................................................287
Chaos/Driven Harmonic Accessory.......................177 Smart Cart Curved Track System................................119 Educational.................................................... 286-287
Damped Pendulum.........................................171, 341 Smart Cart Dynamics System............................. 100-101 Rotary Motion................................................ 286-287
Dynamics Track Mount....................................34, 112 Smart Cart Rod Stand Adapter...................................107 Spectrophotometer, Prism..........................................288
Gyroscope...................................................... 178-179 Smart Carts, Wireless.................................................106 Speed, Constant..................................................116, 129
Gyroscope Mounting Bracket................................179 Smart Fan Accessory..................................................117 Speed of Light Apparatus................................... 306-308
Heat Engine............................................................207 Smart Gate, Photogate.................................. 10, 42, 104 Speed of Light Experiment.........................................371
Linear Accessory Kit................................................33 Smart Gate Projectile System....................................134 Speed of Light System, Laser.....................................307
Linear Translator....................................................279 Smart Gate Pulley System............................................42 Speed of Sound (Resonance)......................................259
Mini-Rotational Accessory....................................176 Smart Gate, Wireless...................................................10 Sphere, Discharge.......................................................212
Pendulum Accessory..............................................176 Smart Pulley – See Super Pulley............................ 42-43 Spheres, Colliding.......................................................208
Polarization Analyzer.............................................272 Smart Timer......................................................... 120-121 Spheres, Conductive...................................................215
Rotational Inertia Accessory.................................176 Smart Timer Photogate System..................................121 Spherical Aberration–
Spectrophotometer........................................ 286-287 Snakey.................................................................167, 262 See Aperture Access.............................................267
Track String Adapter........................................34, 112 Sockets, Light Bulb.....................................................228 Spherical Mass Set (Balls).........................................175
Rotating Chair.............................................................180 Sodium-22 Source.......................................................317 Spirit Levels................................................................194
Rotating Platform........................................................170 Software – Spirometer Mouthpieces..............................................62
Rotational Accessory, MatchGraph App......................................................76 Spirometer....................................................................62
Mini (Rotary Motion).............................................176 PASCO Capstone................................................ 70-73 Spring Bracket, Parallel..............................................166
Rotational Adapter, A-base................................171, 179 SPARKvue........................................................... 74-75
Spring Cart Launcher..................................................110
Rotational Inertia Accessory.......................................176 Spectrometer...........................................................77
Springs –
Rotational Inertia Experiment.....................................335 Soil Moisture Sensor....................................................66
Accelerometer........................................................127
Rotational Inertia Set..................................................176 Solenoid, Air Core.......................................................236
Demonstration Set.................................................166
Rotational Inertia Wands............................................175 Sonic Ranger – See Motion Sensor.........................9, 32
Demonstration Wave.....................................167, 256
Rotational Motor Drive...............................................171 Sound Level Sensor......................................................60
Sound Pipe..................................................................262 Dynamics Track......................................................109
Rotational System, Complete............................. 168-171
Rubber Cord................................................................194 Sound Sensor................................................................60 Equal Length..........................................................166
Sources, Radioactive..................................................317 Hooke’s Law...........................................................165
—S— Longitudinal Wave.........................................167, 256
Spares –
Saddle Carrier.............................................................313 Series/Parallel.......................................................166
Basic Optics...........................................................269
Salinity Sensor..............................................................66 Spring Scale –
Capacitor Assortment............................................227
Scaler/Timer, G-M System..........................................315 See Tension Protractor...................................142, 191
Dynamics System Kit.............................................112
Scales, Electronic........................................................196 Spring Scales..............................................................191
Launchers....................................................... 132-133
Scales, Spring.............................................................191 Stackable Plastic Bins.................................................195
Resistor Assortment..............................................227
Scattering, Compton...................................................312 Stainless Steel Calipers..............................................192
Roller Coaster........................................................126
ScienceWorkshop Stainless Steel Rods...................................................186
SPARKlink Air................................................................30
Cable, 8-pin DIN Extender.......................................27
SPARKlink Air, Charging Station...................................30 Stainless Steel Temp Probe..........................................50
Scintillation Detector..................................................310
SPARK LX Charging Station..........................................23 Stainless Steel Temp Sensor..................................12, 50
Scout Pro Balance, Ohaus..........................................196
SPARK LX Datalogger............................................. 20-24 Stands, Rod......................................................... 186-187
Screen, Basic Optics...................................................269
SPARK LXi Charging Station.........................................23 Stand-alone Timers............................................. 120-123
Sensor-based Diffraction Kit......................................277
SPARK LXi Datalogger............................................ 20-24 Starter Aluminum Tracks............................................108
Sensor-based Diffraction System...............................276

