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Formulation And Evaluation Of Herbal Mosquito Repellent Cream Section A-

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DOI: 10.48047/ecb/2023.12.si10.00252

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Formulation And Evaluation Of Herbal Mosquito Repellent Cream Section A-Research paper

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL MOSQUITO

REPELLENT CREAM
Prashant Jatkar1*, More Vrunal2, Maniyar Mithun3, Vishal Waghamare4

Abstract
The medicinal plants include a variety of biologically active components that aid in the prevention and
treatment of a wide range of diseases. The essential oils have great fragrance and repellent activity.
Mosquitoes bite can cause discomfort and transmit the vector diseases such as dengue fever or malaria that
affected mankind. Mosquitoes are attracted human blood contains albumin to expand its balls and bite one
human into another humans, thus transmitting the vector-borne disease to humans. This research is focused
on the formulation and evaluation of herbal mosquito repellent composite to repelle mosquito from biting to
human being. Topical mosquito repellent cream was formulated with varying concentractions of extracted
essential oil. Formulated cream was evaluated for different parameters like pH, Spreadability, Washability,
Mosquito repellent activity etc. The F3 formulation has good evaluation metrics and is effective against
mosquitoes. The oil extracts in F3 formulations may have potential of mosquito repellent and it can be made
into commercially available essence stick, gel formulation.

Keywords: Eucalyptus, Azadirachta indica, Marigold, Extracts, Cream, Mosquito repellent.

1 ,2,3,4
* SVERI’s College of Pharmacy, Gopalpur, Pandharpur-413304, Maharashtra

*Corresponding Author: - Mr. Prashant Balasaheb Jatkar

*E-mail: [email protected]

DOI: 10.48047/ecb/2023.12.si10.00252

Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12(Special Issue 10), 2105 - 2112 2105
Formulation And Evaluation Of Herbal Mosquito Repellent Cream Section A-Research paper

1. Introduction culicifacies mosquitoes were up to 98.03%

There are about 3500 different species of protected against by neem oil and coconut oil
mosquito, and they're set up in tropical and mixture. Additionally, neem oil offered greater
tropical areas. Anopheles (filariasis, malaria), than 75% protection against A fluviatilis,
Culex (Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, Aedestaeniorhynchoides, and Mansonia
chikungunya), and Aedes( chikungunya, dengue uniformis5.
fever, and unheroic fever) are the main rubrics of Tagetes (Marigold) - It has a distinct odour that
mosquitoes that serve as vectors for multitudinous numerous insects find repulsive. The"a-terthienyl"
conditions1. Mosquitoes suck during day or night. chemical is to condemn for the odour. It gives
They live outdoors and outside and begin to marigold a erected- in insecticidal property. also,
search for warm places as temperatures drop.The it contains pyrethrin, a natural substance that
season for the mosquitoes generally starts in works well to repel mosquitoes. Marigold is
summer and continues till fall. Suck( s) from a known to repulse nematodes as well as some
mosquito can be further than just annoying or common nonentity pests. As a result, marigolds
itchy. It can make one sick and in rare cases can are constantly planted with tomatoes,chilli,
begetdeath2.In actuality, mosquito repellant does andpotatoes.Pyrethrim, a constituent in
not kill mosquitoes. Repellents serve by making multitudinous insect repellents, can be set up in
individualities less charming to mosquitoes, which flowers6.
reduces their liability of smelling people. When
used duly, natural oil painting- grounded mosquito 2. Material And Methods
repellents are safe for grown-ups and children 2.1 Material
over the age of two months, according to the Leaves and other plant parts required were
Environmental Protection Agency( EPA). There collected directly from the local market of
are multitudinous repellents on the request Pandharpur, Maharastra and authenticated from
moment that effectively shield off mosquitoes but botanical department of K.B.P. college,
are bad for your health since they contain the Pandharpur. All other chemicals were collected
poisonous chemical DEET3. from Signet chemicals Pvt Ltd, Loba chemicals
Eucalyptus - Eucalyptus (Family-Myrtaceae), Pvt Ltd.
native to Australia, represented by about 700
species, is a genus of tall and beautiful evergreen 2.2 Preparation of Extraction
trees grown worldwide for oil, rubber, pulp, Air-dried leaves, flowers were ground just prior to
timber, medicine and aesthetic value. The extraction. The Ground leaves were placed in
pesticidal effect of eucalyptus oils is based on distilled water in a round bottom flask on a heater
components such as 1,8-cineole, citronellal, to prevent the plant components from overheating
citronellol, citronellyl acetate, p-cymene, or being charred by direct steam7. One hundred
eucamalol, limonene, linalool, alpha-pinene, g- grams (100 g) of plant material was mixed with
terpinene, alpha-terpineol, allocimene and 800 ml of distilled water distillation process was
aromatenderne4. performed for 3 h, and the obtained essential oil
Azadirachta indica- According to research, was collected8. Extracted essential oil was dried
neem's most significant usage worldwide is as a over anhydrous sodium sulfate(Na2SO4) to remove
pesticide. Numerous aromatic chemicals found in all the water and then stored it in dark-sealed-vial
neem can be utilised to deter insects from at 4°C for further tests7.
attacking both humans and animals. Anopheles