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 395

 S–T
Starter System, 850 Comprehensive – Student Timer......................................................122, 198 Thermal Radiation Lab................................................211
PRODUCT and TOPIC INDEX

Electromagnetism....................................................79 Suction Cup – Thermal Radiation Sensor..........................................210

Physics............................................................... 78-80 See Air Pressure Demo..........................................181 Thermocline Sensor......................................................67
Mechanics................................................................78 Super-Flex I-Beam.......................................................164 Thermocouple Probe (Multimeter)..............................229
Waves, Optics, Thermodynamics............................79 Super Pulley........................................................145, 190 Thermoelectric Converter...........................................208
Static Equilibrium – Super Pulley Force Table.............................................141 Thermometers –
See Statics System................................................143 Super Pulley with Clamp....................................109, 145 Constant Volume Gas............................................206
See Tension Protractor...................................142, 191 Super Pulley with Mounting Rod........................145, 187 Partial Immersion...................................................209
Statics System............................................................143 Support Rods and Base...................................... 186-187 Thread, Black..............................................................194
Steam Generator.........................................................201 Support, Technical...............................Inside Back Cover Three-Axis Acceleration Altimeter.........................10, 41
Steel Balls...........................................................137, 193 Switch Set, Knife........................................................228 Three-Finger Clamp.....................................................188
Steel Rods...................................................................186 Swivel Clamp..............................................................189 Three-Point Bending...........................................163, 347
Stefan-Boltzmann Lamp..............................................210 Sympathetic Resonance Box Set................................263 Ticker-Tape Timer........................................................123
Stirling Engine.............................................................208 Time-of-Flight Accessory............................... 43, 45, 135
—T —
Stirrer, Heater.............................................................201
Table Clamp, Large.....................................................189 Timer, Student.....................................................122, 198
Stool, Rotating............................................................180
Table Rod Clamp.........................................................189 Freefall Adapter...............................................44, 131
Stopwatch 10-Pack, PASCO........................................198
Table, Force.................................................................141 Photogate Timer.....................................................122
Stopwatch, PASCO......................................................198
Tank, Aquatic Bottles....................................................64 Smart Timer.................................................... 120-121
Storage Bins, Plastic...................................................195
Tank, Ripple......................................................... 252-253 Stopwatch, Digital.................................................198
Storage Trays, Gratnells.............................................195
Tape Set, Photogate..............................................44, 105 Student...........................................................122, 198
Storage Trays, Sensor...................................................19
Tape Timer...................................................................123 Tape Timer..............................................................123
Strain Gauge –
Tape Timer Supplies....................................................123 Top, See PhiTOP..........................................................181
See Force Sensor................................... 11, 36-37, 39
Tape, Measuring.........................................................192 Torsion Bands –
Stress/Strain Test Coupons........................................164
Tape, Photogate....................................................44, 105 Replacement Gravitational....................................304
String Adapter, Track............................................34, 112
Teacher Training.................................................. 381-382 Total Internal Reflection
String Vibrator.............................................................254
Teacher Guides.............................................. 89, 97, 261 See Optical Fiber Model........................................283
String, Braided............................................................194
Technical Support................................Inside Back Cover Tower, Shaking....................................................153, 343
String, Glow........................................................194, 262
Technical Tuning Fork Set...........................................263 Toys, Physics –
String Holder, Wave Driver.........................................257
Telescope/Microscope Experiment............................372
Strobe..................................................................199, 254 Air Cannon.............................................................181
Temperature Coefficient Resistors.............................220
Strobe, LED Modular...........................................199, 254 Bounce/No Bounce Balls/Pad....................... 193-194
Temperature Link, Wireless..........................................12
Strontium-90...............................................................317 Constant Speed Buggy..........................................129
Temperature Sensor –
Structural Strength, Beam Stiffness – Doppler Rocket.......................................................263
Absolute Pressure/Temperature..............................48
Structures Beam Fixture........................................162 Flying Pig................................................................174
Fast Response Probe...............................................50