2.3 Formulation of mosquito repellent cream

Table 1. Formulation concentration of repellent cream
Ingredient F1 F2 F3
Eucalyptus oil 1.5% 3.5% 5.5%
Neem Oil 2% 4% 6%
Marigold 1.5% 3.5% 5.5%
Camphor 0.5gm 1gm 1.5gm
Cetyl alcohol 2% 2% 2%
Lanolin 1% 1% 1%
Mineral oil 2% 2% 2%
Stearic acid 15% 15% 15%
Glycerine 10% 10% 10%
Pot. Hydroxide 1% 1% 1%
Preservative Q.S. Q.S. Q.S.
Water Q.S Q.S. Q.S.
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12(Special Issue 10), 2105 - 2112 2106
Formulation And Evaluation Of Herbal Mosquito Repellent Cream Section A-Research paper

2.4 Procedure 75°C.After heating, the oil phase was gradually

Lanolin, stearic acid, cetyl alcohol, mineral oil, added to the aqueous phase while being
propyl paraben, in oil phase etc. were combined continuously stirred to create a homogeneous
with glycerine, potassium hydroxide, etc. in the cream. Essential oils were added after complete
water phase to create the oil in water type cream. emulsification when the temperature dropped to
Heat was applied to the aqueous and oil phases till 55°C to 60°C 9.

Fig 1. Formulated cream

2.5 Evaluation between the slides. Better spreadability results

2.5.1 Evaluation of extracted oil from faster separation of the two slides. Glass
Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy slides with uniform dimensions were selected
(F.T.I.R) from two sets. On one of the slides, the herbal
FT-IR spectrophotometer (JASCO FTIR-410) was cream mixture was applied. The cream was
used to perform Fourier Transform Infrared sandwiched between the two slides after the other
Spectroscopy Of oil samples. The spectra were slide was placed on top of the formulation. Weight
scanned with a resolution of 4 cm-1 spanning the was applied to the upper slides to evenly press the
wavelength range of 4000 to 400 cm-1.The process cream between them, forming a thin coating. The
involved distributing a sample of KBr and excess formulation that was sticking to the slides
compressing it into a disc using a hydraulic press was scraped off once the weight was removed.
at a pressure of 5 tonnes for 5 minutes. The Due to the weight that was attached to it, the
spectrum was acquired after the oil was exposed upper slide allowed for unrestricted slipping off. It
to the light9. was noted how long the upper slide took.
Spreadability = m× l /t
2.5.2 Evaluation of herbal mosquito repellent Where,
Cream m=Weight tied to upper slide (30gm)
2.5.2.1 Organoleptic Characteristics l = (5 cm) length of glass slide
Colour, texture, physical appearance of cream was t = amount of time in seconds12.
evaluated10.
2.5.2.4 Washability
2.5.2.2 pH A small amount of cream was applied on the hand
The pH of various formulations was determined and it is then washed with tap water13.
by using digital pH meter. About 1 g of the cream
was weighed and dissolved in 100 ml of distilled 2.5.2.5 Extrudability
water and stored for two hours. The measurement In this technique, the standard-capped collapsible
of pH of each formulation was done in triplicate aluminium tube was filled with the herbal cream
and average values were calculated11. formulation and the end was crimped shut to seal
it. The mass of the tube was captured. The tube
2.5.2.3 Spreadability was clamped after being positioned between two
The Spreadability was measured in terms of how glass slides. The slides were covered with a 500 g
long it took two slides operating under a specific weight, and the cap was taken off. The extruded
load to separate from the cream positioned in cream's volume was gathered and weighed 14.
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12(Special Issue 10), 2105 - 2112 2107
Formulation And Evaluation Of Herbal Mosquito Repellent Cream Section A-Research paper

spindle speed was recorded. At room temperature,

2.5.2.6 Irritancy test the measurements were made in triplicate. The
Test area was marked about (1sq.cm) on the left viscosity in centipoises was obtained by directly
hand dorsal surface. The cream was applied to the multiplying the dial readings by the coefficients
specified area and time was noted. Irritancy, listed in the Brookfield viscometer catalogue. A
erythema, edema, was checked if any for regular three-triplicate average was calculated16.
intervals up to 24 hrs and reported15.
2.5.2.8 Evaluation of mosquito repellent
2.5.2.7 Viscosity activity
For rheological tests, a Brookfield Viscometer Method employs a glass-frame cage with a
(Model RVT) with helipath stand was employed. wooden bottom, screened top and back, clear
The sample (50 g) was put in a beaker and given 5 acrylic sides (for viewing), and a front for access.
minutes to acclimatise before the dial reading was Mosquitoes are placed in the cage before the test.
measured using a T-D spindle at 10, 20, 30, 50, The treated hand is inserted into the cage (a glove
60, and 100 rpm. The dial reading on the is used to protect the hand from mosquito bites.)
viscometer was recorded for each speed. The dial and the number of mosquitoes repells is observed
reading that corresponded to each decrease in for 10 min and recorded 9.

Fig 2. Evaluation of mosquito repellent activity

3. Results
3.1 Results of extracted oils

(a) (b)

Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12(Special Issue 10), 2105 - 2112 2108
Formulation And Evaluation Of Herbal Mosquito Repellent Cream Section A-Research paper

(c)
Fig 3. (a) FT-IR spectrum of Eucalyptus oil. (b) FT-IR spectrum of Marigold oil. (c) FT-IR spectrum of
Azadirachta indica oil

3.1.1 Eucalyptus oil: IR spectrum of Eucalyptus oil shows characteristic peaks at 1164.62, 2919.40,2861.03,
1455.15, 782.2, 844.80

Table 2. FT-IR results of Eucalyptus oil

Sr no. Bond Functional group Frequency
1 C-O-C stretch Ether 1164.62
2 -C-H aliphaticstretching Alkyl group 2919.40,
2681.03
3 -C-H bend Alkyl Group 1455.15
4 Ring substitution Para, meta disubstituted ring 782.2, 844.80

3.1.2 Marigold oil: IR spectrum of Marigold oil shows characteristic peaks at 1744.07, 1102.09, 3006.95,
2923.35, 1454.63, 719.76, 3552.38, 1623.14

Table 3. FT-IR results of Marigold oil

Sr.no Bond Functional group Frequency
1 -C=O Ketone 1744.07
2 C-O-C stretch Ether 1102.0
3 -C-H aliphatic Alkyl Group 3006.95,
stretching 2923.35
4 -C-H bend Alkyl Group 1454.63
5 Ring substitution Monosubstituted ring 719.76
6 -OH stretching Alcohol 3552.38
7 C=C stretch Aromatic ring 1623.14
conjugated double bond

3.1.3 Azadirachta indica oil: IR spectrum of Azadirachta indica oil shows characteristic peaks at 1738.58,
1162.23, 2921.69, 1455.27, 721.12

Table 4. FT-IR results of Azadirachta indica oil

Sr.no Bond Functional group Frequency
1 -C=O Ketone 1738.58
2 C-O-C stretch Ether 1162.23
3 -C-H aliphatic Alkyl Group 2921.09
stretching
4 -C-H bend Alkyl Group 1455.27
5 Ring substitution Monosubstituted ring 721.12

Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12(Special Issue 10), 2105 - 2112 2109
Formulation And Evaluation Of Herbal Mosquito Repellent Cream Section A-Research paper

3.2 Evaluation of Formulated Cream

Table 5. Evaluation of Cream
Sr No. Evaluation F1 F2 F3
1 Physical Opaque Opaque Opaque
Appearance
2 Color Pale yellow Pale yellow Pale yellow
3 Texture Smooth Smooth Smooth
4 Homogeneity Homogeneous Homogeneous Homogeneous
5 Immediate Skin Moisturizing, no Moisturizing, no Moisturizing, no
Feels grittiness, light grittiness, light grittiness, light
6 pH 6.12 6.10 6.15
7 Spreadability g.cm/s 13.63 16.6 18.75
8 Washability Easily Washable Easily Washable Easily Washable
9 Extrudability (%) 70 73.6 78.8
10 Viscosity at 10 rpm 2845 3290 3315
(CPS)

3.2.1 Organoleptic Characteristics

The organoleptic characteristics like appearance, 3.2.5 Extrudability
colour, texture etc was evaluated and results are as The extrudability of all formulations was
per Table 5 determined and it was observed that all
formulation shows good extrudability. The
3.2.2 pH extrudability of all formulation was carried out in
pH of all the formulations were found to be percentage (%) and formulation F3 has greater
between 6.10 to 6.15 that is within the range, extrudability as compared to other formulations.
which are presented in the Table 5. Although
alkaline, this pH is typical of creams acceptable 3.2.6 Determination of viscosity
by the all standards Viscosities of all the formulations were noted and
found in the range of 2845 to 3315 CPS at 10 rpm
3.2.3 Spreadability as shown in table. All the formulations were
The spreadability of all formulations wasfound showed pseudo plastic flow.
between 13.63 to 18.75 g.cm/s and it was
observed that formulation F3 has greater 3.2.7 Irritancy test
spreadability value as compared to other The irritancy test of all formulations was
formulations. determined and it was observed for Irritancy,
erythema, edema. All the formulation does not
3.2.4 Washability show any Irritancy, erythema, edema.
The washability of all formulations was
determined. All formulations are easily washable.

3.2.8 Mosquito repellent activity

Table 6. Mosquito repellent activity
Formulation no. Parameter Control Test 1 Test 2
F1 Number of 10 10 10
Mosquitoes
Number of 0 04 05
mosquitos respells
Repellent activity No Yes Yes
Observation Time 10 10 10
(min)
Temperature 0C 28 28 28
F2 Number ofmosquitoes 10 10 10
Number of 0 05 07
mosquitos respells
Repellent activity No Yes Yes
Observation Time 10 10 10
(min)
Temperature 0C 28 28 28
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12(Special Issue 10), 2105 - 2112 2110
Formulation And Evaluation Of Herbal Mosquito Repellent Cream Section A-Research paper

F3 Number of 10 10 10
Mosquitoes
Number of 0 08 09
mosquitos respells
Repellent activity No Yes Yes
observation Time 10 10 10
(min)
Temperature 0C 28 28 28

4. Conclusion Olajuyigbe, Soxhlet Extraction versus

Although the history of DEET and other well- Hydrodistillation Using the Clevenger
known repellents like dimethyl phthalate is Apparatus: A Comparative Study on the
established, it is true that the blend of various Extraction of a Volatile Compound from
essential oils affects repellent effectiveness. Tamarindus indica Seeds, Hindawi The
According to the current study, natural, non- Scientific World Journal,2021,1-8
DEET formulations can be employed as insect 9. Nikam Mangesh Maruti, More V. V., Design
repellents.The results are positive and promising. and Development of Mosquito Repellent
The formulation F3 demonstrated highest Formulation Containing Carom Seed,
repellant activity. Finally, it was determined that International Journal of Scientific Research in
oil extracts have the potential to be a mosquito Science and Technology,2020,Volume 7,Issue
repellent and can be made into a commercial 5,Page Number: 88-94
product such as an essence stick, a lotion that 10. Dr. Sneha Agrawal, Nidhi Haldankar, Nidhi
repels insects, etc Haldankar, Formulation of Natural Mosquito
Repellent, International Journal of Advance
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