Structures Systems and Accessories – Glow String....................................................194, 262
Flow Rate ................................................................67
#6 I-Beam...............................................................157 Hover Puck.............................................................128
General Science Sensor..........................................59
Advanced Set.........................................................151 PhiTOP....................................................................181
Non-Contact.............................................................51
Axle Spares............................................................157 Popper....................................................................165
Quad, PASPORT.......................................................50
Beams....................................................................157 Slinky, Double-length.....................................167, 262
PASPORT............................................................ 49-51
Bracket, Force Platform...................................38, 157 Sound Pipe.............................................................262
ScienceWorkshop....................................................48
Bridge Set..............................................................150 Track String Adapter,
Skin/Surface Probe..................................................50
Building Better Bridges..........................................154 Rotary Motion..................................................34, 112
Stainless Steel Probe..............................................50
Cast Beams............................................................156 Track, Air............................................................. 124-125
Thermocline Sensor.................................................67
Column Buckling....................................................346 Track, Dynamics..........................................................108
Type K Probe............................................................51
Connectors.............................................................157 Track Mount for Rotary Motion Sensor................34, 112
Type K Thermocouple...............................................51
Cord Lock Spares...................................................157 Track, Optics................................................................269
Weather, Wireless...................................................18
Displacement Sensor...............................................39
Wireless...................................................................12 Track, Roller Coaster...................................................126
Flexible I-Beam Set................................................157
Wireless Temp Link..................................................12 Training................................................................ 381-382
Force Platform Bracket....................................38, 157
Tensile Samples, Transformer Coils........................................................236
Hydraulic and Pneumatic ......................................154
Materials Tester.....................................................160 Translator, Linear.........................................................279
Large Set................................................................152
Tensile Tester...................................................... 158-160 Transmitter Probe, Microwave...................................296
Load Cells & Amplifiers...................................38, 148
Tensile Testing of Metals...........................................345 Transverse Wave Demonstrator.................................260
Mini Car Set...........................................................126
Tension Protractor...............................................142, 191 Triple Output Power Supply........................................244
Resonance............................................. 153, 343, 344
Tesla Meter.................................................................242 Triple-Beam Balance...................................................196
Roadbed Spares.....................................................157
Test Coupons, Stress/Strain.......................................164 Tripod, Weather Sensor................................................18
Rod Clamps............................................................157
Test Kits, ezSample.......................................................66 Truss Set ....................................................................149
Roller Coaster Track...............................................157
Test Leads, Alligator Shrouded...................................227 Tube, Coin and Feather...............................................129
Shaking................................................. 153, 343, 344
Textbook - Essential Physics................................... 90-94 Tube, Resonance................................................. 258-259
Structures Sets.............................................. 149-155
Thallium-238...............................................................317 Tubes, Constant Velocity.............................................129
Track Spares...........................................................157
Thermal Conductivity Apparatus................................202 Tunable DC Power Supply................................... 246-247
Truss Set................................................................149
Thermal Expansion Apparatus....................................200
Truss Set Members................................................157 Tuning Fork Set...........................................................263
Thermal Expansion Bimetallic Strip...........................201
Truss Set Screws...................................................157 Tungsten Balls,
Thermal Expansion Ring and Ball...............................201
Vibrations.............................................. 153, 343, 344 Gravitational Torsion......................................304, 331
Thermal Imaging Camera............................................292
Student Bell Jar..........................................................181 Turbidity Sensor, Colorimeter.......................................18
Thermal Radiation Cans..............................................210
Student Function Generator........................................248 Turbine Generator.......................................................231
Thermal Radiation Cube.............................................210
Student Spectrometer.................................................288 Type K Temperature Sensor..........................................51

396 more information at pasco.com

 U–Z
—U— —W— Workshop Physics –

PRODUCT and TOPIC INDEX

Ultrasonic Motion Detector......................................9, 32 Wand, Induction..........................................................235 Chaos Accessory....................................................177
Ultraviolet Beads........................................................289 Wands, Rotational Inertia...........................................175 Coils, Detector and Field.......................................237
Ultraviolet Flashlight...................................................289 Water Flow......................................................... 182-183 Equal Arm Balance................................................140
Ultraviolet Light Sensor – Water Quality Colorimeter............................................66 Heat Engine/Gas Law Apparatus..........................207
See Wireless Light Sensor......................................13 Water Quality, ezSample Test Kits...............................66 Mechanical Oscillator/Driver.................................115
Universal 550 Physics Experiment Bundle............. 82-83 Water Pump................................................................183 —X—
Universal Gravitational Constant........................304, 331 Water Reservoir..................................................195, 231 Xenon Strobe..............................................................199
Universal Gravitational Constant Experiment............331 Water Velocity.................................................... 182-183 X-Y Adjustable Laser..................................................290
Universal Table Clamp................................................189 Waterproof Caliper, Optics.................................275, 277
USB Bluetooth 4.0 Adapter..........................................19 Wave Cord, Elastic..............................................194, 262 —Y —
USB Camera Microscope............................................293 Wave Driver, Mechanical...........................................256 Yellow Cord.................................................................194
USB Charging Station, 10-port.....................................30 Wave Motion Actuator...............................................260 Young’s Modulus –
USB Communication Adapter for SF-7268.................315 Wave Motion Demonstrator.......................................260 See Materials Testing.................................... 158-160
USB Digital VideoFlex.................................................293 Wave Spring, Demonstration.............................167, 256 —Z—
Utility/Buret Clamp.....................................................188 Waves Experiment......................................................369 Zeeman Effect.....................................................303, 380
UV Beads.....................................................................289 Weather/Anemometer..................................................18 Zero, Absolute.............................................................206
UV Flashlight...............................................................289 Weather Sensor, Wireless............................................18 Zero Gauss Chamber.............................................58, 242
UVA Light Sensor – Weather Vane Accessory..............................................18
See Wireless Light Sensor......................................13 Wheel/Axle Replacement Set....................................112
—V— Wide Range Function Generator................................248
Vacuum – Wind Turbine, Energy Transfer...................................231
Bell Jar............................................................181,261 Wind/Weather Sensor, Wireless.................................18
Coin and Feather Tube...........................................129 Wire Loop, Resonance................................................257
Vacuum Pump......................................................129, 261 Wire Wound Resistors................................................220
Vacuum Pump, Hand-operated...................................294 Wireless Interfaces.......................................... 19, 28, 30
Van de Graaff Generator.............................................212 Wireless Sensor Adapter..............................................19
Vane, Weather Accessory.............................................18 See AirLink.................................................. 19, 24, 30
Variable Capacitor.......................................................215 Wireless Sensor Charger..............................................19
Variable Gap Lab Magnet...........................................235 Wireless Sensor Storage Trays....................................19
Variable Output Air Supply.........................................125 Wireless Sensors –
Variable Speed Motorized Cart..................................116 Acceleration/Altimeter............................................10
Variable-g Experiment.................................................338 Blood Pressure.........................................................17
Vectors – See Force Table..........................................141 Carbon Dioxide.........................................................17
Vectors, Video Analysis................................................73 CO2 Gas....................................................................17
Velocity Buggy, Constant............................................129 Colorimeter and Turbidity........................................18
Velocity Cart, Constant.......................................116, 129 Conductivity.............................................................15
Velocity Tubes, Constant.............................................129 Current.....................................................................14
Venturi Tubes................................................ 47, 182-183 Current Module........................................ 14, 218-219
Vernier Calipers...........................................................192 Drop Counter............................................................15
VI Sensor.......................................................................56 Exercise Heart Rate.................................................16
Vibrations, Bridge Experiment....................................344 Force Acceleration...................................................11
Vibrating String Experiment........................................368 Hand Grip Heart Rate..............................................16
Vibrator, String............................................................254 Light.........................................................................13
Video Capture and Analysis..........................................73 Load Cell..................................................................11
VideoFlex Microscope.................................................293 Magnetic Field.........................................................13
Viewing Screen, Basic Optics.....................................269 Motion........................................................................9
Violin Chladni Plate.....................................................256 pH ............................................................................15
Visual Accelerometer............................................41, 113 Pressure...................................................................12
Voltage Probe, SPARK LXi.............................................21 Rotary Motion............................................................9
Voltage Sensors – Smart Carts........................................................8, 106
550 & 850................................................................55 Smart Gate...............................................................10
PASPORT..................................................................56 Spectrometer.......................................... 77, 284-285
ScienceWorkshop.............................................. 54-55 Temperature.............................................................12
Shrouded..................................................................54 Temperature Link.....................................................12
Wireless...................................................................14 Turbidity/Colorimeter...............................................18
Voltage Source, Electrostatics....................................215 Voltage..................................................... 14, 218-219
Voltage/Current Sensor................................................56 Weather with GPS...................................................18
Voltage & Current, Wireless.........................................14 Wireless Smart Carts..................................................106
Voltaic Cell..................................................................229 Wireless Spectrometer....................................... 284-285
Voltmeter, Analog.......................................................251 Wires, Resistance Replacement.................................217
Volumetric Flow Rate.................................... 46, 182-183 Work Energy Theorem Experiment.............................330

877.373.0300 (inside US) 916.462.8383 (outside US) 397

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CT-IPHY

PASCO SOLUTIONS (pages 2-5)

NEW! SPARK LXi NEW! Demonstration Motor/Generator

Datalogger Configure this set as a motor or generator. The purpose
This rugged datalogger and function of each component are clearly visible.
can be used with (page 232)
PASPORT and Wireless
sensors. (page 20)

NEW! Wireless
Rotary Motion Sensor SMART Fan Accessory
Combined with the new Rotational The Smart Cart makes this
Inertia Accessory (page 176), the Fan Accessory smart. Control
Wireless Rotary Motion Sensor the fan wirelessly from your
(page 9) makes a complete rotation computer. (page 117)
laboratory.